Tank Storage Magazine Spring 2025

SPEARHEADING SUSTAINABILITY

Find out how LBC Tank Terminals is at the forefront of the energy transition and decarbonisation with its sustainability initiatives

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CBAM

We get the expert view on how this EU policy is going to impact your imports and exports

CELEBRATING 20 YEARS

Get a sneak peek into StocExpo’s very special 20th edition, and find out how we’re spotlighting pioneers in the terminal industry

UP FRONT

GLOBAL NEWS UPDATE

Europe

EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEWS

31 Liquin: A Fresh Start Tank Storage Magazine speaks exclusively to Liquin about the Botlek terminal, and what visitors to StocExpo can expect to see on the tour

36 Longevity In The Mediterranean

As VTTI celebrates 10 years of operations at its terminal in Cyprus, managing director Thanos Patrikis looks back at some of the highlights from the last decade

38 It Runs In The Family LBC Tank Terminals’ sales manager Anne Been shares how her father’s maritime career influenced her story in the tank storage and chemical industry

42 Fuelling Success

Carin van Straten-Lagerberg, senior sales manager at Vopak Netherlands, shares her passion for supporting a sustainable future in tank storage

MARKET ANALYSIS

44 What You Need To Know About CBAM Redshaw Advisors explains the resources needed to navigate the CBAM framework effectively 46 Sustainability & Challenges

Port Tarragona’s Genoveva Climent shares stories from three bulk liquid storage companies operating at the hub

48 Buncefield: 20 Years On Ulf Hinterscheid looks at what has changed in the tank storage industry since the Buncefield disaster

50 FuelEU Maritime: Charting The Course

As new regulations come into force this year, Lara Naqushbandi, CEO of ETFuels, looks at what the tank storage industry needs to know, and how best to prepare

TECHNICAL FEATURES

108 You Can’t Manage What You Don’t Understand Resilium explains how to combat tank overfilling scenarios through gamification

111 Preventing Explosions Of Vapour-Air-Mixtures

Discover the importance of leak monitoring; especially when storing methanol

STOCEXPO PREVIEW

57 Energy For The Future

UPEI and FETSA present a joint position paper on the upcoming proposal for an omnibus simplification proposal

57 The Future’s Focus

S&P Global looks at what’s in store for the European liquid bulk storage industry in a shifting energy landscape

60 Future-Proofing Terminals For The Changing Environment

Ahead of his talk at StocExpo, Etasca’s Andrew Inglis identifies and comments on the primary market developments impacting demand for bulk liquid storage

64 Debunking The Myth About Radar & Liquefied Gases

The belief that all radar level gauges are unsuitable for providing accurate and reliable measurements in liquefied gas tanks is untrue, say the experts at Emerson

66 Factory Calibration For Long-Term Accuracy

Dependable factory calibration saves time and provides better accuracy assurance, says Endress+Hauser

69 Reducing Emissions From Storage & Loading

Peter Kerkhof, director at EEMUA, explains how to reduce emissions when storing and handling volatile products

71 Enhancing Sustainability, Improve Safety

David Wendel, managing director at ETS Degassing, looks at how mobile emission reduction enhances sustainability and improves safety in operations

74 Under Pressure

Protego’s Thorsten Schaper explains how optimising the set pressure of tank breather valves can help reduce emissions and nitrogen consumption

77 Clearing The Air

Find out how NevadaNano’s automated emission detection solution is providing real-time data and boosting operational efficiency

80 4 Ways To Boost Terminal Efficiency

UAB-Online addresses the key pain points in maritime operations

82 Introducing: Shared Reality

Ahead of speaking at StocExpo, Samp’s COO Thomas Grand explains how a datadriven approach can improve terminal operation

84 The Future of Tank Storage Is Data-Driven

Ahead of sharing their insights on a panel at StocExpo, QADworks explains how it uses data integration and advanced analytics to benefit terminals

85 Smarter & Safer Storage

Gizil explains how its Virtual Plant is revolutionising safety procedures at terminals

86 Can Digital Twins Solve Workforce Challenges?

Ahead of StocExpo, Bas Janssen from Voovio looks at the benefits and limitations of digital twin technology solutions in the storage terminal industry

87 A Fireproof Future

Ronald Verkroost, founder and CEO of Desu Systems, explains how the company’s advanced safety technologies are improving tank terminals

91 Increasing Efficiency & Reducing Emissions

Cellular glass insulation is an easy and cost-effective way to lower your carbon footprint, according to Owens Corning

93 Getting Ahead of Leaks & Pipes

Stefan Balatchev, Naftosense’s R&D coordinator, explains how its polymer absorption sensors are helping solve environmental and operational challenges

97 Safety’s New Heights

Alec Keeler, managing director at Carbis Loadtec explains how to successfully prevent of falls from tanker tops

98 Continuous Supply

Learn how Kanon is supporting the delivery of CNG in Egypt to help ensure a secure, continous supply

99 Decarbonisation in Tank Terminals

Ahead of his talk at StocExpo, Tecam’s José Miguel González looks into the cleaner technologies terminal operators must adopt to remain competitive

100 Advancing AST Protection

Find out what advancements in protective equipment and engineering methodologies are playing a crucial role in ensuring operational integrity

103 Raising The Roof

The experts at Paresa explain how its holistic approach is advancing roof air raising through technical precision

106 Streamlining Tank Cleaning

Celebrating 50 years in industry, Gerotto looks at how its pioneering robotic innovations have impacted terminals

TANK STORAGE AWARDS

34 AGEO’s Prize-Winning Project

Engineering project manager at AGEO Terminals, Gian Cevales, explains how the company took home Project of the Year at the 2024 Global Tank Storage Awards

114 Global Tank Storage Awards

Find out who’s on the shortlist for this year’s ceremony

118 Financing Change

Thomas Seifert, CFO at Advario, North America, talks about winning gold at the 2024 Global Tank Storage Awards

AT THE BACK

READY FOR THE FUTURE

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MEET THE TEAM

EDITORIAL

ANAMIKA TALWARIA

Anamika is the editor of Tank Storage Magazine and coordinates all your favourite content. Read her interview with Liquin on page 31 for a sneak peek into what’s in store on the StocExpo tour.

KATE RAINFORD

Kate is Tank Storage Magazine’s junior writer and newest recruit. This edition, she’s interviewed 2024 Project of the Year gold winner AGEO Terminals (page 34) ahead of 2025’s ceremony.

T +44 (0)20 3196 9339 anamika@tankstoragemag.com www.tankstorage.com SUSBCRIPTION

PORTFOLIO

Margaret Dunn

+44 (0)20 3551 5721 margaret@tankstoragemag.com

SALES

David Kelly

+44 (0)20 3196 4401 david@tankstoragemag.com

Kyle Gullyes

+44 (0)20 3196 4396 kyle.gullyes@easyfairs.com

Easyfairs

2nd Floor, Regal House

70 London Road Twickenham

TW1 3QS

United Kingdom

ISSN 1750-841X

EDITOR’S NOTE

WHETHER YOU’RE reading this online or picking it up hot off the press, boy do we have a fantastic bumper-edition of Tank Storage Magazine for you.

The central theme across this edition is 20 years – as Tank Storage Magazine and StocExpo both hit the big leagues. But something else happened 20 years ago. The Buncefield disaster rocked the tank storage industry in the UK, and its ripple effects are still felt across the world today – mainly through higher safety standards. Our resident expert looks into the impact of Buncefield on page 48, and we’re covering an array of firefighting technologies – including how digitalisation is impacting safety – across the technical section of the magazine.

Two decades of serving the global tank storage industry has positioned us well, and I’m so excited to share an exclusive look at the speakers and exhibitors joining us at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy.

You can dive into our in-depth StocExpo preview on pages 52 all the way up to page 106 (and yes, we did proof-read all that!) but before you get there, don’t forget to catch our exclusive interviews with leading terminal operators around the globe, including Liquin, who are giving lucky StocExpo attendees a tour of the Botlek facility in Rotterdam. At the time of writing, the tour is full and there is an extensive waitlist – but anyone who misses out can get a taste on page 31

But before we get there, we’re crowning the winners of the Global Tank Storage Awards on 10 March at the Schiecentrale, Rotterdam – and tickets are almost sold out! So get in touch if you want to snag a seat at the table as we celebrate excellence and innovation in safety and sustainability across the sector. Check out the full shortlist on page 114 and we’ve interviewed 2024’s winners for Project of the Year, AGEO Terminals (page 34), and Rising Star at Advario, Thomas Seifert (page 118)

As the CFO, Seifert know the importance of making the right investment decisions. And that’s why we’ve also enlisted Etasca’s Andrew Inglis to deliver a talk at StocExpo about energy transition

investments. Get the inside scoop on page 60 and make sure you’re prepared for the financial implications of upcoming EU regulations like CBAM with our indepth look on page 44

But all of this and more will be covered across three conference streams at StocExpo 2025 – so there’s really no excuse to miss out! Plus, the Tank Storage Magazine team will be on site to meet with the industry, connect with new colleagues and treat you all, yet again, to a fabulous networking party – hosted on our stand L34 on 11 March at 15:30 Join us again at the networking lounge at 17:30 for drinks on StocExpo’s show floor, and party like it’s 2005 at our 20th birthday party at the Hudson cocktail bar & kitchen, Rotterdam, at 19:30

And if you miss us at StocExpo, well no stress – the next edition will have a comprehensive review of everything you missed out on! And our team will be out at various events across the rest of the year, including NISTM Orlando, ChemUK, ILTA and Gastech to name a few.

We can’t wait to see you all on site at StocExpo this March though. Make sure to come and say hello at stand L34 and grab a drink on us!

Best wishes,

Anamika LINKEDIN LEARNINGS

Get the inside scoop on what the Tank Storage community is talking about – and follow us on LinkedIn for your chance to feature!

I am happy to be a judge for the 2025 Global Tank Storage Awards! This year we decided to do it slightly different and I invited a cross-section of management and colleagues from different departments from my terminals to assess the nominations. We went through all nominations to identify which technologies or innovations we could potentially use at Chane to make our company safer or more (cost) efficient. Great nominations, and excited that we identified four companies that we would like to invite over for a presentation and discussion to see if we can make a successful business case out of these innovations.

Michiel

Flier, business

unit director, Chane

Racing is an interesting discussion…I know some people like the speed and acceleration of the Formula E but it lacks the sound and smell of the old Formula 1. I think that electric is the ‘easiest’ option to pursue in regards to technology and ability for that to then transfer into the mainstream. Hydrogen is an opportunity but the issue is the production cost and availability.

Competitive racing is still all about winning races but what is now interesting is how do you develop a car which can win a race but also be environmentally friendly?

Guy Bessant, president, Stolthaven Terminals

3,574 attendees

80% of exhibitors would recommend StocExpo

100+ countries

64% of visitors were at a managerial level or above

92% of visitors will return in 2025

160+ exhibitors

Gelens, Safety Advisor, Vopak

Together. Smarter. Strong in Storage Together. Smarter.

nor thseaport.com northseaport.com

NEWS UPDATE

A summary of global tank storage news

SEFE & ACWA POWER TO DELIVER GREEN HYDROGEN

Securing Energy for Europe (SEFE) has signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with ACWA Power, a Saudi-listed company and the world’s largest private water desalination company. The collaboration aims to produce and supply green hydrogen to Europe, marking a pivotal step in strengthening energy cooperation between Saudi Arabia and Germany.

Under the MoU, SEFE and ACWA Power will establish a hydrogen bridge between Saudi Arabia and Germany, with an initial target of supplying 200,000 tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030. ACWA Power will act as the lead developer, investor, and operator of green hydrogen and green ammonia production assets. SEFE will serve as a co-investor and the primary off-taker, leveraging its position as one of Europe’s largest energy trading

VTTI AWARDED FUNDING FOR PROJECT AMPLIFHY

VTTI has been awarded €8 million in co-funding from the European Union’s Connecting Europe facility (CEF) programme for Project Amplifhy at its Antwerp terminal, located in the Port of AntwerpBruges, Belgium.

With this funding, VTTI will conduct pre-FEED and FEED studies to develop ammonia import and cracking infrastructure in Antwerp, strengthening its role in the future hydrogen economy. With ammonia import terminal and cracker projects in both Rotterdam and Antwerp, VTTI is now positioned as the only developer advancing such projects in both key industrial hubs. Both locations have been designated as Projects of Common Interest by the European Commission, highlighting their strategic importance. Meanwhile, VTTI is also actively developing additional locations.

POWER2X CONTRACTS WORLEY FOR EFUELS ROTTERDAM

Power2X, a leading green molecules company, has contracted Worley, a global professional services company of energy, chemicals and resources experts, to provide engineering and project management services for its eFuels Rotterdam project – a world-scale production facility for sustainable aviation fuel (e-SAF) and ultra-low carbon fuels.

Worley will provide early engineering services, including a Class III estimate, supporting the preliminary design phase of the project. Worley will also work together with Power2X to define the best execution approach for the FEED and Execute phases of the project.

‘Our relationship with Power2X is based on trust and the common belief that Power-to-X projects are only technically and economically viable when all stakeholders work together towards the same goal: an efficient project development and execution that mitigates risks and provides the capex and lcox certainty to achieve a positive financial investment decision,’ adds Jelle Nederstigt, president Europe and Central Asia at Worley. ‘We are committed to continue to support Power2X to make this eSAF project a reality, contributing to the decarbonisation of the aviation industry in Europe and beyond.’

to make EEMUA work best for you and your team ask@eemua.org +44 (0) 20 7488 0801 www.eemua.org

VIDA BIOENERGY BREAKS GROUND ON UK FACILITY

VIDA bioenergy has broken ground on its second UK facility in Wormslade, marking another step in the company’s mission to deliver sustainable energy in the countries where their plants are located.

The groundbreaking ceremony was led by VIDA bioenergy CEO Lars Boetje, joined by Mark Newton, representing the Landowners, along with project developer Biowatt and members of VIDA’s business development and construction teams. Boetje comments: ‘The Wormslade facility demonstrates our commitment to building a sustainable future. By converting agricultural by-products into clean biomethane, we’re not only supporting the UK’s renewable energy goals but also strengthening local communities and advancing the circular economy.’

Project Anker is strategically located near Wilhelmshaven, an important energy and industrial hub, and near the future German hydrogen core network. It is projected to produce 80,000 tonnes of green hydrogen annually which will benefit key German industries, including steel and chemicals, as well as the transport sector. By substituting fossil fuels with green hydrogen, the project can reduce CO 2 emissions by up to 2.4 million tonnes annually, equivalent to the emissions of approximately 340,000 households.

‘We look very much forward to bring the project to realisation together with our new partners at Friesen Elektra and to a constructive collaboration with the German authorities,’ says Felix Pahl, partner at CIP.

P2X SOLUTIONS OY STARTS GREEN HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

P2X Solutions Oy has started commercial operations of green hydrogen production at the Harjavalta facility in Finland.

TSA LAUNCHES CAMPAIGN FOR CAREER & APPRENTICESHIP OPPORTUNITIES

The Tank Storage Association has launched a ‘Careers Week’ campaign aimed at showcasing the vast career and apprenticeship opportunities available in the bulk storage and energy infrastructure sector.

The bulk storage and energy infrastructure industry offers a wide range of career paths across various fields, including business, operations, engineering, safety, marketing, IT, supply and trading, and more. The campaign will run from 17 to 21 February 2025 and will seek to inspire everyone to explore, discover, and get excited about a career in the bulk storage and energy infrastructure sector.

The company said on LinkedIn: ‘But this is where the exciting part begins! The development of Finland’s hydrogen economy is accelerating. With clean hydrogen and its derivatives, we can create growth, well-being and enable significant emission reductions in industry and transport. Companies: One should start deploying green hydrogen and electric fuels before the mandatory legislation enters into force. Gain a competitive advantage and secure your emission-free energy supply for the 2030s today!’

Peter Davidson, CEO of the Tank Storage Association, says: ‘The bulk storage and energy infrastructure industry offers a wide range of rewarding career pathways. I am delighted to launch the Tank Storage Association’s Careers Week. It represents an important opportunity to celebrate and champion our industry’s talent as well as encourage everyone to consider the possibility of a career in the sector for themselves.’

United Kingdom

EET HYDROGEN & ENKA PARTNER FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PLANT

Essar Energy Transition (ETT) has an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract with ENKA, for its flagship low carbon hydrogen production plant (HPP1) at the Stanlow Manufacturing Complex in Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, UK. In October 2024, the UK Government announced funding had been agreed to support HPP1 as the UK’s first large-scale low carbon hydrogen project at the heart of the HyNet Cluster. HPP1 will have a production capacity of 350MW and will capture around 600,000 tonnes of CO 2 a year – the equivalent to taking around 250,000 cars off the road.

This represents a major milestone for the HPP1 project, for the UK hydrogen industry, the HyNet Cluster and for EET Hydrogen’s progress towards its goal of developing 4GW of low carbon hydrogen production for industrial businesses across the North West of England to decarbonise their operations, protecting jobs and driving economic growth.

Joe Seifert, CEO of EET Hydrogen, says: ‘Following a highly competitive tender process, we are excited to announce this critical contract with ENKA. Having been awarded over 580 contracts in 57 countries, ENKA has an excellent track record in delivering complex projects like HPP1.’

Hakan Kozan, member of the executive committee at ENKA, adds: ‘We are thrilled to partner with EET Hydrogen on the HPP1 project, a transformative initiative that will play a key role in advancing the UK’s low carbon hydrogen industry and contributing to global decarbonisation efforts.’

FUELIFWD SECURES SEED INVESTMENT

FuelFWD has completed a seed investment round. The round was led by Value Factory Ventures, with renewed support from Docklab Ventures and the Port of Rotterdam, who are investing in FuelFWD for the second time.

FuelFWD’s role is to streamline the renewable fuels market by eliminating the burden of compliance and providing traceability. FuelFWD offers a software solution for companies in the renewable fuels sector, where compliance administration is often time-consuming and costly. The software provides an alternative to the often manual, Excel-based workflows for compliance administration and reporting. Using AI, manual error-prone processes are digitised, and potential compliance issues are automatically flagged. This enables biofuel and e-fuel producers and traders to work far more efficiently, reduce costs, and drastically mitigate risks of noncompliance.

Menno van der Zalm, managing director of FuelFWD says: ‘Renewable fuels are the future. Our mission is to help companies operate more efficiently and compliantly in a complex and rapidly changing market. With the support of Docklab Ventures and Value Factory Ventures, we can further develop our solution and maximise its potential. We are proud of the collaboration and look to the future with confidence.’

Johan van Heusden, CFO of Value Factory Ventures adds: ‘This startup accelerates the energy transition by enhancing efficiency and transparency in the renewable fuels supply chain. It perfectly aligns with our investment focus on startups that play an active role in combating climate change through groundbreaking solutions.’

ORLEN SOLIDIFIES LNG SUPPLY LOGISTICS IN EUROPE

ORLEN has entered into a five-year exclusive agreement with Lithuania’s KN Energies, granting it sole access to a small-scale LNG reloading wharf station in Klaipeda, which will bolster gas supply to north-eastern Poland and the broader Baltic region.

Since the initiation of an earlier contract, ORLEN has received nearly 60,000 tonnes of liquefied natural gas via the Klaipeda terminal.

Effective until the end of March 2030, the agreement with KN Energies ensures that LNG received by ORLEN at the Lithuanian reloading station will be transported by road tankers to customers, predominantly in north-eastern Poland. This route is significantly more efficient than relying solely on shipments from the Swinoujscie terminal, which remains Poland’s primary LNG import hub.

Ireneusz Fafara, CEO and president of the management board of ORLEN says: ‘The extension of our partnership with KN Energies is a significant milestone in reinforcing our position in the Baltic region’s LNG market. While the Swinoujscie terminal remains a crucial hub for our LNG operations, the Klaipeda reloading station plays a vital complementary role, allowing us to optimise the cost of logistics.

Beyond serving the Polish market, the LNG sourced there is also supplied to Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, where we are witnessing growing interest in cooperation with ORLEN.’

United Kingdom

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EEMSENERGY TERMINAL LAUNCHES LNG OPEN SEASON

Vopak’s EemsEnergyTerminal has launched an open season for the storage and regasification of LNG after 2027 in the Eemshaven in the Netherlands. EemsEnergyTerminal is a subsidiary of Gasunie and Royal Vopak. The LNG terminal was developed in 2022 to increase energy security in the Netherlands and North West Europe.

EemsEnergyTerminal is inviting market parties to formulate a non-binding expression of interest (EOI).

The partners are also making plans for further hydrogen development at the Eemshaven port and exploring options for CO 2 -infrastructure in line with the transition to a more sustainable energy system.

VOPAK VLAARDINGEN INSTALLS E-BOILER

Vopak Vlaardingen, located in the port of Rotterdam, Netherlands, has commissioned an e-boiler, saving approximately 3,500 tonnes of CO 2 (equivalent to the gas consumption and CO 2 emissions of approximately 2,000 households).

‘Vopak’s infrastructure plays an important role in the Netherlands, both in terms of energy security and in the energy transition. With this e-boiler, we can fulfil our role in a more sustainable way. We would like to thank everyone involved, both inside and outside Vopak, who helped make this happen,’ says Walter Moone, president Vopak Netherlands.

The terminal specialises in the storage of vegetable oils and fats, in the form of food products and (feedstocks for) biofuels. The terminal has been running on green electricity since 2021, which means the e-boiler will be operating at CO 2 neutral. In addition, the e-boiler will reduce the pressure on the national electricity grid by using the e-boiler at full capacity as soon as an abundance of wind and/or solar energy is available on the grid and storing the heat for use at a later time.

Koen Kegel, alderman at the Municipality of Vlaardingen, says: ‘The municipality of Vlaardingen is proud of companies like Vopak that take responsibility for reducing their own CO 2 emissions.’

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INEOS RECEIVES MODULE FOR PROJECT ONE

INEOS has received the module containing the first two furnaces destined for Project ONE’s new ethane cracker at the quay of the construction site in Lillo, Antwerp, Belgium. The arrival of this module is an important milestone in the realisation of INEOS’ investment in a new chemical plant in Antwerp.

Weighing 6,000 tonnes, more than 32 metres wide and 60 metres high, this is one of the largest and most spectacular industrial ship transports ever in the Port of Antwerp-Bruges. The monetary value of the module with two furnaces is also considerable: it amounts to as much as €150 million.

John McNally, CEO of INEOS Project ONE says: ‘The arrival of the first furnaces at the Antwerp site after a long overseas journey is a spectacular and joyous moment for everyone involved in the making of our project.’

Project ONE is also generating a lot of activity outside Antwerp, mobilising as many as 10,000 workers worldwide were for the construction.

AIR LIQUIDE AWARDED €110 MILLION GRANT FOR HYDROGEN

Air Liquide has been awarded a grant of €110 million from the European Innovation Fund for its Enhance project in the Port of AntwerpBruges, Belgium, that aims to produce and distribute low-carbon and renewable hydrogen derived from ammonia.

Air Liquide intends to retrofit one of its hydrogen production units located in the Port of Antwerp-Bruges, using renewable ammonia as a feedstock instead of natural gas, and would also build a hydrogen liquefier. This new facility supports the development of a low-carbon and renewable hydrogen supply chain in Europe.

Armelle Levieux, member of the executive committee of Air Liquide, says: ‘The combination of ammonia cracking and hydrogen liquefaction technologies offers an additional solution to support the growth of the global hydrogen market.’

MOL GROUP TESTS HVO & SAF PRODUCTION

MOL Group has produced a diesel fuel containing hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) at the refinery of Slovnaft in Bratislava, Slovakia.

The quality of the products has been verified by radioisotope analysis by the independent specialist laboratory of Isotoptech Zrt. The successful production test confirms that MOL Group is technologically ready for the production of alternative synthetic fuels, which is part of the company’s long-term SHAPE TOMORROW strategy.

Csaba Zsótér, senior vice president, Fuels at MOL Group says: ‘We are technologically ready to produce biodiesel of vegetable origin as well as sustainable aviation fuel. This could open a new chapter in the sustainable efforts of MOL Group: we offer our customers an increasing variety and quantity of fuels, thus contributing to the smart energy transition as well.’

CENTRICA & EUROPEAN ENERGY TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN

Centrica and European Energy have signed a balancing and optimisation agreement for the Måde green hydrogen facility located at Port Esbjerg, Denmark.

Under the agreement, Centrica Energy will manage power production from colocated wind turbines, designating excess power production to green hydrogen production. Powering the 12MW green hydrogen facility are two wind turbines, part of the Måde Wind Turbine Test Center. The facility is expected to produce approximately 1,500 tonnes of green hydrogen every year.

Kristian Gjerløv-Juel, vice president of renewable energy trading and optimisation at Centrica Energy says: ‘Succeeding with the green transition requires using all the tools at our disposal, that of course includes electrification, but also the need to develop the solutions needed to decarbonise energy consumption in sectors where electrification falls short.’

Belgium

Belgium

Denmark

SEASPAN ENERGY COMPLETES SHIP-TOSHIP LNG BUNKERING

Seaspan Energy (Seaspan) has successfully completed the first ship-to-ship LNG bunkering in Canada, which took place in the Port of Vancouver in the Upper Harbour.

The ship-to-ship LNG bunkering to a tanker at anchor was performed by the Seaspan Lions, named after the twin peaks of the North Shore, or known as Ch’ich’iyúy Elxwíkn (‘Twin Sisters’ or ‘Two Sister’) to the Squamish Nation.

Harly Penner, president of Seaspan Energy says: ‘Completing our first successful bunkering in local waters is a major milestone for Seaspan Energy and marks the introduction of a lowcarbon fuel alternative from the Port of Vancouver and beyond. With two of our LNG bunkering vessels now operational and our first bunkering in the books, our message to ship owners globally is that we now offer an accredited LNG bunkering option here in Vancouver.’

KINDER MORGAN ACQUIRES GAS GATHERING & PROCESSING SYSTEM

Kinder Morgan has announced that its subsidiary, Hiland Partners, has agreed to purchase a natural gas gathering and processing system in North Dakota, USA, from Outrigger Energy II LLC for $640 million (€623 million).

The acquisition includes a 270 million m 3 processing facility and a 104-mile, large-diameter, high-pressure rich gas gathering header pipeline with 350 MMcf/d of capacity connecting supplies from the Williston Basin area to highdemand markets.

KMI Natural Gas Midstream president, Tom Dender says: ‘This strategic acquisition allows us to efficiently expand our footprint and provide incremental transportation and processing services to meet the growing needs of our customers.’

ONEOK & MPLX TO BUILD LPG EXPORT TERMINAL

ONEOK and MPLX LP have agreed to form joint ventures to construct a new large-scale 400,000-barrel per day (bpd) liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) export terminal in Texas City, Texas, USA, and a new 24-inch pipeline from ONEOK’s Mont Belvieu, Texas, storage facility to the new terminal.

Texas City Logistics LLC, the export terminal joint venture, is owned 50% by ONEOK and 50% by MPLX, with MPLX constructing and operating the facility, and is expected to be completed in early 2028. ONEOK’s and MPLX’s share of the total investment in the export terminal is expected to be approximately $700 million (€672 million) each for a total of $1.4 billion (€1.3 billion). The export terminal will leverage Marathon’s existing location and infrastructure providing construction timing and cost benefits.

BAKER HUGHES TO SUPPLY GAS TECHNOLOGY EQUIPMENT TO WOODSIDE

Baker Hughes has announced an order from Bechtel Energy, to supply gas technology equipment for two liquefaction plants with a total capacity of approximately 11 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) for Phase 1 of Woodside Energy’s Louisiana LNG development opportunity, in the US.

The order marks a significant milestone as Woodside targets final investment decision (FID) readiness from the first quarter of 2025. The award, which includes eight main refrigeration compressors driven by LM6000PF+ gas turbines and eight expandercompressors, leverages Baker Hughes’ proven, best-in-class LNG technologies to support Bechtel and Woodside.

Paul Marsden, president of Bechtel Energy says: ‘Louisiana LNG will play a vital role in meeting the world’s increasing LNG demand.’

ENGINE NO. 1, CHEVRON & GE VERNOVA TO POWER US DATA CENTRES

Engine No. 1 and Chevron have announced the formation of a partnership to build a new company to develop scalable, reliable power solutions for US-based data centres running on US natural gas.

The first projects, which the companies refer to as ‘power foundries’, are expected to leverage seven US-made GE Vernova 7HA natural gas turbines, secured under a slot reservation agreement, on an accelerated timeline.

The projects are expected to serve colocated data centres in the US Southeast, Midwest and West regions. Power generation is not designed to flow initially through the existing transmission grid, reducing the risk of increasing electricity prices for consumers.

US ENERGY EXPANDS INTO WISCONSIN PROPANE MARKET

US Energy has entered into a definitive agreement to purchase NGL Supply Terminal Company’s propane-storage and terminal assets which are located adjacent to US Energy’s existing terminal in Wisconsin at Green Bay Quincy North.

Through this agreement, US Energy will be able to store, distribute, and market propane across Northeast Wisconsin where it currently owns and operates seven fuel terminals. Its focus will be on serving distributors who handle last-mile propane delivery to end users.

Mike Koel, president of US Energy says: ‘Owning these assets better positions us to meet all their fuel needs, streamline purchases, and become their terminal of choice. We’ve built our strategy around finding a better way to serve our customers, and through continued investments in new product offerings like this, we’re able to expand upon our core capabilities.’

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SHELL-CNOOC JV INVESTS IN CHINA PETROCHEMICAL COMPLEX

CNOOC and Shell Petrochemicals Company Limited (CSPC), a joint venture between Shell Nanhai and CNOOC Petrochemicals Investment, has taken a final investment decision to expand its petrochemical complex in Daya Bay, Huizhou, south China.

The expansion will include a third ethylene cracker with a planned capacity of 1.6 million tonnes per year of ethylene, a key building block to make plastics, and associated downstream derivatives units producing chemicals including linear alpha olefins.

This investment also includes a new facility which will produce 320,000 tonnes per year of high-performance specialty chemicals, such as polycarbonates and carbonate solvents.

Linear alpha olefins are used to produce detergent alcohol and synthetic lubricants base oil. Polycarbonates make impact-resistant plastics that can replace carbon-intensive steel, whilst carbonate solvents are used in lithium-ion batteries and are essential for the electric vehicles sector as well as energy storage.

ADVARIO SINGAPORE SUPPORTS AIR CANADA SAF

Advario Singapore is to support Neste in delivering sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to Air Canada with blending and loading operations at Advario’s terminal in Singapore, the company announced on LinkedIn. This key development, achieved in partnership with Neste, represents a notable step toward greener aviation. The post says: ‘At Advario, we’re proud to support such initiatives and collaborate with our partners for progress who share our vision for a sustainable future. Together, we’re making strides towards a cleaner, greener world.’

