The Grotesque
Underground_ Detroit Katie Cressall
source: flickr.com, user : gnackgnackgnack June_2 3009
The Gem Theatre
contents
003 Underground_Detroit
Katie Cressall
025 What Once Made Us Now Destroys Us
Jarrett Fishman
067 Failed Initiatives
Nathan Johnson
117 Behind the Brand
Alivia Stalnaker
163 Eminent Domain in Detroit
Dorothy Schwankl
193 Tracing a Culture
Tadeusz Bazydlo
229 Detroit: The Grotesque. Otherwise.
Ayesha Sarfraz
255 In Response: Two Tales of Detroit
Matt Slingerland
267 Urban Forest
Kahyun Lee
299 Trapping, Lumbering, & Mining
Michael McBean
379 Great Lakes_Shoreline
Lauren Jennifer Barry
401 The Lake Effect
Sarah Petri
439 Ballast Water Invasion
Youngkuk Hwang
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03
Underground_ Detroit Katie Cressall
source: flickr.com, user : gnackgnackgnack June_2 3009
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UNDERGROUND_ water/sewer
The Lake Huron plant, dedicated in 1973, was the realization of a dream dating back to Gardner Williams, a civil engineer employed by the Detroit Board of Water Commissioners. He is credited with originating the idea of tapping into Lake Huron in 1895. With a population of nearly two million in the 1950s, urban planners looked at a bright future with nothing but continued, unlimited expansion for the City of Detroit. It made sense to establish a second water intake to serve the northern service area and to supplement the Department’s intake in the Detroit River. Lake Huron was the perfect choice.
Planning began in 1962. Everything about this new plant would be huge, all the better to serve the sprawling megalopolis destined for Detroit’s future. A massive 16-foot diameter intake tunnel, more than 200 feet below the lake bed would draw up to 1.2 billion gallons of raw water per day from the lake, and would be able to withstand a direct hit from a nuclear warhead. There are inherent dangers associated with any tunneling or mining project. Most of Michigan sits atop a layer of Antrim shale, named for Antrim County near Grand Traverse Bay. The formation is known to contain pockets of natural gases such as methane, and hydrogen sulfide.
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After the tunnel explosion, Barry Brown, then executive director of the Michigan Department of Labor said, “It is hard in this state to dig a hole very deep without running into gas. There will always be the danger of explosion in this kind of tunnel operation.� But that was after the fact. Before the explosion, those who worked in the tunnel considered the money good, and the risks manageable. In fact, most of those who worked in the tunnel were less worried about an explosion than they were of flooding from drilling taking place at the intake, five miles out in Lake Huron, and 45 feet down on the lake bottom. At the lake end of the tunnel, a watertight enclosure, known as a cofferdam, was used to protect workers building the intake. Actually, seven cofferdams in a circle were used. One cofferdam collapsed in the summer of 1969. Storms destroyed several cofferdams in 1970, and again in 1971. source: Port Huron Times Herald
source: flickr.com
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Top: flickr.com photos user : Mr. Magoo ICU June 6_1996 Right : Packard Plant Sewer flickr.com user : SetecX Oct 8_2008
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On the drilling platform, crew members felt a hot blast of air shoot from the hole accompanied by “a sound like a jet taking off,” according to one of the drillers. A crew member was knocked back into the water. Storm flows to be temporarily stored. According to studies conducted by Professor J.A. Nichols - head of the University of Michigan’s Gas Dynamics Laboratory - the explosion produced a “detonation wave” with a 4,000 mileper-hour velocity, and a force of 15,000 pounds per square foot.
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UNDERGROUND_ water/sewer Aging water pipes in Detroit leak more than 35 billion gallons of water each year, costing city residents more than $23 million each year. In response to this and other problems of the city’s aging water infrastructure, the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department (DWSD) has proposed a capital improvement program for water and sewage system projects that will total $4.3 billion over the next five years. DWSD currently operates and maintains seven CSO facilities. Four of these (7-Mile, PuritanFenkell, Hubbell-Southfield, and Conner Creek) are retention basins, which allow heavy storm flows to be temporarily stored. The basins are designed to release and direct stored contents to the Wastewater Treatment Right : View of state veli t sdfag afgafa asdgas
Top: Areas of Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties that have combined and separate sewer systems. Bottom: Historical and projected effects of Detroit Water and Sewerage Department’s and customers’ efforts to reduce and treat CSOs.
Plant after a storm event has subsided, and the plant can more readily accommodate the flow. In the event of prolonged storm events, basins are designed to release a portion of their contents into either the Rouge or Detroit River after being adequately screened and disinfected. During construction of the Conner Creek facility, DWSD was awarded the Environmental Management Association’s Environmental Achievement Award for 2003 for its efforts to minimize the environmental impact on the Detroit River by dredging of Conner Creek. That effort resulted in the removal of more than 146,000 cubic yards of contaminated soil from the creek.
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UNDERGROUND_ steam Rather than some combination of boilers, furnaces, chillers, and air conditioners in each individual building; district energy technology uses steam, hot water or chilled water from one or more central plants. This often results in lower life-cycle costs and design flexibility.
of up to 550,000 pounds per hour. The electricity is sold to the Detroit Edison Electric Company and the thermal energy is delivered to Detroit Thermal, LLC. storm flows to be temporarily stored.
Steam pipes can be found in brick tunnels which cover about 3 miles of piping around the downtown area, starting from Congress to Cobo Hall, and from Cobo to Cass and back to Woodward and Farmer areas; these tunnels are 80 to 90 feet below the surface, constructed around The steam is used to generate up to 68 megawatts 1928. Cross-sections of the tunnels are hemiof electricity and supply export steam at a peak rate sphericle. The complete steam system measures 38 miles. The facility is permitted to receive up to 4,000 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) per day. The MSW is processed as RDF, which is then burned in the furnaces, producing 720,000 pounds of steam per hour.
Left : steam tunnels source: Detroit Thermal
source: flickr.com user: nicksnottoshabby taken: Dec 29_2009
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source: flickr.com user clockwise from left: seekoh taken Nov 23_2007, grafixation taken Feb 7_2007, and Graham Meyer taken Oct 27_2006.
map of steam pipe sytem source: www.detroitthermal.com
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UNDERGROUND_ salt This gigantic salt mine, 1,200 feet beneath the surface, spreads out over more than 1,400 acres with 50 miles of roads. It lies underneath Dearborn’s Rouge complex , much of Melvindale and the north end of Allen Park. The mine shaft opening is in Detroit. The International Salt Mine Company operated the mines until 1983, when falling salt prices brought a halt to production In Michigan, a huge sea covering the region evaporated more than 400 million years ago, forming salt deposits which were gradually buried by glacial activity. This salt bed spreads over 170,000 square miles under Michigan, Ontario, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and West Virginia. Some estimates suggest that there is enough salt in the Metro Detroit underground to last 70 million years. Salt mining in Detroit began in 1896 with the sinking of an 1,100 foot shaft, but the investors went broke. Flooding and natural gas killed six men died during the original construction, although there have been no deaths in the mines since. The Detroit Salt Co. acquired the mineral rights and operated the shaft until 1907 when International Salt took over and drilled down to 1,200 feet. During the early days of Detroit Salt, the product was used mainly for homemade
ice cream and cattle licks, but later the usage changed to industrial purposes and for ice and snow control for Michigan roads. The Detroit mine used the room-and-pillar method of removing salt from the ground. In room-and-pillar mining, shafts are sunk into the ground, and miners break up the rock salt with drills after detonation engineers had blasted a section. Each blast brought down 800 to 900 tons of rock salt. The miners removed chucks of salt, creating huge rooms separated by pillars of salt. The room-and-pillar method requires that about half of the salt be left behind as pillars for support. In 1985 Crystal Mines Inc., a subsidiary of Wayne Disposal Co., purchased the mine. Owner Walter Tomyn reopened the facility for public tours, while seeking state permits to bury hazardous materials there. It offered, he claimed, safe storage for toxic refuse because the impermeable salt linings lie 600 feet below vulnerable ground water. But in 1989 the state released a report contending that old wells dug near the Detroit salt mine might be pathways for water that could place the mines in danger of collapse. Today the salt from the mines is used to deice roads.
right: Photo salt extraction courtesy of Detriot News source: The ghostly salt city beneath Detroit By Patricia Zacharias / The Detroit News
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UNDERGROUND_ cave BEAR CAVE_Buchanan MI. Bear Cave is the only cavern in the Great Lakes area. Formed in rare “tufa rock” (a secondary limestone) this particular bed is estimated by geologists to be at least 25,000 years old, and rests on a glacial drift deposited during the last ice age 50,000 years ago. Beautiful stalactites, flowstone, petrified leaves, and strange shapes, all delicately colored by the metal oxides of native ores, are present throughout the cave. In 1875, the “goods” from an Ohio bank robbery were hidden in the cave. Inspired by this event, Bear Cave was featured in the 1903 movie The Great Train Robbery -- now considered a silent film classic, and the forerunner of the thriller movies of today. Outside, the area surrounding Bear Cave is rich in wooded hills, wildflowers, deep ravines, and of course, the magnificent St. Joseph River.
left: bear cave near entrance source image: flickr.com source text: ohwy.com
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The dissolution of calcite from limestone by slightly acidic ground-water results in the gradual widening of cracks and joints that may ultimately develop into a series of openings, or caves. Most caves develop below the water table. After the caves are elevated above the water table or when the water table drops, the water drains out and the caves become filled with air. The groundwater that percolates through the cracks in the cave contains calcium and bicarbonate from the dissolution of limestone. As the water drips from the cave’s ceiling, CO2 gas is released and a small amount of calcite crystal-
lizes where the drop is attached to the ceiling. More CO2 is lost from the water when the drop hits the floor, causing more calcite to precipitate. By this process, stalactites and stalagmites form. Stalactites look like icicles that hang from cave ceilings; stalagmites are cone-shaped masses that build up on cave floors underneath dripping stalactites. A column results when stalactites and stalagmites grow long enough to join into one structure. A more general term for a deposit of calcite precipitated by dripping water is dripstone, and as a group, the varieties of dripstone found in caverns are called speleothems. Ribbony,
sheetlike calcite deposits that are deposited by a thin film of water running over cave surfaces are called flowstone.Karst topography is an irregular land surface dotted with numerous sinkholes and depressions related to underlying above: bear cave near entrance source image: flickr.com source text: cliff notes online
47 feet - Lake Huron 22
90 feet - Steam Line 230 feet - Sewer Line
600 feet - Ground Water Line
1200 feet - Salt Mines
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UNDERGROUND_ relationships The systems underground Detroit vary in depth but work in a grand scale. The subterranean worlds are unseen by people who live their lives on the surface. These systems reach across the state, as is the case with the salt mines, or 3 miles under downtown Detroit, like the old sewer line. Systems interact, as when steam pipes are located in the old brick sewer tunnels which cover about 3 miles of piping around the downtown area, starting from Congress to Cobo Hall, and from Cobo to Cass and back to Woodward and Farmer areas; these tunnels are 80 to 90 feet below the surface, constructed around 1928. The older tunnels have a 7 feet head room in some areas, and barely 5 feet head room in other areas, Woodward southeast and north east. The underground systems are an important part of the fabric of Detroit, creating topography in a flat terrain. They are unfamiliar worlds of industry and nature.
left: section diagram of underground systems
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What Once Made Us Now Destroys Us fallen empires of the auto industry Jarrett Fishman
Left : 1, Fisher Body 21, Detroit , once a staple in auto production.
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Michigan began as a promising landscape for industrial greatness. Given its abundance in bodies of water, Michigan was an accessible and fundamental land for trade, an essential element in development of North American industrialization.
Michigan is a direct home to four of the five
as Sault Sainte-Marie. Shortly after, Saint
Louis Phélypeaux, Comte de Pontchartrain,
Great Lakes, Erie, Huron, Michigan, and
Ignace (1671) and Marquette (1675) were also
that a permanent community there would
Superior. In addition to these Great Lakes,
founded, and are now “the three oldest cities
strengthen French control over the upper
Michigan is said to have 64,980 inland lakes
in Michigan.”
Great Lakes and repel British aspirations.”
and ponds. Given its abundance in bodies
In the 18th century, French exploration
This location, dubbed Fort Pontchartrain,
of water, it became an easily accessible and
continued, and Michigan’s industry truly
became the dominant center of a booming
fundamental land for trade, a necessary
began. While traveling a strait between Lake
Fur Trade. The French also expanded with
grounds to expand industry in North
Erie and Lake St. Clair (the Detroit River),
“Fort Michilimackinac at the Straits of
America. In 1668, French explorer Jacques
explorer, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, set
Mackinac to better control their lucrative
Marquette and his men claimed land in the
eyes on a potential French colony. “Cadillac
fur-trading empire.”2
Upper Peninsula, establishing the city known
had convinced King Louis XIV’s chief minister,
2
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Right : View of utate velit esse molestie conseqvel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis autate velit esse molestie stiesties. 3
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In 1825, the Erie Canal became the shipping trade. It reinvented industry and indirectly enabled Michigan’s statehood.
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Getting Stronger Right : View of utate veli t sdfag afgafa asdgas
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Right : View of utate veli t sdfag afgafa asdgas
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By the 19th century, Michigan’s “population
Finally, after many years of French and
grew slowly until the opening of the Erie Canal
British reign, Michigan had finally broken
in 1825. It was the first transportation system
its foreign ties, officially becoming a part of
between the Eastern Seaboard (New York
The United States. This new state “led the
City) and the Western Interior (Great Lakes)
nation in lumber production from the 1850s
of the United States that did not require
through the 1880s. The lumber harvested
portage and cut transport costs by about
in Michigan was shipped to the rapidly
95%. This brought a large influx of settlers to
developing prairie states, Chicago, the
Michigan. By the 1830s, Michigan had 80,000
eastern states, and all the way to Europe.
residents, more than enough to qualify for
Communities and the state rapidly set up
statehood. Developers rushed to the state.”
systems for public education, including
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the founding of the University of Michigan, and Ypsilanti Normal College (now Eastern Michigan State University), for the training of teachers. Michigan State University in Lansing was founded as a land-grant college. In the early 1900s, Michigan was the first state to offer a four-year curriculum in a normal college.� Michigan’s industry had now officially proven its worth and begun to demonstrate its success and achievements through strong community development.2
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Carrying its success into the 20th century,
land, and land was there to service this
Michigan, with aide of Henry Ford, began
new, promising industry. Factories began
to pioneer in transportation, birthing the
defining cities through population and land
automotive industry. In a world based on
use, creating city centers, places where
trade reliant upon railroads and water transit,
industry would invite masses to reside
this innovative mode of transportation
and work within a shared environment.
seemed to be the greatest thing society
In Michigan, Detroit, Flint, Hamtramck,
could fatham. The automobile reinvented
Pontiac, River Rouge, and Highland Park
industry on a massive scale. This car, would
are some initial cities to fit this motif. This
directly influence the american landscape.
trend of auto-industry-dependent city
Cars required factories, factories required
centers began to sweep the nation.
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Left to right : 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, & 13. Various new city center s within the metropolitan Detroit area.
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Clockwise from top left : 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, & 20.
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“Ford Auto Plant Boosts Population of Highland Park 1,000 Percent.”21
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The Beginning Right : View of utate veli t sdfag afgafa asdgas
Prior to 1900, Michigan population was
4,120 residents by 1910.24 May 16th, 1920,
nothing worthy of mention. However, new
New York Times headlines read, “DETROIT
auto factories brought swarms to the cities.
SUBURBS AHEAD IN CENSUS, Ford Auto Plant
In 1900, both Highland Park and Hamtramck
Boosts Population of Highland Park 1,000
Village had no more than 500 residents.
Percent.” Hamtramck and Highland Park
24
But when Ford and General Motors moved
led census growth, increasing 1910-1920
into town, populations skyrocketed. 1910,
populations by 1,286 and 1,031%.21 Detroit,
Hamtramck, Dodge Main Plant opened,
the auto capital, nearly doubled population
immediately launching the population to
from 285,704-465,766 residents by 1910,
3,600. 1909, Highland Park’s Ford Plant
and again by 1920, reaching 993,678. Flint,
opened its doors, raising the population to
the birthplace of GM, jumped from 13,103-
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Right : View of utate veli t sdfag afgafa asdgas
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38,550 residents from 1900-1910. 1920, their population hit 91.559. By 1930, Flint had 156,492 people.27 Hamtramck and Highland Park achieved peak population at 56,268 and 52,959. Detroit continued growth as well, with 1,568,662 residents.24 Similar to Michigan, auto industry based growth was seen in Trenton, NJ. Over these 30 years, the population went from 73,307123,356 residents, strictly dependent on this promising industry.28
The glory days of a new reign can last only so long before a hierarchy, just or unjust, is established. People will revolt! 38
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Misguided Hope Right : View of utate veli t sdfag afgafa asdgas
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“In the late 1930s, the auto workers in
the labor movement remained politically
Southeast Michigan organized, through
subordinated to the Democratic Party
militant struggle, the United Auto Workers
in the 1930s and 1940s. In the long run,
union—in the face of bitter opposition by the
this would prove fatal. For a time, the
auto corporations and Henry Ford. Socialist
enormous expansion of US industry—
workers led and inspired many of these
beginning in World War II and lasting until
struggles. The UAW did not seek to organize
the late 1960s—allowed for a certain class
this or that trade within a plant, but rather
compromise between industry and the
the entire workforce. The bureaucrats who
unions. Through sharp struggles, a section
came to run the unions, however, supported
of auto workers, were able to win relatively
by the Communist Party USA, ensured that
high wages with good benefits for life. In the
41
1950s, when Detroit dominated world auto production, workers realized a standard of living unheard of for industrial workers. This was the high point for cities like Highland Park, Flint, Pontiac, and Detroit.� The auto workers found this to be an opportune time to put their wealth to use, and to capitalize on a new infrastructure. This relocation was the first step in the fall of our empircial auto industry and the beginning of racial tensions.32
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33
34
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Eisenhower’s interstate system sent thoroughfares through working class neighborhoods. Highways enabled horizontal expansion of cities, with new suburbs built by shifting tax revenues away from established cities and towns.32
“By custom, these suburbs prevented the relocation of black workers. Many white workers moved out, but continued to commute back to work in Highland Park and Detroit.”32
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36
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Davison Freeway
Suburbia
Packard Plant
Detroit’s first highway, 1944
Sweeping the nation, 1958
Detroit, Shut down 1956
“The auto executives, chastened by the
scattered to counties surrounding Detroit,
capitalism, into an instrument for imposing
militancy of the autoworkers that they
Saint Clair, Macomb, Oakland, Livingston,
concessions on the workers. The UAW
believed arose from the enormous centrally-
Washtenaw, and Monroe. After the effects
endorsed parts relocation, and assisted
located factories, began to farm out
of auto relocation, these once flourishing
the Big Three in targeting the most militant
production, assembly, and parts manufacture
city centers began to collapse from within.
workers and factories for closure, many of
to areas distant from Detroit.” As plants
“UAW bureaucracy was transformed from
which were located in the central city. From
and production were dispersed across
an instrument for defending the interests
the late 1970s on, the UAW collaborated
the state, the people followed. Masses
of workers within the framework of
in eliminating benefits at the Big Three in
1940
1 95 0
1960
39
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Rethinking Efficiency
Knocking Down Doors
1971, Robots begin to replace workers
Delphi East, Flint. Closed in 1984
order to “save jobs.” The disastrous results
a peak population of 196,940, a 20.5% gain
of this could not be clearer in places like
since 1950, would again fall victim to the
Highland Park, Flint, and Detroit. Industry
auto industry through job cuts. However for
soon followed residents.” By 1970, Highland
Detroit, the relocation of the auto industry
Park and Hamtramck were quickly losing
and plant shutdowns created a much different
the population that the Highway system had
effect, one that established racial conflict and
left to rot in 1940. Flint, after struggling
social issues that would plague the city and
and making a fierce comeback in 1960 with
inhibit its redevelopment for years to come.32
1970
1980
1967 Detroit Race Riots left 43 dead, 462 injured, shot by police and National Guard for alleged looting, sniping, and 41 curfew violations. 46
47
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The Finishing Touch Right : View of utate veli t sdfag afgafa asdgas
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In 1943, months after Pearl Harbor, blacks
other vehicles in Detroit, a center of the
migrated north for work in Detroit building
“Arsenal of Democracy”) due to race, creed,
defenses for war. Of the new 350,000
color, or national origin.” Detroit, 1943, civil
residents of Detroit, 50,000 were black.
unrest broke out between races. Started on
Initially, migrations began with the 1941
rumors alone, the whites took advantage
establishment of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Fair
to act on building and underlying tension
Employment Practices Committee (FEPC).
of Southern Black families joining their
This employed a no discrimination policy
community. Mobs quickly assembled and
in employment of workers for defense
the violence escalated.44 White groups were
industries (such as themass production of
ruthless and authorities were biased. This
military hardware, airplanes, tanks, and
event set precedent for a long period
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of racism and inequality within the city, something that would become a direct cause to Detroit’s demise. As inequalities continued into the 1960’s, treatment of blacks worsened, civil unrest grew even greater. Police attempted to arrest an entire party of blacks merely celebrating the return of two friends from Vietnam. Emotions turned from confusion to anger, and once again, chaos errupted. This time, the impact on the city would be fatal.40
50
Clockwise from top left : 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, & 52.
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“Police opened fire. The object turned out to be a piece of meat wrapped in shiny paper.�40
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Once a Place to Live
Too Bad to Be True?
The Ruins of Detroit
Riot arson left 388 families homeless
A typical image of what the city became
Riots left the city in a postwar condition
Not only did violence and chaos of the riot
however, was the city. Detroit’s losses went a
investment dollars, tourism dollars, and
in 1967 take 43 lives, “2,509 stores looted or
hell of a lot deeper than the immediate toll of
plain damn money. The money was carried
burned, 388 families homeless or displaced
lives and buildings. The riot put Detroit on the
out in the pockets of the businesses and the
and 412 buildings burned or damaged enough
fast track to economic desolation, mugging
white people who fled as fast as they could.
to be demolished. Dollar losses from arson
the city and making off with incalculable value
The white exodus from Detroit had been
and looting ranged from $40 million to
in jobs, earnings taxes, corporate taxes, retail
prodigiously steady prior to the rebellion,
$80 million. “ This was money that the city
dollars, sales taxes, mortgages, interest,
totally twenty-two thousand in 1966, but
certainly did not have. “The heaviest casualty,
property taxes, development dollars,
afterwards it was frantic. In 1967, with less
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The Final Straw
Nothing Left
Residents lost all faith in the city
Shambles of a former business
than half the year remaining after the summer
auto industry followed.40 A city designed to
explosion—the outward population migration
grow in rings began to decay along the same
reached sixty-seven thousand. In 1968 the
path, with cities like Flint, Hamtramck, and
figure hit eighty-thousand, followed by forty-
Highland Park in its wake. The auto industry
six thousand in 1969,� said Coleman Young.
and everything reliant upon it would become
All hope for the city had been lost. The loss
the same pile of bricks and ruins that its
of business and the drain in population left
source of life had become. Detroit was just a
the city on its own. Without its people, the
piece of a much greater system.
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Here Lies Detroit Right : View of utate veli t sdfag afgafa asdgas
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Right : View of utate veli t sdfag afgafa asdgas
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As years passed after the riots, the remaining
workers. Essential services stopped,
auto industry in Flint, Hamtramck, Highland
including fire and police protection.” As a
Park, and Detroit have continued to decay.
result, residents that were unable to flee
Those to avoid demolition faced eternal
with the masses were put in grave danger.
abandonment. “For Highland Park, the last
They too, like the fallen industry would
devastating departure was Chrysler, which
stand alone to face disaster, without any
moved its corporate offices out of the city in
aide. In the case of a Highland Park family,
1992. Its tax base gone, Highland Park began
a fire “killed three young children and their
to crumble. In 2002, the city went bankrupt,
aunt on October 22, 2005. Residents say the
unable to meet payroll for its existing city
fire and police departments do not provide
workers or pension contributions to retired
adequate service, and there are no safety
55
or fire inspections. The fire at the Dale home was compounded by the fact that the nearby fire hydrant lacked sufficient water pressure to extinguish the flames.�40 This case is representative of what our fallen cities have to look forward to. Hope is scarce and solutions seem non-existent. The city is in ruins and the best we can do is search for splendor in its abyss, find a greatness in its emptiness, and learn from the trageic mistakes of our predecessors.
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Above (left to right): A symbolic fall of the General Motor s Empire, Flint , Michigan. 60, 61, & 62. Right : Flint’s consolidation campaign slogan, 63.
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65
67
68
70
71
66
69
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Perhaps this vacancy belonging to the grotesque can be something of elegance, a spectacle within shambles of Detroit?
