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THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF NORTHERN ISRAEL
En Gev on the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee (for a critical treatment of these events, see Miller 1966; Miller and Hayes 1986, 297–302; Bordreuil and Briquel-Chatonnet 2000, 283–88; Lipiński 2000). Table 5: The Israel-Aram battles: a historical reconstruction Reference
Aramean King in Reality
Israelite King in Reality
Location of Battle
Result of battle from Israel’s Perspective
1 Kings 22
Hazael
Joram
Ramothgilead
Joram dies
2 Kings 8:28–29
Hazael
Joram
Ramothgilead
Joram dies
2 Kings 9:1, 4, 14
Hazael
Joram
Ramothgilead
coup against Joram
1 Kings 20:1
Hazael/ Benhadad
Jehoahaz
Samaria
siege of Samaria
2 Kings 6:24
Hazael/ Benhadad
Jehoahaz
Samaria
hunger at Samaria
2 Kings 13:3, 7, 22
Hazael/ Benhadad
Johoahaz
———
pressure and defeat
1 Kings 20:32–33
Benhadad
Joash
Aphek
victory
2 Kings 13:17
Benhadad
Joash
Aphek
victory
2 Kings 13:25
Benhadad
Joash
———
victory three times
5.2. Hazael’s New Order A short description of Hazael’s maneuvers—including his actions in the southern coastal plain and farther to the south—is essential for understanding the fate of the northern kingdom in the second half of the ninth