DIGITAL FUTURE FIT FOR THE

Singapore

ADVARIO OMAN ON GREEN LIST

Advario Oman has been officially recognised by the Environment Authority of Oman and included in the Green List.

Oman’s Green List is a recognition for companies that not only meet Oman’s environmental standards but also demonstrate a strong commitment to sustainability and innovation.

The Green List is a key initiative recognising organisations that actively protect the environment, promote sustainable practices, and contribute to Oman’s broader sustainability objectives.

A spokesperson for Advario comments: ‘Looking ahead, we will continue to support the development of a greener, more sustainable future for Oman, our terminals, and all our customers, partners, and stakeholders.’

TANK TERMINAL UPDATE

TEPSA

Products: Liquid plastic waste & sustainable aviation fuel

Capacity: 28,000 m³

Expansion: Tepsa Netherlands is set to complete its latest terminal expansion, adding nine new storage tanks and increasing its capacity by 28,000 m³.

Neste will store LPW in two of the tanks. Three additional tanks will store SAF, to support the growing demand driven by EU regulations. The other tanks will be used for a variety of petrochemical products.

The expansion also includes a new truck loading station, connections to a deep-sea jetty, a dedicated barge jetty, and encompasses the existing rail loading bays, enhancing logistics and operational flexibility.

VOPAK & TPL

Product: LNG

Construction: Vopak and TPL’s joint venture, Zululand Energy Terminal, has officially signed the Terminal Operator Agreement (TOA) with Transnet National Ports Authority (TNPA) to design, develop, construct, finance, operate and maintain the LNG terminal at the Port of Richards Bay, South Africa, for a period of 25 years.

This agreement marks the conclusion of detailed negotiations between TNPA, as the port authority, and Zululand Energy Terminal, as the terminal operator. The agreement grants Zululand Energy Terminal full rights to the land designated for the construction of an LNG import terminal in Richards Bay.

Comment: Oliver Naidu, president of Vopak South Africa says: ‘Vopak’s global expertise in LNG infrastructure, combined with our strong partnership with Reatile Group and Transnet Pipelines, positions us to deliver a world-class terminal in Richards Bay. This project aligns with Vopak’s vision to expand in industrial and gas terminals, providing reliable and sustainable energy solutions for South Africa.’

STOLTHAVEN TERMINALS

Products: Chemicals & vegetable oils

Capacity: 2,400 m³

Expansion: Stolthaven Terminals has achieved a milestone with the expansion of its Mount Maunganui terminal in New Zealand, with the safe arrival and installation of three new pre-constructed storage tanks, two already complete with insulation and cladding and with heating coils fitted. Two tanks have a capacity of 650 m³ and one is 1,100 m³ tank.

Comment: ‘The whole process was no mean feat and precision was required every step of the way. Lots of planning went into the lift and the whole process went smoothly – even the weather was kind. Well done to the New Zealand team for this successful operation!’

MABANAFT

Product: Methanol

Capacity: 20,000 m³

Cost: Multi-million-euro investment

Construction: Energy company Mabanaft plans to convert four of its tanks at the Blumensand tank terminal in the Port of Hamburg over the next two years. The company’s aim is to enable the storage of methanol at Blumensand and facilitate the import of low-carbon methanol to northern Germany. By investing in methanol storage capabilities, Mabanaft wants to support its customers’ transition towards greener alternatives. Mabanaft expects demand to grow in the future, both in shipping and other transport sectors, as well as in the chemical industry.

Comment: In the shipping industry, there is no single solution for sustainable fuels,’ explains Oleksandr Siromakha, head of sustainable fuels at Mabanaft. ‘Our goal is to simplify the transition for our customers by making methanol and other alternative fuels more accessible.’

NAVIGATOR HOLDINGS

Product: Ethylene

Capacity: 3.2 million tonnes/year

Cost: $83.9 million (€81.5 million)

Expansion: Navigator Holdings has completed the expansion of its existing ethylene export terminal joint venture owned 50/50 by Navigator and Enterprise Products Partners at Morgan’s Point, Houston, USA. Navigator Gas has further acquired three handysize ethylene carriers for a total purchase price of $83.9 million (€81.5 million), complementing the increased export capacity from the Export Terminal Joint Venture.

The expanded capacity will utilise the Export Terminal Joint Venture’s existing 30,000 tonne refrigerated tank which will continue to facilitate loading vessels at Morgan’s Point at 1,000 tonnes per hour.

Comment: Mads Peter Zacho, CEO of Navigator Gas comments: ‘Future demand for competitively priced US ethane and ethylene is likely to continue its upward trajectory in the coming years. The ethylene export terminal expansion, and the addition of three handysize ethylene carriers to our fleet, provides us with key capabilities and infrastructure to meet that growing demand.’

ENILIVE

Product: SAF

Capacity: 400,000 tonnes/year

Enilive has announced the commissioning of its first plant to produce sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) at the Gela biorefinery, in Sicily.

Enilive aims to increase its biorefining capacity to over 5 million tonnes per year by 2030 and enhance its optionality for SAF production to 1 million tonnes per year by 2026, with further potential to double production by 2030.

Comment: ‘The plants and technologies that we are developing position Enilive as a leader in the production of HVO biofuels and confirms the company’s strategy, distinguished by a strong growth in offering increasingly sustainable products,’ says Stefano Ballista, Enilive’s CEO.

LBC TANK TERMINALS

Product: Future fuels

Capacity: 400,000 m³

Cost: Multi-million-euro investment

Acquisition: LBC Tank Terminals has acquired 100% of the shares of Evolution Terminals, from Vision Energy Holdings.

The project will be developed on prime land at the entrance of the port with access to deep water capable of handling the new generation of very large ammonia carriers. Vlissingen, located at the entrance of the Westerschelde waterway towards Antwerp, Belgium, is well positioned to serve markets for, among others, ammonia, hydrogen, CO2, methanol and biofuels. With ammonia cracking facilities, connections to main hydrogen pipeline corridors and significant infrastructure developments, Vlissingen will strengthen its position as key hub for renewable energy imports, connecting Mid and Southern Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands.

Comment: Frank Erkelens, CEO of LBC Tank Terminals says: ‘This acquisition is more than just a milestone; it’s a clear statement of our intent to lead the way in the energy transition. With this project and with the support of North Sea Port, we are investing in a cleaner, greener future for the Netherlands, Northwest Europe, and beyond.’

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Belgium

BAKER HUGHES LAUNCHES TECHNOLOGY FOR ONSHORE & OFFSHORE OPERATIONS

Baker Hughes has announced three new electrification technologies that will provide enhanced reliability, increased efficiency and reduced emissions for onshore and offshore operations.

The Hummingbird all-electric land cementing unit is an industry-first, 100% electric solution that replaces diesel engines with grid-connected or batterypowered motors. The Hummingbird’s dual-power functionality performs onshore cementing operations with lower emissions and noise levels compared to traditional solutions.

SureCONTROL Plus interval control valves (ICV) enable electrical remote operations for more efficient zonal control of both subsea and dry tree wells.

SureCONTROL Plus can control a higher number of zones than traditional hydraulic ICVs for enhanced production. The digital telemetry system provides continuous data, which enables improved asset performance management and proactive maintenance of downhole tools.

DNV APPROVES CRYOVAC TANKS

Norwegian firm CryoVac has received an Approval in Principle (AiP) from DNV for its vacuum insulation technology to store liquid hydrogen. Storing and transporting hydrogen typically involves cooling the substance to around -253°C so that it is in liquid form.

This extreme cold can cause steel to become brittle, potentially compromising the safety and durability of the tanks used to carry it. CryoVac has developed a liquid hydrogen containment system that uses a new type of vacuum insulation panel, called CryoPan, to create an efficient, lightweight system. The design incorporates hexagonal panels welded into continuous surfaces, offering strong insulation and reducing the evaporation of hydrogen.‘This is an important milestone for CryoVac,’ says the company’s CEO, Aage Bjørn Andersen. ‘It allows us to bring our vacuum insulation system to market and start working with shipowners and designers who want to lead the way in liquid hydrogen shipping.’

VAREL ENERGY SOLUTIONS

ACQUIRES ACE WELL TECHNOLOGY

Varel Energy Solutions has acquired Ace Well Technology (ACE), an international leader in the supply of oilfield casing, cementing and completion products.

This transaction strengthens VES’s portfolio of primary cementing equipment, many of which are uniquely patented technology, while expanding smart completions offerings supporting the offshore and premium market sectors.

Derek Nixon, president and CEO of VES says: ‘Varel Energy Solutions is extremely honoured to add the extraordinary people and impressive high-performance culture of Ace Well Technology to our organisation. We exist to become the Industry’s Maker of consumable downhole products across the oil and gas and renewable energy sector. We are excited to service our customers more broadly in the offshore and smart completions markets through the proven and credible offerings within the ACE portfolio.’

BILFINGER EXPANDS IN CZECH REPUBLIC

Bilfinger has expanded its regional engineering capabilities by integrating approximately 200 employees from McDermott’s Brno, Czech Republic, office into Bilfinger Engineering & Maintenance Central Eastern Europe (Bilfinger E&M CEE).

This strategic move will enhance Bilfinger’s expertise in plant engineering, carbon capture, green hydrogen, and sustainable aviation fuel facilities. With this integration, the company’s engineering team in the Czech Republic will grow to nearly 400 engineers, making it the largest company in this sector within the region.

Jaromir Kriz, president of Bilfinger E&M CEE, shares: ‘The Brno office has long been recognized for its high-quality plant engineering and expertise in carbon capture and hydrogen. This integration is a perfect match with Bilfinger’s strategy and expansion plans in Central Eastern Europe, strengthening our service offerings in the process industry. We look forward to welcoming the new colleagues to our team.’

TECHNIP ENERGIES & LANZATECH AWARDED FUNDING FOR CO2 TO ETHYLENE TECHNOLOGY

The US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations (OCED) has committed up to $200 million (€192 million) in federal funding and authorised the initiation of Phase 1 of Technip Energies and LanzaTech’s Project SECURE.

Arnaud Pieton, CEO at Technip Energies says: ‘We are pleased to receive the Phase 1 award from the OCED and begin the engineering design work to progress the development of this innovative technology. The global population is expected to continue to rise by 2050, bringing with it a greater demand for consumer goods that rely on ethylene.’

Jennifer Holmgren, chair and CEO of LanzaTech adds: ‘We are thrilled to reach this milestone and commence work on this important project. Ethylene is a key building block for thousands of chemicals and materials, and is often referred to as the world’s most important chemical.’

CryoVac

Varel Energy Solutions

Bilfinger

Technip Energies & LanzaTech

Baker Hughes

SQUARE ROBOT ACQUIRES C1D2 & C1D1 CERTIFICATION

Square Robot, a global leader in robotic tank inspections, has knocked down two more barriers for its onstream, robotic tank inspections.

The SR-3 submersible robot has formally received the NEC/CEC Class I Division 2 (C1D2) certification and Square Robot’s Side Launcher has received the NEC/CEC Class I Division 1 (C1D1) certification.

As part of the operating methodology for launching into floating roof tanks, often containing low flashpoint products, the Side Launcher’s C1D1 certification confirms the safe deployment and retrieval of the SR-3 robot in these environments.

‘With the C1D2 and C1D1 stamps now in hand, it opens up a new group of tank candidates available for robotic tank inspections. We’re proud to be pioneers in this industry, and continue to develop new technology based on our clients’ needs,’ says John Hazel, VP operations & chief inspector.

MFE INSPECTION SOLUTIONS LAUNCHES THE DETECT LW

MFE Inspection Solutions has launched the Detect LW, the first ever long-wave, uncooled OGI camera that meets the EPA’s 40 CFR part 60 Appendix K requirements as part of OOOOa, b and c.

‘The Detect LW marks a big step forward for OGI imaging,’ says Dylan Duke, CEO of MFE Inspection Solutions. ‘We made this camera to support Oil and Gas operations working to follow the EPA’s strict standards, so they can have a reliable, compliant, cost-effective solution they can use in the field for detecting methane.’

The Detect LW is a compact, lightweight camera made for methane detection that comes with onboard electronics and software architecture similar to the proven Ventus OGI system. It has an ‘instant-on’ capability for quick deployment and an uncooled, high responsivity focal plane array detector that offers high-resolution 640 x 480 VGA imagery.

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A FRESH START

A year after Infracapital took on the former Vopak

site,

Tank Storage Magazine speaks exclusively to Peter van ’t Hoff and Sebastian Margry from Liquin about the Botlek terminal, and what visitors to StocExpo can expect to see on the tour

BASED IN the Port of Rotterdam, Netherlands, Liquin Terminal Botlek has a rich history as a storage terminal. The facility was founded in 1954 by Nieuwe Matex, which later changed its name to Van Ommeren Tank Terminal, and subsequently became Vopak Terminal Botlek In 1999, after the merger with Pakhoed.

On 1 December 2023, the name changed again after Vopak divested the terminal, and Liquin was born. Overall, Liquin is made up of three terminals in the Port of Rotterdam, all now owned by Infracapital, a London-based investment company.

‘From an organisational perspective, after the divestment of Vopak, becoming an independent tank storage company with a fresh and new identity has been a huge change and challenge for Liquin,’ says Peter van ‘t Hoff, senior sales manager at Liquin. ‘But cutting the Vopak umbilical cord, as it were, has enabled us to be a more agile business unit – and we hope our customers see this reflected in the way we work together.’

A NEW ERA

The name Liquin comes from liquid and industry. ‘When it came to rebranding, the marketing approach was actually

really fun,’ says Sebastian Margry, sales officer at Liquin. ‘We asked for employee input and together with an external party we collectively came up with a name and logo that best represents us.’ The three circles in the Liquin logo represent the three key Rotterdam terminals – Botlek, Chemiehaven and TTR.

‘Botlek is our bulk terminal, with the main activity being storage of bulk products like methanol, styrene, (bio) ethanal and other biofuels,’ continues Margry. ‘Products come in by vessel and mostly go out by barge – though we do also have rail and road infrastructure here, too.’ In contrast, Chemiehaven is the industrial terminal, with mostly pipeline connections to surrounding facilities and customers. Its strategic location enables this much more easily. Finally, TTR is touted the distribution terminal, focusing mainly on specialty chemicals. ‘Everything that comes in to that terminal tends to leave by truck or rail,’ says Margry.

And so it’s no surprise that Liquin’s Botlek terminal was the chosen facility for StocExpo’s tour for 2025. Van ‘t Hoff explains: ‘It’s the biggest facility, so there’s more to see.’ With over 880,000 m³, nearly 180 tanks across 20 tank pits and 15 jetties, attendees to StocExpo that

are lucky enough to have a slot on the terminal tour will be treated to Liquin’s state-of-the-art tank constructions, and various jetties. ‘There’s always something happening, and hopefully, we’ll see some large vessels on the day to give visitors a real sense of the scale of our tanks and ships,’ says van ‘t Hoff.

PRESERVING, UPGRADING & EXPANDING

Liquin’s main focus for the future is to ensure the terminal’s infrastructure is still fit for purpose and up to the highest standards. With 180 tanks holding 882,683 m³ of liquid product, it’s a challenging job. ‘Over the last 20 years, our biofuel portfolio has grown immensely,’ says van ‘t Hoff. ‘Botlek stores a lot of biofuels, like ethanol, biodiesel, SAF and HVO. as well as chemicals such as methanol, styrene, plasticisers and aromatics.’ In order to best handle these products, Liquin Terminal Botlek started clustering products together in dedicated tankpits. This also helps minimise the risk of contamination, and prevents unnecessary cleaning of lines and pumps.

Van ‘t Hoff highlights a 2021 tank building project as a key point in the terminal’s

‘Cutting the Vopak umbilical cord, as it were, has enabled us to be a more agile business unit – and we hope our customers seen this reflected in the way we work together.’

growth. ‘The project at tank pit 12 involved the commissioning of 15 stainless steel and insulated tanks, storing 64,395 m³ of styrene,’ he says. ‘This has positioned us as the styrene hub of Rotterdam.’ And this kind of innovation is exactly what sets this terminal apart in the busy Rotterdam hub.

‘This state-of-the-art stainless steel styrene tank pit significantly reduces the risk of polymerisation,’ explains van ‘t Hoff. ‘Older mild steel tanks are fine, but the new stainless steel insulated tanks at tank pit 12 keep the product cool, so the chance of polymerisation is reduced to virtually zero.’

‘Of course, the tanks are also built to the latest safety and environmental regulations and rules, so it’s really a completely different kind of tank pit than we had 20-60 years ago,’ adds Margry.

Even down to the solid concrete foundations; the tanks are taller because the groundwork can support heavier assets, which means the terminal can store larger volumes of product in a smaller area. ‘We’ve kept those older tanks up to date over the years,’ says Margry. ‘But there’s a big difference in even just the technology you can attach to the new tank vs the older ones – you’ll see it if you join us on the tour.’

An additional challenge that Liquin has is that the three terminals were all previously owned by different companies – so the tanks and surrounding infrastructure were built and maintained to a specific (but sometimes different) standard. ‘However, we’ve modified the terminals to bring harmony and synergies, but as each one has its own specialty and quirks, it’s actually an opportunity for the different terminals to learn from each other and adopt new ways of working,’ explains van ‘t Hoff.

FINDING OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MARKET

‘We are continuously looking for organic growth, higher throughput and to improve our service by upgrading our infrastructure,’ says van ‘t Hoff. ‘Safety, sustainability and DEI are a big focus for us, as we want to improve our

own ways of working in order to be the preferred solution provider within our customers’ supply chain, and as such being the ‘partner of choice’.’ A big part of this is ensuring the terminal is ready to handle new energies, such as biofuels and recycled chemicals. Furthermore, Liquin Terminal Botlek has room to expand – by building new tank pits on top of already-decommissioned assets. ‘We still have landbanks open so we have the opportunity to expand our storage and distribution capacity, and we are working hard to develop new opportunities,’ says van ‘t Hoff.

One element of this type of investment is into digital tools that can increase efficiency and safety on site. Liquin is transitioning to a new, state-of-the-art, terminal management system (TMS), covering all steps from contract through order execution and invoicing. ‘The new TMS will bring significant enhancement to our operations having also many benefits for our customers, including real-time visibility into product status and daily activities, enhanced accuracy and safety supporting a ‘first-time-right’ approach,’ says Margry.

On the other side of the coin, Liquin is keen to make its own facilities as sustainable as possible, installing new regenerative thermal oxidiser (RTO) to burn away potentially harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and incorporating more internal floating roofs to keep emissions as low as possible. ‘We’re really investing now so that we can be prepared for the greener future,’ says Margry. Having already reached its 2030 target of reducing CO 2 emissions by 42%, Liquin is even more motivated to find new possibilities to contribute to a more sustainable future. Margry highlights 2022 as a key moment in Liquin’s sustainability journey: ‘We introduced our so-called ‘Energy Control Room’, where we continuously explore new ways to optimise and reduce energy use and drive sustainability. And it’s clearly making a difference.’

For more information:

Subject to availability, attendees to StocExpo will be able to visit Liquin Terminal Botlek on 10 March in Rotterdam. Register now and contact the StocExpo team to reserve your place.

www.stocexpo.com

www.liquin.com

www.linkedin.com/company/liquin

01 Liquin Terminal Botlek

02 Sebastian Margey (left) and Peter van’t Hoff (right)

AGEO’S PRIZE-WINNING PROJECT: SMART, SAFE & INNOVATIVE

Engineering project manager at AGEO Terminals, Gian Cevales, explains how the company’s Pier AGEO-SP expansion project took home gold at the 2024 Global Tank Storage Awards

FOUNDED IN 2000, AGEO Terminals stands out for its extensive service infrastructure. The company took advantage of an opportunity created by the Brazilian government, through the Lease and Partnership Program at the Port of Santos. It acquired its first area for the storage of liquid bulk cargo on Barnabé Island, located on the left bank of the Organised Port of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.

A year later, in 2001, the company won another bid for a neighbouring area, consolidating its facilities in a strategic location within the largest port in the Southern Hemisphere. The port’s island location means that it does not have geographic limitations, that other ports based further inland might have.

By 2008, AGEO Terminals had become a leader in the movement of liquid bulk at the Port of Santos.

In its ongoing quest to expand operations and provide port solutions to the market and its clients, AGEO Terminals, through Brazil’s Federal Government’s Investment Partnership Program, participated in another leasing opportunity in 2018. AGEO won the bid for a new terminal for liquid bulk handling and storage, adding a third facility on Barnabé Island, which started operations in September 2019.

Today, AGEO Terminals has 272 storage tanks, with a total installed capacity of 520,000 m³, making it the largest liquid bulk terminal at the Port of Santos. AGEO Terminals is also the only liquid bulk operators at the port with a private pier

(with a draft of up to 15 m) and licensed areas for future expansions. And the company’s rate of growth has no signs of slowing down.

INCREASING CAPACITY

At the 2024 Global Tank Storage Awards, AGEO took home gold for its Pier AGEOSP project. This project involved the construction of a fourth berth at the Barnabe Island, to meet demand for increased capacity and better safety. Measuring 232m long, by 24m wide, the platform is supported by over 250 foundation piles. The project boasts several unique features that enhance its operational efficiency and safety.

‘Winning the Project of the Year award is a testament to the unwavering commitment of our engineers, partners, suppliers, and the entire AGEO family, to providing modern port solutions that deliver top-tier performance and ensure client satisfaction.’

‘The new pier is a feat of engineering,’ says project manager, Gian Cevales. ‘It uses cutting-edge technology, such as a mooring system with quick-release hooks, emergency shut-off valves, continuous pressure monitoring, and breakaway valves to ensure spill-free operations. It incorporates more than 300 tonnes of steel in its metal structures and over 8,000 metres of pipelines, showcasing a robust and durable construction.’

One of the pier’s unique features includes an advanced mooring system. This is equipped with 11 quick release hooks, each with a 100-tonne capacity. This allows for fast and easy release of mooring lines, even under full load conditions, improving the efficiency of ship docking and departure. Additionally, each hook is fitted with a winder to ease the work of the crew.

A SAFE DESIGN

In addition to the state-of-the-art technical features, safety has remained a key aspect of the project.

The pier includes several safety systems, such as emergency shut-off valves that can be activated on-site from a safe distance or remotely from the control room. The emergency disconnect system (breakaway valves) ensures safe liquid transfer by allowing hoses to safely disconnect in case of emergencies, preventing spills and accidents.

This critical safety feature was noted by judge Marjolein Pordon, business data analyst at Engie Energie: ‘The emergency shut-off and constant monitoring are very important when automating processes that can have big risks if something goes wrong that is not monitored.’

The pier is also equipped with a modern firefighting system, including two fixed water and foam cannons, which can be activated manually or remotely. The leak detection system, with level sensors and a dedicated supervisory system, helps distinguish between simple rainwater and product leaks, ensuring prompt and accurate response to potential risks.

‘Brazil is not known to be as technical as the likes of Europe,’ notes Cevales. ‘But with this project, we have been able to use all the latest technology, and showcase our ability.’ He explains that the pipelines have been built using stainless steel, and contain automatic valves inside. If trouble does occur, then the team can open and close these remotely; a much safer choice.

In addition to the safer automatic valve option, the project also includes firefighting techniques. Cevales notes: ‘If a fire happens in the vessel or in our operational area, we can to put the fire out with the foam of or with the water, from 100 metres away.’

WHAT’S NEXT?

The island location means that the project has had a lot of terrain to advance onto. Cevales says: ‘We have already licenced two new tank farms, which will mean we have 22 new tanks, approximately 125 m³. We also have the railway system project, which is around 5 km long, and includes a long platform to load and unload rail tanks.’ Cevales continues: ‘AGEO is also growing and operating a grain terminal in the northern region of Santos. But nearby, we are building a new liquid terminal. As we continue to develop, we aim to build more tanks, develop the railway, the new Santorini terminal, and the new terminals in the northern region.’

THE WIN

‘Winning the Project of the Year award is a testament to the unwavering commitment of our engineers, partners, suppliers, and the entire AGEO family, to providing modern port solutions that deliver top-tier performance and ensure client satisfaction,’ says Cevales. ‘We are very proud of the win. It has enabled us to show the world our family company, and to showcase our project with the industry, whilst demonstrating our interest in technology. It also highlights our attitudes towards safety at the company.’

Looking to the company’s future, Cevales adds that there are many more plans on the horizon. ‘Beyond the Port of Santos, we are exploring strategic opportunities in new geographic areas and have begun construction in the northern region, where we are implementing two river terminals,’ he explains. ‘This move aligns with our expansion plan and enhances our service offering to meet growing national demand. Additionally, we have other projects under development, including the Santorini Terminal, a private infrastructure investment at the Port of Santos, designed to provide customised and efficient logistics solutions for our clients.’

For more information:

www.ageoterminais.com www.tankstorageawards.com

01 The AGEO-SP Project in Port of Santos, Brazil

02 Gian Cevales (middle) receiving his trophy at the Global Tank Storage Awards 2024

LONGEVITY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

As VTTI celebrates 10 years of operations at its terminal in Cyprus, managing director, and vice president for the Mediterranean region, Thanos Patrikis, looks back at some of the highlights from the last decade

A CORE PART of VTTI’s network is its terminal in Cyprus, also known as VTTV. Located in the Eastern Mediterranean, VTTV is the first and one of the largest energy storage and distribution terminals in Cyprus’ Vasiliko region. The initial private investment from VTTI to start up the terminal was nearly €300 million, the largest foreign direct investment in Cyprus’ energy sector and one of the largest investments ever made on the island.

The terminal didn’t receive any state backing, so VTTI needed to invest heavily in the facility; one of the biggest challenges to the terminal’s existence. But this is also the terminal’s biggest achievement of the last decade.

‘The company proceeded with the investment, and today the terminal has 28 storage tanks with a total capacity of 545,000 m³ for fuel storage, as well as its own 1.5 km-long jetty in the sea, with four berths for tankers ranging in capacity from 5,000 to 160,000 tonnes deadweight,’ says Thanos Patrikis, VTTV’s managing director.

When VTTI started the large-scale project, the marine infrastructure was minimal. Now, 10 years later, the terminal is not only a storage facility, but also a key link in the regional energy supply chain. It features deep-water access, and road tanker loading facilities, as well as pipelines enabling the terminal to cater

to a range of customers. This variety of transport modes ensures that VTTV can give customers quick turnaround times, while access to the company’s private jetty, allows customers to take full advantage of market opportunities in a global energy landscape.

‘Over the past 10 years, we’ve invested in upgrading the terminal’s infrastructure to meet market needs. We have invested in technology and cybersecurity, while also implementing cutting-edge safety, health, and environmental practices,’ explains Patrikis. ‘From the beginning, we faced various challenges: changes in international fuel specifications, geopolitical difficulties, instability in global oil markets, challenges due to the isolated nature of the Cypriot market and the negative impact of shipping rates on our economic model, and many more. However, as is often the case, challenges can turn into opportunities. Through hard work, equipment upgrades, and the right business decisions, we succeeded in turning this business idea into a reality.’

VTTV terminal stores clean petroleum products (CPP) and biofuels. Patrikis clarifies: ‘More specifically, we store gasoline and gasoline components, and middle distillates like diesel, gasoil 0.1, jet A-1 and kerosene. In the past few years, we started storing more sustainable fuels like FAME (biodiesel), HVO (hydrotreated vegetable oil) and ethanol.’ This supports

the terminal’s future expansion goals, which include advancing into the storage of biofuels, potentially the storage of e-methanol produced via carbon capture from neighbouring industrial facilities and processing with green hydrogen, and other areas of production and storage of green fuels coming from organic waste. ‘As the terminal continues to develop, we would also like to explore the storage of SAF (sustainable aviation fuel) in the near future, as it is mandated to be blended into jet A-1 in Europe,’ adds Patrikis.

CONTINUOUS INVESTMENT

Patrikis notes that a big change over the last 10 years has been investment to turn the terminal from a middle distillates terminal, to more of a gasoline trading facility. ‘Some of the major changes over the last decade have included upgrading the terminal to cater for not only storage and blending of middle distillates, but also to be able to store, blend and handle gasoline and gasoline components and biofuels. In addition, we have upgraded our customer portfolio, which now includes customers for strategic stocks, domestic retail oil companies, and international oil traders. This has led to operations becoming more complex,’ he says. ‘We now have to manage multiple customers, with multiple products, optimising the utilisation of our assets.’

On top of this, VTTV is comitted to ensuring safety on site with continuous investment to upgrade the firefighting system, ensuring it is up to date with the strictest standards in fire safety and environmental protection.

SUCCESS FOR SUSTAINABILITY

The terminal’s sustainability goals are geared to minimising environmental impact, improving operational efficiency, and ensuring regulatory compliance.

Energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction are critical goals that involve lowering energy consumption, enhancing operational efficiency, and shifting towards renewable energy sources. This can be achieved by integrating energy-efficient technologies, such as LED lighting and high-efficiency pumps, utilising solar panels to power operations, and upgrading equipment to minimise energy losses during storage. Additionally, ensuring waste reduction and preventing pollution is key. This includes bolstering recycling efforts, employing technologies for leak detection and prevention, and consistently monitoring air and water quality to ensure environmental safety.

Patrikis explains that risk management is also crucial, with an emphasis on

‘Through hard work, equipment upgrades, and the right business decisions, we have succeeded together in turning this business idea into a reality.’

improving the safety of operations to protect workers, the environment, and nearby communities. ‘This is accomplished through investments in modern safety systems like automated leak detection and early warning systems, regular training for employees on emergency response and spill containment procedures, enhancing hazard assessment and risk management practices, installing fire suppression systems, and conducting frequent drills,’ he notes.

Community engagement and social responsibility are key in promoting environmental stewardship and improving the well-being of local communities. Patrikis adds: ‘This involves working in partnership with local stakeholders, supporting local environmental initiatives, and contributing to educational programmes. Emissions management and adherence to regulations are about ensuring compliance with environmental regulations at local, national, and international levels while also working to reduce harmful emissions.’

Adoption of new technologies is an ongoing process, as VTTV seeks to enhance sustainability. This includes the terminal investing in automation and AI solutions for better monitoring and optimisation of resource use, as well as implementing predictive maintenance systems to decrease downtime and extend the life of equipment.