59
60 1. Photograph. “Fisher Body Plant.” Meet the Motor City. Web. 22 Jan 2010. <http:// monilogues.wordpress.com/2009/12/02/
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11. Photograph. “River Rouge: Ford Motor
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Company plant, River Rouge, Michigan.”
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SEATTLE GAINS 33 PER CENT. Now Has
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62 26. “Highland Park, Michigan.” Highland
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UND-5%5D28856_5>.
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showthread.php?t=122541>. 34. Photograph. “Open for traffic, November 24, 1942.” The Urban Freeways - A Photo History (Old Detroit images) -
: Flint : Miscellaneous (28856_2).” WSU
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63 Woodward near Stimpson (77238_1).”
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Street and Clairmount, Saturday, July
1%5D77238_1>.
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43. Photograph. “National guards on the
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Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed.
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and-today.aspx>.
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Detroit_
44. “Detroit Race Riot (1943).” Detroit
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Race Riot (1943) - Wikipedia: The Free
12th Street Riot Devistates Detroit. Web.
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Detroit_Race_Riot_%281943%29>.
On-this-Day--Twelfth-Street-Riots-
riot>. 41. Photograph. 71289-050-11043CC0.jpg.
050-11043CC0.jpg>. 42. Photograph. “Race Riots; Detroit, Rioters running from tear gas,
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Devastate-Detroit.html>.
64 49. Photograph. “Riots; Detroit; Race Riots (78719_2).” WSU Virtual Motor
Web. 24 Jan 2010. 54. Photograph. “Aftermath of Detroit race
wordpress.com/2009/05/brush_park91. jpg>.
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24 Jan 2010.
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blog/shrink-the-city-solutions-forflint/>. 64. Photograph. “Fisher Body Plant 21”
buildings and homes. - Hosted by Google.
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Hamtramck Plant Various Exterior Pictures.
I know you can’t come home until they’re
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w3alx0x.livejournal.com/>.
php>.
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“Abandoned Packard Plant-Detroit -
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2010. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/ detroitderek/2312959069/>. 72. Photograph. “Demolition.” buickcity2002. jpg. Web. 29 Jan 2010. <http://www. plan59.com/photos/BC/buickcity2002. jpg>.
66
67
Failed Initiatives. Recovered Responses. Abandoned Infrastructure | Free Enterprise | Urban Demise | Michigan Advantage Nathan Johnson
Left : View of Woodward Ave. Detroit , MI, 1930s
1
68
Internal Improvements To many Americans who looked at a map in
into the highly controversial business of
In Mason’s final address as governor, he
1837, the year Michigan became a state, the
what was then commonly called “internal
said, “[T]he error, if error there is, was the
“land between the lakes” seemed destined for
improvements.” Mason and his allies were so
emanation of that false spirit of the age, which
obscurity. Why should settlers heading west
confident state projects would flourish that
forced states, as well as individuals, to over-
make a right turn to the north and put down
they risked millions in tax dollars and put the
action and extended projects. If Michigan
roots in a territory known for long winters
state deeply into debt to make it all happen.
has over-tasked her energies and resources,
2
and nasty swamps? At age 26, Michigan’s
she stands not alone, but has fallen into that
first governor and “Boy Wonder,” Stevens T.
Stevens T. Mason said that the “Internal
fatal policy, which has involved in almost
Mason, was determined to get the state off
improvements shall be encouraged by the
unparalleled embarrassments so many of her
to a fast start. To him, that meant an activist
government of this state; and it shall be the
sister states. Now, however, the period has
government, which would build and own
duty of the legislature, as soon as may be, to
arrived, when a corrective should be applied
railroads and canals to promote economic
make provisions by law for ascertaining the
to the dangers which seem to surround her.”
growth. With his encouragement, Michigan’s
proper object of improvement, in relation to
first constitution required the state to get
[roads], Canals, and navigable waters...”
69
A “false spirit of the age” Mason said, may have moved states into the “fatal policy” of funding state projects. Michigan had too many railroads and canals and too few people to pay for them. 3
Above: Michigan’s fir st Governor Stevens T. Mason 4
70
Above Left : 1850 Map of Michgan’s Railroads Images from Top Left to Bottom Right : Collection of photos of Michigan’s Railroads in the 19th Centur y
6,7,8,9,10
5
71
72
73
“[T]he error, if error there is, was the emanation of that false spirit of the age, which forced states, as well as individuals, to over-action and extended projects� 12 Stevens T. Mason
Left : View of Michigan Central Tracks, 1906
11
Abandoned Infrastructure
74
Clinton-Kalamazoo Canal Among the first projects was a canal that was
digging, the unfinished canal had cost the
to begin in Clinton Township near Detroit
state over $350,000, and earned only $90.32 in
and move 216 miles west to Kalamazoo. This
tolls. State officials then abandoned the canal
Clinton-Kalamazoo Canal began with high
and focused on the railroads but ended up
hopes and much fanfare. Governor Mason
losing even more money. 13
broke ground in Mt. Clemens in 1838 to celebrate the digging of the canal. Bands, parades, speeches, and a 13-gun salute commemorated the occasion. Then came one of the worst engineering fiascoes of Michigan history: The canal was built only twenty feet wide and four feet deep—too shallow for heavy freight and too narrow for easy passing. After five years, and only sixteen miles of
75
Above from Left to Right : View of ruins of Clinton-Kalamazoo Canal in Shelby Township, MI
14,15,16,17
76
Michigan Central The Michigan Central was to go from Detroit west through Ann Arbor, Jackson, and Kalamazoo and on to St. Joseph on Lake Michigan. Poor construction and management drained most of its revenues each year. The Central’s thin strap iron rails were too fragile to carry heavy loads. Rather than switch to a better quality rail, the state chose to run regular heavy shipments over the inferior tracks and repair them frequently. The Central didn’t make it past Kalamazoo and did not earn enough to pay for needed repairs and new rails to go further west. 18
Above: Image of Michigan Central Railraod, 1864
19
Opposite [clockwise from Top Left]: Collection of images of Michigan Central Railroad and Michigan Central Station
20,21,22,23
77
78
Michigan Southern Around 1838 the state of Michigan started to build the Southern Railroad, running from Monroe on Lake Erie west to New Buffalo on Lake Michigan. The first section, from Monroe west to Petersburg, opened in 1839. Extensions opened in 1840 to Adrian and 1843 to Hillsdale. The Michigan Southern, was a stunning failure. In eight years of state management, tracks were only laid from Monroe to Hillsdale (halfway to its intended destination), at a cost of more than $1.2 million, with few customers to generate more than a trickle of revenue. 24
Above: Image of Michigan Southern Railraod Poster Opposite [clockwise from Top Left]: Collection of images of Michigan Southern Railroad and Michigan Southern Poster
26,27,28,29,30
25
79
80
Michigan Northern A third railway, the Northern railroad, was intended to run from Port Huron to Lake Michigan. It was graded beyond Lapeer, and its bed was converted into a wagon-road, at the expense of a large amount of internal improvement lands, which paid a great price for a very little work. The state spent $70,000 surveying the Michigan Northern Railroad, before abandoning it. 31
81
“of its failed experiments...all of the state’s railroads, canals, and other “internal improvements” were either abandoned entirely or sold to private enterprise...” 32
82
83
“Failure is simply the opportunity to begin again, this time more intelligently.� 34 Henry Ford
Left : Ford Motor Company River Rouge Assembly, Detroit , MI, 1947
33
Free Enterprise
84
Automobile Industry Henry Ford introduced the Model T. Earlier
of the basic techniques of the assembly line
models were produced at a rate of only a few
and mass production. Ford introduced the
a day at a rented factory on Mack Avenue in
world’s first moving assembly line that year,
Detroit, Michigan, with groups of two or three
which reduced chassis assembly time from
men working on each car from components
12½ hours in October to 2 hours 40 minutes
made to order by other companies (what
(and ultimately 1 hour 33 minutes), and
would come to be called an “assembled car”).
boosted annual output to 202,667 units that
In its first full year of production, 1909, about
year. After a Ford ad promised profit-sharing
18,000 Model Ts were built. As demand for the
if sales hit 300,000 between August 1914 and
car grew, the company moved production to
August 1915, sales in 1914 reached 308,162,
the much larger Highland Park Plant, and in
and 501,462 in 1915; by 1920, production
1911, the first year of operation there, 69,762
would exceed one million a year. 35
Model Ts were produced, with 170,211 in 1912. By 1913, the company had developed all
85
Above: Henr y Ford with a V-8 Engine
36
Right : Ford Motor Company Highland Park Assembly Line Model T days, Detroit , MI, 1947
37
86
Above [clockwise from Top Left]: Collection of photos from various Ford Motor Company assembly lines. Detroit , MI, 1947
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45
87
88
89
Government Infrastructure Michigan has long been known as a pioneer
posted numbers on its state trunk lines, the
in many aspects of roads and highways.
state legislature passed the “State Trunk
Many of today’s commonplace road features
Line Act� in 1913 authorizing the designation
were originally conceived of or perfected
of a state highway network totalling almost
in Michigan. Some of these innovations
3,000 miles of roadway. The act stipulated
and improvements had their genesis in the
the newly-created State Highway Department
burgeoning automobile industry, which
would design, build and maintain highway
blossomed in Michigan in the late-19th and
bridges 30 feet in length or longer, if the
early-20th centuries. Because of all the new
county or local government improved three
motorized vehicles on the road, certain
miles of adjacent road. This was the beginning
improvements were borne of necessity.
of what would later turn into an over 9,000-
Later, Michigan remained at the forefront of
mile system of roads, highways and freeways
highway-related improvements and today
crisscrossing the state and reaching from
continues in that role. Even before Michigan
Copper Harbor to Luna Pier. 47
Left : Photo of traffic exiting the Ambassador Bridge, Detroit , MI
46
90
Mackinac Bridge The five-mile bridge, including approaches,
necessary for the superstructure and for the
and the world’s longest suspension bridge
caissons and cofferdams of the foundation,
between cable anchorages, had been
were prepared. The bridge was officially
designed by the great engineer Dr. David
begun amid proper ceremonies on May 7 & 8,
B. Steinman. Merritt-Chapman & Scott
1954, at St. Ignace and Mackinaw City.
Corporation’s $25,735,600 agreement to build all the foundations led to the mobilization
The bridge opened to traffic on November
of the largest bridge construction fleet
1, 1957 according to schedule, despite the
ever assembled. The American Bridge
many hazards of marine construction over the
Division of United States Steel Corporation,
turbulent Straits of Mackinac. Fare revenues
awarded a $44,532,900 contract to build this
are now used to operate and maintain the
superstructure, began its work of planning
Bridge and repay the State of Michigan for
and assembly. In U.S. Steel’s mills the various
monies advanced to the Authority since the
shapes, plates, bars, wire and cables of steel
facility opened to traffic in 1957. 48
91
Above: Mackinac Bridge. Mackinaw City, MI, 1960’s
49
92
Above [clockwise from Top Left]: Collection of photos of the construction of the Mackinac Bridge. Mackinaw City, MI, 1950s
50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56
93
94
Blue Water Bridge In 1935, the Michigan Legislature passed a law
breaking ceremony was held on June 23, 1937
(Act 147, Public Acts of 1935 ) creating a State
in the City of Port Huron and the Blue Water
Bridge Commission to finance the design
Bridge opened to traffic on October 10, 1938.57
and erection of the main bridge structure of the Blue Water Bridge. The law permitted the commission to sell bonds that would be repaid by the revenue from the tolls collected within 30 years. This legislation assumed that Michigan and Ontario would each build their own approaches to the bridge, and customs, immigration and toll facilities. The design of the structure by the consultant firms began in August 1936. The ground Above: Blue Water Bridge Construction. Por t Huron, MI, 1937-38
58
Opposite [clockwise from Top Left]: Collection of photos of the construction of the Blue Water Bridge. Por t Huron, MI, 1937-38
60, 61, 62, 63
95
96
Interstates Michigan has long been known as a pioneer
posted numbers on its state trunk lines, the
in many aspects of roads and highways.
state legislature passed the “State Trunk
Many of today’s commonplace road features
Line Act� in 1913 authorizing the designation
were originally conceived of or perfected
of a state highway network totalling almost
in Michigan. Some of these innovations
3,000 miles of roadway. The act stipulated
and improvements had their genesis in the
the newly-created State Highway Department
burgeoning automobile industry, which
would design, build and maintain highway
blossomed in Michigan in the late-19th and
bridges 30 feet in length or longer, if the
early-20th centuries. Because of all the new
county or local government improved three
motorized vehicles on the road, certain
miles of adjacent road. This was the beginning
improvements were borne of necessity.
of what would later turn into an over 9,000-
Later, Michigan remained at the forefront of
mile system of roads, highways and freeways
highway-related improvements and today
crisscrossing the state and reaching from
continues in that role. Even before Michigan
Copper Harbor to Luna Pier. 64
97
Top: Traffic at Grand Boulevard. Detroit , MI, 1937-38
65
Above: Traffic on John C. Lodge Freeway. Detroit , MI, 1950s Right : Traffic on Woodward Ave. Detroit , MI, 1956
67
66
98
99
“This city didn’t grow up like Boston or New York. Detroit never flourished in the era of mass transit. It came of age in the era of the car. 70 Mike Smith, 1943
Left : Traffic Jam at Miller Road. Dearborn, MI, 1940s
68
Urban Demise
100
Urban Sprawl The decline of Detroit is often explained
emerging right after the moment the car
same time. Detroit’s population halved within
by the fall of the Fordist economy in the
industry started to boom.
50 years, changing the city from a vibrant
city after the global shift to Post-Fordism.
metropolis into an urban vacuum. 71
In this theory the disappearance of mainly
The real reason for Detroit’s immense
the car industry is directly connected to
population flows seems not to be the car
the vacancy problems that Detroit is facing
industry, but the car itself. The rise of the
nowadays. Indeed, during the last decades
suburb has contributed to the fall of the
the fall of the automobile industry has taken
inner city. The figure shown on the next
away the economic motor of the city. This
page provides startling information about
perception about the problems that Detroit
the relation between the construction of
currently faces is not the complete truth.
express ways and the condition of the inner
This is explained in the figure above made by
city. In fact Detroit is drained by the mass
CNN’s Time. Detroit is shrinking for already 50
introduction of the car, and has become
years now. Actually, the Detroit exodus began
dependent on the construction of them at the Above: Traffic Jam at Miller Road. Dearborn, MI, 1940s
72
101
Above: Road construction on Grand Boulevard. Detroit , MI, 1930s
73
Top Right : Road construction on Davidson Freeway. Detroit , MI, 1940s
74
Bottom Right : Road construction on John C. Lodge Expressway. Detroit , MI, 1940s
75
102
How the map was created
TIME Graphic by Andrea Ford and Lon Tweeten
Vacancy rates for each census tract were
Sources: US Census Bureau; US Postal
calculated using all residential and business
Service; Department of Housing and Urban
addresses unoccupied for 90 days or more,
Development; Wayne State University Center for
as well as addresses in buildings that are
Urban Studies
considered abandoned or under construction and not ready to be occupied
103
Above & Opposite: Sky High Vacancy Graphics from TIME.com
76
104
Detroit is one of the most spectacular
Detroit’s painful decline began in the 1950s,
examples of boom and bust in the United
with the population cut nearly in half in 50
States - once opulent and then blighted - this
years with the loss of almost one million
capital of the Rust Belt is one of the nation’s
residents who moved to the suburbs.
fastest shrinking cities and prime example
Urban decay followed along with crime
of the phenomenon of “white flight” and,
and racial tensions. Vandalism and arson
subsequently, sprawl. Large numbers of
became common place in the deserted
buildings and homes have been abandoned
neighborhoods, especially on “Devil’s Night”
and many have been torn down or have fallen
before Halloween. 77
down and cleared away. Yet many vacant buildings remain in various states of decay.
105
Above: The histor y of developed land in southeast Michigan, 1905-1992 (USGS 2003). This image shows the general rate of urban land grow th in southeast Michigan through the twentieth centur y where the shaded areas represent area covered by “urban or built up land� according to Ander son et al. (1976).
78
Graphic
79
106
107
Welcome to the Michigan Advantage,
policy makers, industry players, the natural
Michigan is focusing on the development
where you’ll discover all the advantages
resource management community and our
of state and nationwide markets for such
of doing business in Michigan: innovative
engineering talent around the goal of creating
alternative energy sources as:
economic development tools, high-skilled
the next generation of power provision for
workforce, world-class universities,
businesses, consumers and vehicles through
beautiful communities and a 21st century
alternative energy.
• Bioenergy • Wind Generation - Wind Energy • Advanced Energy Storage - Advanced Batteries
infrastructure. The MEDC is also looking at creative incentive In Michigan, green is the new gold.
packages custom tailored to create the
The Michigan Economic Development
right environment and bring together the
Corporation (MEDC) is leading the charge
right players to advance the way the world is
in the development of new markets for
powered.
• Solar Cells - Solar Energy • Hydro-Electricty 82
alternative energy in Michigan and beyond. We are aligning scientists, universities,
Left : Michigan’s effor t s to transition it s automotive industrial capacity to renewable energy
80
shown with a Wind
Turbine on Lake Michigan. Photo from General Electric
81
Michigan Advantage
108
Mascoma Corporation Positioned to lead the movement to displace
way, ethanol acts as a means of storing solar
fossil fuels through the development of
power in liquid form. Cellulosic ethanol is
renewable fuels.
ethanol that is obtained from the non-edible
85
portion of plant material. Cellulosic ethanol Mascoma, which makes this gasoline
is identical in composition and performance
substitute from wood chips and other
to ethanol derived from corn or sugar cane.
materials, is spending more than $200 million
Cellulosic ethanol, however, has important
to build a factory in Kinross, Mich to be close
environmental, economic and sustainability
to the nation’s automotive heart, and to take
advantages over conventional sources due to
advantage of the state’s abundant natural
its source and method of production. 87
resources, the raw material for its biofuel. 86 Ethanol’s energy is derived from plants that in turn obtain their energy from the sun. In this Above: Wood chips are the main component of Mascoma’s biofuel. Top: Mascoma’s Logo
84
83
109
Evergreen Solar Solar panels are made by state of the art
company’s proprietary, low-cost String
manufacturing using proprietary, low-cost
Ribbon™ wafer technology. The project,
wafer technology. Everything is manufactured
pending final permit approval by the
— wafers, cells and panels — all under one
Michigan Department of Environmental
roof for ultimate quality control, which makes
Quality, is expected to generate
it among the highest quality products in the
approximately $55.2 million in new capital
industry. Because of the unique way they’re
investment and up to 596 new Michigan
made, they are the most environmentally
jobs, including 101 directly by the company
friendly solar panels in the business.
over the next five years. MEGA approved a
90
state tax credit valued at $1.8 million over
Above: Solar Power installation at a farm. Galesburg, MI
88
Top: Evergreen Solar Logo
89
The Massachusetts-based manufacturer of
10 years to win the company’s expansion.
solar power panels has chosen Midland over
The city of Midland has approved a 12-year
a competing site in another state to establish
abatement worth $3.9 million to support
a new facility that will create string for the
the project. 91
110
A123 Systems The developer and manufacturer of
innovation creates sustainable job growth in
rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and
engineering, research and manufacturing,”
battery systems plans to invest over $600
said David Vieau, A123Systems’ president and
million in initial coating, cell manufacturing,
chief executive officer. “ With the support
and pack assembly. The planned project
of the state’s leadership and highly skilled
is expected to create over 5,000 new jobs.
workforce, we expect that our planned new
A123Systems is one of the state’s six Centers
facilities in Michigan will serve as a global
of Energy Excellence and has entered into a
product center, powering a new generation of
development and manufacturing agreement
cleaner, more fuel-efficient cars and trucks.”94
with Chrysler LLC to provide battery systems for the company’s ENVI product line. “Today is truly a milestone for A123Sytems, the state of Michigan and everyone interested in creating new markets where American Above: Batter y that A123 Systems manufactures. Top: A123 Systems Logo
93
92
111
General Electric General Electric today said it would hire some
The centre will house scientists and
1,100 workers at a research and production
engineers working on “next generation
center in Van Buren Township in western
manufacturing technologies” for GE’s
Wayne County -- an operation that will focus
renewable energy, aircraft engine, gas
heavily on renewable energy, especially wind
turbine and other high-technology
energy technology.
products. Specifically, GE says, they will focus on development of composites,
GE’s decision to invest $100 million in
machining, inspection, casting and coating
the operation represents a validation of
technologies. On the software side,
Michigan’s aggressive pursuit of green
the centre will focus on development,
technology industries and illustrates the
data architecture, networking, business
power of Michigan’s engineering workforce.
intelligence and program management. Experts will develop software for technologies such as smart grid. 97
Above: Wind Turbine being installed in Huron County, MI Top: General Electric Logo
96
95
112 1.
Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
2010. <http://multimedia.detnews.com/pix/
Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs.lib.
photogalleries/histor ygaller y/r vm_trains/
wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-VMC-X-
index8.html>.
10547-UND-1]10547_1>. 2.
4.
5.
Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs.
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lib.wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-
Free-Market Public Policy for Michigan. Mackinac
Free-Market Public Policy for Michigan. Mackinac
VMC-X-63906]63906>.
Center, 9 Dec. 1996. Web. 22 Jan. 2010. <http://
8.
w w w.mackinac.org/5>
Genealogical Society. Web. 21 Jan. 2010.
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Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.sonofthesouth.
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net/leefoundation/civil-war/1864/michigan-
Nor walk: Rhodes and Easton, 1998. Print .
LookingWestFromMichiganCentral.jpg>.
Photograph. Detroit News. Detroit News, 21 May
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2000. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://apps.detnews.
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Free-Market Public Policy for Michigan. Mackinac
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Center, 9 Dec. 1996. Web. 22 Jan. 2010. <http:// w w w.mackinac.org/5> 13. “An Economic Lesson From Michigan’s Early
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Southern.jpg>.
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2008. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.
Center, 9 Dec. 1996. Web. 22 Jan. 2010. <http://
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shiawasseehistor y.com/railroad.html>.
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lib.wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-
Photograph. When Michigan rode the rails.
14. Photograph. Michigan DNRE. Michigan Librar y
48437-UND-2]48437_2>. 22. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
VMC-X-45864]45864>.
Detroit News, 24 Feb. 2001. Web. 21 Jan.
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2010. <http://w w w.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-
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photogalleries/histor ygaller y/r vm_trains/
153-54463_19313_20652_19271_19357-56876--
lib.wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-
index10.html>.
,00.html>.
Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
15. Photograph. Shelby Histor y. Shelby Township
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Historical Committee. Web. 21 Jan. 2010.
lib.wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-
<http://shelbyhistor y.tripod.com/id19.html>.
VMC-X-45851]45851>. 9.
11. Photograph. Root sWeb. Nor thwest Indiana
w w w.mackinac.org/5>
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1850_Michigan_
7.
<http://shelbyhistor y.tripod.com/id19.html>. 18. “An Economic Lesson From Michigan’s Early
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6.
Historical Committee. Web. 21 Jan. 2010.
“An Economic Lesson From Michigan’s Early
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10. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
17. Photograph. Shelby Histor y. Shelby Township
16. Photograph. Shelby Histor y. Shelby Township
23. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
VMC-X-48437]48437>. 24. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 27 Dec. 2009. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Shore_ and_Michigan_Southern_Railway>. 25. Photograph. American Histor y. Smithsonian
Photograph. When Michigan rode the rails.
Historical Committee. Web. 21 Jan. 2010.
Institute. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://
Detroit News, 24 Feb. 2001. Web. 21 Jan.
<http://shelbyhistor y.tripod.com/id19.html>.
americanhistor y.si.edu/petersprint s/lithograph.
113 cfm?id=326080&Categor y=Pet s&Result s_
<http://thinkexist .com/quotes/henr y_ford/2.
Per=10&search_all=false>.
html>.
26. Photograph. Root sWeb. Nor thwest Indiana
35. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 3 Jan. 2010. Web. 21 Jan.
Genealogical Society. Web. 21 Jan. 2010.
2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histor y_of_
<http://w w w.root sweb.ancestr y.com/~innwigs/
Ford_Motor_Company>.
ImageArchive/Por ter/Por ter-Nor wood-IndianaLS-n-MS-RR-LookingWestFromMic.jpg>. 27. Photograph. Flickr. Brett Sandstorm. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.flickr.com/ photos/52454904@N00/2888586576>. 28. Photograph. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 31 Mar. 2008.
36. Photograph. Personal Development Coach Blog. Moses Franics. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://blogs. personal-development-coach.net/2010/01/threetypes-of-people-and-their-destinies-progressmakers/>. 37. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs.lib.
