PAACTICALQsteslegy : Pederal,Pelui Jodho, &1nbe

A. Pectoma Girdlea o Arog, Varon u, Jow d Oseblagus

2. Pec for a G/dle Jrog-

Date: Pag c9 peekoral givdle of Frog is faund embedded deep in he thora

- Cie egion& it compoied h kuo eual halves.

(Dhit two egual haue one " Pmonen Hy Avted with efernum"

(yéoch halg bas kuo majo port tapulo "a" corocoid: andit compertd upper "clauicle "s lowe "Corotoid bore

(y he Corocoid "ack en o 6ridge bekuween 8kernum Srapu.

( The scaputo it turta diuitible inlo eapula d supragrapula

(y Vhe supraeapua it laner broder « Plaf, while the Peopula slen bnoad hus Plal ao wl,

() Dhe Pe opuda a ih lower gon han " Cup tike Glenoid ca-

-uily Rr atachmenk wih * limb bone it, Huneru

(uyDhe thweures regarding gernurn ore epitkonum, xipittnum, Omo?Annum a merotrnum, Pockorral yirdle Vrgnuo C Rephlia )

)peckoral girdle ob Uaronue is ato made o6 tuo equal aHathed wih oath ahur 4hrogh 7-ghaped *Intenlauick done

(0) Mponl Frum /ornum (Inderclo uvele done) eoch Aalg Conp

-iten o Corocold, stapula d Gtnoid cauiky.

(D the Cororoid ir lo calrd auay rom eplskennum and it ohrk

- net du e o Prano og fwo laoge choraeknishe hotes catid

Penerdroe o coracoid"

Peckoe girdle oF o

Episkxaum Omoslexnum

Ctaurtle

Saupra-scopulo

Senpuwa

Gdenod cauy onacoid

-> Ëpicorcoid

Suscopula meosenum Epit onacoid meoroacid otottoid

Tenetoe in Coraoid upnocon otuidal foromen (entral viow)

-> Seapulam tubertte

Clenoid >Coracoidcauig

Peclorad ghdle of tanu (Righ halF)

Pecforolahdle of fow

P ConOtold

G/engid cauil

Stopuda Suposeopula

» Spine (Inner view)

Aeromian praen meloCrumit1n pmorem

Corotod pratm clau'cle

HIPocle idiam

Juula, ol g-

Clenoid cavily

Pechorad indle of Robbit

Cu) he coTocok 6one is Aurher diuitigle inlo " Anteiorprrooto midd -meaotonocoid " & "Potielor - Corocaid proper"

(1he Scopu/o ir compleely osijed,Flatneo bore cwhikb onheulak wi bot% Supre ceopulo and Conatoie bone,

(D he 9UpT Seapula nod complebely orsigjeed bul omewhatF Cundganouo an uwei is óroder ond Flal Hanetapula.

D) Glenoid tauihy Phe poaBnirdunedson bekueen seopule ond

Corocoid Cup- choyno fming glenoi'd cau'ky, uhith anti cwak wih 104 imó 6one i.e. Humerus o Amlind.

Pecora) qjndle : Powl C4ues )

RPhe pec/or) girdl o foul i ohuitr'6le into coracuid, smpula &lauicle,

DIn Fu claucle is prepened by /-shape d "Pur cule "

-med oue Ao Aunvon o kuo ctaurtlho from boM er'de,

CR Thir U-shoped Aurtula it alco calsed "wishé one "and is gnenu o 6gh adapheh'on in birda.

CPuy Phe Coro coio" 6one itlange ot-ghapeo cuih th ankior regron 8gh 1y prejeehd ouksonds Abrmin9 Aook ike proje

-cion and t called "Aero coro toid proten "

(Phe inner unaee o hir acrocora coid procem atulak s wfh "Seopula "Arming characenthe inuerk thaped, pulrral girldle o Afo, ed" rming " Glenoid Cauiky " whith anHu/ale wik Humerus o6 6ornlimó, while "Scopula "in fowl it alo rodthopad,

O he oukr surjare o acroeoroco id proce a "p-thap.

2V.Aelor g'rdle 07ye/o/agua CRu66i4)

0) Pecloral irdle ooryekalog un Contitl o "geopulo-coracod"

9pine a ih pryeodions.