Finally, monitoring, reporting, and transparency are about setting

up systems to track sustainability performance and enhance transparency, ensuring that all stakeholders are informed about the company’s environmental impact and efforts to mitigate it. Patrikis adds: ‘By pursuing these sustainability goals, our oil storage terminal can reduce its environmental footprint and improve operational resilience.’

EVOLVING FOR THE FUTURE

Expansion plans for the terminal involve the inclusion of biofuels. ‘Biofuels require much smaller tanks,’ explains Patrikis. ‘We currently have tanks ranging in size, between 10,000 to 40,000 m³. Biofuel feedstocks, typically need tanks of 1,000 to 5,000 m³, which are much smaller. We are exploring opportunties to build smaller tanks and pipelines, to connect the tanks with the jetty, to be able to receive, discharge and load bio-products.’

Today, VTTV uses digital tools to enhance its operational efficency. ‘The terminal uses data analytics platforms to analyse data from sensors and other sources to identify inefficiencies, predict maintenance needs, and enhance operational performance. It also uses monitoring capabilities, so operators can access terminal operations from off-site locations,’ comments Patrikis. In addition, VTTV is harnessing machine learning and AI algorithms to predict when equipment will require maintenance or replacement based on historical data and real-time performance.

Looking towards the next 10 years, Patrikis says: ‘We will continue to innovate, investing in new technologies to upgrade and maintain our facilities, reduce our environmental footprint, and enhance the safety of our operations. More specifically in Cyprus, we are constantly exploring various investment opportunities locally in the areas of transitional and green fuels, such as LNG, biofuels, organic waste processing, and the circular economy, among others. We are willing to invest in the right opportunities to grow and also to help Cyprus achieve its energy transition goals.’ For

IT RUNS IN THE FAMILY

LBC Tank Terminals’ sales manager Anne Been shares how her father’s maritime career influenced her story in the tank storage and chemical industry

AFTER GRADUATING, Anne Been was looking for a career that was as dynamic as it was international. ‘My dad worked in the maritime industry for almost his whole career and encouraged me to go for the role at LBC Tank Terminals Rotterdam,’ she explains.

Now working for LBC as a sales manager, Been’s role centres on both strengthening relationships with existing customers and identifying new opportunities to expand LBC’s client base. ‘This dual approach is crucial not only for maintaining customer satisfaction but also for driving sustainable growth and expanding our market footprint,’ says Been. ‘What is very exciting about working for LBC is that the company is investing in growth projects which creates an interesting work field where there is always something new to learn.’

HAVING AN IMPACT

‘What motivates me is that the chemical industry is a critical pillar of the economy, with the raw materials produced by our customers forming the foundation of nearly every product we use daily,’ says Been. ‘This makes the market both highly relevant and engaging, as the impact of our work is felt across a wide range of industries and everyday life.’

And the market is ever-changing. With LBC Rotterdam’s upcoming increase in capacity set for 2026, Been is proactively conducting in-depth market research to understand current and future industry dynamics. ‘Staying ahead of these shifts enables us to adapt our sales strategies and position ourselves to capitalise on emerging opportunities, ensuring that we remain competitive and agile in an evolving marketplace,’ she explains.

This means that Been has relationships with plenty of clients abroad – as well as domestically. ‘At LBC, my role is particularly dynamic as it offers the unique opportunity to engage with a wide range of chemical industry players, giving me a comprehensive understanding of their logistics operations,’ she says. ‘I’m excited about the opportunity to contribute to strategic initiatives aimed at optimising our services. Contributing to operational excellence, continuous improvement, and collaborating with a talented, diverse team is what makes my work both rewarding and impactful.’

In Been’s opinion, the tank storage industry offers a dynamic and rewarding career path with numerous opportunities for growth and development. The industry is evolving, and there is an increasing focus on important themes such as innovation, operational excellence, sustainability and the energy transition, providing ample opportunities for individuals to make a meaningful impact. ‘Women, like anyone else, can bring valuable insights and contribute significantly to the industry’s continued success,’ she says.

FINDING INSPIRATION

As well as being influenced by her father’s maritime career, Been has been inspired by women who have founded successful businesses and those who hold senior management positions. ‘Their journeys, resilience, and achievements serve as powerful examples, fuelling my own ambitions and aspirations. Their stories motivate me to strive for greater heights in my own career,’ she says. ‘My career goal is to become a pioneering leader in the chemical industry who fosters a culture of inclusivity and sustainability. I hope to be able to influence key strategic decisions and mentor the next generation of female leaders.’

Sustainability is another important cornerstone to Been. ‘I take great pride in working for a company that places a

strong emphasis on sustainability,’ she says. ‘In 2023, we had the opportunity to collaborate with a customer on the storage of pyrolysis oil, a product that presented both unique challenges and opportunities for innovation. As a team, we needed to be able to adapt and show entrepreneurial thinking to ensure we could accommodate the product. By combining our expertise, we were able to successfully secure storage at the terminal, which was an essential step in establishing the new supply chain. Achieving this with such a collaborative team was incredibly rewarding.’

UPLIFTING WOMEN

While Been recognises that discrimination is a reality for many people, regardless of gender, she prefers to focus on the positive progress she has seen. ‘While the societal differences between men and women are deeply ingrained, I do see signs of change and see there is still significant room for improvement,’ she says. ‘The ultimate goal is to reach a point where gender differences are no longer a point of focus, and individuals are evaluated purely based on their skills and contributions.’

It takes collective effort, though – from individuals and from the organisations and leadership within those. LBC, in particular, believes that diversity is crucial for driving innovation and improving

decision-making. ‘By embracing a range of viewpoints, we create an environment where everyone feels empowered to contribute their unique ideas and expertise,’ explains Been. ‘This commitment to inclusivity is central to our success, and I am proud to be part of a company that actively works to ensure all voices are heard and valued.’

She asserts that women shouldn’t have to change to fit into these male-dominated spaces. ‘It is important to stay true to yourself and embrace your authenticity. Bringing your unique perspective and approach to the table makes you stand out and adds value to your team and organisation,’ she says.

‘I am optimistic that, as we continue to challenge outdated norms and advocate for equality, we will create environments where all individuals, regardless of gender, can thrive without the need for distinction. It’s this kind of shift in mindset that will lead to more sustainable change in the long term.’

INCLUSIVITY AS AN OPPORTUNITY

One way to make the tank storage industry more inclusive would be to retain the women that already work there. As a mother to a three-year-old son, Been knows that the balance between home life

and a demanding job is crucial. ‘Offering flexibility in work hours or schedules is important, as it enables a better balance between professional and personal lives, especially for young parents,’ she says. ‘These steps not only support work-life balance but also create more opportunities for employees to advance and grow in their careers.’

Pay disparity is another key factor. ‘Addressing gender pay gaps and maintaining transparency in compensation structures reflects a company’s commitment to fairness and equality,’ Been says.

A NEW GENERATION

The tank storage sector has evolved hugely over the last few years and Been feels confident that it will only improve in terms of safety, automation, innovation and sustainability in the next 20 years. ‘The focus on environmental responsibility and sustainability will drive the development of eco-friendly solutions, leading to more efficient and cleaner storage operations but also to a more sustainable product portfolio,’ she says.

This focus on new energies will be key to bringing in the next generation of terminal workers. For young women, this

represents huge opportunity. ‘I would encourage young women to join the tank storage industry by highlighting the exciting opportunities for professional development and the chance to work on groundbreaking projects. I would also emphasise the supportive networks available, which can help them navigate their careers and achieve their goals,’ says Been. ‘The industry, and LBC in particular, is filled with passionate and knowledgeable professionals who are committed to driving positive change, making it an inspiring and rewarding field to be part of.’

For more information:

Meet the LBC Tank Terminals team at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. www.stocexpo.com www.lbctt.com

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FUELLING SUCCESS

Carin van Straten-Lagerberg, senior sales manager at Vopak Netherlands, shares her passion for supporting a sustainable future in tank storage

AFTER WORKING within commercial trading operations at Shell for almost 16 years, Carin van Straten-Lagerberg decided it was time for a change. ‘I was on the customer side for a long time, and I wanted to explore the commercial side from a service providing angle instead,’ she recalls. ‘Vopak is an esteemed company, and one of the largest independent storage providers. Famous for its tanks, infrastructure, complex operations and large amount of customers, I was excited to embark on this next chapter in my career.’

In her day-to-day as a senior sales manager at Vopak, van StratenLagerberg is commercially responsible for all the fuel oil stored at Vopak’s Europoort terminal in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Her role focuses on investigating market analysis, as well as nurturing her close alignment with internal stakeholders to drive growth and efficiency for the customers and the company. ‘I work closely with our business development managers for new energies, as well as our customers. I closely support our business development team, and translate the wishes and needs of my customers towards the internal organisation. I also ensure I oversee the execution of those wishes, whilst maintaining the strong relationships,’ says van StratenLagerberg.

‘At Vopak Europoort, we have a total capacity of 4 million m³, making us one of the largest terminals in Europe,’ she continues. ‘No two days are the same at Vopak. I usually spend two days a week at the headquarters in Rotterdam, and

then two days at the Europoort terminal, as well as occasionally working from home.’ The versatility of each day is a key highlight for van Straten-Lagerberg, and a reason why she encourages the younger generation towards the industry. ‘Everyone has such great passion for the industry. Whether that is the terminal base, the sales offerings we have, or the teams around us, there is such a great energy. This is also one of the reasons I would recommend that women join the tank storage industry – we all want to respect and support each other. At Vopak, we want to be an employer that is supporting everyone to feel safe, and respected. I believe on a wider note, the whole industry is changing.’

AN INCLUSIVE WORKPLACE

Vopak is committed to creating a diverse and inclusive work space. Van StratenLagerberg notes that this is reflected in its business unit in the Netherlands, where both the business development team, the commercial team and the Europoort terminal are led by women. In addition to these women-led teams at Vopak Europoort, by HY1 2024, 20% of senior management positions at Vopak were held by women, with an achievable goal to reach 25% in 2025. ‘My choice to work for Vopak was driven by the diversity and support that the company offer for women in their careers. It’s a modern way of working, so I hope that many other companies do this too.’ she says.

Originally from Sweden, van StratenLagerberg also has family in Norway

and the Netherlands. ‘Even though the industry can be demanding at times I love the work-life balance that Vopak provides. The work locations are flexible too, which I really appreciate. Vopak ensures you are able to combine work and parenting in a way that suits your personal situation. Not only for mothers, but also for fathers, who have just an important role in raising their children.’

Van Straten-Lagerberg notes that sustainability is a big part of Vopak’s mission, something that she too shares a passion with. ‘It’s exciting to be part of the energy transition, to help the world flow forward. Additionally, when you have children, it comes naturally to want to support the future generations for a healthier planet. It ties in with Vopak’s beliefs – helping the world flow forward.’

FOCUSING ON THE SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

Looking towards a more sustainable future within the industry, van StratenLagerberg, like many of us, wishes she had a crystal ball. ‘It is exciting to be part of the energy transition,’ she says. ‘At Vopak, it is our ambition to fulfil the roles in the market, ensuring close collaboration with our customers.’ While attitudes towards such change in the industry might have been different a few years ago, van Straten-Lagerberg

explains that Vopak aims to remain in the in the forefront of these changes.

‘The approaching transformations in the industry means that infrastructure is crucial, and the Vopak Europoort terminal is in a key strategic location within the industrial cluster of the ARA region for this. In the coming years, we have options, to take decisions, and to use tanks that have reached their end of service life, and potentially repurpose them in the direction of cleaner fuels. We are currently exploring sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), biofuels and green

FILL UP ON INDUSTRY NEWS

‘Everyone has such great passion for the industry. Whether that is the terminal base, the sales offerings we have, or the teams around us, there is such a great energy.’

methanol for the maritime industry. Not everything will happen at the same time, and transformation takes time. As a service provider, we are not the owner of the product, but we want to support our customers with their challenges and needs, with excellent service, no matter what the product is, or what changes are underway.’

For more information: www.vopak.com

01 Europoort terminal, Rotterdam, Netherlands

02 Carin van Straten-Lagerberg, senior sales manager at Vopak Netherlands

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CBAM

With over 20 years of leadership in environmental markets, Redshaw Advisors provides expert guidance on navigating the CBAM framework effectively

THE

CARBON Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) introduces new challenges for a range of companies, including liquid storage terminals, tank operators, and managers handling carbon-intensive goods such as oil, LNG, and other liquid commodities. While CBAM primarily targets industries like iron, steel, aluminium, and fertilisers, its ripple effects on storage facilities, ports, and supply chains cannot be overlooked. This evolution requires market players to adapt strategically to new market dynamics and regulatory challenges.

INTRODUCTION TO CBAM

The EU CBAM aims to combat carbon leakage – whereby companies relocate production to countries with less stringent carbon regulations – and to safeguard EU industries from being undercut by cheaper, potentially more carbon-intensive imports, due to the high carbon costs imposed by the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). CBAM also represents a cornerstone of the EU’s broader climate strategy, particularly its ‘Fit for 55’ initiative, a plan for a 55% reduction in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 2030.

To prevent carbon leakage, CBAM places a carbon price on goods from certain sectors imported into the EU. With the

goal of ensuring a level playing field, CBAM will align the carbon costs borne by importers with those incurred by European producers under the EU ETS. The EU ETS, established in 2005, is a cap-and-trade mechanism that sets a decreasing annual limit on CO 2 emissions from various carbonintensive sectors. This cap is regulated through emission allowances (EUAs), each permitting 1 tonne of CO 2 emission. CBAM covered sectors include power, iron and steel, cement, fertiliser, hydrogen and aluminium.

COMPLYING WITH CBAM

Importers of CBAM covered goods are required to monitor and report the emissions of their regulated imports to the European Commission. During the transitional period, from 1 October 2023 to 31 December 2025, reporting declarants must submit quarterly reports detailing the embedded emissions of their imported goods. These reports are due no later than one month after the end of each quarter. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations during the transitional phase can result in penalties ranging from €10 to €50 per tonne of unreported emissions, depending on the EU Member State in which the business operates.

From 2026 onwards, reporting will shift to an annual basis and the purchase of CBAM certificates will be made mandatory. While surrendering obligations will be annual, with the first deadline for CBAM certificate submission set for 31 May 2027, the Authorised Declarant must maintain CBAM certificates in their registry account to cover 80% of the embedded emissions from imports at the end of each quarter. It is critical for companies to adhere to these reporting requirements to avoid financial penalties and ensure compliance with CBAM regulations. Failure to comply with surrendering obligations during the definitive period can result in a penalty of €100 per tonne of non-retired emissions, in addition to purchasing the CBAM certificates for unreported emissions.

POTENTIAL IMPACT ON LIQUID STORAGE TERMINALS AND PORTS

Terminal operators will face significant challenges due to stricter emissions documentation and compliance requirements. The CBAM mandates stringent reporting requirements for imported goods, which may necessitate upgrades to data collection and reporting systems at storage terminals. These upgrades will likely involve investments in digital monitoring tools, automation

technologies, and staff training to ensure compliance and minimise the risk of penalties. In addition to compliance, CBAM is expected to impact trade flows, prompting increased imports from countries with stringent carbon prices in place or lower-emission production processes. Storage facilities and ports must be prepared to handle changes in trade volumes, cargo origins, and shipment profiles. Flexibility and responsiveness to these changes will be paramount for maintaining operational efficiency.

Administrative complexity and cost implications will also present challenges. CBAM introduces additional documentation and verification obligations, increasing the operational burden on terminal managers. Additionally, shipping and trading firms are likely to pass down CBAM-related expenses, potentially affecting storage fees, lease agreements, and financial planning within terminals. Critically, storage facilities may also incur new costs related to the purchase of CBAM certificates and ongoing reporting requirements.

UNDERSTANDING CBAM CERTIFICATES

When the definitive phase of CBAM takes effect in 2026, EU importers will be required to purchase CBAM certificates in proportion to the emissions of their imported goods covered under CBAM. These CBAM certificates equate to the carbon price that would have been paid if the goods had been produced under the EU’s carbon pricing rules. However, if a non-EU producer has already paid a carbon price in a third country on the embedded emissions for the production of the imported goods, they could qualify for deductions from their CBAM obligations. To develop an effective understanding of the costs of CBAM certificates, both now and in the future, it is crucial to be familiar with European Union Allowances (EUAs), the ‘currency’ of the EU ETS. EUAs are digital certificates held in secure registries and are used by EU producers to comply with the EU ETS. It operates as a marketbased mechanism, with prices fluctuating like any other commodity based on various market drivers. The allowances have no validity limits, vintages, storage limits or storage costs and can be traded from anywhere in the world, by any person, or company. Since the price of CBAM certificates is determined by the weekly average auction price of EUAs, the financial exposure an importer to the EU faces under CBAM is directly correlated with EUA price movements.

However, there are many restrictions on the use of CBAM certificates (for example they cannot be traded between companies) that make managing CBAM

financial risks complex. Fortunately, there are risk management solutions available to address these problems. Since CBAM and ETS carry shared costs, strategic planning can be used to hedge CBAM associated costs.

THE EUA: A TOOL TO HEDGE CBAM EXPOSURE

Using EUAs, companies exposed to the EU CBAM have a viable option for hedging and managing their risk. The liquidity of the EUA market ensures low transaction costs when buying or selling which, in addition to the above, makes EUAs efficient tools for CBAM risk management. Many firms are already implementing CBAM hedging strategies via EUAs to mitigate their risk. In order to manage financial risk, companies must first identify and assess their exposure to costs associated with CBAM. Depending on their level of exposure, firms may wish to hedge their CBAM exposure by using EUAs. Finally, companies must continue to monitor their exposure and the performance of the hedge, making adjustments as needed to ensure the hedge strategy remains effective over time.

EARLY PLANNING IS VITAL

Overall, it is essential companies make the most of the transitional period which runs until December 2025. Under the transition period, carbon emissions will have to be measured and reported, but there will be no financial liabilities. This time must be used to fully understand the technicalities and financial risks of CBAM. Alongside that, supplier

engagement is essential, as embedded emissions from select precursor goods are also accounted for under CBAM. To mitigate these risks, storage terminal operators should proactively engage with supply chain partners to assess the carbon footprint of the goods they handle. Investing in emissions tracking technologies and integrating CBAM compliance measures into existing management systems will be crucial. Staying informed about regulatory developments and industry best practices will help terminal managers navigate these changes while maintaining competitiveness in an evolving market. Overall, early planning is vital in managing CBAM-related financial risks. Hedging CBAM costs effectively can provide a competitive advantage as well as ensure cost stability and enhanced profits.

For more information: www.redshawadvisors.com

SUSTAINABILITY & CHALLENGES

Genoveva Climent, Port Tarragona’s commercial & business development director shares stories from three bulk liquid storage companies operating in this Spanish energy hub

SUSTAINABILITY and challenge are two words that go hand in hand; even more so in these uncertain times in which we are living. Sustainability has become a key concept in our day-to-day lives, and the strategies and projects that are currently being defined revolve around this principle. Nevertheless, it is not an easy road; quite the opposite in fact. Implementing sustainability in port operations and the industrial sector in general involves confronting a series of challenges that call for innovative solutions adapted to the circumstances of each company. One of the Port of Tarragona’s key objectives is to understand these challenges in depth and position itself as a collaborating partner to help its customers overcome them or minimise their impact.

TEPSA IBERIA: SMALL CHANGES, MAJOR IMPACTS

Tepsa Iberia is one of the companies that has implemented sustainability projects in the last year which, although small in size, are replete with challenges and lessons for the future. In its Port of Tarragona terminal, the company has implemented two improvements aimed at reducing the carbon footprint of its facilities. It has installed the second phase of solar panels to produce its own electricity, and has also changed the boilers used to heat the product storage tanks.

Consuming renewable energy is one of the first solutions most organisations tend to implement as an initial decarbonisation strategy. For some years now, they have begun to take advantage of roofs and other horizontal surfaces to install solar panels. However, these surfaces are limited, especially in terminals or facilities used for the storage of liquids. This was precisely one of the challenges faced by Tepsa, which the company solved by using vertical surfaces with a high solar radiation impact. The second phase of the project, installed in 2024, has a production capacity of more than 100 kWp that will allow the generation of more than 20% of the facility’s total consumption.

Attempting to replace the fuel used in different facilities is also part of initial decarbonisation strategies and this was another of the projects implemented by Tepsa over the past year. The Tarragona terminal has boilers that allow the heating of tanks and lines; these previously used diesel for their operation and now operate with gas through new, recently-installed dual burners. Making these changes has involved modifications in the raw materials logistics and operational planning in order to impact as little as possible on the day-today working of the terminal.

VOPAK TERQUIMSA: IMPROVING AIR QUALITY

Sustainability, however, has other aspects and air quality is an important

part of this strategy. Throughout 2024, Vopak Terquimsa has been working on a project to improve the management of vapour emissions associated with a specific operation. The BZ23 project was implemented during the first part of the year and aimed to improve both operational flexibility and the vapour treatment system, in order to reduce the number of emissions. The actions involved two of the terminal’s tanks that are connected via pipeline to the end customer and also have a scrubber system for the return gases. Initially a closed system was designed to prevent vapour emissions into the atmosphere, using the same pipeline. With the aim of improving this system, a greater import logistics via pipeline was defined in order to avoid more vapour emissions into the atmosphere.

Implementing sustainability in port operations and the industrial sector in general involves confronting a series of challenges that call for innovative solutions adapted to the circumstances of each company.

A project of this size has different challenges. In this respect, an important challenge for the company is the avoidance of vapour emissions during tank cleaning operations. It also needs to implement these logistical changes

without impacting the customer’s operations, especially by not interrupting production in the plant. These challenges have been resolved by incorporating mobile equipment that allowed the processing of emissions during the tank’s gas-free process, and by providing greater flexibility to operations while the logistical change was being made. In this respect, the customer was provided with a new tank as a backup and the safety conditions were increased and improved by ensuring zero emissions during the process, in perfect coordination with the operations department. Last but not least, a VRU (vapour recovery unit) was also installed in order to reduce emissions into the atmosphere throughout the entire operation.

EUROENERGO: COMMERCIAL CHALLENGES IN TIMES OF UNCERTAINTY

The times we live in are full of uncertainties, not least caused by the emergence of sustainable concepts. Euroenergo has focused on the commercial challenges it has faced in the past year, finding a difficult balance between the needs of its customers and business continuity in the short-, medium- and long-term. While the management side can be tricky, terminals also have to look at different investments in order to satisfy these needs, either by building new facilities or adapting existing ones. It may also modify existing lines, reinforce tanks and find the best logistics solutions for specific customers’ needs. This impacts the contracting conditions that can be offered and the characteristics of the project the customer may need, such as its adaptation and delivery time before the new business begins operating.

Beyond this, terminal operators are currently facing other major challenges when confronting new business opportunities, such as greater contracting conditions, contractual security or the difficulty in obtaining real commitments on a project. Increasingly, a general improvement in quality and compliance are being incorporated; concepts that make management more complex and involve a greater need for resources and bureaucracy.

In conclusion, Euroenergo’s vision reflects the uncertainties and difficulties inherent in the current environment, in which terminal operators must efficiently manage both sustainability challenges and commercial aspects. The lack of a clear long-term vision, the need to reduce costs and slow decision-making are just some of the obstacles that must be overcome to ensure business growth.

For more information:

The Port of Tarragona works to be a strategic ally that can move quickly and adapt, helping to resolve customers’ challenges and facilitate success.

www.porttarragona.cat

01 Tepsa Iberia’s solar panels

02 Euroenergo’s terminal in Port Tarragona

03 Vopak Terquimsa’s facility

BUNCEFIELD: 20 YEARS ON

Ulf Hinterscheid looks at what has changed in the tank storage industry since the Buncefield disaster

THE BUNCEFIELD tank farm fire, which occurred on 11 December 2005 in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, England, is one of the largest industrial fires in British history and marked a pivotal moment in the regulation and safety practices of the tank storage industry. As we approach the 20th anniversary of the disaster, it is vital to examine the changes that have taken place in the industry since then, as well as the areas that still need improvement.

Before diving into the post-Buncefield changes, it’s important to briefly reflect the events of that fateful morning. At around 6:00 am, an enormous explosion rocked the Hertfordshire oil storage terminal, causing extensive damage to the facility, nearby buildings, and the surrounding area. The explosion, which was heard as far as 125 miles away, led to the release of 300,000 litres of fuel. It set off a fire that lasted for several days, engulfing 20 large fuel storage tanks. While there were no fatalities, 43 people were injured, some seriously, and about 2,000 people were evacuated. At the peak of incident response more than 180 firefighters were on scene. More than 250,000 litres of foam concentrate and 25 million litres of water were used. To ensure water supply at the incident scene, about 30 km of highvolume hoses were utilised.

The subsequent investigation revealed that the fire was caused by the overfilling of a gasoline storage tank, which led to a product release and the formation of a flammable vapour cloud that ignited. The cause was determined to be a combination of human error and inadequate safety systems.

REGULATORY OVERHAUL & ENHANCED SAFETY MEASURES

One of the immediate consequences of the Buncefield fire was the overhaul of regulations governing tank storage facilities in the UK and beyond. The

aftermath of the Buncefield disaster led to a complete rethinking of safety standards, risk management, and emergency preparedness.

The Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board (MIIB) was established to examine the causes of the fire and to recommend improvements for the future. Its findings were instrumental in shaping new regulations and guidelines for the industry. The MIIB report identified numerous weaknesses, including deficiencies in safety systems, failure to properly assess risks, and the lack of an integrated approach to risk management. As a result, a series of recommendations were made, including the need for better safety systems to detect overfill events, improved risk assessment methodologies, and more rigorous emergency response planning. One of the most significant changes in the regulatory landscape was the introduction of more stringent safety standards under the control of major accident hazards (COMAH) regulations.

IMPROVED RISK STUDIES

Companies in the tank storage industry have improved the quality of their risk studies which now focus more on technical rather than organisational or personal measures. Bow-ties are increasingly used to visualise even complex barriers and to better understand their effectiveness. Data analytics, e.g. on asset integrity or field observations, are increasingly used in these studies as an important source.

TRAINING & HUMAN FACTORS

The role of human error in the Buncefield incident was a critical factor. To reduce the likelihood of other mistakes, and to improve safety culture overall, the industry took significant steps to improve training programmes which

now include virtual simulations using augmented reality and AI technology. Hazard recognition, barrier management and emergency response have become central topics. Human factors have been incorporated into risk assessments, and facilities are now encouraged to consider the behaviour of operators, decisionmaking processes, and organisational dynamics when evaluating potential risks in more detail.

AUTOMATION & DIGITALISATION

Since Buncefield, there has been a notable shift toward embracing technology to enhance safety and operational efficiency in the industry.

Tank storage facilities are increasingly using automation and digitalisation to improve safety and operational efficiency. Advanced sensors and monitoring systems are now deployed to measure product levels, temperature, and pressure in storage tanks, providing real-time data to control room operators. This data can be used to detect anomalies early and improve time-critical decisionmaking processes. The most important feature in connection with the Buncefield incident are automatic overfill protection systems (AOPS) which combine software elements such as level measurement with hardware elements such as remotely operated shut-off valves (ROSOVs) to avoid tank overflows.

LEAK DETECTION & VAPOUR CONTROL

Liquid and vapour leak detection sensors, sometimes combined with camera surveillance technology, are used to monitor installations such as loading racks, pump stations, jetties and tank pits detecting even the smallest leak at an early stage. Vapour recovery systems have been upgraded to minimise emissions occurring during tank filling and emptying processes and prevent

the accumulation of hazardous vapours, which could potentially ignite.

DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS

The dimension of existing pressure relief systems, such as pressure vacuum relief valves (PVRV), was reviewed and upgraded if needed preventing structural tank failures due to overpressure. To respond to potential tank overflows, leaks and sudden structural tank failures, secondary containment bunds around storage tanks were designed to be larger and more robust to ensure they could better handle the sudden release of larger product volumes, and also contain additional volumes of firewater. Seals between bund wall elements and bund wall penetrations have been improved regarding fire, product resistance and environmental degradation by using more advanced materials.

New technologies in computer modelling and simulation have allowed for more accurate predictions and assessments of potential risks related to secondary containment systems, enabling companies to design better and more reliable containment systems.

REMAINING CHALLENGES

Despite the substantial progress that has been made since the Buncefield incident, the tank storage industry still faces several challenges, and there are areas where further improvements are needed.

CYBERSECURITY

As the industry has become more reliant on digital technologies and automation, the threat of cyberattacks on critical infrastructure such as storage terminals and pipelines, has increased, particularly considering the shifting global geopolitical risk picture. A cyberattack could potentially disrupt operations, disable safety systems, or even cause hazardous incidents if it leads to the manipulation of critical equipment or data. Ensuring that tank storage facilities are protected from cyber threats is now a top priority. Companies must invest in robust cybersecurity protocols, conduct regular vulnerability assessments, and train personnel to recognise potential cyber risks.

AGING INFRASTRUCTURE

Many tank storage facilities, particularly those in operation for decades, face challenges related to aging infrastructure. Tanks, pipelines, and safety systems that were designed and built before modern safety regulations may not meet current standards. Regular inspections, maintenance, and upgrades are essential

to ensure the continued safe operation of these facilities.

Asset management strategies must be continuously updated to address the challenges posed by aging infrastructure. Implementing predictive maintenance and using advanced monitoring tools can help detect wear and tear before it leads to system failures. However, investment in infrastructure renewal is often costly and can be a barrier for some operators, particularly smaller facilities.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS & SUSTAINABILITY

The environmental impact of tank storage facilities is another area that demands attention. The Buncefield incident highlighted the potential for environmental damage and the importance of having detailed postincident cleanup and remediation plans in place. As the risk of severe weather phenomenons, such as heavy rainfall and storm activities, increases and the focus on sustainability intensifies globally, the tank storage industry is under more pressure to adapt to these changes. Additionally, as the world transitions to renewable energy sources, tank storage facilities will need to adapt to handle a wider range of fuels, including biofuels, hydrogen and carriers such as ammonia, which brings new challenges for safety and regulation.

RISK ASSESSMENTS & PROCESS SAFETY

Post-Buncefield, many organisations have made significant progress in risk assessments, but there is still room for improvement in considering rare or extreme, e.g. ‘black swan’ events and how interconnected risks such as severe weather phenomenon, power outages or cyberattacks might contribute to process hazards and compound into larger disasters. Incidents such as the the Arkema fire in Crosby, Texas, USA, following Hurricane Harvey in 2017 is only one example which could also affect storage tanks containing liquefied, pressurised or unstable products. It is worth mentioning that actual research is focusing on these types of Natech events, which stands for ‘natural-hazard triggered technological accidents’.