File:Michigan_southern_line_cropped.png>.
wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-VMC-X-
29. Photograph. SHIPS: SAIL & STEAM OLD SPICE and THE ROCK ISLAND LINE. E Morgan Kelley. Web.
7622-UND-2]7622_2>. 38. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
21 Jan. 2010. <http://sites.google.com/site/
Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs.lib.
emorgankelley/ships>.
wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-VMC-X-
30. Photograph. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 13 July 2009. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://commons.wikimedia.
7660-UND-1]7660_1>. 39. Photograph. Case Connect . Case Connect ,
org/wiki/File:Michigan_Southern_depot ,_by_
28 Aug. 2008. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://
Lovejoy_&_Foster.png.
case-connect .com/blog/2009/08/28/online-
31. Repor t of the Pioneer Society of the State of Michigan 5 (1884): 118. Print . 32. “An Economic Lesson From Michigan’s Early
Print . 43. Morse, Ralph. Shell of new car moving down assembly line. 1947. Photograph. LIFE Archives by Google, Detroit . 44. Photograph. Mlive. Michigan Live LLC, 10 Oct . 2008. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.mlive. com/business/index.ssf/2008/10/financial_ turmoil_weaker_sales.html>. 45. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs. lib.wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=SVMC-X-7660-UND-5]7660_5>. 46. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs. lib.wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=SVMC-X-28245-UND-5]28245_5>. 47. Michigan Highways. Christopher J. Besser t . Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w. michiganhighways.org/historical_over view. html>. 48. Mackinac Bridge. Mackinac Bridge
surgical-scheduling-is-the-gateway-to-cloud-
Authority. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://
computing/>.
w w w.mackinacbridge.org/histor y-of-the-
40. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
bridge-14/>.
Histor y [Mackinac Center].” Mackinac Center :
Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs.lib.
Free-Market Public Policy for Michigan. Mackinac
wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-VMC-X-
Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs.
Center, 9 Dec. 1996. Web. 22 Jan. 2010. <http://
7660-UND-3]7660_3>.
lib.wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-
w w w.mackinac.org/5> 33. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs. lib.wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=SVMC-X-7660]7660>. 34. Think Exist . Think Exist . Web. 21 Jan. 2010.
41. Morse, Ralph. Cars moving down assembly line. 1947. Photograph. LIFE Archives by Google, Detroit . 42. Morse, Ralph. Assemble line of Ford plant is halted for the day of Henr y Ford’s funeral. 1947. Photograph. LIFE Archives by Google, Detroit .
49. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
VMC-X-62839]62839>. 50. Photograph. Mackinac Bridge. Mackinac Bridge Authority. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http:// w w w.mackinacbridge.org/historicalconstruction-album-31/>. 51. Photograph. Mackinac Bridge. Mackinac
114 Bridge Authority. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://
wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-VMC-X-
w w w.mackinacbridge.org/historical-
62831-UND-6]62831_6>.
construction-album-31/>.
61. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
7668-UND-2]7668_2>. 69. NOT USED 70. Think Exist . Think Exist . Web. 21 Jan. 2010.
52. Photograph. Mackinac Bridge. Mackinac Bridge
Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs.lib.
<http://thinkexist .com/quotation/this-city-didn-
Authority. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.
wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-VMC-X-
t-grow-up-like-boston-or-new-york/1556423.
mackinacbridge.org/historical-construction-
63832-UND-3]63832_3>.
album-31/>. 53. Photograph. Mackinac Bridge. Mackinac Bridge
62. Photograph. Blue Water Bridge Authority. Blue Water Bridge Authority. Web. 21
Authority. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.
Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.tollsystems.net/
mackinacbridge.org/historical-construction-
bluewaterbridgeauthority/frames.html>.
album-31/>. 54. Photograph. Mackinac Bridge. Mackinac Bridge
Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs.lib. wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-VMC-X-
mackinacbridge.org/historical-construction-
bluewaterbridgeauthority/frames.html>.
Authority. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w. mackinacbridge.org/historical-constructionalbum-31/>. 56. Photograph. Mackinac Bridge. Mackinac Bridge Authority. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w. mackinacbridge.org/historical-constructionalbum-31/>. 57. Michigan.gov. State of Michigan. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.michigan.gov/mdot/0,1607,7151-9618_11070-22062--,00.html>.
64. Michigan Highways. Christopher J. Besser t . Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.michiganhighways. org/historical_over view.html>. 65. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
57762-UND-1]57762_1>. 74. Photograph. Old City Pics.com. Old City Pics, oldcitypics.com/detroit/davison-freeway-
10679-UND-1]10679_1>. 66. Old City Pics.com. Old City Pics, 25 July 2009.
after-1942/>. 75. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.oldcitypics.
Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs.
com/detroit/woodward-and-8-mile-circa-1956/
lib.wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-
Woodward and 8 Mile Circa 1956>. 67. Photograph. The Mayor of Monmouth. The 2010. <http://themayorofmonmouth.blogspot .
Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.tollsystems.net/
com/2009/03/open-roads-sunken-tubes-and-
Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs.lib.
wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-VMC-X-
5 May 2009. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.
Mayor of Monmouth, 13 Mar. 2009. Web. 21 Jan.
60. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs.lib.
wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-VMC-X-
Blue Water Bridge Authority. Web. 21 bluewaterbridgeauthority/frames.html>.
7668-UND-1]7668_1>. 73. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs.lib.
58. Photograph. Blue Water Bridge Authority.
59. NOT USED
net/2009/10/how-the-car-drained-detroit/>. 72. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual
Blue Water Bridge Authority. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.tollsystems.net/
album-31/>.
2009. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://popupcity.
63. Photograph. Blue Water Bridge Authority.
Authority. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.
55. Photograph. Mackinac Bridge. Mackinac Bridge
html>. 71. The Pop-Up City. The Pop-Up City, 16 Oct .
windsors.html>. 68. Photograph. Wayne State University : Vir tual Motor City. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://dlxs.lib. wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?id=S-VMC-X-
VMC-X-10482]10482>. 76. Detroit : Now a Ghost Town. Time Magazine. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.time.com/time/ interactive/0,31813,1925735,00.html>. 77. Detroit . Demolition. Disneyland. Land+Living. Land+Living, 20 Feb. 2006. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.landliving.com/ ar ticles/0000000995.aspx>. 78. EPA.gov. EPA.gov. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://
115 w w w.epa.gov/med/grosseile_site/indicators/ landuse.html>. 79. EPA.gov. EPA.gov. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http:// w w w.epa.gov/med/grosseile_site/indicators/ landuse.html>. 80. Recharge News. Recharge News, 26 June 2009. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <Photograph. Recharge News. Recharge News, 26 June 2009. Web. 21 Jan. 2010.>. 81. Photograph. Recharge News. Recharge News, 26 June 2009. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w. rechargenews.com/business_area/innovation/ ar ticle182019.ece>. 82. Michigan Advantage. State of Michigan. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.michiganadvantage.org/ Targeted-Initiatives/Alternative-Energy/Default . aspx>. 83. Photograph. Go2barbecue. Network 6000 Inc. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.go2barbecue. com/>. 84. Photograph. Mascoma. Mascoma. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.mascoma.com/pages/index. php>. 85. Mascoma. Mascoma. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http:// w w w.mascoma.com/pages/index.php>. 86. Michigan luring Bay State business. The
88. Photograph. Freep.com. Detroit Free Press, 4 Jan. 2010. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.freep. com/ar ticle/20100104/NEWS06/1040371/1001/ News/Michigan-pioneers-gamble-on-solarenergy>. 89. Photograph. Evergreen Solar. Evergreen Solar. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.evergreensolar. com/app/en/home/>. 90. Evergreen Solar. Evergreen Solar. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.evergreensolar.com/app/en/ technology/>. 91. Michigan Advantage. State of Michigan. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.michiganadvantage.org/ stories/detail.aspx?contentId=e25a4386-27084545-998a-b4bc4c3a7276>. 92. Photograph. Ear t2Tech. Ear t2Tech, 23 Sept . 2009. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://ear th2tech. com/2009/09/23/a123s-ipo-lookin-promisingpriced-above-range-ups-share-issue/>. 93. Photograph. A123 Systems. A123 Systems. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.a123systems.com/>. 94. Michigan Advantage. State of Michigan. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.michiganadvantage.org/ stories/detail.aspx?contentId=8fecd871-a9b945c3-9527-0907d9ce3cef>. 95. The Muskegon Chronicle. Mlive.com, 6 Jan. 2008.
Boston Globe, 9 Nov. 2009. Web. 21 Jan. 2010.
Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://blog.mlive.com/
<http://w w w.boston.com/business/taxes/
chronicle/2008/01/region_can_produce_wind_
ar ticles/2009/11/09/michigans_millions_in_ tax_breaks_incentives_luring_massachusett s_ businesses/?page=2>. 87. Mascoma. Mascoma. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http:// w w w.mascoma.com/pages/sub_cellethanol.php>.
turbin.html>. 96. Photograph. General Electric. General Electric. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.ge.com/>. 97. Michigan Advantage. State of Michigan. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.michiganadvantage.org/
news/detail.aspx?contentId=5230d974-d6534606-bce2-01c662d7b79e>.
116
117
Behind the Brand Michigan Entrepreneurs. Missions. Moguls. Stewards. Alivia Stalnaker
Opposite: “On Armistice Day 1923, Hudson’s unveiled a giant [3700 square foot] American flag on the side of the store...The huge flag visited the U.S. Capitol Building in 1929 and the World’s Fair in 1939 before it was retired in 1949.” 1 This photograph was taken on June, 27, 1934. 2
118
119
Ben + Perry Feigenson Faygo Beverages, Inc.
Founding Location: Detroit
would manufacture a batch of drinks, then
Founded as Feigenson Brothers Bottle Works
close the production line and take their
Sold solely in Michigan until the 1950s
products around on a horse-drawn wagon
Purchased by National Beverage Co. in 1987
to sell them, as the beverages contained
Public Company (National Beverage Company)
no preservatives and were best consumed
2009 Sales: $590.28 Million
fresh. They charged three cents for one
9
soda, and a nickel for two. In the winter, “Trained as bakers, the Feigensons adapted
when beverage sales dropped, they also
the flavorings of some of their cake frostings
sold bread and fish to make ends meet. To
and...began to bottle strawberry, fruit
save money the brothers and their families
punch, and grape-flavored soft drinks...They
lived above the small bottling plant.”10
Opposite (Clockwise from upper left): Collection of 1960s images capturing Faygo’s Detroit factor y production. 3,4,5,6,7 Opposite (Lower right): Photograph of Susan For sy the, taken in the 1960s by her father, Bernard Floyd Thomas. 8
1907
120
“George Washington may be the father of our country, but Faygo is the pop.”12
Above: In the 1950s, the Soupy Sales television comic frequently repeated this phrase during the Faygo-sponsored children’s program. 10 Opposite: Billboard adver tisement in downtown Detroit , taken in 2006 by Angie Schwendemann. 11
121
122
Above (Left to right): “ Women inspector s at the Kellogg Company, 1934.�
12,13
Opposite: Head of Kellogg Foundation (Right) with Governor Harr y F. Kelly (Left). 14
123
W.K. Kellogg Kellogg Company Founding Location: Battle Creek Founded as Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company Public Company 2009 Sales: $12.61 Billion15 Vision: “To be the food company of choice”16 Mission: “To drive sustainable growth through the power of our people and brands by better serving the needs of our consumers, customers, and communities”16
1906
124
Clockwise from upper left : Collection of Kellogg’s cereal adver tisement s from the 1900s to the late 1920s. 17,18,19,20,21,22
125
“Our company began with only 44 employees in Battle Creek, Michigan, in 1906. Today we employ nearly 32,000 people, manufacture in 19 countries and sell our products in more than 180 countries around the world.”23 “[T]he shy and quiet Will worked at the Battle
One fateful night, he accidentally left the
business to supply patients with cereal after
Creek sanitarium of his older brother John
dough uncovered and found that by morning,
they went home. In 1896, the first full year of
Harvey (“J. H.”), performing odd jobs, a few
it had dried out. When he ran a rolling pin
sales outside the sanitarium, he sold 113,400
basic management functions, and some
over it, it “flaked up.” Instead of throwing
pounds and imitators were already nipping
personal chores for J. H., and never earning
the flakes away, he decided to put them in
at his heels...The New York ad campaign of
more than $3 a day. His most exciting tasks
bowls and serve them. The patients loved the
1907 was not Will’s only flash of marketing
included chasing down escaped patients.
crunchy stuff and demanded more! Suddenly,
genius. He pioneered in the use of coupons.
Sometimes Will assisted in food preparation.
a light went on in Will’s head. In addition to
He promoted innovations, from Rice Krispies
He helped develop a moist and tasty breakfast
corn, he experimented with oats and barley
to All Bran. He was the first to use electric
treat made from wheat dough pressed into
and found that flaked cereal made from them
billboards in New York City.”24
large sheets and cut into square servings.
were popular too. He started a mail order
126
Above (Left to right): “Detroit is one of five public school district s that will receive a W.K. Kellogg Foundation Woodrow Wilson Michigan Teaching Fellowship...� 25,26,27 Opposite (Left to right): Detroit International Academy student s (2010) 28,29
127
W.K. Kellogg Foundation Initial Gift: $66 Million30
feeding, clothing, sheltering and safeguarding
“As a shy, private man, [W.K. Kellogg] avoided
of children and youth, directly or indirectly,
the public eye and made every attempt to
without regard to sex, race, creed or
keep the Foundation from the “limelight”
nationality.…”32 Kellogg’s goal was “‘..to help
as well.”31 He “defined its purpose as
children face the future with confidence, with
‘...administering funds for the promotion
health, and with a strong-rooted security in
of the welfare, comfort, health, education,
the trust of this country and its institutions.’”30
1930
128
129
“It is my hope,” [Kellogg] said, “that the property that kind Providence has brought me may be helpful to others, and that I may be found a faithful steward.”39
Opposite (Clockwise from upper left): The W.K. Kellogg Foundation promotes a sustainable and environmentally friendly landscape through it’s community, educational, and entrepreneurial programs. 33,34,35,36,37,38
“Kellogg is targeting 15-20% reductions in energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, water use, and waste per metric tonne produced by 40 2015...� 130
131
Photograph of the Kellogg plant’s interior. 41
132
133
Henry Ford Ford Motor Company Founding Location: Detroit Initial capital: $28,00045 Public Company 2009 Sales: $112.05 Billion46 “Ford’s affordable Model T irrevocably altered American society. As more Americans owned cars, urbanization patterns changed. The United States saw the growth of suburbia, the creation of a national highway system, and a population entranced with the possibility of going anywhere anytime.”47
1903 Opposite: Henr y Ford with Model T in Buffalo, New York (1926) 42 Above (Upper to lower): Detroit’s Monroe Street in 1918. 43 World’s Second traffic light in 1922 at Congress Street and Woodward Avenue. 44
134
Above (Left to right): Henr y Ford’s workshop in 1900. 48 Ford Rouge Plant in the 1940s. 49 Opposite (Left to right): Traffic cop on a busy Detroit street . 50 A family with their fir st car. 51
135
“I will build a car for the great multitude.�47
136
“In 1914, Ford began paying his employees five dollars a day, nearly doubling the wages offered by other manufacturers. He cut the workday from nine to eight hours in order to convert the factory to a three-shift workday. Ford’s mass-production techniques would eventually allow for the manufacture of a Model T every 24 seconds. His innovations made him an international celebrity.”47
137
Photograph of Edsel Ford, Mickey Rooney, and Henr y Ford in 1940. 52
138
139
Opposite: 1956 Ford Motor Company's Rouge Plant . 53
Opposite: “Recognized in 2004 by Guinness World Records as the largest green roof in the world, this green roof cover s 454,000 square feet ...atop Ford’s new truck assembly plant . The green roof is a par t of a comprehensive effor t to revitalize the historic Ford Rouge Centre complex as a model for 21st Centur y sustainable manufacturing and is a significant component of a site-wide 600-acre stormwater management system.” 54,55
1952 | Conserving Energy: “Ford establishes Resources for the Future, an independent research organization, to conduct economic analysis and social research on the links between conservation, development and the use of natural resources. This evolves into the work in the areas of environmental science and policy.”56
140
“Ford Foundation Announces $80 Million
“Many of the world’s poorest families rely
“In par tner ship with the W.K. Kellogg
Initiative to Improve Economic Stability
on natural resources—forest s, grasslands
Foundation, Ford commit s $7 million to
for U.S. Worker s and Their Families.” 57,58
and other natural asset s—for their basic
suppor t a public/private initiative to spur
livelihoods, yet they have limited right s
economic development in formerly industrial
over these resources. We believe that
stretches of Detroit's waterfront . Suppor t
promoting greater access among the
for cultural institutions and community
poor to natural resources is critical to
development in struggling neighborhoods
achieving two interrelated goals: reducing
is designed to help Detroit revitalize it s
global pover ty and sustaining the quality
economy.” 61,62
of our environment .”
59,60
141
Ford Foundation
Initial Gift: $25,00063
frontlines of social change worldwide. Our
“President of the Ford Motor Company and
goals for more than half a century have been
son of company founder Henry Ford, Edsel
to: Strengthen democratic values; Reduce
Ford created the Ford Foundation in 1936 at
poverty and injustice; Promote international
the age of 43 to ‘receive and administer funds
cooperation; Advance human achievement.”65
for scientific, educational and charitable purposes, all for the public welfare.’ An auto
“We support the development of natural
visionary in his own right, he also had deep
resource policies and programs that give
interest in the arts and humanities.”
poor communities more control over these
64
“The Ford Foundation supports visionary
resources and a stronger voice in decision
leaders and organizations working on the
making on land use and development.”59
1936
142
Above (Left to right): Por trait of J.L. Hudson in 1882. 66 Busy Detroit street around Christmas time (1960s). 67 Opposite (Clockwise from upper left): Collection of 1960s photographs of the Christmas culture projected by the Hudson’s flagship store in downtown Detroit . 68,69,70
143
Joseph L. Hudson J.L. Hudson Company Founding Location: Detroit Public Company (Macy’s) 2009 Sales: $23.57 Billion71 Purchased by Federated Department Stores in 2006 and renamed Macy’s “With splendid visions for the future, [Hudson] insisted on expanding, offering more and better merchandise and services.”1
1881
144
By 1953, the 49-acre flagship store “employed up to 12,000 workers and welcomed 100,000 shoppers a day. It had its own telephone exchange (CApitol), and the nation’s third largest switchboard, exceeded only by the Pentagon and the Bell System itself.”72
“[But] competition from the chain of suburban malls built by the J. L. Hudson Company led to the decision to close the store in 1983.”73
Opposite: Located in Southfield, Michigan, the Hudson’s suburban anchor store at Nor thland Center opened in 1954. 74
145
146
Above (Clockwise from upper right): “ The store that Kresge built has evolved into an empire of more than 1,500 stores and an Internet presence that reaches millions of customer s. The Kmar t name has become a symbol of Americana...� 75,76,77,78 Opposite: Sebastian S. Kresge and his wife in the 1950s. 79
147
S.S. Kresge S.S. Kresge Company
Founding Location: Detroit Initial Investment: $8,00080 Evolved from five-and-10-cent store Renamed Kmart Corporation in 1977 Purchased by Sear’s Holding Corp. in 2005 Public Company (Sear’s Holding Corp.) 2009 Sales: $44.08 Billion81
1899
148
“In 2004, [the Foundation] took the visionar y step of constructing a new, sustainably designed headquar ter s and renovating a historic building on our existing three-acre site in Troy, Michigan.� 82,83
149
The Kresge Foundation
Initial Gift: $1.6 Million84
private, national foundation that seeks
communities.”85 Particularly, “we recognize
“Giving away money is not an easy job,”
to influence the quality of life for future
Detroit’s potential as a place of widespread
Sebastian once observed. “Money alone
generations...” The Foundation “awards
prosperity fostered by a robust economy;
cannot build character or transform evil
grants to small, mid-size, and large nonprofit
healthy, safe and stable neighborhoods; a
into good; it cannot restore the influence
organizations in six fields of interest: health,
region unified around a vibrant center city;
and vitality of the home; neither can it
the environment, community development,
and people throughout the area enjoying our
maintain the valleys and plains of peace.
arts and culture, education, and human
vast cultural and environmental resources.”86
Spent alone, it might as well stay in the
services. Working with our grantees, we
vaults… It cries for full partnership with
endeavor to improve the life circumstances
leaders of character and good will.”
and opportunities for poor, disadvantaged
84
“The Kresge Foundation is a $2.8 billion
1924
84
and marginalized individuals, families, and
150
”On South Carolina’s remote Sea Islands, dedicated our ladyaofsmall, mercy community outreach services, johns island, south carolina
“ Techtown: Nextenergy (Left) and Techone (Right)” techtown: nextenergy (left) and techone (right), detroit, michigan
band of Roman Catholic nuns, lay staff and volunteer s is
in Detroit . “ The Kresge Foundation awarded TechTown
carr ying out critical community work , illustrat[ing] the powerful
a $1.5million grant—$500,000 in grow th capital
impact of ser ving the needy through a holistic approach that
to advance it s role as a business accelerator...” 89,90
simultaneously addresses the natural environment , built environment and social environment .” 87,88
151
“‘Over the long term, the new Environment Program aspires to have tangible effects on the policies and practices associated with climate change and environmental sustainability,’ says Lois R. DeBacker, senior program director and Environment Program team leader. ‘We are particularly interested in strategies that cut across sectors and disciplines.’”91
152
With a $6000 star t-up cost , “Nathan Faustyn,
“Nearby, a retro-themed hair salon that opened
“Not far away, Tor ya Blanchard, a former French
[above], helped star t a foreign movie house
just a year ago count s 1,500 client s.” 92 Photograph
teacher, recently opened the second location of Good
[known as the Bur ton Theatre]...” 92 Photograph
by Fabrizio Costantini for The New York Times. 94
Girls Go to Paris, a creperie.” 92 Photograph by Fabrizio
by Fabrizio Costantini for The New York Times.
93
Costantini for The New York Times. 95
153
Burton Theatre. Good Girls Go to Paris Crepes. Curl Up & Dye. “Despite the recession — and in some cases
”Experts say the zeal for entrepreneurship
because of it — small businesses are budding
these days in Detroit and elsewhere has
around Detroit in one of the more surprising
precedent: according to research by Dane
twists of the downturn. Some new businesses
Stangler, a senior analyst at the Kauffman
like the Burton are scratching by. Others
Foundation, a center for economic research
have already grown beyond the initial scope
in Kansas City, Mo., half the companies on the
of their business plans, juggling hundreds of
Fortune 500 list this year were founded
customers and expanding into new sites.”
in recession or bear markets.”92
92
“[T]his adventure in entrepreneurship was never completely about making money. It was also about creating a more 92 livable community.� 154
155
“A FRENCH AIR Tor ya Blanchard a former teacher, runs two crêper ies. “I just wanted to do something that I loved,” she said.” 92 Photograph by Fabrizio Costantini for The New York Times. 96
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html>.
Kresge Foundation: 2007 Annual Repor t. The Kre
73. Hughes, Kay. “J.L. Hudson’s Depar tment Store.” Mar ygrove College. Web. 24 Jan. 2010. <http:// w w w.mar ygrove.edu/ids/Hudsons.asp>. 74. Photograph. J. L. Hudson Co. Depar tment Store.
81. “SHLD - Stock Quote for Sears Holdings
sge Foundation. Web. 23 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.
Corp - MSN Money.” Per sonal Finance and
kresge.org/content/ar07/programs/health.pdf>.
Investing - MSN Money. Web. 24 Jan. 2010.
89. “2007 Annual Repor t : Community Development .”
Web. 23 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.autolife.umd.um
<http://moneycentral.msn.com/detail/stock_
The Kresge Foundation. The Kresge Foundation.
ich.edu/Environment/E_Casestudy/Hudson.htm>.
quote?symbol=SHLD&w w=1>.
Web. 23 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.kresge.org/
75. “Kmar t Histor y.” Sear s Holdings Corporation.
82. “Our Green Headquar ters.” The Kresge
index.php/annual_repor t/2007_annual_repor t/>. 90. Techtown: Nextenergy (left) and Techone (right),
Sears Holdings Corporation. Web. 22 Jan. 2010.
Foundation. The Kresge Foundation. Web. 24
<http://w w w.kmar tcorp.com/careers/why%20us/
Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.kresge.org/index.php/
Detroit , Michigan. Photograph. The Kresge
kmar t-histor y.htm>.
headquar ters/index/>.
Foundation: 2007 Annual Repor t. The Kresge
76. Kresge, S. S.; Store at Grand River & Greenfield
83. The Kresge Foundation’s LEED Platinum-cer tified
Foundation. Web. 23 Jan. 2010. <http://
(24814). Photograph. Wayne State Univer sity
Headquar ter s. Photograph. National Trust for
Vir tual Motor City. Wayne State. Web. 25 Jan.