Che teapula & coaro boneo or Antd ming o^aHend rungu/en bone, cy he srepula a/ro possom horkned in complekly ossib'ed

PUpra¢eapula "

9) A e Wo Sropulo-coracoid bone eA Me Cup-ahoped" Cukye. "G/oneid cuuiky " whth orAiuslakswith hu

96one o Forelims e. Munerua ,

D A dno yerieal pine d'u obo Stapula tno two egionm

Ahe opine podonorly erminaks inlo Avo pnyjatkona e, Aerom/an procem "metserom/an Prem

B. Pelule irdle of frog, varan uo, fowl 0ryolagu

C0 peluic ird/es 1 Frag- pelurc girdle o£ frog it compored o 3 6anes "itium" *inhiom, pusit".whrth uniks to orn peluri girdle. ium fong bone with choratorshe *?1ioeerea "

(y Peehium fomeuhas oiie ike thueunt, Clastened lotakd ob0Ue Ae pu6is bone y Pubh * ou/breo cankilage whith Anmo majon part o

Aee-abuham

(D The dekobusum i* 'Cup-chaped auiy 11 frmed al tik og bunion of hir thou boneo, } oniulalen wim t hind im 6one e. emur

)Delure 9irdle voranue

(9) peluie Gqirdle o6 Uaranu (Aopliiaf is fmed y Anion bekuun thru 6one i.P, Dtium, Drchium & pubit.

(Dgium, Duhiom & pubi att he bono ore hord raleigied bone, togeMer thoy fm rome uh at "Hommer like hue r "

() "2lhtm " is rod ke with cbrtine arewbur pproen *

(°Drehium " t Clotned bore ond languot obauu tme, ih look ike Somewhal handle 06 hamne

C9 "Pubir "* Curuad 6onewi'tA oma projethn catlod prepubit und chanae ennkie hole called "o6uraer Aramen "

() keladulum "i "eup.like rauky " frmed ad sih oh unian e aboue he 6ona, il orHeulates with Gne ird timb ie, Femurbone.

Pelu'e Gidle: fowl

P)Peluie ghdle of Aul ato tonssh 4 tra peluie dane he. Plium, ochium a pu6ir. buk or highty moditied thon in oher ueebralos due fo large *g¢ in Avep.

() hium i longe lamellan bone di£Anankiobk into pre ond pard atekubulor porA.

(Dy Dcehium t Rlatened lnge bone wih charasbrihe lange bole Catled Do-thiahe oromen " which oyporates eh -ium und 2iom.

(d) Psthium aho pre anaktor imatu hole ealed *o6k -unuA fonomen " r o4trakr newe. which sepralos n chium and pubir o) pubr is long cuindrkal bone. wih pra Dubit procen near ace/abu/um, y Aeetobu/um" in oues * intomplerly orrihred and pe6oraded 60med afik og union o6 aboue 3 boneo, or rulahes wih IE hind linb 6one i-e. emur,

, Pebaic ivdle:Oryokalageuo CRobbik)

( pelu girtle monmaia o/co cnsitl 6 8 bones .

Dhium, Dothiun &pubis, 4opeher they srn "Hipbone "

Jlium schitum pulsi's Acebeibulum 2iar enest Tuun Tsehism pub's Ace Labulum

Petuic gdle of faeg- Preaceabulan poen Ctaton vicw) Prepubis ostural7 Jorome

Pelui pide oy vVananus

2lium 9chium Itium Pubis 2ebium pubi celabulum Acelobulum oblwar Jnamern buraor fromen Prtorelobuka litm

Ani-rohanker sunFacs Prepube prxem Tioschioi Fono men

Feluit girdle of Rabbitt

F:Copeualiwe peluie Rudlu ot Jro.Veanuo, Jovt&Rabbit

Date Page:

)pliumin momnalie it onloro lorge blode like Rta Hend 6one, whi* Fure wi% sonum vertebnal co/um).

() 9echium " locaed prteriorly t lopeat ond alto Plalind, h ha chorocberisi lange Aole cale "o6kuraor Foron en "An obhurar nmve

() ?he potrion mot urdare d6 rthiun P bro dened Frming o, caled °?oehium ubernity "

CDubir "o enalon locabua labratly pni seperahd om thium by o6kurokr Aanenen.

(9o6turalon Anamen "on ik ontir han hgu pne/ecung

Cup-ghaped " shunum ie, "4cefabuum " ocakd near sik bunion dboue thru bonu, Aeeladu/um" orHuas wih bone hind mb i'e Pemur bone.

.Foehin6 bone : veg,voranu, foyl d 0ye%lagua

9. forelimb boneArg

Forelimk dones of Aog ineludes "Humerun & Aadio-una" glenaid cauky o6 paetfonas gir dle, Bebow head ies si'ghly preyechd aidge caued he "dolkoid idge " or ohiulahbn wiM skelthn mundea.