The industry must continue to leverage advanced risk modelling, scenario planning, and real-time data analytics to better predict and prepare for these type of incidents. Machine learning, predictive analytics, digital twins and virtual replicas of physical systems could help to more accurately identify and mitigate potential process hazards and increase process safety in the industry overall.

CRISIS GOVERNANCE & BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLANNING

Improving crisis governance and communication plans during a major incident to ensure stakeholders — including employees, customers, regulatory authorities, and local communities — receive timely and transparent information can greatly enhance the effectiveness of a response and avoid reputational damage, not only for an impacted terminal but for the entire industry. Incorporating social media, digital platforms and real-time communication into emergency and crisis response, can help companies be more agile. The interconnectedness of businesses and the ripple effects of disruptions, as seen in the Buncefield incident, emphasise to focus more on business continuity plans maintaining product supply and critical operations, protecting customers, and ensuring the company’s financial health beyond insurance coverage.

A SAFER FUTURE

20 years after the devastating Buncefield fire, the tank storage industry has made significant strides in improving risk management, safety measures, and technological innovation. Regulatory changes, enhanced training, and the widespread adoption of automation technologies have all contributed to a safer and more efficient industry. However, there are still areas where improvement is needed. Cyber threats, aging infrastructure, and environmental concerns remain pressing challenges in the actual risk environment. The industry must continue to adapt to new technologies, regulatory requirements, and environmental pressures to ensure that the lessons of the Buncefield incident are not forgotten and that future disasters are prevented.

The legacy of the Buncefield fire is a reminder that risk management and process safety must always remain a top priority, even as the industry evolves and grows. By maintaining vigilance, investing in new technologies, and addressing the remaining gaps, the tank storage industry can continue to ensure the safe handling of hazardous materials to ensure access to vital goods for generations to come especially in these uncertain times.

For more infomation:

Connect with Ulf on LinkedIn @Dr.-Ing. Ulf Hinterscheid

CHARTING THE COURSE

As FuelEU Maritime regulations come into full force this year, Lara Naqushbandi, CEO of e-fuels developer ETFuels, looks at what the industry needs to know, and how best to prepare

FUELEU MARITIME has come into effect this year, yet few in the marine industry have really thought through the implications it is going to have on the shipping industry.

As one of the earliest e-fuels developers to look at the space, with a portfolio of e-methanol projects under development in the US and Europe, ETFuels has spent the last three years immersed in the e-fuels value chain. This has included deep discussions with customers and regulators, in order to see how this new regulation is going to impact the supply demand dynamics of the e-fuels market as well as the supporting infrastructure required to enable them.

The conclusion? The industry is fundamentally underestimating the scale of the shift that will occur as this new e-fuel comes to market, with shipping companies needing e-fuels at scale in order to avoid heavy compliance penalties. In turn, this will of course have significant implications for the scale of investment needed in logistics and storage infrastructure to enable the use of that fuel.

FUELEU MARITIME OVERVIEW

Starting in 2024, EU ETS imposes a cost per tonne of CO 2 eq emitted by each vessel, based on the ETS market price. FuelEU Maritime begins in 2025 and sets greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity reduction targets on a fleet basis that increase every five years.

Under FuelEU, every ship greater than 5,000 GRT (gross registered tonnage) that burns VLSFO (very low sulphur fuel oil) on an EU voyage will not be compliant from 2025. The penalty for non-compliance is €2,400/per tonne (mt) VLSFOeq, applied on every noncompliant tonne of fuel used. By 2040, fuel costs for a 100 mt/day VLSFO ship will nearly triple due to penalties, and will increase by 55% as soon as 2030.

ETFuels has conducted in-depth analysis with leading thinktanks and customers on the likely impact of FuelEU regulation, and concluded that e-methanol in particular is a viable marine fuel that all ship owners must consider for decarbonisation from 2029. Not only is it viable, but for first movers who generate surplus

compliance, the use of e-methanol can both reduce their bunker procurement costs, and be cash positive. FuelEU compliance units can be banked starting in 2029 for the second period in 2030, when emission reduction targets really start to escalate.

CONSIDERATIONS & COMPLIANCE

While most shipping companies recognise that doing nothing and paying penalties under FuelEU Maritime will become increasingly untenable by 2030, it is also clear that many in the industry have not yet appropriately considered how they will comply.

While biofuels are often touted as the easiest means of emissions reduction given their relatively low cost today, the idea that there will be enough biofuels at current or even much higher prices to meet 2030 targets is not supported by the data, which shows:

• 2022 global biofuel production was 109 million tonnes of oil equivalent – shipping used 280,000 tonnes

• Shipping consumes 300 million tonnes of fuel (VLSFOeq) per year – biofuels made up 0.1%

To achieve the low end of IMO ambitions (GHG reduced by at least 20% by 2030) with biofuels would require converting 29% of shipping’s 300 million tonnes of fuel to biofuel. This means shipping would need to go from using 0.2% of biofuel volumes to using 65%, in six years.

It is often suggested that increased demand for biofuels should, in theory, incentivise new supply. In practice, biofuel production is constrained by feedstock availability. Despite strong policy support, for the last decade biofuel supply has grown consistently below 5% per year. Producing 1 tonne of biodiesel from soybeans requires 1.5 football pitches worth of arable land, and under the EU’s revised Renewable Energy Directive regulation (RED III), biofuels that compete with food production are prohibited. A more sustainable alternative is to source waste oils like used cooking oil (UCO), but scaling this approach is logistically impossible. For example, the UCO from all 1,400 McDonalds in the UK would only produce about 5,000 tonnes of biofuel annually.

Biofuels are also becoming more constrained due to stricter regulations. RED III places a 7% cap on firstgeneration biofuels (those based on food/feed crops) and limits their eligibility for counting toward renewable energy targets with a particular focus on indirect land use change (ILUC). Since first-generation biofuels still make up the majority of the supply, these restrictions will have a significant impact, only 22% of EU biofuel supply is second-generation. Additionally, the Union Database for biofuels will make certification harder, further constraining supply. The EU also recently imposed a legally binding 1.7% transport-wide cap on UCO-based biofuels by 2030.

Finally, increased demand for biofuels is not limited to shipping: the EU has set a target of 29% share of renewables in transport by 2030, aviation has a 6% sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) consumption quota by 2030 under ReFuelEU, and 19 non-EU countries also have biofuel demand incentives. For example, the 45Z tax credit in the USA is driving up demand for used cooking oil and HEFA-SAF, most of which will be imported.

The IEA forecasts 47 million tonnes of global biodiesel production by 2028, an 18% increase from today. Shipping would need all of this production to meet even the low end of IMO 2030 ambitions, up from just 0.1% of global biofuel use today – an unrealistic shift over just six years. While LNG, especially at current low prices, offers an attractive near-term decarbonisation option, its large-scale adoption faces several challenges:

1

Significant investment in new fleet is required to meet even 2030 targets

LNG provides at best ~15% reduction in emissions versus VLSFO. However, to meet FuelEU’s 2030 6% fleetwide GHG intensity reduction, an owner would need to replace 40% of their fleet with LNG vessels. To meet the 2035 target of a 15% reduction, the entire fleet would need to be LNG. Yet, by 2040, a 30% reduction is required, making fossil LNG non-compliant within just 10 years of purchasing new LNG ships. Further, last mile logistics are also expensive – a 20,000 m³ LNG bunkering vessel for example can cost upwards of $80 million (€76 million). This makes LNG a challenging investment, especially for those who have not yet adopted it.

2

Non-compliant from 2035

Even on modern LNG vessels with engines like MEGI and XDF, auxiliary engine emissions are often

underestimated. These engines are 4-stroke Otto cycle and have higher methane slip rates in the region of 3.1%. These engines contribute 15-30% of total LNG consumption, so their impact on the vessel’s overall GHG intensity is significant. For example, using FuelEU default emission factors, the GHG intensity reduction of a MEGI-powered LNG vessel drops from 16% (main engine only) to 11% when auxiliary engine consumption is included, meaning that 55% of the fleet would need LNG engines to comply by 2030, with all vessels facing penalties by 2035.

3

Methane emissions

Over a 100-year life cycle, methane is 28 times more harmful to the environment than carbon dioxide. LNG’s true carbon intensity is worsened by methane emissions during production, processing, and transportation, which are not currently reflected in EU standards. Pressure is mounting to include these emissions, and the default emission factors currently use a 100-year global warming potential for methane, underestimating its near- and mediumterm climate impact. Even a conservative 2% emission rate adds 33 g CO 2 eq/ MJ to LNG’s GHG intensity, making it worse than VLSFO. The International Council on Clean Transportation advises policymakers to consider a 6% emission rate, while Cornell University recently estimated the GHG footprint of US–exported LNG at 160 gCO 2 eq/MJ – 33% higher than coal. This measurement risk casts serious doubt on the LNG business case.

4

Challenges with bio-LNG and e-LNG

While some suggest LNG ships could eventually transition to bio-LNG or e-LNG, bio-LNG shares the same feedstock limitations as other biofuels. Additionally, producing e-methane (for e-LNG) requires 10-15% more green hydrogen per GJ than e-methanol, not including liquefaction losses. As green hydrogen is the primary cost driver of e-fuels, e-LNG will inherently always be more expensive.

5

Price volatility

Although today’s LNG prices seem attractive, they have historically been highly volatile and often much higher. If LNG prices rise by just ~20% above spot, e-methanol becomes cheaper at $1,425/ mt (€1,360). Additionally, the correlation between LNG and oil prices limits LNG’s diversification benefit.

So, while fossil to e-LNG may make sense for those who have already invested in LNG vessels, for those who haven’t,

an LNG strategy requires significant investment, offers minimal near-term decarbonisation and ultimately locks owners into higher long-term fuel costs.

E-FUELS

This then leaves e-fuels. While e-ammonia is not technically or logistically viable today, e-methanol is a technically viable solution, both in terms of its use and its production. Further, over 276 dualfuelled methanol vessels have already been ordered and are set to be on the sea by 2027. Most shipping companies, however, are underestimating or in some cases not even yet considering incentives within FuelEU Maritime for e-fuels. In particular, few have really modelled the impact of the RFNBO (renewable fuels of non-biological origin) multiplier or the RFNBO quota. These incentives make a significant difference to the economics of using e-fuels – but the calculations behind these incentives are complicated. The incentives are however specifically designed to encourage first movers, and expire by 2034, after which point an e-fuels quota is expected to ensue.

ETFuels expects that, over the course of 2025, shipping companies will increasingly start to do the maths on FuelEU, the real economic impact of doing nothing, the scarcity of biofuels, the capital intensity of an LNG strategy and the significant incentives provided to e-fuels. Indeed, the economic case for e-methanol as a marine fuel from 2029 is not just viable, but compelling.

And where does this leave us with regards to last-mile logistics and supporting infrastructure?

As the industry starts to come to terms with the e-fuels opportunities, fuel offtakes will follow and then questions will be asked about infrastructure to support. Logistics companies should seek to take advantage of this opportunity, making the capital investments now to ensure that they are well placed to take advantage of the change that will no doubt come.

ETFuels would be delighted to engage further if of interest.

For more information: www.et-fuels.com

lara.naq@et-fuels.com

01 Daily fuel costs for a 100 mt/day (8000 TEU) vessel running on VLSFO ($000s /day)

02 Lara Naqushbandi, CEO of ETFuels

A MUST-ATTEND EDITION

Don’t miss the opportunity to network, discover innovation and shared knowledge at tank storage industry’s event of the year on 11 & 12 March in Rotterdam

STOCEXPO IS BACK for its 20th edition on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy and Tank Storage Magazine is here to bring you the inside scoop. The next 50+ pages are filled with sneak previews from exhibitors about the innovations they’re bringing to the show, plus insights from some of StocExpo’s key speakers, including the state of future fuels according to S&P Global (page 57), tips for investing in the energy transition from Etasca (page 60) and a full series on how digital tools and a data-driven approach can improve your terminal’s safety and operational efficiency on pages 80-86.

It’s safe to say that innovation is the key theme for this 20th edition of the show, with a record number of terminal operators and managers coming together to discuss what improvements they’ve been able to make, and how different technologies are improving not only safety and efficiency, but overall sustainability too. And this couldn’t have been achieved without the support of StocExpo’s official sustainability partner, LBC Tank Terminals, who will be sharing insights across all three conference streams throughout the two-day exhibition.

THREE CONFERENCE STREAMS

As always, the team at Tank Storage Magazine has been working closely with FETSA to develop an agenda for the FETSA Tank Storage Stage that centres on policy, strategy and innovation. So, hear from the European Commission, Energex Partners and Tankbank Singapore, as well as key insights from terminals themselves, like Vopak, Odfjell, LBC and Dow to name a few.

On day one, the Future Fuels Stage will be focused on SAF, hydrogen and sustainable storage, with insights from S&P Global, Airbus, BP and Exolum –among others. On day two, Association NH3 Event takes over to deliver the Clean Ammonia Storage Conference, sharing best practices, updates on safety and learnings from projects. Remember to purchase a ticket in advance to secure your seat at the ammonia table.

Interspersed throughout both days will be case studies and examples from key StocExpo exhibitors, discussing the importance of new technologies in training, safety and emissions

control; examples on how to store future fuels from CB&I and Honeywell and; optimising your storage terminal, according to HMT Tank.

EVENTS & FEATURES

Celebrating 20 years in style, StocExpo has plenty of new features both on and off the show floor. On 10 March, StocExpo is running the Liquin Terminal Tour (now fully-booked), where visitors can see state-of-the-art tankpits and jetties (read more on page 31).

The Global Tank Storage Awards will be taking place that same evening (purchase tickets in advance) where you can connect with colleagues to celebrate the very best in the tank storage industry.

When the show opens on 11 & 12 March, don’t miss the Sprint Robotics demo zone, where you can get a hands-on experience of seeing drones and robots in action on the show floor. For international visitors looking to expand their partnerships, the American Pavilion is brand new for 2020 with companies hailing from across the pond for you to forge new relationships. And the StocExpo Spotlight zone is the perfect place to connect with start-ups and new colleagues looking to get their start in the tank storage sector. So if you’re looking for new solutions and suppliers, there’s something for everyone.

FACT FILE

WHEN: 11 & 12 March 2025

WHERE: Rotterdam Ahoy, Netherlands

COST: Exhibition: Free to attend FETSA Tank Storage Conference: Free Clean Ammonia Storage Conference: €295 (day 2 only)

KEY SECTORS: Storage terminals, liquid bulk, future fuels

NETWORKING EVENTS

StocExpo’s 20th edition is catering to the close-knit tank storage community with a series of networking events and celebrations throughout the event.

On 11 March make sure you join Tank Storage Magazine on stand L34 for drinks at 15:30, continue with the afterconference networking drinks at 17:30 in the networking lounge, and finish the night at StocExpo’s 20th birthday after-party off-site at the Hudson cocktail bar & kitchen, Rotterdam, at 19:30

The next day, 12 March, StocExpo will be welcoming a celebrity keynote speaker – racing legend Nicolas Hamilton – at 10:00, followed by a meet and greet and networking session. Later on, we’ll be announcing and celebrating the StocExpo 40 Under 40 at a special ceremony on the FETSA Tank Storage Stage at 12:30

REGISTER TODAY

There’s still time to register to StocExpo completely free, including the Future Fuels and FETSA conference streams, plus all the networking events. So there’s no excuse to miss out!

FIND OUT MORE & SECURE YOUR PLACE FOR FREE:

ENERGY FOR THE FUTURE

UPEI and FETSA present a joint position paper on the upcoming proposal for an omnibus simplification proposal

UPEI, THE voice of Europe’s independent fuel suppliers, and FETSA, the Federation of European Tank Storage Associations, welcome the European Commission’s intention to publish an omnibus proposal with the intention to simplify and streamline the reporting requirements stemming from EU legislation.

The past five years have proven that there is an urgent need for Europe to move to more sustainable industrial activities, while also ensuring our security and competitiveness in the global playing field. These three objectives – competitiveness, security and sustainability (including the goals of carbon neutrality by 2050 and 90% GHG emission reduction by 2040) cannot effectively happen without liquid energy carriers.

The members of UPEI and FETSA recognise the efforts made by the EU institutions to establish corporate sustainability reporting rules and frameworks that promote responsible business, in particular with regards to high-impact sectors such as energy, mining, manufacturing and heavy industry. As the associations representing two sectors that are key for the decarbonisation of energy supplies, FETSA and UPEI believe that transparency and accountability in operations are key to ensure a sustainable future for our companies.

The organisations have now fully analysed and assessed the complexities of the different regulatory frameworks that were adopted during the last few years, and whose implementation is imminent (and therefore overlapping): from ensuring that companies disclose on a broadened range of sustainability topics through the CSRD, to mandating risk-based due diligence across supply chains through the CSDDD, and incentivising green investments through the Taxonomy Regulation.

HARMONISE FRAMEWORKS TO ENABLE CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY

The implementation of the aforementioned frameworks has proven to create added administrative and regulatory hurdles for companies, and particularly for small and medium enterprises in the EU.

Liquid fuel suppliers and storage providers, which are already required to report extensively under many of the legislative pieces of the Fit for 55 (EU ETS, CBAM, Renewable Energy Directive, and many more), are also asked to duplicate their disclosure efforts to satisfy the new obligations under the multiple sustainability legislations – disclosures that often do not align those required by the Fit for 55. The three frameworks all include overlapping environmental impact reporting and also mandate a duplication of efforts to assess value chains and sustainability, biodiversity, and climate-related risks. What’s more, the taxonomy puts in place separate disclosure requirements for companies’ activities, which need to be assessed in complementarity with the non-financial reporting and due diligence reporting obligations of the CSDDD.

Any simplification effort should address these fundamental issues, with the aim to create one harmonised set of rules companies can use to ensure they remain transparent and accountable for their activities.

ALIGN CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY RULES WITH FIT FOR 55 RESPONSIBILITIES

The harmonisation of these rules with the goals of the European Green Deal and the Fit for 55 package is another issue that should be pursued through the new omnibus simplification proposal. Emissions reporting obligations under the EU ETS and CBAM, as well as reporting regarding the usage of renewable energy and energy efficiency targets create regulatory complexity that is unique to the energy sector.

It is vital that reporting obligations create opportunities for a competitive advantage, rather than adding additional barriers to sectors that are working to enable the green transition.

What’s more, despite the Fit for 55 legislation being largely concluded in the previous mandate, a number of delegated and implementing acts will be required to implement the new rules, already foreseeing a large amount of technical effort required on behalf of companies to align with the technical requirements these acts will bring forward. The misalignment in the entry into force of these obligations - with some pieces of legislation entering into force much earlier, while the CSRD sector-specific standards are still under development by the European Financial Reporting Group (EFRAG) – creates further regulatory uncertainty, in particular for independent fuel suppliers with limited resources.

UPEI and FETSA therefore recommend that the omnibus simplification proposal pays particular attention to the changes brought about by the Fit for 55 package for the energy sector, in particular to ensure the competitiveness of the sector that will drive the EU’s decarbonisation. It is vital that reporting obligations create opportunities for a competitive advantage, rather than adding additional barriers to sectors that are working to enable the green transition.

Overall, UPEI and FETSA emphasise that the new omnibus simplification proposal must address the regulatory overlaps and create enabling conditions for companies in the EU to report on their obligations, plans and responsibilities. At the same time, the proposal must acknowledge the need of the EU energy industry for regulatory clarity and certainty and ensure that changes to existing frameworks do not cause further administrative burden to companies that have already made an effort to comply with the new requirements.

For more information:

FETSA represents 141 companies operating 743 terminals across Europe. Network with FETSA members and suppliers at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy, and enjoy access to the FETSA Tank Storage Conference for free – for the very first time!

www.stocexpo.com www.fetsa.eu www.upei.org

NETWORKING

Exclusive access to the FETSA Conference and AGM Dinner with complimentary tickets, priority sponsorship options, and networking opportunities with top EU stakeholders.

VISIBILITY

Get your name and services featured on our website, in key communications, and through exclusive opportunities to share your expertise via articles and webinars with our engaged membership.

FETSA KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE

Organise seminars and present cuttingedge technologies and legislative updates directly to our committees, task forces, and board with the backing of our chair and secretariat.

COMMUNITY

Showcase your position with use of the FETSA logo on digital and printed materials, and make use of our Brussels meeting rooms at special members rates.

INSIGHT

Get access, visibility and leadership as a FETSA supplier partner. Meet with your target audience of terminal owners and operators and boost your business.

Stay ahead of the curve in EU policy with our exclusive members-only newsletter and annual management report, keeping you informed about the challenges and developments that matter. Contact Ravi Bhatiani, rb@fetsa.eu for further information

March

Global expertise

Expanding storage capacity in Antwerp and Rotterdam

Sustainable growth

Ready for the future

LBC is the connected and reliable partner for sustainable storage solutions. Operating strategically located terminals across the U.S. Gulf Coast and the ARA region in Europe, we specialize in storing and handling chemicals, base oils, and products related to the energy transition. We ensure the safe and efficient movement of products across essential industries that enhance the quality of life, both now and in the future

We are driving sustainable growth through significant expansion projects at our terminals in Antwerp and Rotterdam, further strengthening our strategic presence in the region.

In Antwerp, we are adding 80,000 m³ of storage capacity and a new loading station for trucks and rail cars, while the Rotterdam terminal will be expanded with 86,000 m³ of storage capacity and new (block) train (un)loading facilities

With a strong focus on safety, sustainability, service, and efficiency, we take an active role in supporting the global energy transition, whether through minimizing our footprint or building new infrastructure, exemplified by the development of the green energy hub at our Vlissingen location. We strive to foster long-term growth for our customers and the communities we serve, aligning with our vision to be meaningful and relevant for our stakeholders

Developing the European green energy hub in Vlissingen

THE FUTURE’S FOCUS

The experts at S&P Global look at the challenges and opportunities for the European liquid bulk storage industry in a shifting energy landscape

THE EUROPEAN liquid bulk storage industry stands on the brink of a seismic shift. With geopolitical tensions escalating and the relentless march towards decarbonisation, the sector faces unprecidented challenges. As traditional fossil fuels fall out of favour and regulatory pressures mount, industry players must adapt or risk obsolescence in a rapidly eveolving energy landscape.

EUROPE ENERGY POLICY TRILEMMA

allocated to oil and fuels, which accounts for around 86.4% (114 million m3) of the total capacity, while chemicals and other liquids represent about 8.3% (11 million m3) and 5.3% (7 million m3), respectively.

Union targeting a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, the storage sector must adapt to accommodate the growing demand for renewable fuels, such as biodiesel/renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF).

ADAPTING TO ENERGY CHANGES & SECURITY

[headline] The Future’s Focus

The liquid bulk storage industry is characterised by its strategic importance in the supply chain, providing essential services to various sectors, including transportation, industrial processes, and energy production. The sector consists of 768 terminals operated by 162 companies across Europe, which are crucial for balancing supply and demand, ensuring energy security, and supporting economic resilience.

[strap] Market Analysis Future Fuel Trends

The energy trilemma highlights the challenges of balancing emissions reduction, energy security, and affordability. Despite high emissions reduction goals, economic and political pressures, including the cost-of-living crisis and rising far-right support, are shifting priorities. Energy security is increasingly linked to reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels amid geopolitical tensions like the war in Ukraine and the Middle East crisis, but affordability concerns are also growing as government support wanes and the cost burden on consumers rises complicating the green transition.

Despite the increasing focus on sustainability and the transition to low-carbon energy sources, the sector remains largely reliant on traditional fossil fuels. The geopolitical landscape, particularly the ongoing tensions in Eastern Europe, has further highlighted the need for robust storage capacities to mitigate risks associated with supply chain disruptions. The industry’s role in energy security is underscored by its ability to maintain strategic reserves and provide essential interfaces between different modes of transport, including sea, road, rail, and pipelines.

The future of the European liquid bulk storage industry is inextricably linked to the broader context of energy transition and energy security. As Europe seeks to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and enhance energy security, the liquid bulk storage sector must navigate a complex landscape of regulatory changes and market demands.

[sell] The experts at S&P Global look at the challenges and opportunities for the European liquid bulk storage industry in a shifting energy landscape

One of the primary drivers of this transition is the European Union’s commitment to achieving climate neutrality by 2050. This ambitious goal necessitates a significant shift in how energy is produced, stored, and consumed. The liquid bulk storage industry must adapt by investing in infrastructure that supports the storage of low-carbon fuels and technologies.

The European liquid bulk storage industry stands on the brink of a seismic shift. With geopolitical tensions escalating and the relentless march towards decarbonisation, the sector faces unprecedented challenges. As traditional fossil fuels fall out of favour and regulatory pressures mount, industry players must adapt or risk obsolescence in a rapidly evolving energy landscape. S&P Global examine the key challenges and opportunities facing the industry.

In the midst of this energy trilemma, the European liquid bulk storage sector serves as a critical backbone for the continent’s energy infrastructure, facilitating the storage and distribution of essential liquid products, including oil, chemicals, and renewable fuels. The European bulk liquid storage capacity is approximately 132 million m3. This capacity is predominantly

The European liquid bulk storage industry is also anticipated to evolve in response to changing market dynamics. The rise of electric vehicles (EVs) and stringent emissions regulations are expected to impact the demand for traditional liquid fuels, prompting a revaluation of storage strategies. With the European

In the context of energy security, the European liquid bulk storage sector plays a crucial role in ensuring a stable supply of essential fuels. The ongoing geopolitical tensions and supply chain disruptions have underscored the importance of maintaining robust storage capacities to mitigate risks. The ability to store a diverse range of liquids, including renewable fuels, will enhance the resilience of the energy supply chain.

The transition towards clean fuels and lower carbon emissions will significantly influence the types of liquids stored and the infrastructure required to support this shift. Notably, the adoption of electric vehicles is projected to lead to a substantial transformation in the fuel landscape, with estimates suggesting that by 2050, approximately 65% of the European vehicle fleet will be electric as shown in figure 02.

This shift will necessitate a re-evaluation of storage strategies to accommodate the changing demand for traditional liquid fuels.

Furthermore, as regulations mandate the use of clean fuels in road transport, shipping, aviation, and industries, the demand for sustainable fuels is

transition towards

and

emissions will

the types of liquids stored and the infrastructure required to

Notably, the adoption of electric vehicles is projected to lead to a substantial transformation in the fuel landscape, with estimates suggesting that by 2050, approximately 65% of the European vehicle fleet will be electric as shown in the figure below.

• Technological integration and sustainability initiatives: the integration of advanced digital monitoring systems, automation, and IoT technologies can facilitate real-time data collection and analysis, enable predictive maintenance and improve operational efficiency. Investing in renewable sources for facility operations will be vital in reducing the sector’s carbon footprint. For example, Advario brought its Texas City Terminal in Houston to a 100% renewable electricity contract, eliminating all indirect scope 2 GHG emissions in the US.

This shift will necessitate a re- evaluation of storage strategies to accommodate the changing demand for traditional liquid fuels.

Furthermore, as regulations mandate the use of clean fuels in road transport, shipping, aviation, and industries, the demand for sustainable fuels is expected to increase. As the demand for sustainable fuels increases, the European liquid bulk storage industry must

prepare for the long-term trade

Figure_3: European Bunker Fuel Demand (%) Outlook

expected to increase. As the demand for sustainable fuels increases, the European liquid bulk storage industry must prepare for the long-term trade requirements for products such as ethanol, renewable diesel, SAF, feedstocks, green hydrogen, green ammonia and methanol. For example in the bunker fuel industry, adoption of alternative fuels such as low carbon ammonia and methanol are expected to account for just over 60% of the demand by 2050 as highlighted in figure 03.

Requirements for products such as ethanol, renewable diesel, SAF, feedstocks, green hydrogen, green ammonia & methanol. For example in the bunker fuel industry, adoption of alternative fuels such as low carbon ammonia and methanol are expected to account for just over 60% of the demand by 2050 as highlighted in the figure above.

Global has identified key enablers for the bulk liquid storage industry:

This shift will require significant investments in storage infrastructure to accommodate new types of liquids and ensure that they can be e6iciently integrated into existing supply chains.

This shift will require significant investments in storage infrastructure to accommodate new types of liquids and ensure that they can be efficiently integrated into existing supply chains.

FUTURE-PROOFING EUROPE’S LIQUID BULK SECTOR

To effectively prepare for the future, the European liquid bulk storage industry must adopt a comprehensive strategy that addresses the evolving energy landscape shaped by decarbonisation and energy security concerns. S&P

• Investments in upgrading storage infrastructure: as the demand for renewable energy sources increases, existing facilities must be upgraded to accommodate a wider variety of liquids, particularly low-carbon and alternative fuels such as green hydrogen, methanol, ammonia, biofuels, and feedstocks. For example, Vopak is launching a market consultation for the storage of ammonia at its Vopak Energy Park Antwerp site in Belgium.

• Collaboration: engaging stakeholders, including fuel producers, regulatory bodies and end-users, can foster partnerships that drive innovation and facilitate the development of tailored storage solutions. An example of this is Evos Hamburg Terminal participating in the ‘Green Economic Dialogue’ and leading an initiative to establish guidelines for clean renewable gas and liquid energy carriers.

• Regulatory compliance: the industry must remain vigilant in monitoring regulatory changes and adapting storage practices accordingly to ensure compliance with evolving environmental standards. In 2024, S&P Global advised a client under which they identified regulatory risk connected with the conversion of a closed refinery site into a storage terminal in Africa.

In conclusion, the European liquid bulk storage industry must embrace a proactive and multifaceted approach to navigate the challenges posed by the future energy landscape. The industry’s ability to adapt and innovate will be critical for supporting Europe’s energy transition and ensuring energy security. By investing in infrastructure, leveraging technological advancements, fostering collaboration, committing to sustainability, and ensuring regulatory compliance, the sector can position itself as a key player in the energy transition, for long-term success in a rapidly changing energy landscape.

For more information:

Amit Rao will be speaking at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Register to see him talk. www.stocexpo.com www.spglobal.com

Spencer Welch Global head of downstream consulting spencer.welch@spglobal.com

Amit Rao

Principal consultant amit.rao@spglobal.com

Sources: SPGCI, FETSA

Figure_2: Europe Light Duty Vehicle S&P Global Outlook

S&P Global Outlook: Europe Bunker Fuel Demand by share %

FUTURE-PROOFING TERMINALS FOR THE CHANGING ENVIRONMENT

Ahead of his talk at StocExpo, Etasca’s Andrew Inglis identifies and comments on the primary market developments impacting demand for bulk liquid storage and how terminals can respond

TANK TERMINALS are accustomed to responding to cyclical changes in market demand and trade flows for the products they handle. Historically, these fluctuations have been driven by macroeconomic changes and/or geopolitical disruptions – such as the current war in Ukraine. However, the energy transition is ushering in significant structural changes in refined product consumption, trade flows, and storage demand. These market changes will accelerate in the coming years, presenting both opportunities and challenges for future tank terminal storage demand.