Historic Preser vation: Kresge Foundation Suppor t
2010. <http://dlxs.lib.wayne.edu/cgi/i/image/
Launches Sustainability Program. National Trust
image-idx?id=S-VMC-X-24814%5D24814>.
for Historic Preser vation. Web. 24 Jan. 2010.
Foundation. The Kresge Foundation. Web. 2 Jan.
<http://w w w.preser vationnation.org/suppor t-
2010. <http://w w w.kresge.org/index.php/what/
us/development/kresge.html>.
environment_program/>.
77. Photograph. 1962. “ What’s the frequency, Kmar t?” Web log post . Pleasant Family Shopping.
w w w.kresge.org/content/ar07/programs/ communitydevelopment .pdf>. 91. “ What We Do:Environment Program.” The Kresge
160 92. Saulny, Susan. “Detroit Entrepreneurs Opt to Look Up.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 9 Jan. 2010. Web. 23 Jan. 2010. <http:// w w w.ny times.com/2010/01/10/us/10star tup. html>. 93. Costantini, Fabrizio. Photograph. The New York Times. The New York Times. Web. 19 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.ny times.com/ imagepages/2010/01/10/us/10star tup_CA1. html>. 94. Costantini, Fabrizio. Photograph. The New York Times. The New York Times. Web. 19 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.ny times.com/ imagepages/2010/01/10/us/10star tup5.html>. 95. Costantini, Fabrizio. Photograph. The New York Times. The New York Times. Web. 19 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.ny times.com/2010/01/10/ us/10star tup.html>. 96. Costantini, Fabrizio. Photograph. The New York Times. The New York Times. Web. 19 Jan. 2010. <http://w w w.ny times.com/ imagepages/2010/01/10/us/10star tup4. html>.
161
162
163
Eminent Domain in Detroit The intersection of public good, planned obsolescence, and empty space. Dorothy Schwankl
Left : GM Assembly Line. 1
164
eminent domain: n. The right of a government to appropriate private property for public use, usually with compensation to the owner. 2
“Both the federal and state governments
Public utilities, such as gas and power
(including their respective agencies) have the
companies, may also condemn property in
power of eminent domain or condemnation.
Michigan. See, MCLA 486.252. Public utilities
In Michigan, cities and counties have also
must typically receive authorization from a
been delegated the authority or power of
state or federal board or commission before
eminent domain by statute. See, MCLA 213.21.
condemnation proceedings may begin. The
Of course, all entities exercising the power
Michigan Public Services Commission grants
must be acting on behalf of the public when
authority to power companies to commence
using the power of eminent domain.
condemnation proceedings.�3
Right : Posted sign in Hamtramck , Michigan. 4
165
Right : View of utate velit esse molestie conseqvel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis autate velit esse molestie stiesties. 3
166
Gray Panther leader Maggie Kuhn joined the Poletown
Protestor s park a bulldozer in front of GM Chairman
Catherine Patrick , who had lived in Poletown since
protest s following a letter writing campaign by
Roger Smith’s home in Bloomfield Township in 1981. 5
1937, insisted in December 1980, “I will not move from
resident s. 5
this house. My next stop if necessar y will be Mount Olivet (cemeter y).” 5
“In 1981, the Michigan Supreme Court decided one of the most controversial cases involving eminent domain. In that case, the city of Detroit had seized thousands of homes, businesses, and churches in an area called Poletown (named for the large Polish population in that area) so that General Motors could build a plant on the site. The city claimed that the ‘public use’ limitation was met by virtue of the fact that the new plant would ‘create jobs’ and increase the city’s tax base. Opponents contended that this wasn’t truly a ‘public use’ because the property owners’ property was simply being taken from them to be given to General Motors. The Michigan Supreme Court ruled in favor of the city.”6
167
A silent rebuke to GM’s Poletown plans. 5
Poletown resident s protest what they claim was refusal
Jethro Williams wait s out the dispute on his porch on
of the city to protect their Poletown neighborhoods
Hor ton Street in Poletown.
during the dispute. 5
5
168
The last Sunday ser vices at Immaculate Conception Church in Poletown on
May 10, 1981, drew a full house. Destruction of the church began shor tly after ward. 5
Immaculate Conception Church
169
Father Joseph Karasiewicz waves farewell as the wrecking ball attacks the last
Six shovels await the mayor s of Detroit and Hamtramck and GM brass for the
section of his Immaculate Conception Church in Poletown. Fr. Karasiewicz had opposed his cardinal’s decision to allow the church to be torn down. 5
Poletown plant groundbreaking ceremony as the remains of Dodge Main crumble in the background. 5
250 acres 4200 residents 600 businesses 16 churches $732,000 in tax revenue per year
7
171
1961 Do
Po
M e g d
ow let
nt
n
er I nt Right : Poletown area in 1961. 8
a
la P n i
s
e9 t a t
4
172
Wayne County predicted “thousands of jobs, tens of millions of dollars in tax revenue, a broader tax base, 9 and accelerated economic growth.�
173
1983
Right : Poletown area in 1983 before plant construction began. 8
er t n I
s
e9 t a t
4
174
2009
Above: Area Nor th of GM Assembly Plant , disconnected from Poletown by the highway and the plant . 10 Below: Residential street s directly nor th of the GM Assembly Plant today. 4
175
1997
Right : Poletown area in 1997 with the GM Hamtramck Assembly Plant . 8
er I nt
s
e9 t a t
4
176
Today the average lifespan of a car is 12 years, 11 or 128,500 miles.
Right : Junked and crushed car s in Lethbridge Scrapyard. 12
177
178
There are 250,844,644 registered passenger 13 vehicles in the US.
Right : Chev y Trailblazer s drive into the shipping lot at the GM Moraine Assembly plant in Day ton, Ohio. 14
179
180
Above and right : Adver tisement images for the 1986 Buick Riviera, the fir st car produced at the GM Hamtramck Assembly Plant . 15
181
182
Right : Adver tisement for the 2010 Chev y Volt , the current car being produced at the GM Hamtramck Assembly Plant . 16
183
184
Planned Obsolescence The GM Hamtramck Assembly Plant was part of GM’s multi-billion dollar investment program to modernize its automobile designs and plants in the early 1980s. Heralded as a state-of-the-art facility, the plant had a “modular paint system, electric (rather than hydraulic) robots, just-intime deliveries, and a plan for paperless operations.�18 The plant is currently being re-tooled and re-organized for the assembly of the plug-in hybrid, the Chevy Volt. How has the idea of planned obsolescence played out in state-of-the-art factories? How often do the places of production need to be re-tooled to create the newest object? What relation do the tools have to the building that contains them and, at a larger scale to the site, city, and region?
Left : General Motor s engine assembly line worker. 1
185
186
Public Good How has Detroit’s connection to the auto industry, both culturally and economically, linked the city’s prosperity to a dying U.S. industry? The bureaucrats that planned the development of the new GM plant in Hamtramck sought to fill the void left by the closing of the Dodge Main Plant 15 months earlier.7 Even though there was serious protest from the residents, the decision to trade a neighborhood for an assembly plant was made by officials acting on behalf of the residents, under the presumption of public good. What is the lifespan of decisions of “public good”? How can government agencies ensure that they are making decisions that are not just good for the present, but good for the future? What is the lifespan of an assembly plant? Was the Poletown decision a short-term or long-term device for the residents of Hamtramck and Detroit? What is the lifespan of a factory compared to that of a neighborhood? Who determines when the built environment is obsolete? Which environments are the easiest to alter? How has eminent domain become a necessary tool for conglomerating land into large enough tracts to incentivize redevelopment?
Left : Abandoned industrial building at Denton and Craig, just nor th of the GM Assembly Plant . 4
187
188
Empty Space What is the motivation to rebuild based on? Why has empty space become a sign of failure? How do these empty spaces differ from rural spaces where emptiness is considered picturesque and highly valued? Most of the abandoned lots in the area just north of the GM Hamtramck Assembly Plant are owned by the city and are maintained to some extent. The curb cuts for driveways and concrete stairs leading up to non-existent front porches serve as placeholders for the houses that used to occupy these lots. Is lowering density an indicator of failure or simply part of the evolution of a city?
Above, right : Abandoned concrete stair on Denton St . 4 Above: Lenawee County in Autumn. 17 Left : Abandoned warehouse at Denton and Craig, just nor th of the GM Assembly Plant . 4
189
190 1. “Automotive History” General Motors
7. Kelly, James with Seaman, Barrett.
12. http://www.flickr.com/photos/
assembly line workers. Folder “General
“The Last Days of Poletown.” March
Motors Corporation, Automobile
30, 1981. http://www.time.com/time/
Assembly.” Box 1, Jack Kausch papers.
magazine/article/0,9171,922498,00.
13. Research and Innovative Technology
http://bentley.umich.edu/research/
html#ixzz0ddskdFpv
guides/automotive/workers.php
8. http://atdetroit.net/forum/
2. The American Heritage® Dictionary of
messages/5/131891.html?1190901985
the English Language, Fourth Edition.
9. Sullum, Jacob. “Razing Objections:
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2009)
A court rediscovers property rights in
daveseven/2986837143/ October 30, 2008. Administration Bureau of Transportation Statistics. http://www.bts.gov/ publications/national_transportation_ statistics/html/table_01_11.html 14. Associated Press. December 30, 2008
3. “Corporate Powers - Mich. Comp. Laws
the rubble of Poletown.” August 6, 2004.
http://blog.oregonlive.com/money_
Section 486.252”. http://law.onecle.
http://reason.com/archives/2004/08/06/
impact/2008/12/GM%20Financing_Hays.
com/michigan/486-water-and-power-
razing-objections
jpg
companies/mcl-486-252.html 4. Author’s photo. Hamtramck, Michigan. Taken January 24, 2010. 5. The Detroit News Archives. http://
10. Alice St. and Joseph Campau St., Hamtramck, Michigan, 48212. http:// www.bing.com 11. Solomon, Christopher. “Cars that
15. http://www.4wheelz.net/makes/1986buick-riviera.htm 16. Gosselin, Laura. “GM CEO Fritz Henderson Expects Loss on Chevy Volt.” April 14,
multimedia.detnews.com/pix/
last a million miles” http://articles.
2009. http://www.ecoautoninja.com/eco-
photogalleries/historygallery/rvm_
moneycentral.msn.com/SavingandDebt/
electric-vehicles/gm-ceo-fritz-henderson-
poletown/
SaveonaCar/CarsThatLastAMillionMiles.
expects-loss-on-chevy-volt-94591/
6. Hornberger, Jacob G. “The Bill of Rights: Eminent Domain” Posted April 6, 2005. http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0412a.asp
aspx
17. http://hdrcreme.com/photos/8813Michigan-Autumn-Back-roads
191 18. General Motors: The First 75 Years of Transportation Products. (Detroit: GM Photographic, 1983).
192 02
193
195 05
196
197
199 09
11
26 200
The 1950s introduced a new convenient and cheap way for families to enjoy watching films with the opening of Detroit’s first and only drive-in movie theatre 1914
Bohemian National Home
10.
The original Bohemian immigrants came to Detroit to escape Prussian oppression and economic hardship in their homeland. A dozen recent arrivals formed the first Detroit lodge, in 1874, under the auspices of the Bohemian Society of America. This national organization first organized in 1854 in St. Louis, Missouri. The original Detroit lodge bore the name of Karel Havilicek Barovsky, a Czech hero of the 1848 revolution against
the Hapsburg dynasty. In 1890, the Detroit Bohemian Turners Society built Detroit’s first Bohemian hall at the corner of Erskine and St. Antoine,
on the near east side. A flag bearing procession of the various Bohemian organizations who would use the facility commemorated the opening. By
1910, however, the east side hall had become too small to accommodate the growing community. The original plans for a new west side hall, and the announcement of a fundraising drive to finance the project, appeared in the Detroit Times on August 19, 1910.
31.
11 201
1914
Bohemian National Home
10.
The original Bohemian immigrants came to Detroit to escape Prussian oppression and economic hardship in their homeland. A dozen recent arrivals formed the first Detroit lodge, in 1874, under the auspices of the Bohemian Society of America. This national organization first organized in 1854 in St. Louis, Missouri. The original Detroit lodge bore the name of Karel Havilicek Barovsky, a Czech hero of the 1848 revolution against the Hapsburg dynasty. In 1890, the Detroit Bohemian Turners Society built Detroit’s first Bohemian hall at the corner of Erskine and St. Antoine, on the near east side. A flag bearing procession of the various Bohemian organizations who would use the facility commemorated the opening. By 1910, however, the east side hall had become too small to accommodate the growing community. The original plans for a new west side hall, and the announcement of a fundraising drive to finance the project, appeared in the Detroit Times on August 19, 1910.
12 202
1915
Majestic Theatre
Opened on April 1, 1915, the theater originally seated 1,651 people (at the time the largest theater in the world built for the purpose of showing movies). There is a myth that legendary magician Harry Houdini gave his last performance on stage here, on Halloween night 1926.
11.
1916
Hilberry Theatre
Opened on April 1, 1915, the theater originally seated 1,651 people (at the time the largest theater in the world built for the purpose of showing movies). There is a myth that legendary magician Harry Houdini gave his last performance on stage here, on Halloween night 1926.
12.
1919
Orchestra Hall
The first concert took place on October 23, 1919 and the hall remained the home of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra until 1939. Due to the financial difficulties of the Great Depression, the orchestra was compelled to leave Orchestra Hall and enter into a more economical arrangement to share the Masonic Temple Theatre
20313
13
Due to the success of the 1920s automobile industry in Detroit, more people were moving to Detroit, as well as visiting, which created a demand for entertainment in the city. Within a span of ten year, 13 new theatres were created, thus bringing the grand total to 23, making the Detroit the theatre capital of the world.
14
15 1 205
14.
Right : View of the Detroit Masonic Temple Theatre
16 206
1922
15.
Detroit Opera House
17.
16.
1925
Filmore Theatre
1926
Michigan Theatre
During the first few decades of the building’s
The Fillmore Detroit was constructed in 1925
Currently being utilized as a parking structure,
history, it featured artists such as jazz legends
as a movie house in the Renaissance Revival
in the 1960s a closed-circuit television
Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington, although
style of architecture. C. Howard Crane was
provided views of Red Wings ice hockey games
at one point the business at the Paramount
the original architect, and the building is still
for those who could not attend the actual
Theatre had decreased so substantially that
called the Francis Palms Building.
event in nearby Olympia Stadium, and in the
in desperation it was converted into a movie
1970s the theater was a nightclub and concert
theatre, specializing pornography.
venue for rock bands.
17
The Gem Theatre
1926
18.
Senate Theatre
1927
The Gem Theatre
19.
1927
20.
Detroit Film Theatre
Mainly a movie theater, it also presented some
The building was used as an adult movie
A prominent feature of the 1927 Detroit
young comedians and entertainers on their
house until it closed in 1978. Soon afterward,
Institute of Arts building is the 1200 seat
way to later stardom, including
developer Charles Forbes purchased the
auditorium, designed by Paul Philippe Cret as a
performances by Amos Jacobs, later known as
combined Gem/Century building, and began
venue for film, lectures and live performances.
Danny Thomas. The theater once had a small
a complete restoration of the Gem Theatre in
Robert Morton theater organ often
1990. The refurbished Gem opened in 1990.
played by Thelma Boomhower.
208 18
1927
Fisher Theatre
21.
1928
United Artists
22.
Theatre
1928
Redford Theatre
23.
The theatre originally featured a lavish Aztec-
Until 1973, it was a first-run movie house
At its opening, the theatre was hailed as
themed interior in the Mayan Revival style, and
and office space. The United Artists Theatre,
“America’s Most Unique Suburban Playhouse”.
once had Mexican-Indian art and banana trees
designed in a Spanish-Gothic design, sat 2,070
The Redford Theatre, with its three story
and live macaws that its patrons could feed.
people, and after closing served from 1978
grand foyer, Japanese-inspired decor and full-
After the Depression, the theatre operated
to 1983 as the Detroit Symphony Orchestra’s
size stage, has been in continuous operation
209 19
1928
Music Hall Center
24.
1928
Fox Theatre
25.
1929
Vanity Ballroom
26.
During the Great Depression, the cash-
The Fox was the first movie theater in the world
The ballroom was a major venue for bands of
strapped
Orchestra
to be constructed with built-in equipment
the 1930s and 1940s, such as those of Tommy
was unable to support their building, the
for sound films. The Fox Film Corporation’s
Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Duke Ellington, Benny
Orchestra Hall. They played in a number of
patented sound-on-film system “Movietone”
Goodman, Red Nichols, Russ Morgan, Art
other locations, and in 1946 moved into Wilson
enabled the theater to present sound films
Mooney, Woody Herman, and Pee Wee Hunt.
Theatre, renaming it Detroit Music Hall
from the time of its opening
The Vanity billed itself as “Detroit’s most
Detroit
Symphony
beautiful dance rendezvous.”
20 20 210
The theatre building boom of the 1920s came to an all time halt in the 1930s when the Great Depression struck, riots broke out, and prohibition took its course. Theatres that could afford to stay open were converted to homeless shelters or pornographic film theatres 211 21
.
212 22
1935
Alger Theatre
When the Alger Theater opened, it was a luxury theater, and included state-of-theart amenities such as premium sound and projection equipment, comfort seating, and air conditioning. It continued as a movie house for forty years. However, as the surrounding neighborhood suffered socioeconomic changes, attendance began dropping off
213 23
29.
24 214 24
The 1940s theatre district was affected greatly by the advent of the television, World War Two, and the aftermath of the
Great Depression 30.
Right : A man watching television at the comf or t of his
215 25
216 26
The 1950s introduced a new convenient and cheap way for families to enjoy watching films with the opening of Detroit’s first and only drive-in movie theatre 31.
217 2727
218 28
32.
1950
Belle Air Drive-In Theatre
The largest drive-in theatre in Detroit, The Bel-AIr is actually the only drive-in movie theatre the history of Detroit. The first 2 screen drive in. Capacity 2200 cars. The Bel Air was the #1 grossing drive in in the metro area, with the Algiers #2. The Bel Air was torn down and replaced with a shopping center. However the name lives on, as there is a 10-screen indoor theatre on the site
33.
219 29
34.
35.
Left to Right : Belle Air Marquee displaying films and times, Area map of drive-in,
View
of
the-
atre one, Attachable car speaker
1900
30 220
1957
Detroit Repertory Theatre
The theatre began as a touring company in 1957 and performed throughout Michigan, Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvnania, before it established itself on Woodrow Wilson Avenue in Detroit in 1963. It survived the race riots of 1967 and was, for a time during the 1970s, the only fully professional non-profit theatre in Detroit. The theatre averages about 60,000 admissions each year.
221 31
36.
32 222
During the 1960s,1970s, and 1980s, many theatres closed or were abandoned in Detroit’s economic contraction
Total amount of closures and abandonments equaled an astonishing 12 out of 31 theatres
223 33
224 34
37.
41.
38. Right (Counter Clockwise) Chr ysler Imax Dome Theatre built in 2001, MGM Grand Casino built in 2007, Motor City Casino built in 2007, City Theatre built in 2004, Greek town Casino built in 2007
39.
40.
In the new millenium,Detroit saw 5 new theatres located within the newly built casinos, despite city financial problems.
225
35
36 226 1. 2. 3.
clarke.cmich.edu/mappingmichigan/
jpg
27. shorpy.com
mpfarmer.gif
17. broadwayindetroit.com
28. commons.wikimedia.o
atdetroit.net/forum/
18. detroit-travel-guide.com
29. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/
messages/6790/68501.jpg
19. atdetroit.net/forum/
atdetroit.net/forum/
messages/6790/68501.jpg
article 30. http://www.waterwinterwonderland.com
messages/6790/68501.jpg
20. conceptart.org
31. http://www.waterwinterwonderland.com
4.
wapedia.mobi
21. http://www.flickr.com/photos/71288712@
32. http://www.waterwinterwonderland.com
5.
atdetroit.net/forum/
N00/2773366226/
messages/6790/68501.jpg 6.
cinematreasures.org
7.
buildingphotos.com/Detroit/hilberry.php
8.
atdetroit.net/forum/
34. http://www.waterwinterwonderland.com 22. atdetroit.net/forum/ messages/6790/68501.jpg 23. jalopnik.com
messages/6790/68501.jpg 9.
atdetroit.net/forum/ messages/6790/68501.jpg
10. denisedjsdetroit.blogspot.com/2009/07/ reality... 11. dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse atdetroit.net/forum/ messages/6790/68501.jpg 12. buildingphotos.com/detroit/hilberry.php 13. buildingphotos.com/detroit/hilberry.php 14. atdetroit.net/forum/ messages/6790/68501.jpg 15. erte feugait nulla facilisi. Lorem ipsum
33. http://www.waterwinterwonderland.com 35. gambling-weblog.com 36. channels.nl 37. jasmantruss.com 38. bigmoviezone.com
24. atdetroit.net/forum/ messages/6790/68501.jpg 25. city-data.com 26. detroit1701.org
39. detroit.metromix.com 40. gambling-weblog.com 41. detroit-travel-guide.com
227
228
229
Detroit The Grotesque. Ayesha Sarfraz
Right : http://w w w.time.com/time/cover s/0,16641,20091005,00.html
230
231
Detroit Otherwise.
232
The Great Lakes Region of North America is attractive to tourists because of extensive shorelines, huge public forests, numerous parks, extensive commercial tourist facilities, interesting cities and good highways. Each year Ontario and neighbouring American states spend a total of more than 20 million on tourism publicity trying to capture a larger share of the 40 billion spent in the region annually by tourists.
The Great Lakes Region of North America is
economic recessions earlier in the century.
expansion. Some smaller cities which were
the site of an international battle for tourists.
Even in the urban agricultural belt, the
economically devastated by manufacturing
The region consists of all or part of eight
recent automobile industry decline has been
plant closures have adopted tourism
states and one province bordering the lakes.
mitigated somewhat by increased tourism
development as the principal thrust of their
The International Boundary runs through
revenues. This has resulted in a better
recovery plan. Best of American suburbia
four of the lakes. Approximately 65 million
appreciation of the economic importance
while Ann Arbor provides the nearby
people reside in the region. Tourism is the
of tourism and increased attention to
experience of a world renowned college town.
principal source of income in much of the
stimulating tourist flows. Cities such
Northern half of the region where declines
as Toronto and Detroit have recognized
in agriculture, mining, forestry, sawmilling
that tourism can be as important as
and manufacturing often produced serious
manufacturing and are encouraging
http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/education/images/GL_Basin_Map-LG.jpg
233
234
Detroit, a major metropolis in the U.S. state of Michigan has had a profound impact on the world. From the advent of the automotive assembly line, to the Motown sound, to modern techno rock acts, Detroit continues to shape both American and global cultures. The city has seen renovations of historical buildings and is bustling with new attractions that complement its world class museums and theatres.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Detroit_Opera_house,_from_Robert_N._Dennis_
235
236
237
As Detroit’s reputation as the ‘Hollywood of the Heartland’ continues to grow, however, fans and historians cannot forget the Motor City was the location for some of filmdom’s most memorable and ground breaking movies long before filmmakers received whopping tax breaks to film here.