(D) "Humeru " - O! shor , culindital eligHy 4hikned bone oP Uppo onm.

CD 9he proxima ond o Humerun it pwollen ming "Head region o Humerun wh*h aniusao with peluk ginde.

Date: Page

() he d's/al end oh Humerun Arma he "condyle " hleh anhi - tuwuko uwih Anetinb donen radio ulng,

(Pn Aadio-ulna 24ir compouno done Romed dy Aunion *7hèker

Tudiu" ond " SighHy hinen clno " doreo, he prokima) end haa conauiky Ar antuloHon with Condyle

Ccapiulum) o6 Humeruo ao well a an disal projeuhon Called S/ecronn on protem'

(rn) he 8rooue diuto ruoiuo. a uthe dihkly, eoch haminaliy into Meir ma puki "fotee " An otiulakon wih carp.

-elbone

folims bonen Varanuo CatrAlia) !-

(9 Dhe At lims 6onea og varenuo contitk oG

Bonen of upper rm : "Humerus ' Bone of Aorarm " Radio- ulna "

DJ Humenrus! D * he 6one b per m, Cylinoheal, heko wih do enda oliphly exponded tike dunbell.

(hy 9he pno xima/ end containg "Head ot Humerus " which on Heuuk with glenoid Cauiky.

CEy Juaf 8eow the head 1ies stiphly rwoen pn 0h done Cawed "delhid on'dga for ariulehon with muaus

CO) untlke in Prqg wiHh diral end hauing tingle tondyle, in phl heir om "wo condyles" euhich otwudak wih ordiun and uha bonen mapechively.

(R) Radiwd ttna unike Frog radius ond ulna in epina on nok Fured, 6ul ore Ja akarded cuperbiialy uih eoch oH».

HumeLa

Head oluco anon pooenn

>Delaid idge Podiun

Condyla

&hat

Capttulum rtica Swgae fulnn

Radio-ulna,

Forclimb bonaa teg-

Haad

Seltotd Pcem

Candyl

Shagt

-> lna epicondyle

Rodial epitondyte

Humuua_ ulna

Jn oove

> miulon gwtote

Fonr capala

-> l onen protn

Radiu lna ulna

RadialL

Radio-brna

Joulimb bonva oh Varanua

Olctcn on proCEN - Hcmd Rodiu

Ddtoid ite una Contyle

Nuhient Goromen

Indeundy/an grooe

Fodlimb benso etsaul

Guoder tubensil Epiphysia le tuberosily Heod olurunon protem

Sltoid idge Sigmoid nokh

Jrocklea (cond') Rodiu

Supra-trohlem

Jovamen

Jorelimb bonus og Rabbit

>Wna - epiphjsi'a

Date: Page

Aodiue" AAicker, culinoitas conlaine two eplphyt'. ond sla / fares" r orwulaan wlh Aaret

Cn) "ulna" it sight/y hinner done buk appen brader, # hao diwel "oecranenproce " in proxind end and dha fored Ar ontiul akan wh opd donea, Foelimb bones: ow/ CAveo )-

(Dhe Aorim bro Avn conen o bonee o% uppr Am. " Hum erus " Boneo ob Amam " Radiuu a utna " ch Mumerua Humerue o6 aueo on "preumahe " Choleuw) fong, eyhindriral wh onge 6utgin conuex proximal eno ond Awo condybs ak dilal eno.

( 1 he conuex proxima end o Humeruo rm Me *Head of Humeruo wh¢h aniulaks with "G/enoid rauity " of pe horal

girdle,

() The rg/on Junt behouo head h ien sighhy kulgiag gian called oeloid *dge " whit antiudas wih skelebon muntles 0b neomn.

(Dy he dislas en d ob Humerua haa hwo tondiyea Caee rochea' which oweubeo wi% Tadius a ulna npeHuely.