POLICY SHIFTS ACCELERATING THE ENERGY TRANSITION

The European market is ahead of the global energy transition curve, driven by more ambitious sustainability goals and regulations. For instance, the EU’s ‘Fit for 55’ package aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030

compared to 1990 levels and achieve climate neutrality by 2050. This package encompasses multiple schemes already impacting trade, consumption, and storage of transportation fuels, some of which include:

• The Renewable Energy Directive (RED III) offers member states a choice between a 29% share of renewables or a 14.5% reduction in greenhouse gas intensity in transport by 2030

• The ReFuel Aviation Scheme requires the penetration of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) to grow to 6% by 2030 and 70% by 2050

• The FuelEU Maritime Scheme sets a 6% target reduction in the GHG intensity for fuels used on ships by 2030 and 80% by 2050, prompting a shift from fuel-oil/gasoil consumption towards alternative lower-carbon maritime fuels

Similarly, in the USA, the Department of Transportation (DOT) has introduced new fuel economy standards to further improve fuel efficiency such as the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and Heavy-Duty Pickup Trucks and Vans (HDPUV) standards. These are in addition to the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), which has mandated the use of renewable fuels since 2005; the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of 2022, and individual programs in states such as CA, OR and WA. Outside of Europe and the US, more than 80 countries have biofuel policies in place, to promote renewable fuels.

HEADWINDS FOR REFINED PRODUCT DEMAND

The refined product market will be significantly impacted by the energy transition and push for lower carbon intensity fuels. According to the IEA’s Oil 2024 forecast, upstream oil demand in North America and Europe is projected to shrink annually by 0.9% and 1%, respectively, on average to 2030. This decline in conventional based fuels is already impacting storage demand and throughput volumes at certain terminals, particularly those located at secondary ports.

Factors driving the decline in oil and conventional refined product consumption in Europe and the US include:

1 Improved vehicle efficiency: Advances in automotive technologies have led to significant improvements in vehicle efficiency, with the average US vehicle achieving 16% more miles per gallon versus 10 years ago.

2

Rising EV penetration: The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has grown significantly. EV sales in Europe reached 21% of total vehicle sales in 2023, up from less than 1% in 2013. The 2023 CO2 Emissions Performance Standards targets a 100%

3CO2 emission reduction from new cars and vans in the EU by 2035, effectively banning the sale of all CO2-emitting internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and promoting the use of EVs. However, Etasca believes that the policy targets are aggressive and unreflective of the current market landscape, and therefore expects EVs to account for closer to half of total sales by 2030. In the USA, where the EPA has less ambitious emission targets (to reduce 2032 emissions to 50% of 2026 levels), EVs accounted for 9% of new car sales in 2023. Etasca estimates EV sales will continue to grow in the US to account for more than 25% of new vehicle sales by 2030.

Substitution of oil products with biofuels: The penetration of biofuels, such as biodiesel, renewable diesel, ethanol and SAF, is also contributing to the decline in oil consumption. Global biofuel demand is forecast to grow by 600,000 barrels (95,000 m 3) per day from 2023 to 2030 and reach 3.7 million barrels per day by 2030.Biofuels and lowcarbon fuels, such as blue/green hydrogen, ammonia and methanol are still traded and stored – but in much lower volumes than conventional fuels. There is also significant uncertainty around the timing of committed offtake needed to underpin new production, trade and storage of these low carbon fuels.

IMPACT OF THE NEW US ADMINISTRATION

The outcome of the new US administration could be substantial on EV penetration –an executive order, entitled ‘Unleashing American Energy’ could potentially remove tax credits for new EV purchases and roll back emission limits from vehicles. Biofuels may need to rely on individual state incentives for growth as opposed to relying on federal incentives such as the IRA’s 45Z credit, which became available in January 2025 and has been impacted by the immediate regulatory freeze.

NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR PETROCHEMICALS

Global petrochemical demand is projected to grow by around 3% CAGR to 2035. Petrochemicals feedstocks such

as ethane, naphtha and LPG are expected to account for over a third of growth in the barrels of oil equivalents (BOE) demand to 2030 and nearly half of growth to 2050. Rising chemicals demand is supported by emerging markets, where greater prosperity and lifestyle changes are increasing per capita materials consumption – including plastics, despite the greater focus on recycling and other circularity initiatives.

DYNAMIC SHIFTS IN TRADE FLOWS AND STORAGE DEMAND

In addition to more resilient chemicals demand in North America and Europe relative to transport fuel consumption, increased trade is helping to drive higher demand for chemicals storage in these regions.

Benefiting from shale gas production and lower-cost petrochemical feedstock, North America can now produce many chemicals at a lower cost than Europe. For example, the cost of ethylene production in Europe is now at least 2.4x higher than in the US. This has contributed to the shutdown of some upstream chemicals capacity in Europe and rising chemical imports from North America. Specialty chemicals production in Europe has been more resilient than cost-disadvantaged upstream petrochemical production, such as olefins and methanol, due to the importance of technology and operational know-how.

The American Chemistry Council (ACC) is anticipating US chemical export volumes to grow at an average annual rate of 4-5% over the next few years.

The greater flow of chemicals between North America and Europe has driven higher demand for chemicals storage, particularly in export-oriented US Gulf Coast (USGC) ports and the importoriented Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp (ARA) ports.

WHAT CAN TERMINALS DO?

Companies can benefit from these market changes by investing in infrastructure to support the storage and transportation of sustainable fuels and petrochemical feedstocks. This includes upgrading existing storage facilities, developing new storage solutions, and partnering with renewable energy providers. Positioning terminals to store new products will require investment – depending on the product, it could range from minor capex to alter tank specifications to major infrastructure and new tank construction. As tank terminals undergo energy transition driven projects, it is important for storage providers to consider storage specifications precisely during the planning phase. The table (right) outlines at a high-level some of the considerations for storing these products.

Equally important, it is essential to have storage capacity/terminals in locations benefiting most from these growth trends, such as the USGC and the ARA ports. These regions are key for both chemicals trade and the adoption and trade of biofuels and low carbon molecules.

For more information:

Andrew Inglis, director at Etasca will be speaking at StocExpo 2025 on investment considerations for bulk liquid storage terminals. Scan the QR code below to register for free.

www.etasca.com

www.stocexpo.com

01 Europe vs US EV penetration share in light of recent market developments

02 The higher cost of gas in Europe has resulted in a cost disadvantage for chemical production

03 Cash cost of ethylene production (2025)

PRODUCT STORAGE CONSIDERATIONS

Biodiesel/Renewable diesel

Ethanol (Bio-gasoline)

Low-carbon methanol

Low-carbon ammonia

Blends up to B20 (0% to 20% biodiesel) are generally considered compatible with existing gas-oil storage infrastructure, but additional permitting could be required. Renewable diesel is like for like.

Ethanol is a flammable liquid, therefore the same safety measures that apply to gasoline apply to ethanol and ethanol blended fuels.

In general, most existing gasoline tanks are compatible with the storage of ethanol and ethanol blends.

Methanol is already widely handled and stored, its increased forecast consumption as a marine bunker fuel will require new and additional storage and logistics investment.

Existing road fuel tanks, e.g., gasoline tanks can be repurposed for methanol storage.

Ammonia is typically stored under pressure at ambient temperature, or at atmospheric pressure at -33ºC in bullet and sphere tanks for corrosion prevention.

Ammonia-fuelled engines for vessels are generally not yet commercially available, and there are limited examples of ships using ammonia as fuel so far.

Hydrogen

Carbon dioxide (CO 2)

The infrastructure needed for widespread hydrogen storage and distribution is still relatively immature.

Currently, hydrogen storage and distribution facilities are generally located at or close to where hydrogen is produced –transporting hydrogen over long distances is generally costly.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, alongside many emerging carbon dioxide reduction technologies play a central role in achieving net zero targets. As CCS scales up globally, large-scale infrastructure and transport networks will be needed for transfer from capture sites to geological storage sites.

CO 2 requires cooling and pressurising for storage and transportation.

Emerson’s integrated solution for LNG and other refrigerated gas storage ensures accurate and reliable level, density and temperature measurement and improves overall inventory management. The Rosemount™ Tank Gauging System enables leak detection, monitors stratification, and predicts the risk of roll-over incidents.

Learn more at www.Emerson.com/RosemountLNG.com

DEBUNKING THE MYTH ABOUT RADAR AND LIQUEFIED GASES

The belief that all radar level gauges are unsuitable for providing accurate and reliable measurements in liquefied gas tanks is quite simply untrue, explains Christoffer Hoffmann, business development manager for liquefied gases at Emerson

WITHIN THE tank storage industry there is a common misconception that radar is not a suitable technology for providing accurate and reliable level measurements of liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and other natural gas liquids, such as ethane. However, this is categorically untrue. Modern non-contacting radar devices can actually excel in measuring the level of these liquefied gases, which is proved by the fact that they are already being successfully used on more than 10,000 LNG and LPG tanks globally.

The fallacy about radar’s supposed unsuitability for use in liquefied gas applications originated due to concerns that a combination of vapour in the tank and weak signal reflection could impact the performance of instruments based on this technology. It is this belief which has led some organisations to continue using inferior servo gauges to provide level measurements in liquefied gas tanks, despite the various disadvantages of this older and less reliable technology.

There is no dispute that liquefied gases often produce vapours in a tank, and that these vapours can affect the propagation speed of radar waves. This can then impact the measurement accuracy of some radar level gauges. Furthermore, variations in temperature and pressure cause changes in vapour saturation degree, which can also affect radar signal behaviour and measurement accuracy. It is also true that liquefied gases typically have a much lower dielectric constant than water or oil, for example, and that this results in weaker radar signal reflections, making it more difficult for some radar level gauges to distinguish the level signal from background noise.

However, these facts alone do not tell the whole story, because modern, well-engineered non-contacting radar devices – such as the Rosemount 5900S Radar Level Gauge from Emerson – can

overcome these issues and maintain excellent measurement accuracy and reliability. In fact, during four decades of service on LNG and LPG tanks, no Emerson radar installation has experienced any accuracy- or reliabilityrelated problems due to the presence of vapour, which perfectly illustrates the suitability of this technology for use on liquefied gas tanks.

VAPOUR COMPENSATION

Non-contacting radar level gauges can compensate for the presence of vapour in liquefied gas tanks – and the effect of the vapour on the radar waves – by utilising an integrated pressure transmitter. This sensor measures the vapour pressure inside the tank, and the gauge can then calculate the influence of vapour on the microwave propagation speed by combining the pressure measurement with information about the liquefied gas type and mixture. Compensating for the effect of vapour in this way enables level readings to be automatically corrected, ensuring excellent measurement accuracy of +/-0.5 millimetres, in the case of the Rosemount 5900S. An integrated pressure sensor also helps to determine the vapour saturation degree. This data then enables the tank gauging system to dynamically compensate for variations in signal speed caused by changing tank conditions, thereby maintaining measurement accuracy.

REAL-TIME CORRECTIONS

Combining level and pressure measurement into a single device simplifies installation and system architecture, streamlines maintenance and reduces costs. It also enables realtime measurement corrections, whereas having separate devices can introduce small delays in data processing, affecting real-time performance. As conditions

inside a tank change – due to filling, emptying, or temperature fluctuations, for example – the tank gauging system continuously updates its calculations to ensure consistent measurement accuracy. These real-time corrections are critical from a safety viewpoint. LNG and LPG are hazardous fuels, so precise and dependable level measurements are essential in helping to prevent spills and leaks that could pose severe risks to personnel, including fire, explosion and asphyxiation.

OVERCOMING WEAK SIGNAL REFLECTIONS

To overcome the problem of liquefied gases having a low dielectric constant, the latest non-contacting radar level gauges leverage frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) technology, with a sensitivity more than 30 times greater than devices using older pulse modulation techniques. This heightened sensitivity maximises signal strength and enables FMCW devices to deliver superior measurement accuracy and reliability. A wide dynamic range enables these devices to detect both strong and weak radar signal reflections effectively and process them reliably. Superior signal processing algorithms enable noise to be suppressed and filtered, enhancing the detection of weak echoes and producing a more robust and reliable measurement.

To further enhance their performance, non-contacting radar level gauges use antennas designed specially to optimise measurement accuracy and address the challenges posed by liquefied gas applications. These robust antennas are designed to ensure optimal transmission and reception of radar signals, even when the dielectric constant is low, and to withstand low temperatures, enabling them to operate effectively in cryogenic conditions. It is also recommended that radar signals should be guided within a

still-pipe, as this reduces signal dispersion and helps to amplify the radar echo from the surface of the liquefied gas, further optimising signal strength and measurement accuracy.

RADAR ADVANTAGES OVER SERVO

If tank storage organisations accept that well-engineered radar level gauges provide excellent accuracy and reliability in liquefied gas level measurement applications, they should then consider the benefits they can achieve by selecting this more modern technology rather than servo gauges. Although still widely deployed on LNG and LPG tanks, servo gauges are complicated devices with numerous moving parts, which renders them susceptible to mechanical wear. As a result, the mean time between failures (MTBF) of servo gauges can be as little as five years. Maintenance and calibration are often regularly required to keep devices in good condition – which leads to increased safety risks through workers making more trips to the field – and a large stock of spare parts is required.

A servo gauge can be isolated from a storage tank by a ball valve, with a

chamber above the ball valve enabling technicians to gain access. However, because it is difficult to determine if the displacer is fully wound up above the ball valve, the wire can sometimes break when closing the valve. When this happens, the displacer and the wire will fall to the bottom of the tank. Not only must a new displacer and wire be fitted and calibrated after each breakage, but the broken parts could cause serious problems if they were sucked into pumps and valves.

IMPACT OF LIQUID DENSITY CHANGES

Another issue for servo gauges is that their measurement accuracy can be significantly affected by changes in liquid density. This is because the buoyant force acting on the displacer changes with the density of the liquefied gas. If the density decreases, the displacer experiences less buoyant force, and the gauge may interpret this as a lower liquid level than is actually the case. Conversely, an increase in density could be misinterpreted as a higher level. A servobased tank gauging system therefore needs to compensate for liquid density changes to avoid level measurement errors which could lead to increased safety risks, inaccurate inventory records and custody transfer disputes.

RELIABILITY IS CRUCIAL

Level measurement devices with excellent reliability are vital in liquefied gas applications, as this not only helps to increase safety but also optimises the operational availability of tanks. This is a critical requirement because tank downtime can result in financial losses, can impact demand fulfilment and disrupt supply chains, and can affect inventory management.

In stark contrast to servo gauges, noncontacting radar level gauges deliver outstanding reliability, even in the most challenging applications, with an MTBF for critical parts measured in decades. Because these instruments are noncontacting there are no wetted parts, and combined with a lack of moving parts, this minimises their maintenance requirements. Non-contacting radar level gauges used in liquefied gas applications will therefore have a very long service life, and can easily operate for 20 years without any need for maintenance or adjustment, which helps to reduce their total cost of ownership. The design of these devices enables their availability to usually reach close to 100% during their long lifespan. In the unlikely event of a non-contacting radar level gauge suffering a failure, diagnostic software will typically identify it and take the device to a safe state.

ONLINE VERIFICATION WITHOUT INTERRUPTING OPERATIONS

Among the integrated diagnostic tools enabling the Rosemount 5900S to achieve enhanced reliability is online verification capability, which allows users to continuously or periodically monitor and verify a device’s performance without interrupting operations. A reference pin provides a fixed, known reflection point for the radar signal. By comparing the measured signal with the known characteristics of the reference pin, the tank gauging system can detect any issues – such as signal degradation, hardware malfunctions or calibration drift, for example – that could potentially affect measurement accuracy and reliability. Because the verification is performed without interrupting operations or requiring physical intervention, this increases safety and operational efficiency. Early detection of any potential issues prevents unexpected failures and allows for pre-emptive maintenance, reducing downtime and costs.

CONCLUSION

Because well-engineered non-contacting radar level gauges can compensate for the effects of vapour, this creates the opportunity to successfully implement these devices in liquefied gas level measurement applications and gain the benefits they provide over older and less sophisticated servo technology. Greater reliability, minimal maintenance, and lower start-up and lifecycle costs combine to ensure safe, reliable and efficient operations, with minimised downtime and costs.

For more information:

Emerson will be exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Meet the experts on stand K20. www.stocexpo.com www.emerson.com/ rosemounttankgauging

01 The Rosemount 5900S Radar Level Gauge from Emerson features an integrated Rosemount 2051 Pressure Transmitter. Pressure measurements are vital in enabling the device to maintain level measurement accuracy in liquefied gas tanks by compensating for the presence of vapour and the effects of vapour pressure changes

FACTORY CALIBRATION FOR LONG-TERM ACCURACY

SINCE THE dawn of human history, trade has been an essential part of the social construct, and every fair exchange depends on mutually agreed and fulfilled measures of goods. In trade industries, especially in the custody transfer of petroleum goods, weights and measures play a fundamental role for accurate transactions of money and products. Instruments quantify conditions in all controlled applications, and measurement accuracy directly impacts revenue streams, product quality, and operational safety.

While the first modern legislative enforcements for weights and measures were institutionalised by local government decrees, they are now upheld by well-known metrological standards, based on international studies and proven principles.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN CUSTODY TRANSFER

All instruments, even the most accurate, exhibit a certain degree of measurement error, which is the difference between the measured value and the reference value.

The tank gauging market places strict requirements on the accuracy for custody transfer level measurement.

Standards such as OIML R85, API 3.1B, and ISO4266, each define the required field accuracy in addition to required calibration specifications. For example, OIML R85 requires field verification within +/- 4 mm to manual dipping, with an approved tape on top of the tank in

which the gauge is installed. However, the same instrument must have an accuracy of +/- 1 mm against a reference in a controlled environment, such as a factory test rig. The use of a verified and calibrated laser measurement device with a one micrometre resolution is typically used for this initial verification. Following OIML recommendations, the initial verification of measuring devices must be performed under reference conditions, and at least 10 measuring points must be recorded, evenly distributed over the measuring range.

CALIBRATION OVERVIEW

In short, calibration is a process of establishing a relationship between a quantitative measurement and a known reference with the goal of determining measurement errors of a given device, referred to as the unit under test (UUT). Once the measurement errors are known, a UUT can be used as a reference to calibrate other instruments, and master meter proving is a common example of this practice. This calibration chain must always be traced back to national or international primary references to ensure metrological traceability.

In most industrial facilities, instrument calibration is required prior to operation. This means it must be carried out either in the factory before delivery, or in the field after installation. Reliable calibration is critical for long-term process reliability, equipment condition, minimising maintenance requirements, and the

highest product quality or metering accuracy – so it is important to choose the best method for initial calibration.

FACTORY CALIBRATION BENEFITS

Factory calibration can save end users a lot of time that would be spent on complex and cumbersome field calibration procedures – which can sometimes take up to several days in large tank gauging applications – and it also provides carefully documented calibration records. Additionally, factory calibration is much more accurate than field calibration because the environment is carefully controlled to minimise interference from external factors. Greater accuracy leads to improved automation system performance due to better data on which to base operational decisions throughout a product’s lifecycle.

For these and other reasons, users typically prefer factory over manual field calibration. With continuous level sensors for tank farm and custody transfer metering applications, historic limitations have restrained factory calibration capabilities. However, modern technological innovations are expanding the calibration boundaries for both the radar and servo level instrumentation typically deployed in these settings.

Microscopic adherence to the reference standard and tight regulation of environmental conditions are two of the most critical components in ensuring accuracy and consistency

of leading factory calibration settings from one test to the next. Variables such as ambient temperature, humidity, pressure, vibration, and electromagnetic interference all impact instrument measurements, so these and other factors must be carefully controlled.

RADAR LEVEL CALIBRATION

Endress+Hauser’s radar level calibration rig at its production facility in Maulburg, Germany, for instance, is located in a basement with floor and ceiling controls to ensure constant ambient conditions. The floor is also suspended to reduce residual vibrations. Controlling these and other variables reduces system uncertainties during calibration.

Non-contact radar technology offers a flexible level measurement solution for many applications – especially tank gauging – even in the presence of extreme pressures, temperatures, or gaseous vapours. Radar level sensors emit high-frequency radar pulses that are reflected by the surface of the medium due to the difference in the relative dielectric to air. The reflected radar pulse’s time-of-flight is directly proportional to the distance traveled, and in turn is used to calculate the level based on known tank geometries.

Modern large-scale radar calibration rigs essentially consist of a high-resolution laser, a two-sided reflector, and the level UUT as well as components for controlling the ambient environment.

The Endress+Hauser Level+Pressure facility in Maulburg, Germany, has four calibration rigs, each of which is suitable for different radar level technologies and application requirements.

After the UUT has been carefully placed at a defined distance D from the laser, the reflector is iteratively moved to various positions between the laser and radar level instrument. The measurement error (E) at each point during the test is recorded as E = D - A - k - B, where A is the

distance from the laser to the reflector, k is the width of the reflector, and B is the measured distance between the reflector and the UUT.

Then, the error values are all documented in a factory calibration report – depending on application, industry, and end user requirements – and the instrument is accepted for service and shipped to the purchaser.

SERVO LEVEL CALIBRATION

Servo sensors are the other most commonly deployed level instrument in tank farms for the precise measurement of petrochemical volumes in custody transfer and inventory control applications. A servo level gauge consists of a small, buoyant displacer that is held on the surface of a liquid medium by a servomotor. The displacer is suspended on a measuring wire that is wound onto a finely grooved drum housing, and as the medium surface level fluctuates and the displacer bobs up or down, the torque in the motor’s magnetic coupling varies. The servo motor then adjusts its position until the net torque is restored to the value prior to the level change. This position adjustment corresponds to a change in the liquid level.

In 2014, Endress+Hauser unveiled the world’s first 40-metre-high calibration tower (for servo level gauges at its production facility in Yamanashi, Japan). The tower rises 10 m above the surface and sigs down 30 m below grade, providing stringent control over ambient conditions that – left unchecked – can interfere with calibration.

A servo calibration tower contains a liquid bath whose level changes during calibration. Like a radar calibration rig, it also uses a high-resolution laser, which is aimed at a reflector on the surface of the liquid. This measured distance is then compared to the level measurement of the servo UUT. The measurement error is recorded as E = C + B - A - D, where

C is the distance between the laser and reflector, B is the reflector width above the surface of the medium, A is the vertical distance between the laser and servo’s zero-point, and D is the level measurement of the UUT.

Only recently have construction, testing, and climate control technologies enabled the precise conditions required for this type of high-accuracy premium calibration rig, which is considered the de facto test for assessing device accuracy. The ISO/ IEC 17025 certificate empowers operators of these rigs to provide precise accredited and traceable calibrations for servo gauges used in tank farms and other levelsensing applications around the world, eliminating the need for cumbersome and less accurate field calibration before the instruments are put into operation.

MODERN CALIBRATION RIGS INCREASE PROCESS RELIABILITY

Reliable instruments that can be traced back to accurate and trustworthy references are the measures of all things in modern industry. In highly competitive markets, measurement reliability and controlled processes are vital as they provide companies with the tools to remain viable.

High-precision calibration rigs enable processors to use reliable instrumentation from the factory, eliminating the need for field calibration during commissioning, and providing higher level of confidence throughout the operational lifecycles. Paired with other advances, such as analytical reporting software and smart device diagnostics, plant personnel waste less time worrying about measurement errors and lost revenue and instead use it for business and process optimisation.

For more information:

Endress+Hauser is exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Visit the team on stand J4 to learn more.

www.endress.com

www.stocexpo.com

01 Endress+Hauser’s production facility in Maulburg, Germany, is equipped with four high-precision level calibration rigs

02 Micropilot free space radars mounted on calibration rig

Process improvement

is ensuring plant availability while ensuring compliance.

In the oil and gas industry, ensuring highest safety and plant availability is crucial, while achieving decarbonization goals has also become a critical imperative. Our comprehensive portfolio and expertise enable process improvements that increase operational reliability and move us towards net zero targets.

REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM STORAGE TANK & LOADING OPERATIONS

Peter Kerkhof, director at EEMUA, explains how to reduce vapour emissions when storing and handling volatile products

WHEN STORING volatile products in storage tanks, there are a number of situations which may result in the emissions of vapours. These may be either standing emissions or emissions when filling a tank. When you load a truck or ship, the vapours from the storage compartments are pushed out. The hydrocarbon emissions (volatile organic components or VOCs) from storage and loading operations is 30-60% of the total off all industry-generated emissions.

This raises a number of questions:

• Do you know how much you are emitting from your terminal and loading operations?

• Do you know what products you are emitting from your terminal?

• Do you know your emission limits?

• Why do you need to reduce emissions?

We have a duty to protect our planet and its atmosphere from pollution and damage, due to the consequential effects on people and their environment.

However, for process safety reasons, it is also necessary to operate a terminal with controlled emissions. We use the word ‘controlled’ as sometimes you

need some hydrocarbon emissions to create an oversaturated atmosphere in a tank. With upcoming biofuels and existing odour sensitive products with, for example, mercaptanes, we might also need to reduce smell. In a lot of cases, we see local or regional regulations driving emissions reduction measures.

Last but not least, loss of product means loss of money, and in terms of money, the effects of evaporation and emissions of products can reach $100,000 (€96,000) per year. During loading operations, it may sometimes be necessary to combust escaping vapours but that results in another operational cost of many thousands of dollars per month. It is no surprise that a lot of terminal operators get involved in the challenge to reduce vapour emissions from storage terminals.

EXPERTISE ON EMISSIONS

Where do you get the expertise on emissions? There are a few things that could help you in taking the right measures to reduce emissions from your storage tank and loading operations. This is a view from the asset owner’s side, based on experience of using many suppliers, rather than a supplier’s pitch.

It is important to keep to the steps of a well-structured process for defining measures to reduce emissions:

• Define your current emission profile quantity and circumstances

• Get to know what your acceptable emission profile is

• Explore potential measures how to reduce emissions

• Select the appropriate measures and techniques – preferred approach and supplier(s)

Let me be clear, prevention is better than cure – in the first instance always aim to prevent emissions. The simplest way is to use a floating roof (internal or external) with a proper seal system in your storage tank. The floating roof prevents the liquid molecules undergoing the phase change from liquid to gas. The next preferred technique is to recover the vapours in a vapour recovery unit (VRU). The last option is to combust vapours in an energy efficient vapour combustion unit (VCU) with energy or heat recovery. Once you have implemented your reduction techniques you have to measure, monitor and report emission performance.

HOW TO DEFINE YOUR EMISSIONS PROFILE

Emissions have various different sources in a storage terminal. Obviously the fixed roof and floating roof storage tanks themselves, but some terminals might have a production or a blending process. Typically butane blending also produces emissions.

Emissions are also generated whilst loading ships, trucks or trains. Less obvious emission sources are:

• Sewer systems and water treatment systems

• Pumps, valves and flanges (diffuse emissions)

• Cleaning and decontamination

• Leaks and spills

• Vents acting as safety systems other than normal venting devices

So find out what harmful components you emit, in what concentration and what composition.

Are you emitting continuously or intermittently? This is particularly important for the timing of your measurements.

Examples of harmful components are VOCs and less volatile but more harmful: aromatics. Smell is caused when mercaptans are emitted either alone or together with the VOCs. From combustion based VRUs SOx, COx, NOx and sometimes NH3 are emitted.

Are you measuring in the correct way or do you rely on theoretically derived emission values? There are several calculation models (EPA42, APIMPMS, Handboek Emissiefactoren, quickscan) to calculate your emission volumes. However, calculation models can be conservative and if you use an incorrect input, you often get conservative outcomes.

My recommendation is to measure rather than calculate emissions. Start with screening for whether a source is emitting or not. As a follow up you can begin with quantifying measurements and composition analysis. This might incur, cost but also offers benefits in terms of knowing and showing the real emission profile.

HOW TO REDUCE EMISSIONS

Get to know what your acceptable emission limits are and how far you are off those limits.

The gap needs to be removed by using emission reduction techniques. For fixed roof tanks, the installation of a internal floating roof would already reduce 9098% of your emissions, depending on the usage of your tank. Insulating your

storage tank results in another 90% reduction of the emissions.

For tanks with an external floating roof you have the ability to use a high performance rim seal and seal floating roof openings. Finally, you can add an aluminium dome on top of your floating roof to keep out the wind and reflect solar radiation. The cost is relatively high, but an aluminium dome also keeps out the rain as additional advantage.

For loading operations, you often end up with a vapour treatment unit. There are a lot of suppliers of VRU and VCU systems. The recovery units can be divided. Firstly, into cryogenic units which condense the vapours back into liquids, but this does cost energy and one needs to realise that a mixture of vapours will have different condensation levels. Secondly, into units which use absorption and absorbent to recover the vapours into liquids. These units require more operator and maintenance care to ensure a well functioning unit.

As a last resort, you can opt for a VCU to destroy your vapours. Keep in mind that aromatics (organic compounds with a ring structure) require a high temperature and sufficient residence time in the furnace to break the ring. Therefore membrane units are often used to remove the relatively large aromatics molecules. Combustion units require additional fuel gas to maintain the heat in the furnace. Regenerative thermal oxidation units (RTO) are fuel efficient as they use the heat from the emission gases. Combustion units generate heat or energy which needs to be recovered for energy efficiency. Another disadvantage is that combustion results in COx, NOx and in some cases also in corrosive SOx emissions. The emission limits for these products are also being tightened, so that scrubber units behind the combustor are required to meet the emission limits.

Very often it is found that multiple vapour treatment units in series are required to meet emission limits. There are very few suppliers that offer units in series.

SELECTING THE RIGHT VAPOUR TREATMENT TECHNIQUE

Use a matrix with requirements and score different techniques on:

• Fuel and/or energy consumption

• Operability and maintainability of the unit

• Safe operation (process safety)

• Vapour conditions (flow and concentration)

• Turn-down ratio (consider using a vapour holder)

• Dimensions and footprint

• Reliability of the unit (e.g. when the unit has an unplanned outage, you have untreated vapours released to the atmosphere)

For more information:

Peter Kerkhof will be speaking at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Register now to attend. www.stocexpo.com www.eemua.org

Source: EEMUA Publication 213

01 Peter Kerkhof, director at EEMUA

02 Emissions from fixed roof tanks

03 Membrane unit explained, large molecules are aromatics small ones are light hydrocarbons

ENHANCE SUSTAINABILITY, IMPROVE SAFETY

David Wendel, managing director at ETS Degassing, looks at how mobile emission reduction enhances sustainability and improves safety in operations

FACED

WITH decarbonisation, industrial plants across all sectors meet significant challenges and the need to balance operational efficiency with environmental responsibility. Reducing emissions, modernising infrastructures, implementing new technologies and adapting to evolving compliance standards have become pressing concerns for many industries.