238
Institutions Theatres, Museums, Libraries. Museum of African American History/ Detroit
Historical Museum/Museum of Contemporary
for the Performing Arts/ Redford Theatre/
Institute of Art/ Detroit Science Centre/
Art/ Bagel Art Gallery/ City Theatre/ Little
Riverfront 4 Movies Theatre/ MGM Grand
Detroit Public Library/ Pewabic Pottery/
Gem Theatre/ Matrix Theatre/ Planet Ant/
Detroit Theatre/ Bonstelle Theatre/ Detroit
Hitsville, USA/ Fox Theatre/ Masonic Temple
Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory/
Film Theatre/ Senate Theatre/ Hilberry
Theatre/ Detroit Opera House/ Filmore
Detroit Zoo/ Chrysler Museum/ DTE Energy
Theatre/ City Theatre/ Gem Theatre/ Century
Theatre/ Orchestra Hall/ Henry Ford Museum
Music Theatre/ The Palace of Auburn Hills/
Theatre/ Chrysler IMAX Dome Theatre/ Detroit
and Green Field Village/ Cranbrook Art
Fisher Theatre/ Bert’s Warehouse Theatre/
Repertory Theatre/ Bohemian National Home/
Museum/ Detroit Zoological Institute/ Detroit
Filmore Detroit/ Harpos Concert Theatre
Studio Theatre/ Boll Family YMCA Theatre/
239
Detroit Film Industry/ National Theatre (inactive)/ United Artist’s Theatre Building (inactive)/ Motorcity Casino/ Greektown Casino/ MGM Casino
240
Festivals St.Albertus Music Festival/ Mariachi
Marathon/ Thanksgiving Parade/ Winterblast/
Detroit Fashion Week/ Fash Bash - A Major
Performance in Mexican town/ Detroit Festival
North American International Auto Show/
Fashion Event/ Woodward Dream Cruise/
of the Arts/ Noel Night/ Ford International
Plymouth Ice Festival/ Detroit Music
Meadowbrook Music Festival/ Rochester Art
Jazz Festival/ Detroit’s Artist Market/
Awards/ Downriver Dream Cruise/ Motor
and Apples Festival/ Old Car Festival/ Urban
Detroit’s Electronic Music Festival/ Weekly
Muster/ Detroit River Days/ Windsor-Detroit
Organic Festival/ The Concert of Colours/
Summer Festival at Hart Plaza/ CoAmerica
International Freedom Festival/ Salute to
African World Festival/ Detroit Short Films
City Festival/ Daily in the Alley/ Jazzin’ on
America/ Tall Ships at the Dock of Detroit/
Festival
Jefferson/ Michigan State Fair/ Detroit Free
Meadowbrook Concourse D’Elegance/
241
Sports
Parks
Tiger’s Baseball Stadium (demolished)/
Palmer Park/ Clark Park/ Chandler Park Family
Red Wing’s Hockey Stadium/ Piston’s
Aqutic Centre/ Belle Isle Park/ Golf Course/
Basketball Stadium/ Lion’s Football Stadium/
The Belle Isle Conservatory/
Thunderfest/ Detroit Grand Prix/
The Detroit Yacht Club
Tour de Troit
242
Urban Installations
243
Community Art
The Heidelberg Project
The Heidelberg Project is an outdoor art project in Detroit. It was created in 1986 by artist Tyree Guyton and his grandfather Sam McKay.
245
Object Orange
A series of urban installations in a section of Northern Detroit using paint to advocate demolition as a positive change of force.
247
248
“We have old aerial satellite photos that indicate that this neighborhood has been blighted for years and years and years,” says Greg, one of the four organizers, who prefer to use only their first names. “It’s shocking that “We have old aerial satellite photos that indicate that this neighborhood has been blighted for years and years and years,” says Greg, one of the four organizers, who prefer to use only their first names. “It’s shocking that something hasn’t been done about it. Recently there was a move to clean up the city, but it was mostly the area around the Super Bowl.”
249
Power House The Power House designed by Design 99 serves two goals: 1. To develop a model home; the house as an architectural experiment, will work as a prototype example or model home for what is possible in the current atmosphere of cheap housing in the city. What does it take to create a truly affordable, secure, sustainable house for under $99,000? 2.The house as a social project; Because it is a house in transition, we will use the transformation to create a platform for communication between the members of the community. Every act that is made with the house is readily apparent to the neighbours and even without asking, many neighbours offer materials, ask to take materials, offer to help, ask for help and also help protect the house from thieves. The dialogue has already begun with just the few small moves already made. The Power House intends to be a stimulator and not an end in itself as a singular art object. The Power House is a broadcaster of potential ideas and a place to plug those ideas into. The Power House will be used as an interactive site by the neighbourhood and the makers. The Power House will become the symbol for creativity, new beginnings and social interactions within the neighbourhood.
251
252 1. Detroit. <http://wikitravel.org/en/ Detroit> 2. Prof. Michael Chub. “Tourism, Patterns and Determinants in the Great Lakes
<http://www.metropolismag.com/ story/20060515/orange-alert> 8. “The Heidelberg Project”.<http://www. heidelberg.org/history.html>
org/> 15. Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit.<http://www.mocadetroit.org/> 16. Detroi Opera House.<http://www.
Region: Populations, Resources,
9. “A Project by Design 99”. <http://www.
Roads and Perceptions”.<http://
powerhouseproject.com/index.php?/
17. Motown.<http://www.motown.com/>
www.springerlink.com/content/
updates/info-statements/>
18. History Detroit 1701-2001.<http://www.
xu52g12005363k83/fulltext.pdf?page=1> 3. “The Detroit Film Centre”. <www.myspace. com/detroitfilm> 4. “The Wizard of Oz: An American Fairytale”. <www.loc.gov/exhibits/oz/ozsect2.html> 5. Detroit. “Pure Michigan: Michigan’s Official Travel and Tourism
10. Awarded Projects 4. “Shrinking Cities”.<http://www.shrinkingcities.com/
historydetroit.com/> 19. Elizabeth Evitt Dickinson.Welcome to
index.php?id=278&type=98&L=1&no_
Detroit. “Metropolismag.com”. 3 Sept,
cache=1>
2009. <http://www.metropolismag.com/
11. “Sounds of the Cass Corridor”.<http:// corridortribe.com/Sound/index.htm> 12. Assignment Detroit. “Time
Website”.<http://www.michigan.org/City/
Magazine”.<http://www.time.com/time/
Default.aspx?city=G2974>
detroit>
6. The 10 Best Made-In-Detroit Movies
motopera.org/>
13. Cory Doctorow. Artists Buying Cheap
pov/20090903/welcome-to-detroit> 20. Open City.<http://www.opencitydetroit. com/> 21. Project M is Coming to Detroit. “Red Pill”. 14 July, 2009. <http://www.yourdailyfix. net/vega/2009/07/project-m-is-coming-
Ever. “Suite101.com”.<http://filmschool.
Houses in Detroit. “BoingBoing”. 17
suite101.com/article.cfm/the_10_best_
March, 2009. <http://www.boingboing.
madeindetroit_movies_ever>
net/2009/03/17/artists-buying-cheap.
Growth Corporation”. http://www.degc.
html>
org/recreation.aspx
7. Stephen Zacks. Orange Alert. “Metropolismag.com”. 15 May, 2006.
14. Detroit Institute of Art.<http://www.dia.
to-detroit.html> 22. Recreation and Leisure. “Detroit Economic
23. Bruce Gilden. Detroit: The Troubled City.
253 “Magnum Photos”. 6 May, 2009.<http:// blog.magnumphotos.com/2009/05/ detroit_the_troubled_city.html> 24. TheDetroiter.Com. <http://www. thedetroiter.com/v3/>
254
VACANCY
255
IN RESPONSE Two Tales of Detroit Matthew Slingerland
Left Page: Vacant lot in Detroit
256
PANIC OF
In the early 1890s, the national economy
gardens where they could raise their own
severely declined and began, what is now
food and sell their surplus.” This pilot
known as, The Panic of 1893. By 1894,
program was later referred to as “Pingree’s
one third of the male workforce became
Potato Patches.”
unemployed. This quickly became a moment
“In its first year, 3000 families applied for 975
of urgency in Detroit’s history and allowed for
gardens on 450 urban acres.” The city invested
creativity to answer the call. The progressive
$3600 into the program and produced $14,000
mayor of Detroit, Hazen Pingree, needed a
dollars worth of food in its first year. Because
way to feed the hungry and unemployed. With
of the city’s rich soil2, $30,998 worth of food
“6,000 acres of vacant lots throughout the
and 40,000 bushels of potato was produced in
city, Pingree established a pilot program to
the program’s second year.
1
provide poor families with small allotment Above: Image depicting the feelings
1 The Great Depression was not only a time of urgency for Detroit; it also became a time of repression.
of hysteria during
At the turn of the century, Henry Ford transformed Detroit into an empire of production. The inadequacy of Michigan’s
the Panics of 1837,
labor force and the higher cost demands drove Ford to search for cheap, abundant labor. “Ford was the first businessman
1857, 1873, 1893, and 1907.
to specifically target African American workers, sending recruiters to comb the South for industrious, cheap labor. Lured by promises of wealth, opportunity, and non-segregation, large groups of African Americans made the trek north.” After a time of prosperity, the Great Depression hit Detroit with force. In an attempt to push the, once much needed, minority labor force out of the city, “White-controlled trade unions” passed a deed restriction that prohibited them from owning or renting property in most of the city. This restriction pushed the minorities into a small enclave in East Detroit.
257
Top Left : Soil of the Mollisol order found
2 “Black Bottom” became the “colored” part of Detroit. Many believe it is named for this very reason, but in fact Black Bottom
in par t s of Michigan.
derives its nickname from the dark, rich soil in the area. “Actually, well-irrigated, good farming land near a river has long
Top Right : Photo
been called “bottom land” and “black bottom” because of its low elevation and rich black soil. In Detroit, before any African
of “Black Bottom” Detroit
Americans settled here, the French farmers in the area down by the river called it Black Bottom. In the twentieth century as Detroit became a big industrial city, there was certainly no farming by the river near the center of town, but the name just stuck.” Although it was predominantly African American, Black Bottom became a polyglot melting pot. Black Bottom was home to Mexican, Polish, Italian, and Black populations, with each culture adding its rich musical traditions into the mix.” Detroit’s music scene at this time quickly gained national recognition.
258
Above: Vintage poster s of musicians
3 “Major blues singers, big bands, and jazz artists, such as Duke Ellington, Billy Eckstine, Pearl Bailey, Ella Fitzgerald, and
who got their star t
Count Basie, regularly performed in the bars and clubs of the Paradise Valley entertainment district.” In the 1960s, the
in “Black Bottom”
construction of Interstate 75 and Lafayette Park, in an urban revitalization attempt, destroyed Black Bottom. With its short
Detroit
life, Black Bottom left a lasting impression on music in Detroit and the rest of the world.
259
Detroit’s revolutionary idea of vacant-lot gardening returned during World War II. All of the nations resources fled to support the War. Another time of spontaneity sprang up and became known as the Victory Garden. Because of great advertising and inspirational propaganda, a poster3 campaign with clever slogans encouraged citizens to support the war by growing their own food. Gardening not only provided food, “it was also considered a civil “morale booster”, in that gardeners could feel empowered by their contribution of labor and rewarded by the produce grown. In 1943, Americans planted 20.5 million Victory Gardens, and the harvest accounted for nearly one-third of all vegetables consumed in the country that year.” In Michigan alone, a million patriots grew their own food. Above: Vintage “ Victor y Garden” poster s from the 20th centur y
260
Victory Gardens weren’t the only thing to
children around the United States. “During
grow out of the war effort4. Milkweed, which
1944 and 1945, more than 25 million pounds
is a plant that grows abundantly in Petoskey,
of wild-collected milkweed pods, enough
Michigan, contributed to the cause as well.
to fill 700 freight train cars, were collected
Before World War II, the United States
throughout North America. The floss
imported a plant with buoyant properties
comprises about 20 percent of the dry weight
named Kapok, which was used to make life
of a seedpod. It was all shipped to Petoskey
preservers. During the war in a time of crisis,
to be processed. The plant produced over two
when all trade was shut down, milkweed was
million pounds floss before the war ended,
discovered. It was an adequate replacement
baling it in cotton-sized bales that weighed a
and was soon collected by women and
scant 200 pounds.” Above: A lifejacket made of milkweed which was nicknamed “Mae West” after a favorite bousty centerfold Right Page: Image of milkweed
261
“A pound and a half of milkweed floss would keep a 150 pound sailor afloat for ten hours.”
262
Today, guerilla gardening is used to support
“seed grenade” was first used by Liz Christy in
a new kind of cause. Filled by more and more
1973 when she started the “Green Guerillas.” The
abandoned space, the shrinking city of Detroit
first seed grenades were made from condoms
becomes the perfect laboratory for creative
filled with local wildflower seeds, water and
rehabilitation. “Seed bombing, also known
fertilizer. The seed grenades were tossed over
as “Seed Grenades” is a technique of
fences onto empty lots in New York City in order
introducing vegetation to arid soils or
to make the neighborhoods look better.” It was
otherwise inhospitable terrains. The term
the start of the Guerrilla Gardening movement.
4 Although the most well known, Motown records was not the only thing to grow out of the Black Bottom effort. Detroit has been an “important musical center” for Gospel, Jazz, and of course Rock ‘n Roll. Detroit’s suburbs were home to one of the first important hardcore punk scenes that swept underground America in the early 1980s. Most recently, Detroit has been credited as the birthplace of Techno music. It is clear that Black Bottom’s progressive character has influenced many generations of Detroit music, and in turn the world.
Right Page: Image of “seedbombs”
263
“A seed bomb is a compressed clod of soil containing live vegetation that may be thrown or dropped onto a terrain to be modified.�
264
1.
2.
3.
4.
Spitzley,David. “Hazen Pingree: Mayor, Governor,
9.
Franchescini, Amy. Victory Gardens 2008+. January 19
Potato Tycoon.” January 19 2010. http://www.
2010. January 1 2009. http://www.sfvictorygardens.
davidaspitzley.org/MythicDetroit/
org/history.html
Zurier, Sarah. “Hazen Pingree, American Idol.” January
10. www.posters.com
19 2010. December 30 2008. http://greenzonegarden.
11. Maya Drozdz and Michael Stout, “Seed Bombs.”
wordpress.com/2008/12/30/hazen-pingree-american-
January 19 2010. April 27 2009. http://visualingual.
idol/
wordpress.com/2009/04/27/seed-bombs-by-
“Black Bottom, Detroit” January 19 2010. November
visualingual/
3 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Bottom,_
12. www.artsofcitizenship.umich.edu
Detroit
13. “Black Bottom.” January 19 2010. http://www.
V.P. Scavarda. “Victory Gardens” The Arsenal of Democracy. January 19 2010. http://www.hal.
knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Black_Bottom/ 14. Carol Dacey-Charles, “Could Detroit Become
state.mi.us/mhc/museum/explore/museums/
Americas’s New Bread Basket.” The Slow Food USA
hismus/1900-75/arsenal/vgardens.html
Blog. January 19 2010. April 17, 2009. http://www.
6.
atdetroit.net
slowfoodusa.org/index.php/slow_food/blog_post/
7.
Lawson, Laura. City Bountiful: A Century of
could_detroit_become_americas_new_bread_basket/
Community Gardening in America. California:
8.
15. http://static.soxfirst.com/soxfirst.com/imgname-
University of California Press, 2005.
-the_panic_of_200809---50226711--panic_in_the_
www.buyblackweekend.com/blackbottome/street
street.jpg
265
266
1. Ar wed Messmer, the Palace of the Republic
267
Urban Forest Nature is reclaiming the city Kahyun Lee
268
“This continent has not seen a transformation like Detroit’s since the last days of the Maya. The city, once the fourth largest in the country, is now so depopulated that some stretches resemble the outlying farmland and others are altogether wild.”2
Between 1980 and 2000, Detroit lost fully
at the Wayne Truck Plant,” said John Bebow,
one-fifth of its population. For the first time
executive director of the Center for Michi-
since the 1920 census, the city’s population
gan. The state has reinvented itself before. In
dipped below 1 million. Also, about 109,000
the 1840s, Eastern states were beginning to
more people left Michigan in 2009 than
exhaust their timber resources, and informa-
moved in 2008, quadruple the loss of seven
tion about Michigan pine began to spread.
years ago. That long-standing reliance on
Lumbermen began flocking to the Great
the auto industry has made Michigan slow
Lakes State.4 The lumber industry of the 19th
to embrace the changes needed to keep and
century gave way to the auto industry of the
attract residents. “Remember, 10 years ago,
20th century. Now, nature is reclaiming the
you could still make (good money) working
abandoned spaces in the state.
3
269
5. Camilo JosĂŠ Vergara, Brush Park
270
1620
Deforestation : virgin forest from 1620 to today 6
1850
1920
271
today
The first towns in Michigan were Sault
most famous periods of growth in the United
Sainte Marie and Saint Ignace, started in
States. Early American settlers viewed the
1668 and 1671. But most of the towns didn’t
forest as either a barrier to development or a
get going until the 1800s. People didn’t
source of rapid wealth. As the forests of the
become interested in trees and lumber
east were depleted, logging companies moved
until the 1800s. Michigan was part of the
west into the Great Lakes area. From about
Northwest Territories, organized in 1805.
1840 to 1900, most of the Michigan forests
In 1837, Michigan became a State. By then,
were cut down for farms and to produce
new cities were beginning to grow along the
lumber for buildings, ships, and mines.
Great Lakes. It was time to log the forests.
Michigan was the nation’s leading lumber
The great logging era is, perhaps, one of the
producer between 1869 and 1900.7
272
8
Cutover forest in Wisconsin in 1911: from about 1840 to 1900, most of the Great Lakes region’s forest s were cut down for farms and to produce lumber for buildings, ships, and mines. 9
273
10. Alger County Historical Society, Logging Histor y
11. State Archives of Michigan, a Michigan Logging Camp
275
In 1900, the peak year of white pine logging, more than 2.3 billion board feet of lumber was cut from the state’s forests. Logging camps reached Lake Superior and the Canadian border.12
276
Timber was supplied by logging camps spread throughout the wilderness. Called “State of Maine camps,� they were crude communities consisting of two buildings: one for the men called a hovel and the other a barn for the oxen. To meet milling advances, camps became larger and more efficient. 13
277
photographs from Alger -Sullivan Historical Society 14
278
Gus sexton’s camp in the Pineries, 1900 J. M. Paine camp near Carlton, 1899 Price brother ’s camp, nor th of Grand Rapids, 1890
279
Logging camps in the Great Lakes States experienced enormous changes between the 1840s and the 1940s. The camp buildings displayed increasing functional specialization through time. Although the camps gradually increased in size during the pine-river drive era, the largest camps were associated with the hardwood-rail era. The influence of different cultural groups, the increasing size of operations, the changing technology of logging and log transportation were among the factors that influenced Connor ’s camp, Feb. 1901 photographs from Minnesota Historical Society 15
settlement patterns at logging camps in the Great Lakes States.16
280
Lumberjacks and logging camp worker s seated on the
Interior of a logging camp blacksmith shop,
“deacon’s seat” (wooden bench in front of the men’s
Colbroth & Company, camp #4, 1912
bunks) in a sleepcamp (bunkhouse), near Carlton J.M. Paine Logging Camp, 1899
Photo by William F. Roleff.
Male cookees in a cookcamp’s sleeping quar ter s, nor thern Minnesota, circa 1900
Lumberjacks eating in mess hall at Scott and Camp office and store interior
Graf Lumber Company, camp one, ridge William F. Roleff, Photograph collection, 1913
Blacksmith shoeing hor se at a lumber camp William F. Roleff, Photograph collection 1912
281
Lumberjacks at logging camps photographs from Minnesota Historical Society 17
282
Greenness change with census tract s in detroit , 1975-1992 21 Green areas show tract s with greenness increase; red areas with greenness decrease; black areas, no change
283
Detroit in better days in 1949: the neighborhood containing St. Cyril Catholic Church
Rural sprawl in Detroit in 2003: since the 1950s the city has lost half of its population22
the urban prairie of St .Cyril Parish 1949 & 2003 photographs from DetroitYES forums 23
284
In the 1950, Detroit’s population peaked at 1,849,568. In 2000, the city’s population was 951,270. It was 912,062 in Aug 2009. Between 1970 and 2000, over 161,000 homes and buildings were demolished in Detroit, with thousands more razed every year.20 In the blocks of the city grid, there are no homes or buildings lining the streets. Nature is reclaiming many of these empty blocks, with native grasses and trees thriving and turning these once-dense inner-city neighborhoods back into greenfields.
285
the extent of urban abandonment in Detroit Aerial maps from google ear th 2009
286
180
160
140
Due to the seasonal nature of the industry, logging camps tended to be temporary.
120
Due to the economic situation of the city, houses are becoming temporary and vacant. 100
0 1965 1970
1975 1980
1985
1990 1995
2000 2005
Vacant homes, 1965-2008 Vacant homes per thousand households 18
287
People are leaving the city Nature is living in the city
Feral Houses photographs from sweet-juniper.com 19
288
“Even a simulacrum of wildness, abandoned, will become truly wild given enough time. There is a certain comfort here. The earth is fine. Nature is patient. The plants are just waiting. It is the monuments we build, the paths we tread that are endangered.�24
the Belle Isle Zoo photographs from sweet-juniper.com 25
290
“A thicket of saplings reaches toward a tattered ceiling’s filtered light in the reading room of the Camden Free Library in New Jersey.”26
291
27. Camilo JosĂŠ Vergara, Rot in Peace
292
“A mixture of silver maple and birch trees grow straight out of the ashes of school textbooks on the third floor of the Roosevelt Warehouse.�28
293
29. g. s. george, Resurget Cineribus
294
Nature is
295
Reclaiming
296 1. Arwed Messmer. “The Palace of the Republic.” Anonymous Heart Berlin. 13 Oct. 2007. <http://www.anonyme-
<http://www.euroartmagazine.com/ new/?page=1&content=129>. 6. Buck Denton. “DEFORESTATION: Area
mitte-berlin.de/pressebilder/09_Palast_
of Virgin Forest from 1620 to Today.”
Volkskammerseite_2007.jpg>.
The Conservation Report. 24 Feb.
2. Rebecca Solnit. “Detroit Arcadia: Exploring the Post-American Landscape.” Harper’s Megazine. 7 Jul. 2007. 66. 3. Ron French. “Michigan Efforts Fail to Slow
10. Alger County Historical Society. “Logging History.” Rocks National Lakeshore. National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. 11. Michigan Historical Museum. “A Michigan
2009. <http://seekingmichigan.org/
Logging Camp.” History, Arts, and
look/2010/01/12/logging-camp>.
Libraries. <http://www.hal.state.mi.us/
7. Michigan Forests Forever Teachers Guide. “Michigan Forest During the Logging Era.”
mhc/museum/explore/museums/hismus/ prehist/lumber/tools.html>.
Population Exodus.” The Detroit News.
Michigan Forests Forever. <http://mff.
12. Forest History Center. “Logging (and
3 April. 2009. Metro and State Section.
dsisd.net/TreeBasics/History/LogEra.
Lumberjacks).” Minnesota Historical
<http://detnews.com/article/20090403/
htm>.
Society. <http://www.mnhs.org/places/
METRO/904030390/Michigan-efforts-failto-slow-population-exodus>. 4. Bob Garrett. “Life in a Logging
8. Michigan Forests Forever Teachers Guide. “Michigan Forest During the
sites/fhc/logging.html>. 13. Forest History Center. “Logging (and
Logging Era.” Michigan Forests Forever.
Lumberjacks).” Minnesota Historical
Camp.” Archives of Michigan. 12 Jan.
<http://mff.dsisd.net/TreeBasics/
Society. <http://www.mnhs.org/places/
2010. <http://seekingmichigan.org/
PICShistory/1911cutover.gif>.
sites/fhc/logging.html>.
look/2010/01/12/logging-camp>. 5. Dr. Gerry Coulter. “Ruined America:
9. Michigan Forests Forever Teachers Guide.
14. Logging/Railroads. “the Logging Camps.”
“Michigan Forest During the Logging Era.”
Alger-Sullivan Historical Society. <http://
The Photographs of Camilo José
Michigan Forests Forever. <http://mff.
algersullivan.org/logging_camps.html>.
Vergara.” Euro Art Web Megazine.
dsisd.net/TreeBasics/History/LogEra.
Issue 10 / Photography. Fall 2009.
htm>.
15. Forest History Center. “Logging Camp Buildings.” Minnesota Historical Society.
297 <http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/fhc/ logging.html>. 16. Randall Rohe. “Settlement Patterns of Logging Camps in the Great Lakes Region.” Journal of Cultural Geography. Volume 6. Issue 1. Sep (1985): 79. 17. Forest History Center. “Lumberjacks at Logging Camps.” Minnesota Historical Society. <http://www.mnhs.org/places/ sites/fhc/logging.html>. 18. John D. Nystuen et al.. the Greening of Detroit. 1975-1992: Physical Effects of Decline. (University of Michigan). 19. Mr. Michael D. LaFaive. “Flashy Projects Have Not Helped Detroit.“ MACKINAC
Blog. 27 Dec. 2008. Plans & Policies,
com/id/2129660/slideshow/2130072/
com/blog/2008/12/lessons-from-detroit.
fs/0//entry/2130066/ >.
html>. 22. Vacant Homes per Thousand Households.
28. Detroit. “Resurget Cineribus.” g. s. george’s photostream. <http://www.flickr.
1965-2008. Congressional Budget Office.
com/photos/gsgeorge/2742376215/in/
Department of Commerce. Bureau of the
set-72157603336606371/>.
Census. Haver analytics 23. “Feral Houses.” Sweet Juniper. 23 Jul.
29. Detroit. “Resurget Cineribus.” g. s. george’s photostream. <http://www.flickr.
2009. <http://www.sweet-juniper.com/
com/photos/gsgeorge/2742376215/in/
search/label/Detroit>.
set-72157603336606371/>.