Anoher preuh'or shuh o 4uian humerus is prm ob-Preumahe aamen " on dra view af proximalhead Ngron, wheh communtales wih oin spate in shob/ o 6ora,

(D) Aadiu &ulna ?he rodin ond utna on kwo sepek 6one in vwt, wheh olue ko lighA odeypahon "con" moue upon eoth sther. 2n aveo Radius is ®hopht, white ulna h Cwued ike bow,

() Aadiu al ik porain a end hoo rauity Ar humeruh tondyleor ontwubnHon while Ahe distal end hon "nob like shuchure " Ar anhwakon wih cou, (&y Ulno urved, wiH " o/ecronon proten "ad proxima/en which adso Arrno Cup-like cocauiky Ar nteutlalon wh Ulnr Condyle o humerua, CR wis keuthy He ulna ho epiphycit r artriuatan wih conpasbona with "Carpo-metecanp"in avea, , Forelimb bones Oryoko/ugu CRa66i1)

CD Dhe Aor)imb 6onen in manmalio amu oA

Uppor Amm bonee . *Mumerus" louw An senes * Radiun A ulaa "

(RI)t/umerus-Hum@rus in mammalia is /ong- shang rod haped ghuhore wih Conuexiky al pro xinal end Arminy "Head

Humuruo"

(uy Phe he ad o hunenuo nieculalea with glenoid cauity ok eelral gind le.

(v ?he conuexiky os head humeruo ir diutisle no "g ser hemer tulberoaity " band on their iato ond o 6ivipitet aro indekuetn Mi wo Aubrnniy.

(9) 7unl b4low Ins head ien Mu "erbonakd delkoid idpe" ortiulo hon wih tkelebn munea,

(D Dhe dalal end eg humerua han Condyles whith it pulty ike Consiss eh kwo con dlyles (Proth lea ) fer anmtulaon wi rediuo ulnaeopetliuely,

Dn) Aodiur a Ulna Rodun ond ulna ort kwo toparuk bonen whith wnik kirmly a both end a am mouasde on eath oher,

() Rodiup s carrved oith epiohysh a boh endo whlheha ulna han o/e cropon proten " whih onHeut akeA wh "'o/eeranon oota os hun erua"

(D) 7u 6e/ow Me o/ksronon prote lies ha omoid nobeh ". whth Armi (o cauiky k artuston wih condy les e6 humerva "

D, Alin d imó 6oneo of Frog, vo-on uo, fowl & Onyebolagun -

0.Hind inb 6one Frog

(39 he binthinb bones o6 Aog coriil oA upper eg done * Aemur"

Lower eg done " Woio-Rbwa " (eompound bone)

( he Amun or Miph bone t /ong9 cyin thiral wih epiphysir a boh enda,

(D) D' proxinal region Aas Convexiky Pmniy Wead ol mun " whik niutlalh wls "Arelabuln 6 Rluk gindt " while dirlal enotn epijphyral whith ariula kr wlh Ag/o-£ióula.

(o)76/0-Abu/a Dho ikia ond Fibula Aue aguHer o Aarm um -pound 6one o 8/o-Pi6ula y 9 congi o" Arrbiculor Fenh " on 6oh proxi'nal and di' Plal enda, pronimally il anlveualea with "femun "while

(0)Apagal/u-Ca/eomum Ato cad "6ia le d Albulore "ore kuo ankle 6ones Rund al 6oh enda thro ugh praximal ond dira/ osi

6re tork lagunona epiph yn/s

( 9he inner khiner bone (olighMy eunted ) it "b/ale or Arho

-9alun" whi'le He oun thiken bone it "L%ulor or caltone Um agehor Arning *Mehagalun - dalaraun" dhkintk i'n Anphistona, CNindlimb6ona Vorenuo CRepA'io) !

C7) Hindhm6 bonea eh vordnu contin! of Bonen oh ypper leg "Femur " Aenen e ower kg 6/o-£ihula "

(D)Femy Alto calved high bone % long, eylinoriead, kong bone. Dhe proximd mgion it prohitnakd wih kwo conveik'es, . ming h " Head oF femur "

(T Dhe heovd oh lemun anhulako with "Aeebabulsm o peluie gindh 6avd on sioen of kud conuexikeo i ean be diskguithed into " ahr ond ener trothonkr"

(9) he di'a/a/ ngion o6 Amur han condules Ckwo ) whith on pu -tly i'ke a diulaln wi "i6io à Piáu/a 'reaetHrly, (D) Phe 6onn oower pont ob leg u " i3/a and isul

C) 9:6/o ond £ibu/a Di6iaond Ri%ulo On Awo serak donus whih unit supenbtially onty, he ibia is shenjer an kudin i chongen in tam ab lorelimd."

C@m) Nbia is dhongen, slighky curvad wlh epiphysa/surgon on 6oh enda miuwaling prroximatly with anur condyles ond d'valy wiA 4/6ialeo pó Conpe/ bone

Jemw Sbio-Sibula ioapalo caluanum

Hind 1inb Bersa hog

Jemut

Hind-imb Benin o 1axanua