The tank storage sector is no exception and faces challenges of enhancing sustainability and reducing the emission of pollutants as well. Mobile degassing and replacement services can support the operators of tank terminals and storage facilities in establishing more sustainable processes by effectively and environmentally-friendly treating developing gases and vapours.

COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

Meeting environmental standards and regulations while maintaining operational efficiency can be a difficult task for operators in the tank storage industry.

VOC (volatile organic compound) or HAP (hazardous air pollutant) emissions are often released during storage, transfer or maintenance processes. If left untreated,

these precursors of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions contribute to air pollution and also pose risks to the health and safety of employees as well as surrounding neighbourhoods. Emission treatment of gases and vapours that develop in tank terminals and storage facilities is therefore very important. Equally relevant is treating residual gases that often settle and remain in tanks or pipes. Without proper treatments, residual gases can also significantly impact air quality and human health.

Managing VOC and HAP emissions from storage tanks, pipelines and terminal operations has become a critical priority. The effective treatment of residual gases is essential to reducing the environmental impact, instead of releasing them directly into the atmosphere. In recent years, there has been a growing awareness for sustainable industrial processes. As part of decarbonisation and the mitigation of the global carbon footprint, the emission of gases with a high global warming potential (GWP) needs to be reduced.

FLEXIBLE AND SUSTAINABLE EMISSION TREATMENT

Mobile degassing and replacement services support operators of industrial plants from different sectors in efficiently and sustainably treating their emissions – from tank terminals and refineries to ports, chemical plants, industrial services and other markets. For ETS Degassing, the key for supporting customers in emission treatment for different applications are the team’s innovative mobile vapour combustion units (VCUs) that destroy all kinds of gases, gas mixtures and vapours from explosion groups IIA, IIB and IIC – from gaseous hydrocarbons to organic solvents and hydrogen-containing vapours. During the emission treatment process, the units destroy the hazardous pollutants by combustion, with an efficiency of over 99.99%. As neither open flame, odour nor noise result from this, the emission treatment process is particularly safe and sustainable. The mobile vapour combustion units are transportable as trailers or containers and can be flexibly deployed directly where emissions and pollutants develop – on-site in tank terminals, storage facilities, plants or refineries.

With piping networks, the mobile VCU is connected to the component containing the residual gases to be treated. The pollutants are separated and then destroyed by combusting. By thermally treating and combusting the captured gases in the mobile incinerator, the emission of pollutants is minimised, and emissions are reduced to a significantly lower, environmentally-friendly level. For example, ETS Degassing recently

applied a mobile VCU to treat emissions from an LNG fuel tank with a volume of 1,280 m³. Normally, the GWP factor of the LNG is 60.87 tons (55 tonnes), assuming a CO2 eq/kg of 36 kg. By treating the developing emissions and combusting the residual gases, the CO2 eq factor was reduced to just 6.64 tons – representing a total reduction of 89%.

MOBILE DEGASSING FOR A SAFE TREATMENT OF RESIDUAL AND EXHAUST GASES

The main application of mobile vapour combustion units is the degassing of tanks, pipelines, ships and inland barges – for example for commissioning, decommissioning, loading and unloading procedures or in preparation of product changes, cleaning, maintenance and repair works. In recent projects, we have for example carried out the degassing of tanks containing crude oil, propane, petrol, propylene oxide, butane, naphtha, benzol and cyclohexane for tank terminals and storage facilities in Germany, the United Kingdom, Austria, Belgium, France and the Netherlands. In addition, ETS applies its European patent for the degassing of vacuum trucks.

In the Port of Duisburg, Germany, ETS Degassing established the first legal and environmentally-friendly degassing option for inland barges and vessels on the River Rhine in Germany. Barges, vessels, gas tankers and motor tankers can sustainably dispose of residual gases at its degassing site to prepare for safe product changes or shipyard works. The site is permanently equipped with a mobile VCU for degassing, and a mobile

nitrogen vaporiser for inserting and purging components that contain liquified gases under pressure, such as ammonia or LNG.

As LNG is becoming increasingly important as an alternative energy source, there has also been a rising demand for LNG cool-down operations and LNG fuel tank degassing. For example, ETS recently carried out a major application for a big ship in the Port of Rotterdam, Netherlands. The team was given short notice one evening, and ETS’ units and operators were already on site the following morning. By noon, the operation had begun, and was completed by the next night. For the LNG cool down, ETS Degassing applied a mobile vapour combustion unit and a mobile nitrogen vaporiser to add nitrogen to the tank. For different application in the Netherlands, ETS provided a mobile VCU and the nitrogen vaporiser for the degassing of LNG fuel tanks on board a tanker.

TEMPORARY VRU REPLACEMENT

Mobile vapour combustion units can also be used to temporarily replace stationary emission reduction systems such as vapour recovery units (VRUs) during downtime due to maintenance or repair. Facilities without a VRU are not allowed to operate, but applying a VCU ensures emissions are treated, avoiding downtime or shutdowns. Recent applications, for example, include replacement services in tank terminals in Germany and the Netherlands or during ship loadings in the Ports of Antwerp, Rotterdam and Amsterdam. ETS Degassing has also replaced a VRU in a

truck loading facility in the Netherlands, ensuring that the loading operations could be continued without interference.

SAFETY FIRST

ETS Degassing was recently awarded a TotalEnergies Safety Award in the category of Safest Contractor Tank Terminal for two VRU replacement deployments. In two tank terminals, the stationary VRUs had to be taken out of operation for repair. For the duration of the VRU downtimes, ETS’ mobile VCUs combusted the developing vapours and gases to continue emission treatment and avoid safety risks or environmental damages. Thus, the operations in the tank terminals could be maintained safely and without restrictions, ensuring that no petrol shortages occurred in the affected regions. ETS’ on-site operators worked closely together with the customer to ensure smooth processes during the VRU back-up.

By implementing environmental technologies such as mobile degassing, VRU replacement and emission treatment, industrial plants and tank storage facilities can align operations with sustainability and safety goals, reducing their environmental footprint. As technologies evolve, emission treatment remains an indispensable tool for driving progress and supporting decarbonisation efforts across the industry.

For more information:

ETS Degassing will be exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Visit the team on stand P32 to find out more about their solution. www.stocexpo.com www.ets-degassing.com

01 David Wendel, managing director, ETS Degassing

02 Mobile vapour combustion unit during a VRU replacement application in the Port of Antwerp, Belgium

03 Mobile vapour combustion unit during the degassing of a storage tank and vacuum truck in the Netherlands

UNDER PRESSURE

Protego’s Thorsten Schaper explains how optimising the set pressure of tank breather valves can help reduce emissions and nitrogen consumption

BREATHER VALVES have an important role to play in reducing emissions at a tank farm.

The following case study takes a fuel tank farm that has been in operation for 12 years and demonstrates how the optimal design for breather valves prevented the loss of emissions – and potential product – into the atmosphere. Understanding how the existing valves work, the achievable maximum leak rates and the manufacturer’s sizing tool

01 Previous settings of the relief valves:

Set pressure ERV: +4,0 kPa

Set pressure PVRV: +2,5/-0,5 kPA

02

Improved settings of the relief valves:

Set pressure ERV: +4,9 kPa

kPa

allowed the operator to independently improve their terminal.

THE FACTS

In this case, nitrogen-covered storage tanks for gasoline are examined for the possibility of reducing emissions. The tanks are built according to the API 620 standard and are equipped with breather valves according to API 2000 for normal tank breathing and the so-called fire case.

The given operating data: The tank design pressure (TDP) is 5.0 kPa, the maximum operating pressure is 1.0 kPa and the pressure control valve supplies nitrogen from the grid at less than 0.4 kPa operating pressure.

The aim of the improvement measure: By using the maximum allowable accumulated tank pressure, the aim was to increase the valve set pressures to achieve the greatest possible pressure difference between the operating pressure and the set pressure of the tank breather valve.

INCREASING VALVE SETTING PRESSURES

The tank designed according to the API 620 standard allows a maximum allowable accumulated pressure (MAAP) of 120% TDP, i.e. a maximum of 6.0 kPa. By changing the valve set pressure of the emergency relief valve to 4.9 kPa and using the manufacturer’s so-called 10% technology, the full performance of the valve is already achieved at approx 5.4 kPa relief pressure.

It is important to know at which pressure the manufacturer tests the leak rate of the valve. In this case, according to the API 2000 standard for tank breather valves, the test is carried out at 75% of the set pressure. So the test pressure for the leak rate is 3.7 kPa.

When considering the pressure/vacuum relief valve for normal tank breathing, two aspects are important for changing the valve set pressure:

1

2

breather valve and the pressure at which the leakage of the emergency vent valve – in this case 3.7 kPa – was measured.

It is therefore necessary to prevent the tank breather valve from being set so that the maximum operating pressure of the tank reaches or exceeds the pressure of the leak rate test. Otherwise, significant leakage or unnecessary loss of nitrogen would result.

When the breather valve opens and the full venting capacity is achieved, it is also of great importance that a sufficient pressure difference is maintained to the pressure of the leakage check of the emergency vent valve. If this is not the case, very high nitrogen losses via the emergency vent valve are unavoidable.

The setting pressure of the tank breather valve has been increased to 3.2 kPa. This valve is already fully open after a 10% increase in pressure and thus reliefs the required capacity at 3.52 kPa. The leakage, in turn, was checked at only 90% of the set pressure, i.e. at 2.9 kPa.

The implemented changes to the valve adjustment pressure have achieved the following:

1

Sufficient distance between the maximum operating pressure to the set pressure or the pressure at which the leak rate has been checked by the manufacturer.

Sufficient distance between the relieving pressure of the fully open

2

The increased distance between the operating pressure of 1.0 kPa and the achievement of the leakage test pressure of 2.9 kPa ensures that the valve is operated at a significantly better leak rate than agreed with the manufacturer. The result is the lowest possible loss of nitrogen during normal operation. The leak rate of this valve is under control.

The increase in the set pressures ensures that there is no cascade effect between the achievement of the relieving pressure of the tank breather valve and the set pressure of the emergency relief valve. The leak rate of this valve is also controlled.

The conversion should be carried out in a valve workshop by trained staff who are in regular contact with the manufacturer, use the necessary original spare parts and have a suitable valve test bench that is able to check set pressure and leak rate measurement. The changes made must be recorded.

CONCLUSION

When selecting the valves or creating specifications, the following considerations should be made:

• What is the expected maximum operating pressure?

• What is the maximum allowable tank overpressure?

• What maximum pressure increase is acceptable from the set pressure of the tank breather valve to the full opening resp. reaching of the volume flow to be discharged?

• At what pressure in relation to the set pressure does the manufacturer check the leak rate of the valve?

• According to which standard or values does the manufacturer test the leak rate?

• In tanks with several differently adjusted valves, does the optimal selection of the set pressures ensure that cascade effects do not occur between the valves?

• Is there a suitable or authorised valve shop available for maintenance or any conversions?

• Is the selected maintenance company able to check the setting pressure and leak rate and ensure their quality over the life cycle of the breathing valve?

Proper design of tank breather valves can help minimise product emissions and nitrogen losses, which in turn reduces operating costs and helps the operator control normal emissions.

The greatest possible pressure difference between the maximum operating pressure and set pressure or pressure of the leakage measurement of the breather valve is vital, especially when the product vapours of a tank must be fed to a recovery system. This is how terminal operators can best meet possible environmental requirements.

For more information:

Protego will be exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March in Rotterdam. Visit the team on stand L30 to learn more about breather valves.

www.stocexpo.com www.protego.com

Complex Vapor Problems Now Have A Simple Solution

Take our proven VRU options, testing and service capabilities, plus our ultra-low NOx and CO TriClean™ VCUs with VOC destruction efficiencies of up to 99.99% and you have a complete vapor solution. No other company has Zeeco’s experience in VRU systems, retrofits, or revamps. Trust Zeeco for 24/7 service, emissions testing, analysis, rentals, and aftermarket spares for marine, rail, and truck terminal operators.

Zeeco: Changing the vapor calculus for terminals

CLEARING THE AIR

Find out how NevadaNano’s automated emission detection solution is providing real-time data and boosting operational efficiency

AS THE OIL, gas, chemicals, and renewables industries continue to focus on reducing their environmental impact, leak detection and emissions control have become essential aspects of operational efficiency. In the face of increasing regulatory requirements, terminal operators and facility managers must balance production goals with efficient and accurate emissions control. The need for real-time data is urgent, as delayed detection of methane and hydrogen leaks can result in costly fines, increased safety risks, and operational inefficiencies.

NevadaNano’s automated continuous emissions monitoring system, designed for real-time detection of methane, hydrogen and total emissions, are helping companies rise to these challenges. By utilising NevadaNano’s proprietary gas sensor technology, combined with proprietary cloud software that calculates the location and size of emissions, the automated system ensures highly

accurate, continuous monitoring, reducing the risk of leaks and improving compliance with environmental standards. This article explores two

critical applications — floating roof tanks and thief hatches — and how customers have benefited from automated emissions detection.

THIEF HATCH: REMOTE CONTINUOUS MONITORING

THE CHALLENGE: Like many oil and gas upstream sites, the customer’s location is in a remote area, which makes leak detection and repair (LDAR) both challenging and intermittent. The customer’s LDAR process was manual, requiring technicians to conduct regular site visits for visual inspections and use vehicle-mounted gas detection devices to identify potential fugitive emissions. Each trip to the site took 2.5 hours one-way. Upon arrival, the technician would drive the vehicle along a pre-determined route or grid pattern to cover the entire site. If a leak was detected, the technician would use a handheld portable device to try to pinpoint the leak’s source. However, in many cases, the technician was unable to locate the leak before the return trip was due, requiring another visit to continue the investigation. Once the source was identified, technicians could either perform the repair or return with the proper equipment to complete the work. Each visit consumed several hours of travel time, making the process inefficient and costly. This led to delays in repairs and missed opportunities for early leak intervention.

THE SOLUTION: NevadaNano’s automated continuous emissions monitoring system provided a transformative solution by enabling remote, continuous monitoring of methane emissions. Six endpoints were installed on the tanks, adjacent to the thief hatches (see figure 01). Once the system was online, it immediately notified the operator of a leak at one of the thief hatches, providing both the location and size of the leak. This information allowed repair teams to be directed to the precise problem area, reducing on-site time and significantly accelerating repair efforts.

THE RESULTS:

• Remote continuous monitoring: The system allowed for continuous, remote monitoring, eliminating the need for intermittent on-site visits and reducing the time spent on manual inspections.

• Precise leak location and real-time alerts: NevadaNano’s proprietary cloud software that calculates the location and size of emissions pinpointed the leak’s exact location, directing technicians swiftly to the area, cutting down on time spent searching.

• Prioritised and faster repairs: With real-time alerts showing the quantification of emissions and clear instructions on the leak’s location, repair teams were able to prioritise their activities based on the most pressing leaks and conduct repairs more quickly, minimising downtime and reducing operational costs.

• Cost savings: By preventing long delays and costly repeat visits, the system helped the operator save both time and money while improving overall emissions control.

• Increased efficiency: The system’s ability to provide detailed analytics allowed operators to address potential issues proactively, preventing emissions events before they escalated into larger problems

EMISSIONS CHALLENGES

Floating roof tanks and thief hatches are two areas where emissions management is particularly critical. Floating roof tanks, often used for storing liquid hydrocarbons, can be prone to vapour leaks due to their design, leading to potentially significant losses of valuable gases and compliance issues. Similarly, thief hatches, which are used to relieve pressure and maintain safe operating conditions, are often a point of leakage, particularly in fluctuating pressures or in aging infrastructure.

As these emissions are harmful to both the environment and the bottom line, adopting reliable, real-time leak detection systems is more than just a regulatory necessity, it’s a strategic move for longterm operational efficiency.

CONCLUSION

In an increasingly regulated and environmentally conscious industry, the ability to detect and manage emissions effectively is essential for operational success. NevadaNano’s automated continuous emissions monitoring system offers a cutting-edge solution to this challenge, providing real-time methane and hydrogen monitoring in critical areas such as floating roof tanks and thief hatches. By adopting this automated monitoring system, terminal operators can enhance safety, reduce operational downtime, and ensure compliance with stringent environmental regulations. The system’s certified intrinsically safe design, high accuracy, leak source isolation capabilities, low maintenance, and seamless integration make it an ideal choice for companies seeking to improve their emissions control while maintaining operational efficiency.

As the demand for sustainable practices in the oil, gas, chemicals, and renewables industries continues to grow, solutions like NevadaNano’s will be key to helping organisations stay ahead of both regulatory demands and operational challenges.

For more information:

NevadaNano will be exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Visit the team at the brand new North America Pavilion.

www.stocexpo.com

Learn more at www.nevadanano.com or contact the team at emea.sales@nevadanano.com

FLOATING ROOF TANKS: FINDING HARDTO-DETECT LEAKS

THE CHALLENGE: Floating roof tanks are a standard feature in the storage of hydrocarbons. The design of these tanks, while effective for managing liquid levels, leaves the potential for vapour leaks, especially at the roof’s surface. These leaks, which can occur without being easily visible or detectable, often go unnoticed until significant regulatory, safety, or operational issues arise. This makes it difficult to proactively manage emissions, leading to environmental risk, loss of valuable products, and potential regulatory non-compliance.

One of the key advantages of NevadaNano’s automated continuous emissions monitoring system is that it is certified intrinsically safe, which means its endpoints can be mounted on or near the hazardous zones of the tanks, providing highly accurate close proximity, continuous monitoring to the source of emissions, which enables immediate detection before the wind dilutes and distorts the gas plume. This also helps the operator obtain the most precise measurements of emission location and emission rates.

NevadaNano’s proprietary cloud software that calculates the location and size of emissions enables repair teams to go directly to the source, minimising downtime and maximising efficiency. Additionally, by quantifying the size of the leak, the system provides crucial information to help prioritise repair actions based on the severity of the emissions.

THE SOLUTION: NevadaNano’s automated continuous emissions monitoring system was implemented to monitor methane emissions continuously across a network of floating roof tanks. Once online, the emissions data in the automated monitoring system dashboard analytics platform showed intermittent emissions. By looking at the emissions data and comparing it to tank fill levels during the leak events, operators determined there must be some damage to the tank wall at a certain height. On-the-ground investigations performed by the operators confirmed that there was damage in the tank wall in two locations specified by the system. Repair teams were sent to fix the damage and operators were able to fill the tanks to optimal levels with confidence.

THE RESULTS:

• Visualising emissions data: Operators were able to view emissions data in a time-based chart that allowed them to overlay the data with tank fill levels, allowing them to determine the cause of the leak.

• Precise leak location and quantification: NevadaNano’s proprietary cloud software algorithms allowed teams to identify and quantify the leak’s exact location and size, enabling them to prioritise repair efforts.

• Enhanced compliance: The system’s accurate data helped operators meet stringent regulatory requirements, avoiding costly fines and penalties.

01 Automated continuous emissions monitoring system endpoint adjacent to thief hatch

02 Emission quantification and location alert details

• Operational efficiency: With real-time monitoring, maintenance schedules could be optimised, reducing downtime and improving overall efficiency.

4 KEY WAYS TO BOOST TERMINAL EFFICIENCY

UAB-Online addresses the key pain points in maritime operations

EFFORTS to enhance operational efficiency in port and terminal processes within the maritime industry are yielding benefits for stakeholders and simultaneously reducing demurrage claims. In UAB-Online’s experience as a software solution provider, the company has witnessed firsthand the improvements possible when the complete process of the pre-arrival administration and handling of inland and seagoing vessels becomes digitised.

However, at many ports and terminals, less-than-optimal processes are still in place, and there are common problems that repeatedly occur. UAB-Online has identified four pain points, typically seen in traditional port and terminal operations, and suggests the best ways to overcome them.

1 Misaligned communication and transparency issues

Without a standard method of communicating and sharing data throughout the complex process of liquid bulk operations, delays and misunderstandings are inevitable. Poor coordination and lack of real-time visibility create inefficiencies, resulting in costly disruptions and disputes among stakeholders.

Terminal operations are complex, involving a diverse ecosystem of stakeholders including operators, shipping lines, agents, surveyors, and regulators. Miscommunication among these groups can lead to significant

inefficiencies, particularly when they rely on outdated communication methods such as emails and phone calls.

The consequences of poor transparency are far-reaching. Delays in informing relevant stakeholders, such as vessels and surveyors, can lead to conflicts in scheduling and missed berthing opportunities. This not only causes operational inefficiencies but can also lead to increased risks and demurrage disputes.

To address these challenges, collaborative solutions are being developed. Platforms that provide real-time dashboards and automated notifications help ensure that all stakeholders have access to the same timely and accurate information.

2

Inefficient berth scheduling

Berth availability is a key factor in vessel turnaround time. Suboptimal scheduling creates bottlenecks and prolonged waiting times at anchorage, leading to significant demurrage costs. Optimising berth allocation with a digital process can directly reduce idle time for vessels.

Inefficient scheduling within terminal operations can have a significant impact, often causing vessels to idle offshore for extended periods. This not only leads to financial losses for shipping companies but also contributes to environmental damage due to increased emissions. To combat this, real-time data is being

leveraged to optimise berth allocation decisions. By considering factors such as vessel size and cargo type, and employing a digital twin in combination with artificial intelligence, terminals can automatically schedule vessels.

As port traffic grows, scalable solutions are essential. Advanced berth management systems are designed to handle this increase without adding to the administrative burden. These systems also enhance transparency in planning. Improved berth scheduling reduces vessel idle time and provides other stakeholders, such as surveyors and service providers, with the ability to better plan their operations. With real-time visibility into berth allocations and expected arrival times, these third parties can synchronise their schedules accordingly. This coordination reduces waiting times and boosts the overall efficiency of port operations.

3 Delays in resource availability

Even with an available berth, operations can stall if the necessary resources, such as equipment, personnel, or surveyors, are not ready. This increases vessel idle time and emissions. Terminal operations are heavily dependent on the timely availability of critical resources such as personnel, tugboats, surveyors, and specialised equipment. These resources must be carefully synchronised with the operational schedules to maintain a smooth supply chain.

Traditionally, resource allocation has been managed through manual systems, which can lead to a host of inefficiencies. Issues such as double bookings, unexpected delays in services provided by third parties, and an over-reliance on phone calls and emails are common. These practices not only slow down response times but also heighten the risk of miscommunication, further impacting the efficiency of operations.

However, with the advent of emerging technologies like digital twins and predictive analytics, it’s possible to anticipate resource bottlenecks and automate the allocation process to ensure that resources are ready when needed. These technological advancements not only improve operational efficiency but also contribute to sustainability efforts

UAB-Online’s software solution has reduced port stays for customers by up to 90 minutes, contributing to a more sustainable liquid bulk process with less CO 2 and NOX emissions.

4

Last-minute disruptions

Last-minute operational disruptions remain a major challenge for liquid bulk terminals, often causing costly delays and inefficiencies. By implementing proactive measures, terminals can minimise delays caused by incorrect cargo documentation, unprepared loading/unloading facilities, or technical failures.

Last-minute operational disruptions in terminal operations can be costly, often leading to demurrage costs or penalties for vessels that are delayed. These disruptions frequently stem from a variety of root causes, such as incomplete cargo documentation, unexpected operational surprises or exceptions, and unforeseen regulatory interventions.

To build resilience against such disruptions, digital platforms are increasingly being used to enable proactive contingency planning. These platforms allow stakeholders to anticipate potential issues and take steps to mitigate them before they lead to larger problems. Additionally, the implementation of automated workflows and real-time alerts plays a crucial role in ensuring that stakeholders can quickly adapt to unforeseen events.

By leveraging digital tools, terminals can manage last-minute changes seamlessly, reducing the risk of delays and strengthening their commitment to operational excellence and environmental responsibility.

THE IMPACT OF ADDRESSING PAIN POINTS

Addressing these four pain points can deliver tremendous benefits. Improved communication and transparency reducing misalignments and enhancing coordination. Additionally, optimised berth scheduling and resource planning minimises idle time and demurrage costs. Proactive management of disruptions prevents costly delays and protects terminal reputations.

Digital solutions offer immense potential for operational efficiencies and cost savings. For example, the European Commission’s single window initiative alone is projected to save shipping operators approximately €60-70 million annually by reducing administrative workloads. Eliminating redundant paperwork, standardising data exchange, and introducing automation in liquid bulk cargo management further enhance these efficiencies.

• Enhanced safety: Accurate communication and automated safety checks reduce the risk of human error and accidents.

• Environmental benefits: Streamlined port operations reduce idle time, lowering carbon emissions.

• Regulatory compliance: Digital processes ensure stakeholders stay up to date with national and international regulations, avoiding legal risks and protecting reputations.

• Strong collaboration: Open communication through collaborative platforms resolves issues promptly and aligns all stakeholders, from shippers to receivers.

SIGNS OF PROGRESS

UAB-Online sees signs that the liquid bulk sector is embracing digitalisation, but it still faces significant challenges. Ports are complex ecosystems and there needs to be alignment among all stakeholders, including port operators, shipowners, and regulatory authorities. Even if all stakeholders acknowledge the necessity of digitising processes to drive efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability, the move to adopt new technologies can be slow and filled with hurdles.

UAB-Online is committed to helping the maritime liquid bulk sector improve operations by embracing digitalisation. Its digital platform reduces the risk of human error and operational delays through automated processes and digital checklists and streamlines compliance with laws and regulations. Its goal has always been to support safe, efficient and sustainable inland and maritime shipping worldwide.

By adopting new technologies, the sector is poised to ensure the safe, efficient, and compliant transportation of liquid bulk cargo across the world. The logistics may be complex, but the solutions are already here and UAB-Online are pleased to see that every day more ports and terminals are resolving pain points and taking their first steps toward digitalisation.

For more information:

UAB-Online’s CEO, Hans Bobeldijk, will be speaking at StocExpo, taking place on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. www.uab-online.com www.stocexpo.com

INTRODUCING: SHARED REALITY

Ahead of speaking at StocExpo, Samp’s COO Thomas Grand explains how a datadriven approach can improve terminal operations

THE TANK storage industry faces a wide array of challenges, from managing complex facilities to ensuring data accuracy for critical decisionmaking. As operators aim to minimise risks, enhance profitability, and maintain a competitive edge, having a clear and reliable understanding of industrial assets is more crucial than ever. Addressing these needs, innovative solutions are emerging to transform how the industry manages operations and assets. At this year’s StocExpo, Samp will showcase Shared Reality, an industryproven software solution designed by oil and gas veterans to help tank farm and terminal operators as well as stakeholders in the midstream and process industries achieve operational excellence. By simplifying project and asset management complexities, Shared Reality provides a data-driven approach to improving collaboration, safety, and efficiency.

AN ADVANCED YET SIMPLE WORKSPACE

Shared Reality leverages patented artificial intelligence (AI) and 3D technology to create an immersive and interactive digital workspace. This highly secured cloud solution helps site operators link a 3D Reality Model of physical assets captured on-site via 3D scanning to technical data such as PFD/P&ID flowsheets and equipment metadata from existing asset management systems, offering teams a comprehensive view of their facilities. Deployed in just a few days after a rapid site survey done by a local 3D scanning company, it provides almsot instant insights into actual site conditions and ensures data integrity across operations. By enabling users to visualise, navigate, and analyse their sites in detail, Shared Reality facilitates better understanding and informed decision-making. From routine maintenance to major projects like expansions or revamps, the solution ensures that technical data aligns seamlessly with actual site conditions.

A major advance over traditional approaches based on manually designed 3D CAD models is that operators can quickly update the 3D Reality Model

themselves, using a photogrammetry application on their work tablets or smartphones. For the first time, workers in the field can quickly and simply update a model shared by all teams as soon as a change is made.

ZERO BAD SURPRISES ON SITE

In sectors such as tank storage and midstream, where precision and collaboration are paramount, Shared Reality offers several key benefits:

1 Preventing on-site issues: By providing a clear and accurate representation of physical assets, augmented with their status and properties, Shared Reality helps prevent unexpected challenges during maintenance or project execution.

2

3

Simplifying revamping projects: Engineering and hazard studies are simplified thanks to the unambiguous physical (3D) and functional (flowsheets) context provided to all teams involved, whether internal staff or external contractors.

Optimising procurement: Thanks to its secured 3D streaming web technology procurement teams can collaborate temporarily with external companies during call for

TANGIBLE RESULTS

4

tenders, ensuring faster proposals time, better offers, minimised amendments and claims.

Accelerating maintenance work: Teams can identify and address maintenance needs more quickly via a more visual interface, reducing downtime and improving operational continuity. Plus new workers quickly familiarise themselves with the site layout.

5 Fostering collaboration: Shared Reality allows site personnel, engineers, contractors, and investment teams to work together effectively with all stakeholders able to access the most current and accurate data.

6 Improving safety & auditability: By grounding operations in realworld conditions, Shared Reality minimises risks, promoting a safer working environment for all involved, while greatly simplifying auditing processes. This solution is particularly valuable for organisations managing sensitive or complex infrastructure, where discrepancies between design data and on-site conditions can lead to costly delays or safety hazards.

A notable success story with tangible results comes from Trapil, a leading pipeline and tank farms operator with over 70 years of industry experience. Recognising the difficulties posed by legacy infrastructure and fragmented data, Trapil identified Shared Reality as the ideal solution to overcome these challenges.

David le Friant, chief technology officer at Trapil, highlights the workspace’s impact: ‘Samp provides the most pragmatic digital twin solution to address the challenges of legacy infrastructure. Our partnership with Samp ensures that our teams and clients benefit from cutting-edge technology to maintain operational excellence. All our teams adopted the solution very quickly, from field operatives to project managers in the technical department. It has become an easy and intuitive tool for preparing our work with reliable data.’

Beyond their own facilities, Trapil already managed the successful deployment of Shared Reality on the pipeline and tank farms of one of its clients, SPMR.

UNDERSTANDING REALITY CAPTURE

Reality capture is the process of digitally documenting physical environments to create precise, high-resolution 3D representations. This technology underpins the creation of 3D Reality Models like those used in Shared Reality, offering a clear and detailed view of industrial sites. Two primary methods dominate reality capture: 3D laser scanning and photogrammetry.