24. “Return to the Abandoned Zoo.” Sweet Juniper. 17 Jul. 2009. <http://www.sweetjuniper.com/search/label/Detroit>. 25. “Return to the Abandoned Zoo.” Sweet Juniper. 17 Jul. 2009. <http://www.sweet-
<http://www.mackinac.org/7453>.
juniper.com/search/label/Detroit>. 26. “Rot in Peace.” Courtesy of
of St. Cyril Parish 2003 & 1949.” <http://
invinciblecities.com. <http://www.slate.
detroityes.com/webisodes/2004/13-
com/id/2129660/slideshow/2130072/
UrbanPrairie/St-Cyril.htm>.
fs/0//entry/2130066/>.
21. Ken. “Lessons from Detroit.” DenverInfill
invinciblecities.com. <http://www.slate.
Urbanism Section. <http://denverinfill.
Center for Public Policy. 2 Dec. 2005. 20. DetroitYES Forums. “the Urban Prairie
27. “Rot in Peace.” Courtesy of
298
299
Trapping Lumbering & Mining A Look at Early Economies in Michigan Michael McBean
Left : Map of New France, ca. 1640: the Great Lakes region appear s in the center near the bottom 1
300
1660: Pierre Esprit Radisson and Groseilliers
1810: Territory Population = 4,762 (non-
return from a trapping expedition with 60
Indian)
canoes worth of pelts
1812: War of 1812, fur trade dwindling
1673: British presence causes strains
1821: 1821 a large body of pine was
between Native Americans and French
discovered near Pontiac.
1701: Detroit is founded as one of first cities
1828: The Territorial Capitol is built at Detroit
A Selected timeline of Michigan focusing
of the Midwest
for a cost of $24,500.
on Michigan’s fur trade, timber and mining
1715: The French establish Fort
1830: State Population = 31,630
industries.
Michilimackinac at the Straits of Mackinac.
1830: The existence of vast pine forests
1754: The French and Indian War
became known
1760: The French surrender Fort
1834: First steam sawmill in Saginaw
Pontchartrain to the British, ending French
1835: The Toledo War ensues over the
The Timber Era: 1820 – 1920
rule in Detroit and New France.
Michigan-Ohio boundary. Michigan previously
The Copper Era: 1860 – 1950
1763: During the Indian wars in the area,
was denied admission to the Union because
Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, leads a 135-day
it would not surrender its claim to the Toledo
siege of Detroit. Indians capture all the forts
strip. The area eventually is surrendered in
1609: Samuel de Champlain and Henry
in Michigan, except Detroit.
exchange for the western section of the Upper
Hudson visit Sagniaw
1780: The first sawmill in Michigan is built in
Peninsula.
1620: Coureurs de bois (Men of the woods)
Mackinaw
1837: Michigan is admitted to the Union as the
make Detroit a regular stop
1805: The Michigan Territory is created, with
26th state.
1622: French explorer Étienne Brulé and his
Detroit designated as the seat of government.
1837: 433 sawmills in the state
companion Grenoble are probably the first
William Hull is appointed governor. Fire
1840: State Population = 212,267
white men to see Lake Superior.
destroys Detroit.
1842: Copper mining operations begin near
TIMELINE
The Fur Era: 1609 – 1812
301
Keweenaw Point.
1896: 198,800,000 ft of lumber / 90,000,000
1930: State Population = 4,832,325
1844: Iron ore is discovered in the Upper
shingles
1939-1945: World War II
Peninsula at Negaunee.
1900: State Population = 2,420,982
1940: State Population = 5,256,106
1848: Michigan/ Illinois canal opens
1900: Copper production = 303,058 tons
1940: Copper production = 909,000
1850: State Population = 397,654
1910: State Population = 2,810,173
1942-1945: Copper production = over
1850: Copper production = 728 tons
1910: Copper production = 540,080 tons
1,000,000 tons
1855: Ship canal at Sault Ste. Marie opens.
1913-1914: Copper Country Strike
1949: Lumber Peninsula processed about
1857: 48 Steam engines running in Copper
1917: the Price Fixing Committee of the
653,400,000 board feet of lumber
Country
War Industries Board started setting the
1950: State Population = 6,371,766
1860: Copper production = 8064 tons
price of copper to be paid by the American
1950: 504 Lumber using plants employ
1866: 64,800,000 ft of lumber / 8,600,000
government and manufacturers.
~25,700 people state-wide full-time
shingles
1920: State Population = 3,668,412
1957: The five-mile Mackinac Bridge opens
1870: The full extents of the Upper Peninsula’s
1920: Copper production = 604,531 tons
Nov. 1.
vast Pine forest is explored
1920s: the Michigan mines worked at a max
1960: State Population = 7,823,194
1870: Copper production = 14,112 tons
depth of 8000 to 9000 feet. By contrast,
1967: Copper Strike
1879: 313,000,000 ft of lumber / 75,800,000
miners took Butte copper from a max depth of
1970: State Population = 8,875,083
shingles
3800 feet; Arizona’s vein mines bottomed out
1980: State Population = 9,262,078
1880: Copper production =30,240 tons
at 2900 feet.
1990: State Population = 9,295,297
1880: Incandescent lamp invented
1921: Copper prices drop from 30cents/lb to
2000: State Population = 9,938,444
1889: 621,690,00 ft of lumber / 73,500,00
12cents/lb
2001: Detroitt celebrates its 3001th
shingles
1930: Copper production = 697,000 tons
anniversary
1890: State Population = 2,093,890
1935: 821 sawmills processed 111 million
1890: Copper production = 129,881 tons
board feet of lumber
302
_The Fur Era: 1609 – 1812 The name Michigan is a French adaptation of the Ojibwe term mishigama, meaning “large water or “large lake.”2 The Michigan lakes and rivers have played important roles in all of the state’s early economies, including serving as home to Michigan’s first cash crop: the Beaver.
303
Left : Car toon by Oscar Warbach 3 Right : Map of Midwest Territor y 1787 – 1836 4
304
An example of a “lineshack� a trapper might use 5
Michigan as Resource
The trapping of fur-bearing animals
and the trading of their pelts drove the Michigan economy for nearly 200 years. The pelt of the Beaver was especially coveted in Europe, Russia and China. While trade reached all corners of the glober the nonNative American population was never more than a couple thousand persons during this time. Life was harsh for the ones who braved the wilderness, long winters (when trapping was best) and the sometimes violent relationships with various native tribes. Above and right : Maps of Michigan’s trading post s through various occupations 6
305
“Not only did her geographical position favor Michigan for the fur trade; her forests were teeming with fur-bearing animal whose pelts would for many years have richly supplied her little trading posts and given her a place in the history of the important branch of commerce�.7
and Native Americans trapping them 8 ; a drawing of
The Structures
apart. Then I place a pole four inches in
notched log joint s 9 ; Drawing of French Trapper J. Meek 10
diameter on the top. The forms a plate for
From left to right : a drawing of beavers building dams
Below is a first hand description of a
trapper building his own temporary shanty.
one side of the building. Four feet distant,
While permanent shanties were often dug
and a parallel to these, I place the other two
a couple feet into an embankment to help
crotches with a similar plate. Then I place
with the cold and hopefully lasted a couple
other poles across the ends from one plate to
seasons the temporary shanties lasted a
the other. The done, the frame of the wigwam
couple weeks at most.
is finished, ready to inclose. . . .The door
may be a split board. It should be opposite
“I cut four crotches, each about six
feet long, and sharpen their lower ends. I
the fire, and open to the north to prevent
stick two of them into the ground eight feet
smoke.�11
307
“I take a trip in a circle, following lakes, rivers and small streems, and striking across from one to the other, till I come round to the starting point. At this point I build a wigwam.�12
308
Clockwise from Left : Front view of a contemporar y hunter ’s shack 13 ; Roof and chimney of a modern lineshack 14 ; View out the door 15 ; Photographer kneeling next to front door 16 ; interior view of stove and chimney 17 ; lineshack in winter 18
“The old regulars always have built rude huts at various point in the region of their operations”.
309
“The old regulars always have always built rude huts, call shanties [or lineshacks], at various points in the region of their operations Shanties are of two kinds, temporary and permanent. . . . The permanent shanty is made of logs, laid one above another in a square form, joined at the corners by means of notches, and roofed over with split logs formed into troughs. The crevices should be stopped with clay or moss. At one end a rude fire-place and chimney of stone should be built, the latter reaching just above the top of the shanty.�19
Left : Examples of temporar y lineshack constructions 20 ; Right : Examples of permanent constructions 21
310
Above and next page: Examples of dilapidated permanent shanties 22, 23
311
312
Clockwise from left: Map of fur trading routes that extended through Canada and down into the Great Lakes, showing Michilimackinac 24 ; Painting of early trading post, Michilimackinac on Lake Huron 25 ; French and English fur trade routes 26
313
“If the line extends directly from a settlement, so that it has what may be called a home-base, none but rude, temporary shanties are built; and once in about ten days, during the season a man is sent back to the settlement, to carry out furs and bring back provisions. But if the line commences so far from the frontier that such returnjourneys are impracticable, then, besides the temporary shanties, a more substantial and permanent hut, called a home shanty, is built at some point on the line, for depositing furs, provisions and other valuables. . . . a resident at the main depot is very necessary, as bears and other wild animals (not to mention fire and human thieves) have a habit of breaking into an unguarded shanty, and destroying everything within reach.”27
“This life, free from bonds of civilized society, full of dangerous hunting exploits, and narrow escapes from the Indian scalping-knife and starvations, held a certain fascination for these folk, which made them unwilling to return to civilized realms”28
314
315
Fort Michilimackinac
Fort Detroit
Mackinac, MI
Detroit, MI
Fort Michilimackinac located at the straits
Fort Detroit, seen above in plan with a map
that connected present day Lake Michigan
of the Detroit River, was a highly contested
with Lake Huron was a important settlement
settlement changing hands between the
to control. Trading posts like Michilimackinac
Native Americans, the French, the British
were heavily fortified due to their importance
and the American. Located on the Detroit
as gateways for the fur trade. Judging from
River and connecting the natural resources
the architecture much of life in Michigan was
of the midwest with the cities of the east and
spent huddled harsh external forces.
abroad.
Opposite page: Aerial view of For t Michilimackinac in present day Mackinac, Michigan 29 Above left : For t Michilimackinac; 30 Above right : Map of Detroit River with the fir st city plan of Detroit 31
316
Left : “Death of the Elk” 1869 by Alfred Jacob Miller 32 Above: “ The Trapper ’s Last Shot” 1855 Williams Tylee Ranney
33
“It was a life of many hardships, at time seemingly barren of all pleasures.”34
317
Left : “Star ving Trapper s” 1837 Alfred Jacob Miller 35 Above: “ The Free Trapper ’s Indian Wife” 1855 William Tylee Ranney 36
318
End of the Fur Era By the early 19th century the still young United States was beginning to populate the west and the need for towns increased exponentially for the next half century; the population increased from 4,000 to 400,000 in just 40 years. This changing landscape combined with the decreasing supply of furbearing animals and decreasing European and Chinese interest in furs led to the end of the nearly 200 years in which the fur trade dominated the Michigan economy. Soon the life of the trapper was romanticised and became a leisure activity for some.
Above left : “Greeting the Trapper s” 1852 Alfred Jacob Miller 37 ; Opposite left : “ The Thir sty Trapper ” 1850 Alfred Jacob Miller 38 ; Opposite Right : “ The Young Trapper ” 1890 illustration in “Sword and Pen; or Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier ” 39
319
320
_The Timber Era: 1820 – 1920 The population boom in Michigan mostly occurred in the southern half of the Lower Peninsula. The vast white pine forests of the north and the Upper Peninsula supplied the wood to the growing cities of the region. The rivers again were important to Michigan’s economy as they now provided the cheapest way to transport in and out of the deep forests.
Left : The fir st por table sawmill 40
Right : Map of Michigan Railroads 1870 41
322
Above: Map of the common forest types in the United States 1992 42
Michigan as Resource
was growing, and as it grew it needed more
lumber to build houses, and the great weight
Michigan is more than half forestland.
Michigan’s forest fulfilled more than half of
of the pineries in Michigan made its pressure
the region’s (Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota,
felt. Most obviously in the Saginaw Valley.
Ohio, Illinois and Indiana) timber needs. The
first sawmills were portable moving from
but as an independent river it is short. It is
town to town along the railroads, lumbering
formed by the union of five rivers —the Cass,
as per the local needs. These particular
the Flint, the Shiawassee, the Bad, and the
lumberjacks were called “whip-sawyers” and
Tittabawassee. All in all, these rivers drain a
their life was a constant journey from place to
huge plat of land in the heart of the state’s
place, sawing for local consumption. However
lower peninsula, covering half of the thumb
the inefficiency soon forced these types of
on the east and reaching more than halfway
sawmills out of business. Still, the country
to Lake Michigan on the west, and some of the
noblest stands of pine in the New World were to be found here. If men were going to make money selling pine lumber, the Saginaw Valley was the obvious place to begin.
The Saginaw is deep and broad,
Above: River s of the Michigan mitten 43
323
This page: Maps of common forest s of the United States by type 1992 44
324
Life of the Lumberjack The life of the lumberjack was less solitary
shed and the foreman’s home. Raising a
than that of the fur trapper, as hauling timber
family as a lumberjack was not impossible
out of the forest needed a large team of
but the profession often employed a team of
people and horses. However the lumberjack
men which left any other family members in
was still a transitory lifestyle picking up and
towns down river from their moving camps.
moving when ever the woods of the area had
At the head of the river as in Saginaw a large
been exhausted the camp would pick up and
permanent sawmill would be built. Railroads
move several miles up river to the next area.
from the sawmill towns like Saginaw would
Men lived in tight quarters of bunk beds and
supply the rest of the region with the huge
not much else. The camps consisted of men’s
knot free easy-to-cut pine that are still seen
quarters, an office, a kitchen, a blacksmith’s
in almost all of the 19th century homes. The
Top left : Interior of a modern recreation of the men’s quar ter s in a camp 45 ; Bottom left :
hardwoods of the southern part of the state
a “wanagon”, a floating kitchen neccessar y
proved far more difficult to process without
during a move ; Opposite page: Drawing of
cracking.
46
a logging camp 47
Bedding consists of a bunch of hay and four double blankets
325
326
The Structures
operations is changed, the expense involved
along either side. The bunks, which are 4
is not much above the actual time of the men
feet. by 6 ½ feet hold two men a apiece,
The Camp
employed in moving
four men sleeping in each tier and total
The camp clearing covers an area
accommodation of 52 men. Bedding consists
the location of a camp is proximity to the
of two or three acres. The buildings are on
of a bunch of hay and four double blankets…
timber. At the same time the camp site must
high ground sloping to the north, in which
Built against each row of lower bunks and
be so located as to allow of easy railroad
direction the camp fronts. The railroad spur
extending the length of the row is a bench
construction to it. If possible the camp is
passes a few feet in front of the building,
(‘Deacons’ Seat’) 18 inches high by 14 inches
situated near a lake or other surface water to
and terminates twenty rods to the west, at
wide, which with a small table, a chair and two
afford a water supply for the horses
the banking ground. The buildings are six in
stools make up the furniture. . . .The stove
number: west to east: Men’s quarters, cook
(4’x8’) stands in the middle, the stove –pipe
shed-like affairs, built of odds and ends of
camp, office, foreman’s house, and barn, with
passing through a square hole in the roof.
hemlock and hardwood lumber, tarpapered
a blacksmith’s shop south of the barn. (root
Four cheap lamps and ten lanterns for the
and battened, the props and uprights being
cellar and four outhouses).
teamsters. A sink, 2ft 8ft is built at one end,
The chief point in determining
The camp buildings are simple
and there are wash basins towels and two
constructed on the spot from posts cut in the woods. The materials used are thus of
Men’s Quarters
barrels of water. A tub full of drinking water is
the cheapest, and as they are knocked down,
kept on a shelf near by.48
transported, and rebuilt when the scene of
row of bunks one above the other runs
46 feet long 26 feet wide. A double
Opposite page: Woman, man and eagle 49
327
328
329
Above: A foreman’s house shown with he and his family 52
The rivers provided the routes for many timber companies so logos were burned into the ends of the logs so that everyone would know whose logs were whose. A difficult task as Michigan supported several hundred different timber companies.
Opposite page: View of logs collecting near sawmill 50 Above left : Examples of the company brands burned into logs headed down the river 51
330
Michigan Wheels and “Skid Road”
In 1875 in Manistee, MI, Silas Overpack developed these pair of large wheels a.k.a. big wheels or logging wheels, which were specially designed to carry logs that were up to 100 feet in length several at a time and skid them down the road. These 9-10ft tall wheels expanded the timbering season as it was until that point Michigan’s rough and wet forest made logging strictly a winter industry. At least 65 different lumber companies in Michigan used them making Michigan the nations leading producer.53
Top left : Lumbering Operations, Cadillac, Michigan 54 ; Bottom left : Team of men and oxen on a “skid road” 55 ; Right : Michigan Wheels on display 56
331
332
333
334
Right : View of utate veli t sdfag afgafa asdgas
Right : View of utate veli t sdfag afgafa asdgas
335
Mill towns were becoming mechanized islands in an all-embracing wilderness.65
Previous spread left to right : Small sawmill over stream 57 ; Sawmill 58 ; team of oxen pulling logs with regular wheels 59 ; Logger s 60 ; Clear -cut forest 61 Opposite page: View of logs collected by train being dumped to travel down river to sawmill 62 This page left to right : Sawmill 63 ; Interior of a sawmill 64
336
All images: 1915 Proposed sawmill facility 65
337
Right: Locations of Wood Processing Facilities in the Upper Peninsula 1915; Above: Layout of proposed sawmill; Opposite page: Diagram of horse driven machiner y in proposed sawmill 65
339
Sawmill Towns
come to these sawmill towns. Looking at the
plans for a sawmill in the 1915 the types of
Flint, Pontiac, Grand Rapids,
Saginaw, Bay City, Port Huron and Grand
long uni-directional warehouses that come
Haven are among a few of the Michigan cities
with Henry Ford is known for, have already
that exist today almost entirely because
been commonplace in the timber industry for
of the importance of their sawmills. These
decades. The difference is materials and that
settlements were built by the income of the
horses and steam still drove machinery.
timber industry. Industrialization in form had
340
End of the Timber Era
This page: Maps of forest types and coverage before settlement and today 66 ; Opposite page: Map of railroads of 1915 67 ; Stereoscope image of forest scene 68
341
There were many consequences of the timber industry. Fires due to the dry brush left behind, issues with flooding, but also the railroads pushed north following the timber tracks and connecting southern Michigan with the Upper Peninsula which has already become an important source of Copper and Iron ore. The timber industry becomes a less important material as steel construction dominater post World War I America.
342
_The Mining Era: 1860 – 1950 As Michigan’s Upper Peninsula was being explored veins (or lodes) of copper and iron ore were found in the Keweenaw Peninsula very close to the surface. The copper deposits of this area became so dominant of culture there that the region is still to this day called Copper Country.
Michigan’s Copper Country
Opposite page: Map of the abundant copper lode on the Keweenaw Peninsula in the UP 69 ; This page; Map of Geology types and locations 70
344
Diary of Cornelius Shaw71 (helped start a mine in 1847) June 11: black flies troublesome June 13: face swelled from bit of sand flies June 16: went over to Bay exploring. Took canoes…Sand flies outrageous.’ June 18:’black flies bad’ June 22: found vein of copper…but was drove out of the woods by the black flies &almost blind when I got home by their bite June 25: got bit by flies so bad that I am almost blind & my face one complete sore. I would hardly be recognized by my most intimate acquaintances. June 30: ‘flies not so bad, but an increase of musketoes’ July8: ‘flies are leaving & musketoes take their place
This page: Quincy Mineshaft #2 72 ; Opposite page: Map of Keweenaw Peninsula and Copper lode 73
345
346
Left to right : Map of copper lode with Jeffer sonian grid over top 74 ; Map of proper ty of the Clobe Copper Company 75 ; Map of copper -rich regions of Michigan 76
Michigan as Resource
times more than any other mining operations in the nation. The area supported hundreds of
Michigan’s Copper Country was some
mining companies all purchasing square plots
of the richest and shallowest copper deposits
of land derived from the Jeffersonian grid and
in the world. Producing nearly 50% of the top
searching the earth for deposits. In the first
four producing countries combined (even
half century copper ore was relatively easy
at the end of its globally significant period
to extract; from 1845 to 1877 Michigan was
between 1943-45). However before the end
unsurpassed in the world. Copper production
the Michigan mines were drilling down 8000
increased until the end of World War II.
and 9000 feet below ground which was 2-3
347
Right : Section of Lake Superior and the copper lode underneath 77 Below: Detail of proper ty map showing mineshaft s in plan 78
348
Top and bottom: Proper ty maps of Kear sarge Amygdaloid Lode 79
349
Left : Map of Quincy mineshaft s in plan 80
Quincy Mining Company Hancock, Michigan 1846 – 1945 A mining operation the size of the Quincy Mining Co. set up mineshafts along the southeastern edge of their property so that they can drill down diagonally then mining out laterally. The lines visible on the maps to the left are the main mine shafts and the tightly spaced lines visible above are the lateral mines dug out at each subsequent level.
Right : Map of Quincy mineshaft s in plan, color showing change in depths 81
350
351
The Soo Locks were opened in 1855,
industrial-mining-population center.
businesses.
producing increased immigration, commerce
and cheaper copper shipping connections
gave way to attractive communities housing
were built by the company to attract workers.
to eastern industrial markets. Railroads
miners, mill men and merchants. Settlers
Seperated from the rest of town these
were soon serving the entire area. The
poured in from everywhere to work the mines,
housing blocks had names like Hardscrabble
Keweenaw was on its way to becoming a major
clear land and build farms and to establish
and Limmerick.82
All over the range the wilderness
Opposite page: Site plan of Quincy location1865 83 This page right : Image of worker ’s housing after being abandoned 84 ; similar houses all fancy and new 85
Housing blocks like the ones above
352
353
The Structures
the mine’s shutdown. The executives on the
the workers, the miners were more likely
The Houses
east coast wanted to build more elaborate
to stay, raise families, and be less likely to
To attract a better class of worker,
and fancy homes with amenities such as
leave the area or transfer to another mining
the Quincy Mining Company built and
electricity and running water. However,
company. This strategy proved effective and
maintained housing for the workers. Over the
the on-site managers didn’t think it was
helped the Quincy Mining Company retain
course of operations, the types of housing
necessary for the miners to have such high-
its status as one of the premier mining
ranged from simple tents in the early days, to
class dwellings. But the east coast executives
companies in the region.88
complete three story houses shortly before
realized that if they offered nicer homes to
Opposite page: Site plan of Quincy location 1920 86 Above: Image of worker ’s housing complex Limmerick including homes, water and utilities and a church 87
354
Weary with tail for one-third of the day I hear the footfalls coming this way; Put thy strength, O arms of mine, Carry them up where the sun doth shine. One by one they come without sound From two hundred fathoms under the ground
(from the PORTAGE LAKE MINING GAZETTE 1865)89
355
This page: Images of miner s at work 90, 91, 92, 93
356
The Structures
The Shafthouse
The process of drawing the copper
ore out from thousands of feeting from below the ground required massive machinery housed in these tall peculiar buildings. The angled shape is in part due to the angle of the copper lode itself which determined the angle of the mining operation trying to maximize copper production. The height of these buildings allows the company to gravity to help sort bad rocks from copper deposits. Above: Images of Quincy #2 Shaft House 94, 95 ; Right : Interior view of Quincy #2 96
357
Above: Sections of Quincy Mining operations 1860 & 1866 97 ; Opposite page: Section Quincy #2 Shaft Rock House 98
359
360
361
Opposite page: Miner s and operator s of Quincy #6 Shaft house 99 ; This page: Quincy #6 Shaft house 100
362
363
Opposite page: Quincy #6 Shaft houseunder construction 101 ; This page: Quincy #6 Shaft house 102
364
365
Opposite page: View of Quincy Mining operations with quincy #2 in center 103 ; Above left to right : Quincy #6 in ruins 104 ; Quincy #2 in use for museum tour s 105
366
Above: Elevation of Hoist House machiner y 106 ; Right : View of hoist with spiral staircase 107
367
368
369
The process of extracting tons of
copper uses a lot of manpower to dig and blast away in the mines and a lot of steam engine power to haul up the copper, earth and men out of the ground. The peculiar shape of the shaft houses are specifically tailored to house the diagonal hoist (opposite page108) and the mechanism (this page top109) for sorting through poor rock (non-copper earth) and copper rocks. The height of these buildings is designed to take advantage of gravity in the sorting of these heavy extractions. Quincy #2 Shaft House was the deepest in the world at 9260 ft or 1.75 miles below ground.
The site map to the left110 shows
a different techtonic consequence of the mining. Tailings are the material left over after the process of separating the valuable from the worthless; it is made up of superfine copper and dirt. The map shows how the tailings built up between the years 1890 and 1928.
370
End of the Mining Era By 1900 the shafts of Keweenaw were the deepest in the world. Thus bringing copper to the surface required increasing amounts of investment and it was apparent to geologists that the mines of the district had reached maturity. When the mines were no longer profitable, the companies and employees left.111
All that remains are ruins of mines, ghost towns and a lot of copper.
371
Economics is the real reason for the
is costly on many levels. From the human
bottoming out of all of these early Michigan
lives lost in the mines, to the raging brush
economies. As vast as the demand was for
fires that destroyed towns, to the 200 year
beaver pelts, for soft woods and for copper
near-eradication of fur-bearing animals in
ore the industries only stopped when the
Michigan, to the swindling and cheating of a
demand was no longer profitable enough.
native people out of their land and livlihood.
As with the fur trade and the timber industry
These industries are rich in poetic nostalgia
the resources did not run out but rather
and whatever natural resource comes next
became too costly to extract compared to
should not forget that industry and the
a dwindlng market demand. The expense of
infrastructure that supports its use can be
this style of natural resources development
heroic.
Left : Map show present-day Mineral Right s 112 ; Right : Map showing current trends in mining speculation 113
372
373
Michigan or mishigama, meaning “large water or “large lake” is on the precipice of having another internationally significant resource in heavy abundance. Only this time it wont go out of fashion and the demand wont decrease. Can we capitalize on the frugality, poetry and ingenuity of the past without repeating their mistakes?
Over one billion people lack safe water, and three billion lack sanitation114
Opposite page: Map showing the flow of water within The Great Lakes 114
374 CITATIONS
1
2
4
5
6
Johnson, Ida Amanda. The Michigan Fur Trade.
com http://www.quietlywild.com/qwpix/diarypix/
Lansing: Michigan Historical Commission. 1919. Print.
shackroof.jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1
“The Duel for North America (1608-1763)” AP
8
Ibid.
15
Ibid.
US History http://aphistorygoodhue.pbworks.
9
http://www.yosemite.ca.us/ . http://www.yosemite.
16
Ibid.
com/f/1225164295/New_France,_1729.jpg Retrieved
ca.us/library/yosemite_resources/images/
17
Ibid.
2010-2-1.
illustration_18.jpg Retrieved 2010-1-25.
18
http://www.prostockdetectors.com/ http://www.
“Michigan in Brief: Information About the State of
Rudy, Dean “Mountain Men and The Fur Trade” http://
prostockdetectors.com/lineshack.jpg Retrieved 2010-
Michigan” Michigan.gov http://www.michigan.goc/
www.mtmen.org http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/
2-1
documents/hal_Im_MiB_156795_7.pdf Retrieved
mtman/html/jmeek/fig1.jpg Retrieved 2010-1-24.
19
Newhouse.
Newhouse, S.. The Trapper’s Guide; A Manual of
20
Hart, Michael. “Project Gutenberg” http://www.
2006-11-28. 3
7
10
11
Bradt, Glenn Warner. Michigan Beaver Management.
Instruction for Capturing all kinds of fur-bearing
gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page http://www.gutenberg.
Game Division, Michigan Department of Conservation.
animals, curing theirs skins, with observation on the
org/files/28255/28255-h/images/19_th.png Retrieved
1947. Print. p3
fur-trade, hints on life in the woods and narratives
2010-2-1
Davis, Charles M Ed.. Readings in the Geography of
of trapping and hunting excursions. Community, New
Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ann Arbor Publishers.
York 8th ed.: Oneida Community. 1887. Print.
21
Ibid. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28255/28255-h/ images/173_th.png Retrieved 2010-2-1
1964. Print.
12
Ibid.
“Memories of Deep River: Hunting, Trapping, Fishing
13
Montag, Tom. “The Midwesterner” http://
imageshack.us/img143/957/cabin40jk.jpg Retrieved
and Fur Farming in Northern Saskatchewan, Canada”
middlewesterner.typepad.com/ http://
2010-2-1
http://www.jkcc.com/index.html . http://www.jkcc.
middlewesterner.typepad.com/photos/
com/pictures6/clarkson.jpg Retrieved 2010-1-24.
uncategorized/can_o6_trapper_cabin_886_8682.jpg
www2.pgohg.org:8080/ http://www2.pgohg.org:8080/
Bald, F. Clever. Michigan in Four Centuries. New York,
Retrieved 2010-2-1
VanSomer/Cabin+Smoky.JPG Retrieved 2010-2-1
Evanston and London: Harper & Row. 1954. Print.
14
Urbanski, Dan. “Quietly Wild”, http://www.quietlywild.
22
23
24
Rance. http://www.imageshack.us http://img143.
“The Prince George Oral History Project”. http://
http://www.nipissingongenweb.org/index.html http://
375 www.nipissingongenweb.org/images/furtrader1.jpg
37
Retrieved 2010-2-1 25
Ibid.
26
Economic History Association. http://eh.net/ http:// eh.net/graphics/encyclopedia/carlos.furtrade.fig1.
38
39
png Retrieved 2010-2-1
http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/full.php?ID=16148
files/2009/05/3508215516_b281f9505a.jpg Retrieved
Retrieved 2010-2-1
2010-2-1
http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/full.php?ID=19045
46
Brooks Library of Central Washington University
Retrieved 2010-2-1
“Digital Collections” http://digital.lib.cwu.edu/cgi-
Glazier, Willard “Sword and Pen; or Ventures and
bin/library?a=p&p=home&l=en&w=utf-8 http://digital.
Adventures of Willard Glazier’ 1883
lib.cwu.edu/collect/krueger3/index/assoc/HASH7df9.
27
Newhouse.
28
Johnson, Ida Amanda
29
May, George S.. Pictorial History of Michigan: The
archive/2004_09_01_archive.html http://www.
http://www.cathedralgrove.eu/Index.htm http://
Early Years. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B
builditplans.com/Blog/hello/176/1200/640/lgpsaw01.
www.cathedralgrove.eu/pictures/05-1-sawmill-b.jpg
Eerdmans Publishing Company. 1967. Print.
jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1
Retrieved 2010-2-1
30
Ibid.
31 32
36
41
http://www.builditplans.com/Blog/
47
Wonders, Karen. “Big Trees: Pictures & Politics”
48
Newhouse
Ibid.
http://www.reedcitycrossroads.com/city/history/
49
Bentley Historical Archives
http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/full.php?ID=30841
images/map_mich_1870_rail.jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1
50
May
Nix, Steve “Maps of Common Forest Types” http://
51
Ibid.
Rudy, Dean. http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/
forestry.about.com/od/forestresources/tp/Forest_
52
Ibid.
mtman/html/jmeek/fig12.jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1
Cover_Type.htm source: USDA Retrieved 2010-2-1
53
Ibid.
http://www.castlemuseum.org/index.asp http://
54
http://en.wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
34 Johnson, Ida Amanda 35
40
http://www.reedcitycrossroads.com/home.shtml
Retrieved 2010-2-1 33
dir/Yak_R_Drive_Wanigan.jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1
42
43
http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/full.
www.castlemuseum.org/images/michigan-rivers.jpg
php?ID=2516236 Retrieved 2010-2-1
Retrieved 2010-2-1
55
May
56
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Wheels_
Rudy, Dean. http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/
44
Nix
mtman/html/jmeek/fig8.jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1
45
http://attractions.uptake.com/blog/
File:Cadillac_Big_Wheels.jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1
with_log.jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1
376 57
The Pigmy Packer. “Ghosts of the Past 2”. Mount
from a new bicentennial history of his native
Lansing: Donald Chaput. 1969. Print. Retrieved 2010-
Whitney Packers & Owen Valley Historic Site. http://
state. American Heritage Publishing 2008.
2-1
www.owensvalleyhistory.com/ghosts_of_past2/
http://www.americanheritage.com/ http://
cottonwood_sawmill_1921.jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1
www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/
www.keweenaw.org/Home/tabid/1372/Default.aspx
ah/1976/3/1976_3_4.shtml Retrieved 2010-2-1
Retrieved 2010-2-1
58 Ibid. http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/ghosts_of_ past2/cottonwood_sawmill300.jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1 59
73
http://www.minsocam.org/ http://www.minsocam.
Development Project. Helsinki: Department of Natural
org/MSA/collectors_corner/usgs/pp144p3.jpg
Buffalo, NY. 1950 http://freepages.genealogy.
Resources, Forest Management Division. 1977. Print.
Retrieved 2010-2-1
“North Central Region: Web-Based Forest
74
Bentley Historical Archives
Bogalusa%20Story/images/jpg-200dpi/Logging%20
Management Guide” http://www.usda.gov/wps/
75
Bentley Historical Archives
timber%20-%20page%2093.jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1
portal/usdahome http://nrs.fs.fed.us/fmg/nfmg/img/
76
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Mine Retrieved
“GROG: Green Tech Blogs”. http://lifekills.wordpress.
nowusgs_big.jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1
com/ http://lifekills.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/
66
67
redwood-logging.jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1 61
May.
62
Ibid.
63
Marek, Edward S.. Wisconsin Central. http://
68
Michigan Family History Network. http://www.
2010-2-1 77
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
mifamilyhistory.org/ Retrieved 2010-2-1
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keweenaw_
Wonders. http://www.cathedralgrove.eu/pictures/05-
structure.jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1
1-logging-b.jpg Retrieved 2010-2-1
78
Bentley Historical Archives
http://www.minsocam.org/ http://www.minsocam.
79
Bentley Historical Archives
www.wisconsincentral.net/ImagesProducts/
org/MSA/collectors_corner/usgs/pp144p2.jpg
80
Lankton, Larry and Charles Hyde. Old Reliable: An
RobbinsSports/ThunderLakeMill.jpg Retrieved 2010-
Retrieved 2010-2-1
Illustrated History of the Quincy Mining Company.
http://geology.about.com/library/bl/maps/n_
Hancock, Michigan: The Quincy Mine Hoist
statemap_MI2000.htm Retrieved 2010-2-1
Association, Inc.. 1982.
2-3 64
Michigan Timber Resource
Keneenaw Peninsula Chamber of Commerce. http://
Goodyear, C.W.. Bogalusa Story. Privately Published.
rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mcclendon/Bogalusa/
60
65(all images)
72
69
70
May.
65(text)
Catton, Bruce. Michigan Timber: An excerpt
71
Chaput, Donald. Hubbell: A Copper Country Village.
81
Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and
377 Sciences, Michigan Technical University. http://www.
Retrieved 2010-2-1
savethewildup.org/ http://www.savethewildup.org/ blog/maps/ Retrieved 2010-2-1
mg.mtu.edu/shaft5zd.htm#ind Retrieved 2010-2-1
96
Lankton.
Wood, Vivian. http://www.exploringthenorth.com/
97
Ibid.
http://www.exploringthenorth.com/cophistory/
98 Ibid.
cophist.html Retrieved 2010-2-1
99
83
Lankton.
100 Lankton.
84
Ibid.
101 May.
85
Ibid.
102 Lankton.
86
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Mine Retrieved
103 Ibid.
2010-2-1
104 May.
87
Lankton.
105 Panaramio Google Earth images. http://static.
88
Ibid.
panoramio.com/photos/original/7016950.jpg
89
Ibid.
Retrieved 2010-2-1
90
May.
106 Lankton.
91
Ibid.
107 Ibid.
92
Ibid.
108 Ibid.
93
Ibid.
109 Ibid.
94
Panaramio Google Earth images. http://www.
110 Ibid.
panoramio.com/photos/original/11402617.jpg
111 Wood, Vivian. http://www.exploringthenorth.com/
82
95
May.
Retrieved 2010-2-1
http://www.exploringthenorth.com/cophistory/
Panaramio Google Earth images. http://static.
cophist.html Retrieved 2010-2-1
panoramio.com/photos/original/17452616.jpg
112 Save the Water-Save The Wild UP http://www.
113 Ibid. 114 The Michigan Save Our Water Committee. www. miwater.org http://www.miwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/ Great-Lakes-Watershed.png Retrieved 2010-2-1
378
379
Great Lakes_shoreline lake level conditions and corresponding shoreline impact and trends over time Lauren Jennifer Barry
Left : High lake levels on Lake Michigan in 1986 caused severe erosion 1
380
“The Great Lakes contain the largest supply of freshwater in the world, holding about 18% of the world’s total freshwater and about 90% of the United States’ freshwater supply.”15
“The Great Lakes contain the largest supply of freshwater in the world, holding about 18% of the worlds total freshwater and about 90% of the United States total freshwater. The Lakes are a series of five interconnecting large lakes, one small lake, four connecting channels, and the St. Lawrence Seaway. Combined, the lakes cover an area of over 94,000 square miles (245,000 square kilometers) and contain over 5,400 cubic miles (23,000 cubic kilometers) of water.”2
381
ArcelorMittal steel plant , Indiana 3
corn field, Illinois 4
fisher y dock , Lake Ontario 5
56 billion gallons of water are used each day for municipal, agricultural, and industrial uses.6
Lake Superior Water Levels in Meters
382
40% of the Canadian and 15% of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product originates within the basin.7 Lake Michigan & Lake Huron Water Levels in Meters
“Great Lakes water levels have fluctuated
The primary driving forces are precipitation
throughout their historical record. Levels and evaporation. Lower precipitation, leads to of Lakes Michigan and Huron, for example, lower runoff from the basin; similarly, higher reached record highs in both 1886 and 1986.
evaporation draws water from the lakes causing levels to decline.
Lake Erie Water Levels in Meters
Lakes Michigan and Huron’s record low water levels coincided with climatic events such as
Two human activities, diversion and consump-
the Dust Bowl of the 1930’s, a multi-continental tive use, have potential for affecting lake levels, severe drought of 1964 (which is the record
although they have had relatively little impact
low for the two lakes), and the most recent and
to date. Diversion refers to transfer of water
strongest El Niño on record of 1997.
from one watershed to another. Consumptive use refers to water that is withdrawn for use
Great Lakes water levels respond to changes
and not returned. Most consumptive use in
in their water supplies, including precipitation
the Great Lakes is caused by evaporation from
falling on the lakes, the runoff from their trib-
power plant cooling systems.”16
utaries’ watershed, and evaporation from the lakes’ surfaces.
Right : Char t s compare annual averaged water level data with a long-term mean level from 1860-2010. 17
Lake Ontario Water Levels in Meters
383
42 million people depend on the Great Lakes for their drinking water.8
Left : Low lake levels at Old Mission Point lighthouse, Grand Traver se Bay, Lake Michigan in October 2007 9 Center : Shoreline erosion and flooding of Red Lantern Restaurant at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Lake Michigan 18 Right : the drinking fountain as a symbol of our dependence on, and accessibility to water supply 19
“Spread evenly across the continental U.S. , the Great Lakes would submerge the entire country under 9.5 10 feet of water.�
385
High Water Levels Cover Recreational Beaches 20
386
At 3,228 miles Michigan has the second longest shoreline in the United States, second only to Alaska (6,640 miles).11
AK: 6,640 miles
MI: 3,228 miles
CA: 840 miles
21
22
23
MI, AK, CA shoreline drawings not to scale
Great Lakes shorelines_length of shoreline in U.S. and Canada (statute miles)12 Lakes Michigan
Connecting Rivers
Grand Total
Mainland
Islands
Total
Mainland
Islands
Total
2,147
*905
*3,052
85
*151
*236
Minnesota
180
9
189
-
-
-
3,288 189
Wisconsin
575
245
820
-
-
-
820
Illinois
63
-
63
-
-
-
63
Indiana
45
-
45
-
-
-
45
Ohio
246
66
312
-
-
-
312
Pennsylvania
51
-
51
-
-
-
51
New York
371
37
408
37
28
65
473
U.S.
3,678
*1,262
*4,940
122
*179
*301
5,241
Canada
2,904
1,893
4,797
178
152
330
5,127
Grand Total
6,582
*3,155
*9,737
300
*331
*631
10,368
387
photo: Dale G. Young / The Detroit News 24
388
Detroit’s River walk Project
photo: David Guralnick / The Detroit News
Shoreline Usage “Following the 1825 opening of the Erie
United States Steel established the pattern of
Canal, settlement and economic expansion
American centralized industrial consolidation
accelerated. The Erie Canal was an astonishingly
and eventual global dominance. The region
successful public venture that effectively
hosted the world’s greatest concentrations of
integrated markets and commerce between the
production for oil, coal, steel, automobiles,
Atlantic seaboard and the region. The region
synthetic
on both sides of the border became a vast
and heavy transport equipment. Agronomy
research and design laboratory for agricultural
industrialized as well, in meat processing,
machinery and techniques. Owner-operator
packaged cereal products, and processed
family farms transformed both demographics
dairy products.
rubber,
agricultural
machinery,
and ecology into a vast terrain of farmlands, producing primarily wheat and corn.
The development of the Great Lakes region proceeded along several lines that took
Industrial
Color postcard view of South Works plant of Illinois Steel from Calumet River. c. 1910 25
production,
and
advantage of the many resources within the
technology made the Region the world’s
basin. The waterways became major highways
most
center
of trade and were exploited for their fish. The
by the middle of the twentieth century.
fertile land that had provided the original
Nineteenth century proto-monopolies such
wealth of furs and food yielded lumber, then
as International Harvester, Standard Oil, and
wheat, then other agricultural products. Bulk
productive
organization,
manufacturing
389
goods such as iron ore and coal were shipped
automobiles and other manufactured goods.
have often resulted in public parks, and a
through Great Lakes ports, and manufacturing
These
the
number of large venues (such as arenas,
grew.”
shorelines of the great lakes due to their
theaters, and conference centers), have also
shipping demands. Thus, as many of these
sprouted up along the water in a number of
“Thus, nearly all the settlements that grew into
waterside industrial sites have shut down,
Great Lakes cities.”27
cities in the Great Lakes region were established
opportunities have arisen along the great
on the waterways that transported people,
lakes’
26
industries
shorelines
often
that
dominated
were
oftentimes
“[by the middle of the twentieth century]... the region hosted the world’s greatest concentrations of production for oil, coal, steel, automobiles, synthetic rubber, agricultural machinery, and heavy transport equipment.”13 raw materials and goods. The largest urban
previously inaccessible to the public. Since
areas developed at the mouths of tributaries
the majority of the cities in the Great Lakes
because of transportation advantages and the
region were established along the waterways
apparently inexhaustible supply of fresh water
and grew inland, these waterside sites prove
for domestic and industrial use. Historically,
to desirable in that they provide both access
the major industries in the Great Lakes region
to the water, and a prime downtown location.
have
Endeavors to clean up these waterside sites
produced
steel,
paper,
chemicals,
American Steel and Wire Company’s Plant , Cleveland, Ohio c. 1901 28
River Rouge: Ford Motor Company plant , River Rouge, Michigan 29
“A large part of the steel industry in Canada and the United States is
Situated riverside, between two great lakes, Detroit was home to a
concentrated in the Great Lakes because iron ore, coal and limestone
thriving carriage trade before Henry Ford built his first automobile
can be carried on the lakes from mines and quarries to steel mills.
factory in Highland Park, Michigan in 1899. Ford’s manufacturing
In the United States, ore is carried from mines near Lake Superior to
innovations were soon adopted by rival automobile manufacturers,
steel mills at the south end of Lake Michigan and at Detroit, Cleveland,
including General Motors, Chrysler and American Motors. Each
and Lorain in the Lake Erie basin. In Canada, ore from the upper lakes
of them, like Ford, established its headquarters in the Detroit
region is processed in steel mills at Sault Ste. Marie, Hamilton and
metropolitan area, solidifying Detroit’s status as the world’s car
Nanticoke.”
capital. At the turn of the twentieth century, entrepreneurs in the
30
Detroit area — notably Henry Ford — forged into production of the automobile, capitalizing on the already-existing machine tool and coach-building industry in the city.31
Right : Assembly line at River Rouge Ford Motor Company plant 32
392
Grant Park 34
Chicago’s Grant Park is built on a foundation of debris from
393
The Great Chicago Fire 33
the Great Chicago Fire that was dumped into Lake Michigan in the 1870s.
394
Detroit Riverfront [casestudy] “The city of Detroit was founded on the banks of the Detroit River in 1701. Since that time our community grew, from the ribbon farms and forts that first dominated the shoreline to the heavy industry of the 19th and 20th centuries. As industry dried up along the banks, the area fell into disrepair and became littered with above: construction of the Dequindre Cut 35
abandoned buildings, warehouses and silos. In early 2003, the Detroit RiverFront Conservancy
below: the Dequindre Cut (completion)
36
was established with the mission of bringing public access to Detroit Riverfront. Today, nearly three miles of RiverWalk are complete for the community and visitors to enjoy. And that is just the beginning, as the Conservancy continues to make progress on its ultimate vision of five and a half miles of Riverfront — spanning from the Ambassador Bridge to Gabriel Richard Park, just east of the MacArthur (Belle Isle) Bridge — linked by a RiverWalk, parks, plazas and pavilions.”14
Gabriel Richard Park 37
396 1.
NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental
16 September 2009. Online image. Flickr.
greatlakes/images/pdf/06-701-fs-great-
Research Laboratory (GLERL). “Water
http://www.flickr.com/photos/c-c-
lakes.pdf.
Levels of the Great Lakes”. 2009. http://
flickr/3917569535/
www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/brochures/
6. Joan Chadde. “The Great Lakes—At a
12. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL). “Water
Crossroads”. International Association
Levels of the Great Lakes”. 2009. http://
for Great Lakes Research. 8 January 2008.
www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/brochures/
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
www.iaglr.org/scipolicy/factsheets/iaglr_
lakelevels/lakelevels.pdf
Great Lakes Environmental Research
crossroads.pdf
lakelevels/lakelevels.pdf 2. Department of Commerce, National
13. “Great Lakes region (North America)”.
Laboratory. ‘‘About Our Great Lakes’.’
7. ibid.
Wikipedia. 27 January 2010. http://
June 2004. http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pr/
8. ibid.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_
ourlakes/intro.html
9. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental
region_%28North_America%29
3. Ohio Citizen Action. “Indiana father’s
Research Laboratory (GLERL). “Water
lawsuit targets polluters, including U.S.
Levels of the Great Lakes”. 2009. http://
Steel and ArcelorMittal”. March 36, 2009.
www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/brochures/
Online image. http://www.ohiocitizen.
lakelevels/lakelevels.pdf
14. The Detroit Riverfront Conservancy. 2010. http://www.detroitriverfront.org/ 15. Joan Chadde. “The Great Lakes—At a Crossroads”. International Association
10. Greening of the Great Lakes. “Great
for Great Lakes Research. 8 January 2008.
Lakes Facts”. 2010. http://www.
www.iaglr.org/scipolicy/factsheets/iaglr_
14 January 2007. Online image.
greeningofthegreatlakes.com/green_
crossroads.pdf
Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/
facts/great_lakes_facts.php
org/campaigns/isg/isg.html 4. tlindenbaum. “Field of Opportunity”.
lindenbaum/357385564/in/set72157594481060620/ 5. Cécile Vázquez. “What comes to mind”.
11. Michigan Sea Grant [University of
16. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL). “Water
Michigan]. “The Great Lakes”. http://
Levels of the Great Lakes”. 2009. http://
www.miseagrant.umich.edu/explore/
www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/brochures/
397 lakelevels/lakelevels.pdf 17. ibid. 18. Shoreline erosion and flooding of Red
worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/ namerica/usstates/outline/ca.gif 24. Dale G. Young/The Detroit News.
30. “People and the Great Lakes”. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http:// www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/glat-ch3.html
Lantern Restaurant at Indiana Dunes
Online Image. http://detnews.com/
National Lakeshore, Lake Michigan
article/20090502/METRO/905020351/
Wikipedia. 27 January 2010. http://
(National Park Service photo by R. Royce,
Study
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_
March 1972) 19. “Drinking Fountain”. Online Image.
25. Color postcard view of South Works plant of Illinois Steel from Calumet River,
31. “Great Lakes region (North America)”.
region_%28North_America%29 32. Encyclopedia Brittanica, Inc.
Shutterstock. 13 January 2009. http://
c. 1910. Online Image. www.pullman-
Assembly line at River Rouge Ford
www.faqs.org/photo-dict/phrase/990/
museum.org
Motor Company plant. Online Image.
drinking-fountain.html 20. High Water Levels Cover Recreational
26. “Great Lakes region (North America)”.
http://www.britannica.com/bps/
Wikipedia. 27 January 2010. http://
image/159597/88738/Ford-Motor-
Beaches. Online Image. www2.jsonline.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_
Company-plant-River-Rouge-west-of-
com/news/image01/tablebig022601.jpg
region_%28North_America%29
Detroit-Mich
21. [Michigan] Enchanted Learning. Online
27. “People and the Great Lakes”. U.S.
33. The Great Chicago Fire. Online Image.
Image. http://www.enchantedlearning.