3D LASER SCANNING: PRECISION MEETS EFFICIENCY

3D laser scanning has been a cornerstone of reality capture for over two decades, traditionally relying on Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS). TLS technology captures millions of data points with exceptional accuracy (millimetric), producing detailed 3D models suitable for complex industrial settings. More recently, technological advances have revolutionised laser scanning. Simultaneous Localisation And Mapping (SLAM)-based scanners offer faster and more cost-effective alternatives to traditional TLS systems while maintaining an almost comparable quality (sub-centimetric). These portable devices enable operators to navigate through facilities and capture spatial data in real time, even in very hard-toreach environments, providing faster surveys, significantly reducing costs and deployment times without sacrificing precision.

PHOTOGRAMMETRY: VERSATILITY FOR BROAD APPLICATIONS

Photogrammetry, another powerful reality capture method, uses high-resolution photographs to generate 3D models. There are two main methods: drone-based or tablet/smartphone photogrammetry.

Drones equipped with high-definition cameras are used to survey expansive outdoor or elevated areas, such as the top of storage tanks or hard-to-reach pipeline sections. They provide a bird’s-eye view and generate reasonably detailed 3D models (multi-centimetric) that are invaluable for site planning and asset monitoring. Whereas the latter can be used on a smaller scale to capture localised equipment or specific sections of a facility. This approach is particularly suited for smaller, focused scans – covering areas of just a few square meters – offering a convenient, precise (centimetric) and accessible way to digitise physical assets.

STEPWISE INTEGRATION & IMMEDIATE IMPACT

A distinguishing feature of Shared Reality is its AI-powered 3D equipment recognition, enabling users to link 3D representations of assets to their corresponding flowsheet or technical data. This capability gives operators a unified and comprehensive overview of their facilities, enables to perform 3D-based business intelligence (e.g. checking P&ID-to-3D consistency, or performing 3D assets colourisation and filtering based on their status) helping them make data-driven decisions with confidence.

Shared Reality can work standalone or integrate seamlessly with existing data sources – such as spreadsheets or flowsheets – as well as IT systems like ERP, EAM, CMMS, EDMS, and SCADA platforms. This optional connectivity ensures that organisations can retrieve, assess, and update vital information without disrupting current workflows.

With deployment completed in a few days to a few weeks, Shared Reality delivers immediate value by:

• Reducing project timelines: Faster access to accurate data and insights allows teams to execute tasks more efficiently.

• Cutting costs: Streamlined workflows and improved procurement reduce unnecessary expenses.

• Eliminating surprises: By aligning technical data with site realities, the tool minimises unexpected challenges once work begins.

A FUTURE-READY SOLUTION FOR THE TANK STORAGE INDUSTRY

As the tank storage industry continues to evolve, solutions like Shared Reality are redefining how midstream operators manage their assets and operations. By enabling rapid integration of data, simplifying collaboration, and delivering actionable insights, Shared Reality empowers organisations to navigate today’s challenges and prepare for a more resilient future.

For terminal operators and midstream players looking to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve safety for both blue collar and white collar teams, Shared Reality offers a proven, innovative pathway to operational excellence.

For more information:

Samp is exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Visit the team on stand N16 and don’t miss COO Thomas Grand’s speaking session at the FETSA Tank Storage stage. www.samp.ai

www.stocexpo.com

RAPID MULTI-SITE DEPLOYMENT

Storengy, a key player in natural gas storage, successfully addressed a significant challenge – the lack of 3D CAD models for its facilities – by deploying Shared Reality. This solution enabled the company to quickly establish a functionally rich digital twin for its sites without relying on traditional CAD models. Notably, Storengy achieved this rollout at an impressive pace, implementing Shared Reality across all its sites at a rate of one per quarter.

Antoine Boudehent, head of data and industrial digital services at Storengy, explains: ‘Shared Reality enabled us to create highly accurate representations of our facilities through 3D scans, offering precise depictions of actual field conditions. In addition, we aggregated our existing data sources, now accessible via Samp’s 3D streaming portal – including our document management system, telemetry, asbestos database, and maintenance management system.’

He continues: ‘This digital twin provides a comprehensive 1D/2D/3D contextual framework for all our data, supporting diverse applications such as operations, maintenance, engineering, remote support, training, and communication.’

The rapid, systematic deployment of Shared Reality across Storengy’s facilities highlights its scalability and effectiveness in transforming asset and data management for complex industrial operations.

THE FUTURE OF TANK STORAGE IS DATA-DRIVEN

Ahead of sharing their insights on a panel at StocExpo, QADworks explains how it uses data integration and advanced analytics to benefit terminals

THE TANK storage industry is a vital part of global logistics, and operates within a dynamic and increasingly complex environment.

Faced with evolving industry specific regulations, heightened safety concerns, and the constant pressure to optimise operations and improve profitability, forward-thinking storage operators are recognising the critical role of technology in navigating this challenging landscape. Traditionally, the industry relied heavily on manual processes and experienced personnel. Technology takes this a step further, by automating routine tasks, such as data entry, inventory tracking, and order processing. This not only enhances accuracy and minimises the potential for human error, but also frees up valuable time and resources. By streamlining these processes, organisations can operate more efficiently, reduce the impact of factors such as fatigue and distractions, and ultimately achieve greater consistency and reliability in their operations. Whilst technology provides valuable tools for enhancing safety, optimising operations, and driving profitability, it is crucial to remember that human expertise remains indispensable. Technology should be viewed as an enabler, empowering human decisionmaking and supporting the skilled workforce that remains the cornerstone of successful tank storage operations.

QADworks understands this principle, and specialises in helping tank storage companies leverage the power of data by working closely with our clients to understand their unique challenges and develop customised solutions that address their specific needs.

The company’s expertise spans data integration, advanced analytics, and the implementation of technologies, enabling its clients to enhance safety, optimise operations, improve profitability, and achieve operational excellence. QADworks helps businesses navigate the complexities of the modern tank storage industry with confidence, positioning themselves for sustainable and scalable success, while ensuring that technology empowers the endusers.

The integration of technology within tank storage operations provides several key advantages, such as:

• Real-time data monitoring systems enable proactive identification and mitigation of potential safety hazards, such as leaks, spills, and equipment failures.

• Automated compliance checks ensure adherence to stringent regulations, minimising the risk of fines and penalties.

• Data-driven insights provide valuable information on inventory levels, equipment utilisation, and maintenance needs, allowing for

optimised resource allocation, reduced downtime, and improved operational efficiency.

• Predictive maintenance algorithms can anticipate equipment failures, minimising costly disruptions and maximising operational uptime.

• Streamlined operations, reduced costs, and improved efficiency directly translate to increased profitability.

• Data-driven insights can inform pricing strategies, optimise inventory management, and identify new market opportunities, enhancing revenue streams and maximising returns on investment.

• By embracing technology, companies can cultivate a culture of continuous improvement. Data-driven insights enable the identification of bottlenecks, areas for improvement, and opportunities for innovation, driving operational excellence across all levels of the industry.

For more information:

QADworks is exhibiting at StocExpo in Rotterdam on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Visit the team on stand P31 and make sure to catch the panel on digitalisation on 11 March. www.qad.works www.stocexpo.com

SMARTER & SAFER STORAGE

Gizil explains how its Virtual Plant is revolutionising safety procedures at terminals

IN THE terminal sector, safety is paramount, yet the industry faces a persistent and growing challenge, human error. This issue, deeply rooted in the traditional nature of the industry, is exacerbated by a generational workforce shift, leaving companies struggling to maintain safety standards and operational efficiency.

KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND HUMAN ERROR

As experienced employees retire, they take decades of institutional skills with them, creating a significant knowledge gap. Younger, less-qualified workers stepping into these roles often lack the tools, training, and experience necessary to navigate the complexities of terminal operations. Tasks such as handling hazardous materials, operating intricate machinery, and monitoring equipment require both technical expertise, and a deep understanding of safety protocols. Unfortunately, without digital platforms to simulate operations or provide structured virtual training, these workers are left to learn on the job. This hands-on approach not only increases the risk of errors during critical operations, but also places undue pressure on teams to maintain safety while adapting to new challenges. The result is a higher likelihood of mistakes, which can lead to incidents with far-reaching consequences, including environmental damage, financial loss, and harm to personnel.

A SOLUTION ROOTED IN DIGITALISATION

Recognising these challenges, Gizil developed the Virtual Plant (VP) solution, a digital platform designed to enhance safety, efficiency, and knowledge retention in the terminal sector. VP is a comprehensive approach to addressing the risks posed by human error and the challenges of workforce transitions.Here’s how Virtual Plant mitigates these risks:

1

Simulated training environments

Virtual Plant provides workers with a safe, virtual environment where they can practice operations before engaging with real-world equipment. New employees can simulate complex procedures, such as loading or unloading hazardous materials, allowing them to learn without the risks

associated with hands-on training. Simulated environments replicate real scenarios, equipping workers with the skills and confidence they need to handle critical operations safely

2

Centralised knowledge management

Virtual Plant acts as a single source of truth, integrating all technical documentation, schematics, and historical data into one accessible platform. Knowledge that was once dependent on individual employees is now stored digitally, ensuring continuity even as experienced workers retire. Newer employees can quickly access information about equipment, processes, or safety protocols, bridging the gap and reducing reliance on trial-and-error learning.

3

Real-time monitoring and decision support

With real-time data integration, Virtual Plant provides up-to-date information on terminal operations. Workers can monitor equipment performance, identify potential issues, and receive alerts before problems escalate. Decision-support tools guide teams during critical operations, reducing the risk of mistakes caused by uncertainty or lack of experience.

4

Standardised processes

Virtual Plant enforces standard operating procedures (SOPs) across terminals, ensuring that all workers follow the same safety and operational guidelines. Standardisation minimises variations in procedures, reducing the likelihood of errors due to miscommunication or inconsistent practices. By embedding these processes into the digital platform, Virtual Plant creates a culture of safety and accountability.

ENHANCING SAFETY THROUGH DIGITALISATION

The impact of Virtual Plant extends beyond individual terminals, and offers a transformative potential for the entire terminal industry. By leveraging digital platforms like Virtual Plant, the industry can achieve improved safety standards through virtual training and real-time monitoring, which significantly reduces the risk of accidents. Additionally, centralised knowledge and standardised processes help to streamline workflows, enhancing

operational efficiency and reducing downtime. Digital documentation is instrumental in preserving institutional knowledge, which is key to ensuring continuity and resilience within the industry. Moreover, enhanced operational oversight through these digital tools minimises waste and environmental impact, thereby supporting broader sustainability goals and contributing to a more eco-friendly operational approach.

THE FUTURE OF TERMINAL OPERATIONS

The adoption of digital platforms like Virtual Plant is not just a technological upgrade, it’s a cultural shift for the terminal sector. As the industry transitions to a more digital and sustainable future, solutions like Virtual Plant play a crucial role in addressing workforce challenges and maintaining safety.

Moreover, this transformation aligns with broader trends in industrial innovation, such as the twin transition, the simultaneous pursuit of digitalisation and sustainability. By integrating tools that enhance safety, efficiency, and environmental performance, terminals are better equipped to meet the growing demands of regulators, stakeholders, and society.

A SAFER, SMARTER FUTURE

Human error may be an inevitable aspect of terminal operations, but its impact can be mitigated with the right tools and practices. Gizil believes that digitalisation is not just about technology, but about empowering people to work smarter, safer, and more efficiently.

Through Virtual Plant, Gizil is helping the terminal sector navigate its most pressing challenges, ensuring that workers are equipped with the knowledge and tools they need to thrive in a rapidly evolving industry. The result is a safer, more resilient terminal sector, one that’s ready to face the future with confidence.

For more information:

Gizil will be exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Visit the team on stand M22 and catch founder Esma Gulten on the FETSA Tank Storage stage on 12 March.

www.stocexpo.com

www.gizil.de

CAN DIGITAL TWINS SOLVE WORKFORCE CHALLENGES?

Ahead of StocExpo, Bas Janssen from Voovio looks at the benefits and limitations of digital twin technology solutions in the storage terminal indsutry

THE TERMINAL industry has greatly benefited from software and technology solutions that enhance terminal management through predictive maintenance and operational efficiency. However, these terminals still require skilled workers for operation and maintenance. The industry struggles with attracting and retaining talent, losing expertise due to retirements, and upskilling workers efficiently.

Digital twins have been instrumental in terminal management but remain underutilised for workforce competency building. Digital Twins of the Person (DToP) provide an inclusive solution by enabling training and competency measurement in Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). Enhanced Reality (ER) technology has been successfully adopted by leading chemical and refining companies to address workforce challenges.

KEY BENEFITS OF ER-BASED DIGITAL TWINS

Previous case studies have demonstrated significant improvements. Accelerated operator competency has led to a reduction in training time by up to 70%. There has been a significant increase in resource efficiency, with trainer or subject matter expert time being cut by an average of 50%. Knowledge retention has been improved by capturing procedural expertise, which helps prevent the loss of critical information due to retirements. Safety has seen an improvement as well, with zero incidents recorded for procedures that have been simulated in ER digital twins. Additionally, the clarity of procedures has been enhanced, which in turn reduces operational errors.

WORKFORCE CHALLENGES

The industry faces a growing shortage of qualified personnel due to:

• Mass retirements (the great crew change).

• Job-switching trends (the great resignation).

• Lack of formal education among new entrants, requiring additional training. Historically, new operators learned on the job through shadowing and SOP study. However, with experienced workers retiring and new hires requiring quicker onboarding, traditional methods are insufficient. Additionally, younger generations prefer on-demand, visual, and interactive learning methods over books and manuals.

ER technology provides a more effective way to train new operators by offering interactive simulations. Unlike virtual reality (VR), which relies on costly and fragile equipment, ER uses simple photographs to create a photorealistic, 3D navigable environment without specialised hardware.

ACCELERATING ONBOARDING WITH ER

A petrochemical industry study, conducted with Rice University in Houston, Texas, USA, compared traditional training to ER-based training for 25 new hires. The results showed:

• 65% faster onboarding with ER

• 73% reduction in trainer time

• Consistent SOP performance and high knowledge retention By reducing reliance on trainers, ER allows SMEs to focus on high-value activities such as process optimisation.

PROCEDURE CLARITY AND ERROR REDUCTION

SOPs often contain ambiguities that increase human error risk. During

ER implementation, a ‘line walk’ is conducted to refine procedures, resulting in clearer, more detailed SOPs. Typically, this process increases the number of procedural steps by 50%, ensuring precise execution.

REDUCING INCIDENTS THROUGH STANDARDISED TRAINING

Another example focuses on a large US refinery, which faced recurring environmental releases, leading to regulatory fines. Implementing ER-based training standardised procedures, ensuring compliance, and completely eliminating these incidents. The improved procedural clarity and execution consistency significantly reduced human error.

CONCLUSION

Digital Twins of the Person, powered by enhanced reality, provide an innovative and effective solution to workforce challenges in the terminal industry. By accelerating training, improving knowledge retention, enhancing procedure clarity, and reducing human errors, ER-based digital twins contribute to safer, more efficient plant operations.

For more information:

Voovio will be exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Vist the team on Stand N12 and see Bas Janssen speaking on the FETSA Tank Storage stage on 11 March. www.voovio.com www.stocexpo.com

A FIREPROOF FUTURE

Ronald Verkroost, founder and CEO of Desu Systems, explains how the company’s advanced safety technologies are improving tank terminals

FOR OVER two decades, Desu Systems has been a trusted master distributor of high-performance flame and gas detection solutions, ensuring regulatory compliance and asset protection across more than 60 countries. The company’s expertise spans industries such as tank storage farms, offshore substations, refineries, energy storage, and hydrogen fuelling, ensuring safety and regulatory compliance in high-risk environments

Flame and gas detection: As a distributor and channel partner for Spectrex, Desu supplies top-tier optical flame and gas detection for hazardous industrial settings.

Optical gas imaging (OGI) and methane monitoring: Desu’s AIpowered cameras are the most precise gas detection, gas quantification and methane detection solution on the market, helping industries comply with EU methane emission regulations.

Special projects: Desu is expanding into armoured vehicle fire suppression, addressing the increasing demand for advanced safety in military applications.

By combining expert consultation with market-leading detection technology, Desu offers cost-effective solutions and helps businesses achieve safety, compliance, and operational efficiency.

FALSE ALARMS

Desu’s goal is to simplify the complexity of flame and gas detection, ensuring that

its clients receive not just technology, but complete, reliable solutions.

One key challenge Desu often solves is false alarms, which can lead to costly shutdowns and unnecessary emergency responses. Desu’s detection systems are designed with industry-leading precision, ensuring that alerts are only activated in the presence of real threats. This gives operators peace of mind, knowing that their facilities are continuously monitored with zero compromise on safety.

For example, a large industrial operator was experiencing frequent false alarms with their existing detection system.

After implementing Desu’s optical flame detectors, their system became far more stable, reducing disruptions and significantly lowering maintenance costs.

Desu’s clients rely on the company for solutions that work exactly as expected, providing continuous protection while eliminating unnecessary disruptions. The feedback has been overwhelmingly positive, with clients reporting that the equipment not only meets, but exceeds expectations in reliability and performance.

By integrating its high-accuracy flame and gas detection technology, clients have been able to operate more efficiently, with fewer false alarms and greater confidence in their safety systems. This allows them to focus on their day-to-day operations, knowing that their assets, personnel, and compliance requirements are fully protected.

ENHANCING COMPLIANCE

Another critical issue is the ability to monitor large areas efficiently. Many of Desu’s clients needs is to track gas leaks over wide and complex sites. Its Sensia AI-powered gas detection cameras provide real-time visualisation and quantification of leaks, allowing operators to take immediate corrective action. This is particularly vital in the context of upcoming EU methane regulations, where accuracy in emissions reporting is becoming a compliance necessity. Balancing this with operational efficiency can be a huge challenge.

Desu’s approach is always about delivering the right solution, not the most expensive one. By designing smarter, leaner systems, the team can help clients achieve compliance while optimising their operations for long-term reliability and

efficiency. Ultimately, what they bring to the table is expertise. Desu works closely with its clients to design solutions that make their facilities safer, more efficient, and fully compliant with local regulations.

CLIENT COMMUNICATION

Desu’s expertise lies in working closely with clients to design optimal detection solutions that are both cost-efficient and highly reliable. Being involved from the early stages of a project helps clients make informed decisions that improve site safety while optimising resource allocation. A perfect example of this was when a client approached Desu for fire detection in an aircraft hangar. Its initial plan included 22 flame detectors, but after a technical assessment of the space, the company designed a solution that provided full coverage with just eight detectors. This not only reduced installation costs, but also streamlined system maintenance, all while ensuring regulatory compliance.

Similarly, Desu assisted an offshore operator seeking a detection system for methane and hydrogen sulfide leaks at their unmanned platform wellheads. By conducting live demonstrations, Desu demonstrated how Sensia’s methane cameras offered a multi-threat detection capability – combining gas leak

monitoring and flame detection in a single solution. This cut down on equipment costs, improved efficiency, and ensured compliance with new EU methane regulations.

VISION FOR THE FUTURE

Over the past 20 years, Desu has grown into the world’s largest distributor of flame detectors, establishing itself as a trusted name in flame and gas detection solutions. This success has been built on a foundation of trust, expertise, and a relentless focus on quality and customer service.

Desu has always prioritised speed, technical excellence, and availability, ensuring that its clients receive the best solutions when they need them. Desu’s commitment to maintaining a strong customer experience has resulted in longstanding partnerships across industries that rely on cutting-edge detection technology to safeguard their operations. Looking ahead, the next five years for Desu will be focused on growth and innovation. The company aims to double the size of its business by investing in its people, expanding training initiatives, and equipping our teams with the latest knowledge and tools. Its mission is to continue offering the best technical solutions at the highest possible

standards, ensuring that we remain the go-to distributor for flame and gas detection worldwide.

With new environmental regulations shaping the industry, Desu is at the forefront of AI-powered gas detection technology, providing solutions that offer unparalleled accuracy, efficiency, and compliance assurance.

For more information:

Desu Systems will be exhibiting at StocExpo on Rotterdam Ahoy on 11 & 12 March 2025. Visit the team at stand C41 for a hands-on look at the future of industrial safety and gas detection.

www.desusystems.com www.stocexpo.com

01 Ronald Verkroost, CEO of Desu Systems

Detect. Monitor. Prevent.

The New Standard in Flame & Gas Detection

Your safety solutions should be as advanced as the industries you protect. Desu Systems provides high-performance gas detection solutions that integrate seamlessly into offshore, automotive, and energy storage industries.

Flame & Gas Division: Reliable, high-precision flame and gas detection for real-time safety

Flame detectors: Fastest and most reliable flame detection

Open Path & Point Gas Detectors: Comprehensive gas detection for ultimate safety

OGI & Methane Emission Monitoring Division: Optical Gas Imaging solutions for pinpoint accuracy

Mileva: Portable OGI camera for instant gas leak detection and quantification

Why Desu Systems?

Caroline: Fixed camera for 24/7 methane emission monitoring, gas leak detection and quantification

STOCK readily available for fast deployment.

EXPERTISE in cutting-edge detection technology.

SPEED when time is critical.

Meet us at Booth C41, StocExpo 2025 and discover the future of flame and gas detection

Contact sales

Weg en Bos 20, 2661 DH Bergschenhoek, The Netherlands +31 10 4610333 info@desusystems.com www.desusystems.com

• Insulation systems for storage temperatures from -265 °C up to +430 °C

• Dedicated insulation systems for upright tanks, spherical tanks, and storage vessels

• Proven long-term performance for lasting energy efficiency, cost, and, emissions savings

• Solutions for tank bottom, tank wall and, tank roof insulation applications

• Trusted insulation solutions provider to the tank storage industry for over seven decades

DISCOVER OUR INSULATION SOLUTIONS FOR STORAGE TANKS AT STOCEXPO 2025, MARCH 11-12, AHOY - ROTTERDAM. COME SEE US AT STAND E18!

INCREASING EFFICIENCY AND REDUCING EMISSIONS

STORAGE TERMINALS play a crucial role in the global industrial supply chain, serving as pivotal hubs for the storage and distribution of various bulk liquids, gases, and other commodities. These facilities are essential parts of a wide range of industries ranging from petroleum and chemicals to food and agriculture. They balance out the physical supply and demand of (mainly) liquid products and reduce uncertainty within the market while ensuring strategic storage during disruptions.

The storage terminal industry is evolving with technological advancements and increasing environmental regulations. Digitalisation, automation, and the use of new systems and technologies are transforming terminal operations, making them more efficient and sustainable than ever. Additionally, there is a growing focus on renewable energy storage, such as biofuels, to support the transition to a low-carbon economy.

HOW CAN INSULATION DECREASE YOUR STORAGE TERMINAL’S CARBON FOOTPRINT?

Depending on the product, different storage temperatures are required. Certain products need to be stored at

elevated temperatures to ensure the quality, stability, and safety of these chemical products that could otherwise solidify, become unstable, or create a hazardous environment.

So when new tanks are being built, it is important to consider the storage

temperatures they will be exposed to in the future. Some tanks are built specifically for the storage of heated products, others can be built as multipurpose tanks and only exposed to higher temperatures in a possible future scenario. In both cases, it is important to

CASE STUDY: LBC TANK TERMINALS RAINBOW III EXPANSION PROJECT

LBC Tank Terminals is a provider of sustainable storage solutions that owns and operates seven strategically located terminals in Europe and the United States.

The company recently started its third phase of the Rainbow expansion project at its terminal in Rotterdam, Netherlands. The company recently started its third phase of the Rainbow expansion project at its terminal in Rotterdam, Netherlands.

The Rainbow III expansion project marks the next milestone in LBC Tank Terminal’s multi-year expansion program, which addresses the growing demand for chemical storage in northwestern Europe. This phase includes the construction of three tank pits, accommodating a total of 36 new tanks, and new (block) train (un)loading facilities. The project will be executed in stages and is scheduled for commissioning between the end of 2025 and early 2026.

The Rainbow III project consists of three new tank pits, in which 36 new tanks are being constructed to increase the terminal’s capacity by 99,000 m³. This third phase follows after successfully completing Phase I in 2017 which added 36,000 m³ of storage capacity across 16 new tanks and Phase II that was completed in 2020 and added another 69,000 m³ across 18 new tanks.

Another two phases are scheduled until the completion of Rainbow V with the endresult being as completely new terminal with 350,000 m3 of storage capacity.

LBC’s ambitions include safe and efficient storage and handling of chemical products but also doing it in a sustainable way. These ambitions are clearly visible in the tank designs within the Rainbow expansion project. A great example of this is the choice to add Foamglas cellular glass insulation between the concrete foundation and the bottom of their heated tanks to minimise heat lost through the bottom and reduce excessive use of energy for tank heating.

LBC Tank Terminals was already familiar with the benefits of cellular glass insulation for heated storage tanks as the Foamglas insulation system had been specified and installed in numerous projects before. Just last year, Owens Corning supplied over 3,000 m² of material for the Renaissance expansion project at the LBC terminal in Antwerp, Belgium, where 28 new tanks were built to increase capacity with 80,000 m³. This expansion will be operational by the end of 2025.

Having a tank base insulation system for the chemical storage tanks in place allows for tanks to be used for the storage of a wide array of products, heated or cooled. This provides additional flexibility in operating the terminal’s assets. Additionally, by lowering the energy losses through the tank bottom, the overall carbon emissions of a heated tank and operating costs can also be reduced contributing towards operating the terminal in the most efficient and sustainable way.

The system that was specified for this third phase of the Rainbow project consisted of a single layer of Foamglas high load-bearing insulation blocks with a thickness of 100 mm. The blocks are glued directly to the concrete foundation with one of Owens Corning’s proprietary adhesives. Owens Corning supplied more than 4,500 m² of Foamglas high load bearing material for the insulation of the tank bases.

view the tank design through an energy efficiency lens.

When tanks that operate above ambient temperatures are designed, the tank wall and roof are viewed as the main sources of energy loss. However, large amounts of energy are lost through the base of the tank and this is sometimes overlooked. The amount of heat lost through tank walls and roof will fluctuate when the liquid level increases or decreases but the heat loss through the bottom will always remain constant because the hot liquid is always one hundred percent in contact with the steel tank bottom plate. Depending on the storage temperature and tank size, heat loss through the tank bottom can run up to 250 W/m² leading to large yearly energy losses that would

accumulate to hundreds of thousands of euros over the lifetime of the tank.

WHAT CAN TERMINAL OWNERS DO TO TACKLE THIS ISSUE?

An easy and cost-effective way to tackle this issue is to install a cellular glass insulation system underneath a heated storage tank. Insulating the tank base can immediately reduce heat loss through the bottom up to 90%. The insulation value of cellular glass insulation also does not change during its lifespan, which helps to ensure constant and lasting energy savings. This allows for easy calculation of the yearly energy savings, payback periods, and annual financial yields over the lifetime of the tank.

To support the tank storage market, Owens Corning provides a service that assists with calculating the energy and financial savings generated by the investment in a Foamglas cellular glass tank base insulation system. These calculations are project-specific and consider all relevant factors including local energy prices and the environmental surroundings of where the specific tank will be built.

For each project, the heat lost through the base without insulation is calculated and compared with the total investment cost and savings. This provides the total payback period of the investment in a cellular glass tank base insulation system, which can be as short as merely months depending on the storage temperature of the contained liquid.

WHAT ABOUT CARBON EMISSIONS?

Globally, heat accounts for nearly half of energy-related carbon emissions. Therefore, losing large amounts of heat through a tank bottom will eventually lead to high amounts of unnecessary carbon emissions for your facility. In times when storage terminals are focusing on reducing their overall carbon footprint, every opportunity to reduce heat losses and corresponding emissions should inevitably be grasped fully. That is also why terminals are fully making use of the benefits of a tank base insulation system for their heated storage tanks when adding new tanks for expansion projects.

For more information:

Owens Corning will be exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Be sure to visit the team on stand E18 to learn more about insulating your tanks.

www.owenscorning.com www.foamglas.com www.stocexpo.com

01 Foamglas HLB installation

02 LBC Tank Terminals’ Rainbow III expansion project in Rotterdam

GETTING AHEAD OF LEAKS & SPILLS

Stefan

Balatchev, Naftosense’s

R&D coordinator, explains how its polymer absorption sensors are helping solve enviromental and operational challenges

LEAKS IN pipelines, storage tanks, and industrial systems pose serious risks, including hazardous spills, environmental contamination, and financial losses. Traditional leak detection methods, such as visual inspections, pressure monitoring, and infrared sensing, often have limitations in accuracy, responsiveness, and cost-effectiveness.

Polymer absorption sensors offer a cutting-edge, real-time solution for leak detection. These sensors are capable of detecting hydrocarbons and other chemicals with high sensitivity and reliability, making them invaluable for modern oil and gas operations.

UNDERSTANDING POLYMER ABSORPTION SENSORS

Polymer absorption sensors work by selectively absorbing specific molecules using engineered polymeric materials. These sensors utilise polymers designed to detect hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other substances relevant to the oil and gas industry. When the target molecules interact with the polymer, the sensor undergoes a measurable change, such as swelling, weight gain, or alteration in electrical or optical properties. These changes generate sensor signals, allowing for precise leak detection.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The functionality of polymer absorption sensors depends on three key elements:

1 Selective polymer materials: The polymer must have a high affinity for the target chemical species.

2 Absorption mechanism: The polymer absorbs the target compound, leading to physical changes such as expansion, viscosity alteration, or dielectric property modifications.

3 Signal transmission: Changes in the polymer properties are converted into detectable signals through optical, electrical, or mechanical means. The most common sensing technique involves measuring variations in the material’s electrical properties, such as resistance or capacitance.

APPLICATIONS OF POLYMER ABSORPTION SENSORS

Polymer absorption sensors are particularly valuable in detecting leaks in oil and gas infrastructure due to their high sensitivity, rapid response, and adaptability to various environments.

Pipelines serve as the critical arteries of the oil and gas transportation network, and their integrity is paramount to avoid severe economic and environmental damage. To safeguard against leaks, polymer absorption sensors have been effectively utilised along pipeline routes, including block valves and pig launchers, to provide continuous surveillance for hydrocarbon leaks. These sensors are sensitive enough to detect even the smallest of leaks, offering early warnings that empower operators to address

potential issues swiftly, preventing them from escalating into significant hazards. Similarly, storage tanks, which are susceptible to leaks caused by structural degradation, corrosion, or mechanical failures, are monitored for safety. By placing polymer absorption sensors below or around these tanks, it’s possible to detect vapour or liquid leaks early on, averting substantial spills. This technology is especially beneficial for monitoring hardto-inspect tanks, such as underground storage tanks or those with floating roofs.