Environmental Protection Agency. http://
https://www.stanford.edu/group/ic/cgi-
com/usa/states/michigan/outline/map.
www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/glat-ch3.html
bin/drupal2/files/fire.jpg
GIF 22. [Alaska] Online Image. http://www. worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/ namerica/usstates/outline/ak.gif 23. [California] Online Image. http://www.
28. Detroit Photographic Company. American Steel and Wire Company’s Plant, Cleveland, Ohio c. 1901. 29. Charles Sheeler. “Classic Landscape”. 1931.
34. Grant Park. Online Image. www.goby.com/ historic-sites--in--chicago-il 35. [construction of the Dequindre Cut]. Online Image. The Detroit Riverfront Conservancy. http://www.
398 detroitriverfront.org/ 36. [the Dequindre Cut (completion)]. Online Image. http://www.infrastructurist.com/ tag/newfangled-things/ 37. Gabriel Richard Park. The Detroit Riverfront Conservancy. Online Image. http://www.detroitriverfront.org/
399
400
401
THE LAKE EFFECT More then just snow. Sarah Petri
Left : View of Lake Erie. 8
402
“The Great Lakes are the largest system of fresh, surface water on Earth, containing roughly 21 percent of the world supply and 84 percent of North America’s supply. Only the polar ice caps contain more fresh water.”1 The Great Lakes - Superior, Michigan, Huron,
The channels that connect the Great Lakes are
From Lake Ontario, the water from the Great
Erie, and Ontario, and their connecting
an important part of the system. The St. Marys
Lakes flows through the St. Lawrence River
channels form the largest fresh surface water
River is the northernmost of these, a 60-mile
all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, about 1,000
system on earth. If you stood on the moon,
waterway flowing from Lake Superior down to
miles away.
you could see the lakes and recognize the
Lake Huron. At the St. Marys rapids, the Soo
familiar wolf head shape of Lake Superior, or
Locks bypass the rough waters, providing safe
This system greatly affects our way of life, as
the mitten bounded by lakes Michigan, Huron
transport for ships. The St. Clair and Detroit
well as all aspects of the natural environment,
and Erie. Covering more than 94,000 square
rivers, and Lake St. Clair between them, form
from weather and climate, to wildlife and
miles and draining more than twice as much
an 89-mile long channel connecting Lake
habitat. Yet for all their size and power, the
land, these Freshwater Seas hold an estimated
Huron with Lake Erie. The 35-mile Niagara
Great Lakes are fragile. In the past, this fragile
6 quadrillion gallons of water, about one-fifth
River links lakes Erie and Ontario, and sends
nature wasn’t recognized, and the lakes were
of the world’s fresh surface water supply and
approximately 50,000 to 100,000 cubic feet
mistreated for economic gain, placing the
nine-tenths of the U.S. supply. Spread evenly
of water per second over Niagara Falls; the
ecosystem under tremendous stress from our
across the contiguous 48 states, the lakes’
manmade Welland Canal also links the two
activities. 2
water would be about 9.5 feet deep.
lakes, providing a detour around the falls.
Right : Satellite Image of the Great Lakes. 9
403
404
405
“during the winter the weather clears up stormy”3 Left : View of Lake Erie during the winter. 10
The Lake Effect: The Snow Belt During the late autumn and winter months of
for clearing skies over land in other parts of
cools and the moisture that evaporated into it
the year, when the cold artic air sweeps over
the country Specifically, cold arctic air passing
condenses (into tiny droplets or ice crystals)
the Great Lakes region of North America, snow
over the Great Lakes picks up moisture and
and forms clouds. Depending on the degree
squalls may form along the lee shores of the
deposits it as snow inland from the downwind
of instability of the air mass (i.e., how much
Lakes. This heavy formation of snow is more
shore. The scientific explanatino of the waters
warmer the lake water is than the air), bands
commonly known as “lake-effect snow”. Lake
of the Great Lakes become increasingly warmer
of either stratus, stratocumulus, or heavy
effect snow is generated from the temperature
relative to the cold dry arctic air masses that
cumulus clouds form over the water and travel
contrast between the cold arctic air moving
flow down from the north and northwest. When
with the wind toward the downwind shore.
over the relatively warm waters of the Great
this air traverses the lake, the lower levels of
When enough moisture condenses out of the
Lakes, consequently, producing heavy amounts
the atmosphere pick up moisture and warmth.
air, it falls in the form of snow over the water
of snowfall in the surrounding land regions.
This air (along with the moisture it picked up
and the lee side (downwind side) of the lake.
Unlike most winter storms, lake effect snows
from the lake below) is now lighter than the
do not build their foundation upon strong
air above it and starts to rise as it continues
areas of low pressure. Instead, they are fueled
its journey across the lake (a condition known
by the same dry arctic air that is responsible
as “convective instability”). As the air rises, it
407
Hougton, MI Marquette, MI
Cheboygan. MI
Traverse City, MI
Tug Hill Plateau, NY Grand Rapids, MI Buffalo, NY
Right : Diagram of snow Erie, PA
accumulation in the Great Lakes region; including cities with the most snow fall
Annual Snow Accumulation in the Great Lakes Region Tug Hill Plateau 410 in Houghton 208 in Marquette 180 in Buffalo 93 in Cheboygan 90 in Erie 88 in Traverse City 87 in Grand Rapids 73 in Right to Left : Lake Effect snow. 11
408
Above: Satellite emages of Lake Effect Snow in the Great Lakes region. 12
409
Meteorlogical Variables During the summer season, the Great Lakes
meteorologists as convective instability, and
Stability: Stability affects the depth through
absorb large amounts of heat. Because water
starts to rise, forming cloud bands of stratus,
which mixing and convection will occur. Deeper
heats slowly but retains its stored heat for a
stratocumulus, or cumulus over the water.
mixing allows deeper, more intense convection
4
substantial time, the open waters of the Lakes
that intensifies lake effect snow.
are much warmer than the arctic air that
Temperature Difference: The temperature
crosses them during the autumn and winter.
difference between lake surface and overlaying
Wind Speed: Sufficient wind speed is necessary
This is particularly true for the first cold blasts
air promotes “convective instability� that
to advect arctic air over the lake, and transport
of winter rushing out of the polar regions,
provides the basic energy source for lake effect
sufficient amounts of warm, moist air to the
making November and December the prime
snow. The greater the temperature difference
shore. Increased wind speed also increases
months for heavy lake-effect snows. When
between the cold air and the warm water, the
turbulent fluxes, which enhances the vertical
the cold and relatively dry air characteristic
heavier the snow determines where lake effect
mixing required for lake effect snows.
of arctic air masses traverses a lake, the
snow will fall, with the leeward or downwind
lower portion of the air mass is warmed and
portion of the lakeshore receiving the most
Wind Direction: Local surface wind direction
moistened. This air thus becomes lighter
lake effect snow.
moist air to the shore.7
than the air above it, a condition known to
Lake Effect Snow Watch: conditions in the atmosphere are primed to produce lake effect snow Lake Effect Snow Warning: more than seven inches of snow are expected in a 12 hour period Lake Effect Snow Advisor y: more than four to seven inches of snow are expected in a 12 hour period
410
Above, Right to Left : View of Lake Superior snow squalls during the winter season. 13
411
412
413
“Lake effect snowfall contributes 50 percent of the annual winter snowfall on the eastern and southern shores of the Great Lakes�5 Left : View of Lake Superior during the winter. 14
414
415
“outdoor recreation in the Great Lakes is a way of life”2 Left : View of Lake Michigan. 15
416
The Lake Effect: The Experience The Great Lakes offer outstanding tourism and
Great Lakes states rank in the nation’s top ten
recreation opportunities, ranging from pristine
in total number. The commercial and sport
wilderness activities in national parks such as
fishing industry is collectively valued at more
Isle Royale and Pukaskwa to waterfront beaches
than $4 billion annually. Diving on shipwrecks
in major cities. A well-defined four-seasons
is a growing Great Lakes sport, thanks to many
climate supports many types of recreation
underwater preserves and parks throughout
from ice fishing, skiing and snowmobiling in the
he lakes. Off Lake Superior’s Whitefish Point,
winter to golf, fishing, boating and swimming
better known to sailors as the “graveyard of
in the summer. The eight Great Lakes states
the Great Lakes.”2
have about 3.7 million registered recreational boats, or about a third of the nation’s total. Michigan and Minnesota lead the nation in the number of boat registrations, and six
Left : View of Lake Huron at sunset . 16
417
418
Above, Right to Left : 1. View of Lake Michigan, playing on the beach 17 2. View of Lake Michigan beach during the ‘polar bear plunge’ 18 3. Lake Superior sailing at sunset 19 4. Lake Erie beach at sunset 20
419
420
Above from Right to Left : 1. Lake Michigan 21 2. Lake Michigan sailing 22 3.Lake Michigan beaches 23 4.Lake Erie sailing 24 5.Lake Erie Walleye fishing 25 6.Lake Huron beach 26 7.Lake Erie Walleye fishing 27
421
“About five million people use the Great Lakes for recreational purposes.”6
422
423
“The Great Lakes states have about 3.7 million registered recreational boats, or about a third of the nation’s total.”2 Left : View of Lake Michigan. 28
424
425
The Great Lakes ecosystem sustains the lives of 33 millino people, shaping our health, culture, and recreation, and was responsible for our economic development. The region is tremendously diverse, randing from the wild Lake Superior shorelines in the north to the big cities and industrial centers in the south. The economy of the Great Lakes basin is diverse, ranging from fishing and farming to automotive manufacturing, and tourism.6
“Every summer, the long, sandy beaches that ribbon the Great Lakes shorelines draw millions of people seeking relief from the heat and a chance to be closer to nature...� Left to Right : View of Lake MIchigan. 29
426
427
“...we want to be able to swim without worrying about getting sick from the water.�6
428
429
“Every day, 40 million people drink water that is drawn from the Great Lakes, treated, and delivered to their taps. Nine million more people rely on rivers, wells, and small inland lakes in the surrounding watershed.�6 Left : View of pollution in the Great Lakes. 28
The Lake Effect: Contaminated Hot Zones The pollution of our waterways became a
humans have affected the quality of the Great
for increased water pollution controls, which
national issue in June of 1969, the day that the
Lakes water over the centuries include sewage
eventually led to the Great Lakes Water Quality
Cuyahoga River, flowing through Cleveland,
disposal, toxic contamination through heavy
Act and Clean Water Act in the 1970s.
Ohio, on its way to Lake Erie, caught on fire
metals and pesticides, overdevelopment of
because it was so polluted. Although this was
the water’s edge, runoff from agriculture and
Water pollution is defined as a change in the
not the first time that the Cuyahoga River
urbanization, and air pollution.
chemical, physical and biological health of a waterway due to human activity. Ways that
had been in flames, the 1969 fire caught the attention of the nation and the fight began
The pollution of our waterways became a
humans have affected the quality of the Great
for increased water pollution controls, which
national issue in June of 1969, the day that the
Lakes water over the centuries include sewage
eventually led to the Great Lakes Water Quality
Cuyahoga River, flowing through Cleveland,
disposal, toxic contamination through heavy
Act and Clean Water Act in the 1970s.
Ohio, on its way to Lake Erie, caught on fire
metals and pesticides, overdevelopment of
because it was so polluted. Although this was
the water’s edge, runoff from agriculture and
Water pollution is defined as a change in the
not the first time that the Cuyahoga River
urbanization, and air pollution.
chemical, physical and biological health of a
had been in flames, the 1969 fire caught the
waterway due to human activity. Ways that
attention of the nation and the fight began
431
LAKE SUPERIOR
Toxic Contaminant Hot Spots LAKE HURON
LAKE ONTERIO
LAKE MICHIGAN LAKE ERIE
Right : Diagram of pollution througout along the shores of the Great Lakes
Right to Left : 1. Lake Erie pollution 31 2. Lake Onterio pollution 32 3. Lake Erie beach pollution. 33
432
433
“The Great Lakes provides 56 billion gallons of water per day for municipal, agricultural, and industrial use�3
Left : View of an Industiral Site - Pollution of the Great Lakes. 34
434
“...23% of Great Lakes beaches were closed for at least a day, and 14% were closed for more than 9 days, to prevent the spread of waterborne disease. Bacterial and viral pathogens are introduced to the Great Lakes from overflowing sewage plants and polluted runoff from our yards, streets and farms.�5
Right : View of point source water pollution into Lake Erie. 35
435
436 1. http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/lakes.html 2. http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/ 3. http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/ elements/lkefsnw1.htm 4. http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/ science_sky/85452 5. http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/ elements/lkefsnw3.htm 6. Our Great Lakes: What is happening to them, what it means and what you can do to keep them great. 7. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Lake_ effect_snow 8. Flickr.com, user : Countr yDreaming_ September 10, 2008 9. w w w.nasaimages.org 10. Flickr.com, User : James Mar vin Phelps (mandj98)_Februar y 13, 2008 11. Flickr.com, User : ncweathercenter_ August 29, 2008 12. w w w.nasaimages.org 13. Flickr.com, User : ann j p_Februar y 16, 2008 14. Flickr.com, User : siskokid_Januar y 29, 2008 15. http://w w w.epa.gov
16. Flickr.com, User : reflectionsofthenor th_June 28, 2008 17. Flickr.com, User : farlane_April 1, 2006 18. Flickr.com, User: markofphotography_ Januar y 1, 2007 19. Flickr.com, User : juniperbudd_July 26, 2007 20. Flickr.com User : raul_July 22, 2009 21. Flickr.com, User : StevenLPierce_ Speptember 8, 2008 22. Flickr.com, User : maomau_August 13, 2007 23. Flickr.com, User : Flipped Out_August 22, 2006 24. Flickr.com, User : themodastudio_ March 25, 2009 25. Flickr.com, User : eriequest .com_April 14, 2008 26. Flickr.com, User: unknown 27. Flickr.com, User : eriequest .com_April 14, 200821. 28. Flickr.com, User : Nate C_October 7, 2007 29. Flickr.com, User : Nate C_October 7, 2007 30. Flickr.com, User: unknown 31. Flickr.com, User : hattie mahatma_May
24, 2008 32. Flicker.com, User: coreyonderick_ December 14, 2006 33. Flickr.com, User : ncweathercenter_ August 29, 2008 34. http://w w w.epa.gov 35. http://w w w.epa.gov
437
438
439
Ballast Water Invasion Invasive species in the Great Lakes Youngkuk Hwang
Left : (PIC1)Ballast water is expelling to the Lake
440
441
The Great Lakes on Earth The Great Lakes hold 20% of the world’s fresh water.
Left : (PIC2)Great Lakes from space by the SeaWiFS Project , NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE.
442
The St. Lawrence River and Seaway is of vital geographic and economic importance to the Great Lakes system, connecting the lakes to the Atlantic Ocean and providing navigation to deep-draft ocean vessels.
The Great Lakes/St Lawrence Seaway System
Opened to navigation in 1959, the St Lawrence
The canal was built in 1913, deepened in the
is one of the world’s greatest and most
Seaway has moved over 2bn metric tonnes of
1950s and further straightened in 1973.
strategic commercial waterways. Stretching
cargo, about 50% of which travels to and from
The Soo Locks allow ships to travel between
more than 3,700km from the Atlantic Ocean
overseas ports in Europe, the Middle East and
Lake Superior and the lower Great Lakes.
to the heart of North America, it is a highly
Africa. Construction of the 306km stretch
The locks pass an average of 10,000 ships per
competitive transportation route serving the
of the Seaway between Montreal and Lake
year. This is achieved in spite of the locks
US and Canada’s largest interior markets.
Ontario was recognized as one of the most
being closed during the winter from January
The system is used by a wide variety of vessel
challenging engineering feats in history.
through March, when ice shuts down shipping
types, including self-unloading bulk carriers
The 44km Welland Canal is the fourth version
on the Great Lakes. The winter closure period
(Lakers) up to 305 metres trading exclusively
of a waterway link between Lake Ontario and
is used to inspect and maintain the locks.
in the area.
Lake Erie, first built in 1829.
443
Right : View of utate velit esse molestie conseqvel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis autate velit esse molestie stiesties. 3
Above: Locations of Soo Locks, Welland Canal and St . Lawrence seaway system
444
Locks in the Great Lakes Right : View of utate veli t sdfag afgafa asdgas
Right : View of utate veli t sdfag afgafa asdgas
The St. Lawrence Seaway
The Soo Locks
The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River are
The world-famous Soo Locks form a passage
part of a vast system linking North America’s
for deep-draft ships around the rapids in
heartland with ports and markets throughout
the St. Marys River at the far east end of
the world. The world’s longest deep-draft
Lake Superior. Early pioneers arriving in the
inland waterway, the system extends from
territory were forced to carry their canoes
Duluth, Minn., on Lake Superior, to the
around the rapids. When settlement of the
Gulf of St. Lawrence on the Atlantic Ocean,
Northwest Territory brought increased trade
a distance of more than 2,340 miles. This
and large boats, it became necessary to
shortcut to the continent’s interior was made
unload the boats, haul the cargoes around the
possible with the construction of a ship canal
rapids in wagons, and reload in other boats.
and lock system opened in 1855 at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., the development of the Welland Canal since 1829, and the completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959.
Left : Top; Soo Locks (PIC3) Bottom; St . Lawrence Seaway (PIC4)
445
The Welland Canal The Welland Canal, with its eight large locks, was built to allow ships to pass around Niagara Falls as they move from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie. This canal system, the western section of the St. Lawrence Seaway, ranks as one of the outstanding engineering feats of the 20th century. The current Welland Canal, the fourth to be constructed, was opened in 1932 and was the first segment of the modern seaway to be built.and maintained by The Saint Lawrence Seaway
Ref 1.
Development Corporation (United States) and The Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System (Canadian). The seaway remains a model of binational cooperation between the two nations.
Ref 2.
446
Ballast: Ballast is any material used to weight and/or balance an object. One example is the sandbags carried on conventional hot-air balloons, which can be discarded to lighten the balloon’s load, allowing it to ascend. Ballast water is therefore water carried by ships to ensure stability, trim and structural integrity.
Annotation
Left : (Illustration1) Ballast water Right : (PIC5) Ballast water expelling (Illustration2) Invasive species
448
The discovery that marine species could be translocated in the ballast water of modern steel ships was first reported by Ostenfeld (1908).
449
Above: (PIC6) Old cargo ship in Lake Erie (1918)
450
Above: Clockwise from left top; Sea Lamprey(PIC7), RoundGoby(PIC8), Blood Red Shrimp(PIC9), Zebra Mussel(PIC10), Asian Carp(PIC11), Ruffe(PIC12), Sea Lamprey.(PIC 13)
Right : (PIC14) Sea Lamprey mouse
451
“Some 180 exotic species have found their way into the lakes during the past 200 years, jeopardizing the entire ecosystem; can we stop them?�
452
453
The sea lamprey was one of the first to invade the Great Lakes. It has been very damaging because part of its life cycle is spent feeding parasitically on the blood of host fish like the native lake trout. Sea lampreys are a very primitive, jawless fish.
“During the past two centuries, invasive species have significantly changed the Great Lakes ecosystem. In turn, the changes have had broad economic and social effects on people that rely on the system for food, water, and recreation.� Left : (PIC15) Harmed fished by Sea Lamprey
454
Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are
Round goby are thriving in the Great Lakes
predaceous, eel-like fish native to the coastal
Basin because they are aggressive, voracious
regions of both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
feeders which can forage in total darkness.
They entered the Great Lakes through the
The round goby takes over prime spawning
Welland Canal about 1921. They contributed
sites traditionally used by native species,
greatly to the decline of whitefish and lake
competing with native fish for habitat and
trout in the Great Lakes. Since 1956, the
changing the balance of the ecosystem. The
governments of the United States and Canada,
round goby is already causing problems for
working jointly through the Great Lakes
other bottom-dwelling Great Lakes native fish
Fishery Commission, have implemented a sea
like mottled sculpin, logperch and darters.
lamprey control program.
Unfortunately, they have shown a rapid range of expansion through the Great Lakes.
455
From left : (PIC16) Sea Lamprey, (PIC17) Round Goby, (PIC18) Asian carp
Asian Carp are a significant threat to the Great Lakes because they are large, extremely prolific, and consume vast amounts of food. They can weigh up to 100 pounds, and can grow to a length of more than four feet. They are well-suited to the climate of the Great Lakes region, which is similar to their native Asian habitats. Researchers expect that Asian carp would disrupt the food chain that supports the native fish of the Great Lakes. Due to their large size, ravenous appetites, and rapid rate of reproduction, these fish could pose a significant risk to the Great Lakes Ecosystem.
456
Above: (PIC19) Asian carp jumping
457
“Asian carp would disrupt the food chain that supports the native fish of the Great Lakes. Due to their large size, ravenous appetites, and rapid rate of reproduction, these fish could pose a significant risk to the Great Lakes Ecosystem.�
458
It is time to take an action which is delayed for last 100 years. Right : (PIC20) Docked cargo ship is expelling ballast water in harbor
459
460 1.
Smithsonian Environmental Research
www.toledoseaport.org/.../Great%20
12. Ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, http://
Center , Ship undergoing mid-ocean
Lakes%20Dry%20Cargo%20Apr07.pdf
www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-
The “soo Locks” at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.
3313_3677_8314-83004--,00.html
ballast water exchange http://serc.
7.
si.edu/labs/marine_invasions/vector_
Photo courtesy U.S. Army Corps of
ecology/bw_exchange.aspx
Engineers, Detroit District
26 2010, http://blog.syracuse.com/
http://clarke.cmich.edu/
outdoors/2008/05/lowdown_on_sea_
SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space
michiganhistoricalcalendar/pictures/
lampreys_in_cay.html
Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE. Image
April/St.Lawrenceseaway%28apr
taken 2000-04-24, thus PD
il25_1959%29.jpg
jawless, suction-cup like mouth and its
Great Lakes/ST-LAWRENCE SEAWAY
circles of rasping teeth and toothed
File:Great_Lakes_from_space.jpg
SYSTEM
tongue, Credit: Image courtesy Great
3.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes
www.pride2.org/.../090199SeawayMap.
Lakes Fishery Commission, Jan 26
4.
“St. Lawrence River and Seaway”
JPG
2010 http://www.sciencedaily.com/
2.
“great lake from space” Provided by the
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
Great Lakes Information Network
5.
6.
8.
9.
10. Invasive zebra mussels, credit: USFWS,
http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/stlaw.
http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/
html
Springborn/
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Detroit
11. “bighead asian carp” AP Photo/The
13. Sea lamprey, Mike Greenlar photo, Jan
14. Close-up of the adult sea lamprey’s
releases/2009/07/090720163734.htm 15. Sea lamprey, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Jan 22 2010, http://www.biology.duke. edu/bio217/2005/ncy/sea%20lamprey.
District. Great Lakes map, “
Times Picayune, Chris Granger, http://
http://lakehuroncoast.com/resources/
www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.
Great_Lakes_Map2.jpg
ssf/2009/12/area_fishermen_fear_asian_
22 2010, http://www.neyedc.co.uk/
Louise Dodds-Ely, Great lakes & St
carp.html
Scarborough.html
Lawrence Seaway System
html 16. Sea lamprey, by Brian Morland, Jan
461 17. Round Goby2, 18 September 2007, Jan
22. (illus 1.) Ballast water, International
21 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Marintime Organization, Alfred Elicierto,
File:RoundGoby2.jpg
http://graphics2.jsonline.com/graphics/
18. “bighead asian carp” AP Photo/The Times Picayune, Chris Granger, http:// www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index. ssf/2009/12/area_fishermen_fear_asian_ carp.html 19. Asian carp, Nerissa Michaels / Illinois River Biological Station via the Detroit free Press / AP, Jan 21 2010, http://www. csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0106/Michiganbalks-at-Obama-s-stance-in-Asian-carpfight 20. “Bulk carrier discharging water ballast in port.”, AP, http://www.providence.edu/ polisci/students/megaport/ballast.htm 21. “Great Lakes Compact” Illustration; locations of soo locks, welland canal and st. Lawrence seaway system, by Lloyd Alter, http://www.treehugger.com/ files/2008/03/wisconsin-local-politics-onwater.php
news/img/sep06/epag920.gif
The Grotesque is a research book assembled by students in the M.Arch graduate option architecture studio at the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning under the direction of studio critic Christian Unverzagt in the Winter of 2010. The work is produced as an academic inquiry into issues of energy and ecology as they relate to the built environment in and around Detroit, Michigan and the Great Lakes Region. The students have attempted to cite sources whenever possible and make no claim of ownership to the visual imagery or statistical data used. thegrotesque@umich.edu
The Grotesque is a research book assembled by students in the M.Arch graduate option architecture studio at the Taubman College of Architect...
Published on Apr 6, 2010
The Grotesque is a research book assembled by students in the M.Arch graduate option architecture studio at the Taubman College of Architect...