The offshore oil and gas industry, with its platforms and subsea pipelines, faces the unique challenge of operating in harsh marine environments where leak detection is both critical and difficult. Polymer-based sensors, which are designed to withstand extreme conditions, are deployed to monitor these structures, capable of detecting oil spills in real time. Their durability and low maintenance requirements make them well-suited for the demanding conditions of deep-sea environments.

Refineries and chemical processing plants, which deal with a variety of hydrocarbons and hazardous materials, also rely on these sensors. Integrated into process monitoring systems, polymer absorption sensors can identify leaks in pipelines, valves, and storage tanks, providing immediate data that is crucial for preventing accidents and enhancing overall plant safety.

APPLICATIONS FOR NEW FUELS

As the world shifts towards low-carbon fuels, ethanol and methanol have become popular as cleaner alternatives to traditional fossil fuels. Polymer absorption sensors have proven effective in detecting leaks of these alcohol-based fuels within storage and transportation systems, ensuring their safe management and mitigating the risk of environmental contamination. The technology is also capable of monitoring other biofuels, including biodiesel, bio-jet fuel (also known as SAF or BAF), and green gasoline.

The emerging field of liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) represents a novel approach to hydrogen storage and transportation. Ensuring that LOHCs are handled without leaks is crucial for maintaining system efficiency and safety. Polymer-based sensors excel in detecting LOHC leaks by pinpointing specific hydrocarbons and chemical changes, which allows for prompt corrective measures. Their integration into hydrogen-based energy systems is a step forward in enhancing the reliability and safety of sustainable energy solutions.

ADVANTAGES OF POLYMER ABSORPTION SENSORS

The adoption of polymer absorption sensors in the oil and gas industry offers numerous advantages over traditional leak detection techniques:

• High sensitivity and selectivity: These sensors can detect even low concentrations of hydrocarbons, making them ideal for early leak detection.

• Rapid response time: The absorption mechanism allows for fast

detection of leaks, reducing response time and mitigating potential damage.

• Low maintenance and costeffectiveness: Compared to complex electronic sensors, polymer sensors require minimal maintenance and have lower operational costs.

• Adaptability to harsh environments: Polymer-based sensors can withstand extreme temperatures, pressure variations, and corrosive conditions.

• Versatile for above- and belowgrade applications: The same sensor can be used for both, including oil-on-water detection.

• Real-time monitoring and automation: These sensors can be integrated into IoT-based monitoring systems, allowing remote tracking and automated leak detection alerts.

NAFTOSENSE’S ADVANCED LEAK DETECTION TECHNOLOGY

Naftosense has developed a state-of-theart patented hydrocarbon leak detection system that integrates advanced polymer absorption sensor technology with innovative design and analytical features. This combination ensures precise, realtime monitoring of critical infrastructure in the oil and gas industry.

Key features of Naftosense’s sensor technology includes double-jacketed sensor design. This dual-layer configuration ensures dependable performance for detecting target polar and non-polar fluids while withstanding extreme environmental conditions. Additionally, advanced analytical algorithms, based on extensive records from thousands of installed sensors, helps Naftosense employ AI-driven algorithms to minimise false alarms while maintaining high sensitivity to actual leaks.

Naftosense’s systems are designed with versatility in mind, supporting a variety of control methods and power sources such as AC/DC, solar power, and longlife internal batteries. This ensures that continuous monitoring can be maintained across diverse operational environments. The system incorporates addressable sensor cables and robust sensing probes that are capable of detecting a broad spectrum of hydrocarbons and solvents, including refined products, crude oils, lubricants, ethanol, methanol, and various petrochemical compounds.

The construction of Naftosense’s leak detection systems is both robust and durable, built to function reliably within a wide temperature range of -55°C to +100°C. Their quality and longevity are underscored by a 10-year factory warranty, demonstrating a strong commitment to excellence. When it comes to monitoring,

the systems offer comprehensive coverage and are equipped to provide real-time alerts. If the target fluid is detected, the system can trigger alarms, send notifications to users through remote monitoring, shut down equipment, or activate ventilation systems to promptly address and mitigate any risks.

Furthermore, Naftosense excels in adaptability, delivering customised solutions that meet the demands of challenging applications. The company provides industry-approved, longterm leak detection systems that integrate seamlessly with common communication protocols and feature location-based alarms, ensuring effective and reliable leak detection in even the most complex scenarios.

By integrating these unique features, Naftosense’s sensor technology offers a comprehensive and reliable solution for hydrocarbon and solvents leak detection, enhancing safety and environmental protection in industrial settings. Additionally, combining polymer absorption sensors with AIdriven data analytics improves accuracy and predictive capabilities.

CONCLUSION

Polymer absorption sensors represent a transformative innovation in leak detection for the oil and gas industry. Their ability to provide real-time, highsensitivity monitoring of hydrocarbons and low-carbon fuels makes them invaluable for enhancing safety, preventing environmental disasters, and optimising operational efficiency. With ongoing advancements in research and technology, these sensors will become even more essential for sustainable and secure energy production.

For more information:

Naftosense will be exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Visit the team on stand P15 to learn more about their polymer absorption sensors. www.naftosense.com www.stocexpo.com

01 Polymer absorption sensor in situ

02 Polymer absorption sensor

SAFETY’S NEW HEIGHTS

Alec Keeler, managing director at Carbis Loadtec explains how to successfully prevent falls from tanker tops

ACCORDING to the Health and Safety Executive’s 2023/24 statistics, workers in the UK face a 1 in 200,000 chance of being killed at work. Narrow that down to England, and the odds improve slightly to 1 in 260,000. Naturally, these odds depend on what you do and how old you are. Workers over 65 accounted for 30 of the 138 workplace deaths last year. Shocking? Yes. At that age, most of us prefer reclining chairs over risky endeavours, but apparently, some seniors still like to live life on the edge (literally).

FALLS FROM HEIGHT

Among the 16 causes of workplace fatalities, the big villain is falls from height. This accounted for 50 of the 138 deaths, or 36%. To put it bluntly, gravity is winning.

A fall from just 1 metre can ruin your day, and maybe your life. But in the world of bulk fluid transfer on tanker tops, we’re not dealing with 1-metre falls. We’re talking heights of 3.6 to 4.2 metres, where a worker has just under a second before hitting the ground at 32.6 km/h (20.28 mph).

And it’s not just the height. Let’s not forget the workers themselves, average height, 1.65 to 1.93 metres, weighing 75 to 110 kg. A gap of more than 30 cm in their work environment becomes a perfect fallthrough point. That’s not a design feature; that’s a safety nightmare.

Before we dive into solutions, let’s take a quick break for some visual reality. Here’s a picture that shows exactly what not to do when working on tanker tops.

The image above (figure 01) demontrates six major safety concerns:

1 The folding ‘safety’ stairs

These stairs have seen better days. They’ve been dragged, bent, and generally mistreated, leading to misaligned bearings and an eventual catastrophic failure waiting to happen. Additionally, the last step is a 35 cm leap of faith to the tanker top. Not cool.

2 The lifeline

Sure, the lifeline stops a fall, but that’s the bare minimum. What happens if the worker is knocked unconscious? Hanging in a harness isn’t just uncomfortable – it’s dangerous.

3

Tanker top hazards

Picture this: A worker stepping down onto a manhole cover, loose hose, and a T-bar wrench. It’s like an obstacle course designed by someone with a grudge.

4 The drip bucket

This drip bucket might be functional, but it’s hogging precious space in an already cramped area.

5 Trip traps

A random ladder and a coil of hose are just begging to trip someone. Why are they even there?

6 The loading arm

The arm design and positioning are off. Inserted at an angle into the manhole, it creates gaps, making vapour return ineffective. Worse, the tanker is parked too close to the platform and a safety cage would block access to the arm.

HOW DO YOU FIX THIS?

Preventing falls from tanker tops isn’t just about adding safety cages or harnesses –it’s about rethinking the entire operation:

• Why does the worker need to be on the tanker top? Can the process be redesigned to avoid it?

• How can you eliminate trip hazards, reduce manual effort, and improve ergonomics?

• Is your equipment designed to prioritise safety while being practical to use?

Carbis Loadtec has spent decades answering these questions with real solutions. The team takes a holistic approach, from assessing gaps in safety cages to ensuring loading arms are positioned for maximum safety and efficiency. Falls from tanker tops aren’t just statistics, they’re real risks with real consequences. If you’re responsible for tanker-top operations, don’t settle for quick fixes that create bigger problems. Gravity doesn’t take a day off, and neither should safety.

For more information:

Carbis Loadtec will be exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Visit the team on stand C2 for a professional assessment to see how they can help you design the safest, smartest solution for your workers.

www.stocexpo.com

www.carbisloadtec.com

Tel: +44 130 381 3030

CONTINUOUS SUPPLY

Learn how Kanon Loading Eqiupment is supporting the delivery of CNG in Egypt to help ensure a secure, continous gas supply

THE SUCCESSFUL delivery of six 16” high-pressure compressed natural gas (CNG) loading arms by Kanon Loading Equipment marks a significant milestone in Egypt’s energy sector. These loading arms, equipped with emergency release couplings (ERC) and hydraulic quick connect/disconnect (QC/DC), are essential for ensuring a continuous and reliable CNG supply into the country’s power grid. Without these arms, natural gas could not be efficiently transferred, leading to potential supply disruptions.

What makes this project particularly noteworthy is the exceptionally short delivery timeframe; completed more than five months faster than standard lead times. This was achieved through engineering precision, agile manufacturing, and Kanon’s close collaboration with industry partners.

THE REQUIREMENTS

Kanon Loading Equipment specialises in high-pressure fluid transfer solutions. The 16” high-pressure CNG arms designed for this project required:

• Pressure: 116 barg

• Maximum flow rate: 10,000 Nm³/h per arm

• Swivel joint load capacity: 150.92 tonnes-force per joint under maximum

pressure conditions (tested for 225 barg, above project requirements)

• Temperature range: -45°C to +80°C

• Cycle life expectancy: 100,000 operational cycles before major maintenance

Unlike traditional loading arms engineered for 24-hour transfer cycles, these units must function as a permanent connection for at least nine months. This extended operational duty needed an optimised structural design, enhanced fatigue resistance, and rapid seal replacement capabilities to minimise downtime.

SPEEDY TURNAROUND

Delivering this project under such constraints required a fundamental shift in Kanon’s production strategy. Several key factors contributed to achieving this accelerated timeline:

1

Strong supplier partnerships

Rather than relying on ad-hoc subcontractors, Kanon leveraged its long-standing relationships with highly specialised suppliers, ensuring seamless integration of critical components.

Van Bilsen, a key machining partner responsible for the swivel joints, operated on a 24/7 production cycle, reducing lead times by 60%. Electromach, a trusted supplier of control systems, achieved a schedule improvement, reducing lead times by a remarkable five months through optimised internal workflows.

2

Advanced welding and fabrication techniques

High-pressure loading arms require precision welding, particularly for components exposed to continuous high-stress conditions. One of the major bottlenecks was the availability of certified welders capable of working under these strict tolerances.

To mitigate this, Kanon implemented prefabricated sub-assemblies, reducing welding complexity in final assembly, as well as automated orbital welding processes for primary load-bearing components, which improve efficiency by 30% compared to manual welding.

3 Real-time quality control

Traditional end-stage testing can slow down production significantly. To eliminate delays, Kanon Loading

Equipment implemented inline testing throughout the production process. Hydrostatic pressure testing at 1.5 times design pressure (116 barg) ensured zero leakages under extreme conditions. Additionally, ultrasonic and radiographic weld inspection identified micro-defects before assembly, improving reliability. Swivel joint torque testing verified that operational forces remained within API RP 14E guidelines, ensuring smooth movement under pressure.

4

Proactive supply chain and logistics strategy

Material availability often dictates project timelines. To erase potential delays, Kanon Loading Equipment implemented early procurement of critical components, reducing supply chain risks. In addition, just-in-time (JIT) logistics for non-critical materials, prevented overstocking delays, as well as strategic component positioning, allowing simultaneous fabrication across different facilities.

PERFORMANCE & OPERATIONAL COST EFFICIENCY

The CNG loading arms were designed with an emphasis on long-term cost efficiency and low total cost of ownership (TCO). Key advantages include optimised structural weight, which reduces dynamic stresses on critical components, and extended seal life that requires fewer maintenance interventions. The modular ERC design allows for field-replaceable components, and a proven mean time between failures (MTBF) of greater than 30,000 hours minimises downtime.

Following installation, these CNG arms will function as a permanent transfer solution for nine months, operating under highpressure conditions while maintaining optimal performance.

The project completion solidifies Kanon’s leadership in high-pressure loading tech, establishing new industry standards.

For more information:

Kanon will be exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Visit the team on stands C6 and C10.

www.kanon.nl

www.stocexpo.com

DECARBONISATION IN TANK TERMINALS

Ahead of his talk at StocExpo, Tecam’s business development & consultancy director José Miguel González looks into the cleaner technologies terminal operators must adopt to remain competitive

THE GLOBAL tank storage industry is at a turning point; decarbonisation is no longer a distant goal, it is a business imperative for tank terminals worldwide. As environmental regulations tighten and the pressure to decarbonise intensifies, terminal operators must look to new technologies to stay ahead of the curve.

Tecam’s electrically-heated regenerative thermal oxidisers (RTOs) offer an optimised solution for tank terminals seeking to lower their carbon footprint. They provide a practical, cost-effective and forward-looking solution for operators who want to cut emissions, reduce costs, and remain competitive in an evolving market.

THE DECARBONISATION IMPERATIVE FOR TANK TERMINALS

The tank storage sector plays a crucial role in the global supply chain, but it is also a major source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon emissions. Traditionally, tank terminals have relied on combustion-based emissions abatement systems, such as standard RTOs, which eliminate VOCs at high temperatures using natural gas or other fossil fuels.

With global initiatives like the EU ‘Fit for 55’ package and the International Maritime Organisation’s (IMO) decarbonisation goals, tank terminals must future-proof their operations by transitioning to cleaner technologies. Using electrically-heated RTOs presents a viable and cost-effective pathway to achieving these sustainability objectives.

SHIFTING TO ELECTRICALLYPOWERED SYSTEMS AS A DECARBONISATION STRATEGY

Shifting from fossil-fuel-powered to electrically-powered systems is a key strategy for reducing emissions across various industries. In the context of emission control at tank terminals, Tecam’s electrically-heated RTOs eliminate the need for natural gas combustion, thereby removing direct CO 2 emissions from the equation.

CASE STUDY: REAL-WORLD IMPACT

Tecam has already deployed electrically-heated RTOs in industrial facilities and in tank terminals where reducing carbon emissions is a priority. In one recent project at a storage terminal at the Rotterdam port, our solution delivered:

• A 99.9% reduction in VOC emissions, ensuring full regulatory compliance.

• Elimination of direct CO 2 emissions from traditional combustion-based RTOs.

• Significant energy cost savings through optimised thermal recovery. This case study demonstrates that decarbonisation does not have to come at the expense of operational efficiency. In fact, it can drive profitability when implemented in a strategic way.

Tecam’s electrically-heated RTO technology retains all the benefits of a conventional RTO, including high VOC destruction efficiency (up to 99%) and thermal heat recovery, but operates using electricity instead of fossil fuels. When powered by renewable energy sources, such as wind or solar, this innovation enables zero-emission air pollution control, aligning with net zero targets.

THE BUSINESS CASE FOR ELECTRICALLY-HEATED RTOS

Adopting electrically-heated RTOs is not just an environmental decision, it is a strategic business move. Terminal operators that implement this technology can obtain multiple advantages:

1 Elimination of CO2 emissions from combustion: Unlike traditional RTOs, which generate CO 2 through fuel combustion, electrically-heated RTOs operate without burning fossil fuels, reducing a terminal’s carbon footprint.

2 Compliance with stricter regulations: Environmental authorities worldwide are setting more ambitious emissions targets. By investing in an electrically-heated RTO, tank terminals stay ahead of regulatory changes and avoid costly penalties.

3

Lower operating costs: By eliminating the need for natural gas, Tecam’s electrically-heated RTOs reduce fuel dependency and associated costs. Additionally, energy-efficient heat recovery systems optimise performance and minimise electricity consumption.

4

Enhanced sustainability: As sustainability becomes a competitive differentiator, terminals that shift to electrically-heated systems can attract environmentally-conscious customers and investors who prioritise green supply chains.

For more information:

Tecam will be exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Visit the team on stand B20 to find out more about their regenerative thermal oxidisers. And don’t miss José Miguel González’s speaking session on decarbonisation strategies on 12 March. www.tecamgroup.com/contact www.stocexpo.com

ADVANCING AST PROTECTION

As facilities seek robust solutions to protect their storage systems, advancements in protective equipment and engineering methodologies are playing a crucial role in ensuring operational integrity, says Cashco

THE TANK storage industry continues to evolve with a growing emphasis on safety, efficiency, and regulatory compliance. Pressure and vacuum management are critical aspects of maintaining the structural integrity of tank storage systems. Industry providers such as Cashco offer a range of specialised products designed to safeguard storage facilities from excessive pressure fluctuations and environmental hazards.

Key components commonly used in these safeguarding systems include:

• Pressure & vacuum relief valves

• Emergency relief vents

• Tank blanketing valves

• Gauge hatches

• Pilot operated relief valves

• Tank manifolds

• Free vents

These solutions are engineered to optimise safety and efficiency across a variety of applications, helping storage facilities meet industry standards and operational demands.

INNOVATIONS IN TANK STORAGE SAFETY

Recent advancements in tank storage technology have introduced enhanced safety features, including emergency vents equipped with vacuum protection. Companies like Cashco have developed innovative solutions that help prevent vacuum conditions that could otherwise lead to tank collapse. Additionally, multi-function tank

manifolds are improving operational efficiency by consolidating multiple connections into a single tank flange, reducing installation complexity.

For industries dealing with highly corrosive materials, the development of fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) vents has provided a more durable alternative to traditional metal vents. Cashco’s highresistance FRP vents offer increased longevity in challenging environments, reducing maintenance needs and longterm costs.

A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO DESIGN

Implementing a successful tank storage protection system involves a structured process that begins with conceptual planning and extends to ongoing maintenance. A standard approach to integrating these solutions often includes:

1. Concept meetings: Initial discussions to outline project requirements and safety needs.

2. Process evaluations: Analysing operational parameters such as pressure, temperature, and flow rates to determine the appropriate equipment specifications.

3. Sizing and compliance: Ensuring all components meet industry regulations and performance standards.

4. Installation and testing: Verifying that all elements function harmoniously to optimise system efficiency and reliability.

5 Maintenance and aftercare:

Routine inspections and servicing to ensure continued safe operation over the system’s lifecycle.

THE FUTURE OF TANK STORAGE PROTECTION

As regulatory requirements continue to evolve, industry players are focusing on developing turnkey solutions that address both compliance and operational efficiency. Comprehensive protection strategies, coupled with advancements in materials and engineering, are shaping the future of tank storage safety.

Companies providing end-to-end solutions, such as Cashco, from initial design consultation to ongoing maintenance, are helping storage facilities ensure long-term reliability. As the industry moves forward, integrating these protective measures will be essential in maintaining the safety and efficiency of tank storage operations worldwide.

For more information:

Cashco will be exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Visit the team on stand G31 to find out more about their valve systems.

www.stocexpo.com www.cashco.com

The Next Generation of Overfill Protection

The 8800 Series family of overfill protection and ground verification monitors incorporate the latest in electronics technology in a sleek, compact design—almost half the size of other products.

The 8870 Monitor utilizes universal icons, a graphic display, and LED lights to easily communicate ground and filling status. The enhanced OLED display provides detailed images and with diagnostic readout capabilities.

The 8814 Monitor provides overfill and ground verification with simple LED lights while the 8814 Monitor provides easy to read ground verification.

Performs in the toughest conditions

Best-in-class water resistance and operates in extreme temperatures from -45°C to 70°C

No more getting “lost in translation”

Designed to be user friendly with status lights and universal pictograms that communicate status

3 product options

Options based on monitoring requirements

8870

8851 & 8814

2 Packed Days

The UK Expo for Chemical, Process & Plant Engineering FREE ENTRY WHEN PRE-REGISTERED

600+ Leading Exhibitors

Operations & Logistics

Tank Storage Solutions

Plant, Process & Asset Management

Chemicals & Materials Sourcing

150+ Speakers

RAISING THE ROOF

The experts at Paresa explain how its holistic approach is advancing roof air raising through technical precision

ROOF AIR RAISING (RAR), is a long-standing standard technique in atmospheric and cryogenic storage tank construction. However, Paresa, through its subsidiary Sonningdale Tank Services, is looking to shake up the game by incorporating meticulous planning, stakeholder collaboration, and commitment to safety and reliability. Rather than relying solely on technological innovation, Paresa’s methodology integrates technical expertise, detailed procedures, and transparent communication.

TECHNICALITIES OF ADVANCED ROOF AIR RAISING

The process involves assembling the tank roof and its accessories on temporary

supports near ground level. Once the assembly is complete, special purposedesigned air-blowers are used to gradually lift the roof by compensating its weight with controlled air pressure and flow.

Key technical factors include:

• Pressure levels: typically, between 1.2 and 2.2 kN/m², corresponding to 120 to 220 mm of water column – very low pressure values

• Lifting assembly load: roof weights can range from 80 to over 1,000 tonnes, with diameters extending beyond 110 metres

• Temporary supports: these must be precisely designed and capable to accommodate structural stress and movements during the lifting phase

ENHANCING SAFETY, MITIGATING RISK

Safety is a cornerstone for this type of operation. Paresa has consolidated specific measures throughout the years to help ensure safety on site during operations.

Pre-lift checks include comprehensive risk assessments and live checklists, ensuring that every aspect of the operation is fully understood by all stakeholders before operations begin.

Temporary seals, leveling systems, proven materials, detailed designs, and supervised installation help prevent air leakage and ensure uniform lifting according to the agreed design parameters, enhancing overall safety.

Structural engineers also determine safe pressure limits to avoid over stressing the roof during the final lifting stages, and to know the maximum allowable pressure.

Creating specific rules for handling the slight size differences of the roofs, as well as the issues that can arise during construction, ensures that safety is kept at the forefront of the operation.

DESIGNING, EXECUTING & COMMUNICATING

Transparent communication and collaboration are integral parts of operations. Early communication with designers focuses on addressing potential conflicts during the planning stages. This proactive stakeholder communication involves providing regular updates and maintaining feedback, to keep all parties informed. On top of this, detailed scheduling ensures the mechanical and civil

engineering timelines are all aligned for seamless execution. By keeping parties informed and up-to-date, Paresa is able to avoid conflicts later down the line when it comes to carrying out the roof raising.

For example, a key consideration around roof air raising includes ensuring that nozzle placement and roof accessories do not interfere with the lifting processes Paresa’s pre-construction meetings have successfully resolved potential conflicts related to nozzle placement and access provisions, avoiding delays during critical lifting operations.

The design process is strongly affected by several interconnections and influences between mechanical and civil disciplines. If applicable, civil engineering design details need to be tailored and suitable with specific roof air lifting requirements. It has also been proven to be effective that roof rafters align with embedment plates. This prevents delays, and enhances safety across the project.

SAFETY FIRST

On-site activities are heavily supervised. This includes inspection protocols that investigate the on-site validation of lifting equipment, temporary supports, and roof alignment, in its as-built condition. Previous projects have shown that these steps are important. For example, changing the temporary supports has helped to preventatively avoid any roof parts from bending or warping, especially when those parts were made to fit very closely together, or when they were under stress from being welded.

Additionally, safety can be improved by ensuring proper stakeholder coordination. Paresa would conduct regular pre-construction meetings and toolbox talks to ensure that everyone involved is given clear and easy-to-follow instructions, enabling a smooth and efficient work process.

TECHNICAL INSIGHTS FROM PAST PROJECTS

Paresa’s experience spans multiple projects and years, each one contributing valuable insights such as:

1 Bolted vs. welded roof structures

Evaluations of these designs have informed best practices for gap management and stress distribution during lifting

2 Rebar and scaffolding arrangements

Enhanced coordination with other contractors and the use of safety protocols have reduced risks associated with confined spaces and elevated work areas

3 Management of as-built tank geometry

It is important to manage both micro and macroscopic tank shell and roof as-built geometries specifically, using tailored procedures to ensure that no interferences occur during the lifting process

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE INDUSTRY

The practice of roof air raising has proved to be safe, reliable, and cost-effective under certain conditions. Combining technical expertise with procedural focus can help reduce construction timelines, saving up to four months. This is in comparison to traditional dome roof erection methods. RAR also enhances safety metrics, eliminating over 90% of work-at-height risks by assembling roofs at ground level.

There is also a vast improvement on cost efficiency. Reliance on heavy-lift cranes and other expensive equipment comes with a large price.

These outcomes display the importance of integrating design, execution, and communication into a cohesive operational framework.

The achievements in roof air raising exemplify the value of technical precision and operational excellence. By focusing on stakeholders’ collaboration, procedural rigor, and continuous improvement, new benchmarks for the industry have been set. As demand for efficient and safe construction methods continues to grow, lessons learned from this extensive portfolio offer a reliable road map for success.

For more information:

Paresa is exhibiting at StocExpo on 11 & 12 March. Scan the QR code to register, and visit the team on stand A24. www.paresa.it www.stocexpo.com

Cryogenic Storage

STREAMLINING TANK CLEANING

Celebrating 50 years in industry, Gerotto looks at how its pioneering robotic innovations have impacted storage terminals

LOOKING

BACK at 2024, Gerotto has tackled some highly challenging engineering projects. Its tank cleaning systems, integrated into containerised units, have been further refined to ensure an even more efficient workflow. Additionally, the company has developed an ATEX Zone 0-certified system with an external pump certified for Zone 1, an innovative solution that enables sediment removal without the need for a vacuum truck. This approach is particularly interesting because it combines a Zone 0 robot with a pump located in Zone 1, significantly increasing productivity by eliminating vacuum truck emptying downtimes.

LOOKING TO STOCEXPO 2025

‘StocExpo has become a must-attend event for industry professionals,’ says Gerotto CEO Alessandro Gerotto.

‘Thanks to its highly specialised focus, it provides an ideal space to connect with contractors and asset owners from around the world. This not only strengthens existing relationships but also fosters new synergies and business opportunities.’ For Gerotto, 2025 will be all about enhancing the safety of the company’s systems, while staying ahead of evolving sustainability trends.

Gerotto is bringing exciting innovations to StocExpo’s 20th edition. First, the company is working on obtaining IECEx certification for its containerised solutions, an essential step towards international markets that do not adopt ATEX certification. Gerotto will also showcase its new HD cameras, compliant with both ATEX and IECEx regulations, designed to operate in hydrocarbonrich as well as hydrogen-containing atmospheres. Later in 2025, Gerotto will launch a range of battery-powered robots for debris removal.

IMPACT ON THE SECTOR

Gerotto is a pioneer in robotic technologies for confined space and explosion-risk environments. Its first patents date back to the early 2000s. Over the last two decades of innovation, the company have developed a range

of ATEX Zone 0 robots alongside other robotic solutions, including onboardpump robots, underwater units, dozers, and diggers. Since late 2018, it has also introduced a tank cleaning system that can be deployed in either a single 20-foot ATEX and IECEx-certified container or two 10-foot containers. These innovations, along with advancements from our competitors, have played a crucial role in raising awareness of robotic innovation in the oil and gas industry, leading to significantly higher safety standards.

EVOLVING WITH THE INDUSTRY

Interest in tank cleaning robots has steadily grown over the years. Video inspection robots have been widely used in the industry for many years and are an established market standard, whereas industrial cleaning robots have only recently gained the recognition they deserve. The 2014 ATEX directive marked a major turning point, giving the sector a significant boost.

For Gerotto, compliance with regulations has always been a top priority. ‘That’s why we have certified all our components, and today, beyond ATEX certification, we are in the final stages of obtaining IECEx certification and working on UL compliance,’ says Gerotto. ‘This approach guarantees the highest quality standards

for our customers and asset owners, who increasingly demand cutting-edge technology and safety.’

Regulatory evolution has established a common baseline for the industry. ATEX, IECEx, and UL standards have become fundamental references for R&D. While these regulations provide a shared framework, they also leave room for companies to develop unique solutions that meet compliance requirements. On the other hand, the sector’s energy transition is another crucial factor. That’s why, in 2025, Gerotto developed HD cameras designed to operate in hydrogen environments. ‘This forward-thinking approach allows us to anticipate market needs and stay ahead of industry trends,’ concludes Gerotto.

For more information:

Gerotto will be exhibiting at StocExpo 2025 on 11 & 12 March at the Rotterdam Ahoy. Visit the team on stand D4 for more infomation about their robotic solutions. www.gerotto.it

www.stocexpo.com

01 Alessandro Gerotto, CEO of Gerotto

YOU CAN’T MANAGE WHAT YOU DON’T UNDERSTAND

Resilium explains how to combat tank overfilling scenarios through gamification

THE EVENTS of 11 December 2005 were foreseeable. Like all tank storage facilities, Buncefield was vulnerable to a well-known (and arguably obvious) threat of tank overfill. The Incident Report after the event listed similar events (loss of containment of flammable gasoline) as far back as 1962 and the Investigation Report for the incident at CAPECO in October 2009 similarly listed comparable overfill events.

In 2004 (before Buncefield), the IChemE and BP published ‘Safe Tank Farms and (Un)loading Operations’ which is part of a collection of booklets, describing how to manage hazards, and includes a breakdown of tank incidents, of which, overfilling was one of the most common specific causes and therefore not an unknown issue and the book offers the following basic guidance:

To prevent overfilling:

• Install high level alarms;

• Connect the high level sensors to an automatic shutoff valve;

• Use preset counting devices that measure the volume of liquid.

Tank 912 was provided with a level gauge to monitor the filling operation and an independent high level switch (IHLS) to automatically shut down the filling operation if the tank level became

excessively high. In theory, the tank was not unprotected, however the level gauge stuck, and the level switch was inoperable and therefore control room staff were ‘blind’ to the rising level, which would eventually overflow from the top of the tank, create a flammable vapour cloud and ignite.

This is an example of controls (protection measures) being present but not performing and the failure to recognise the context and criticality of these controls contributed to the escalation of the hazardous scenario.

VISUALISING DANGER

Bowties offer a clear, concise representation of how various threats can lead to a loss of control of a hazard and allow this unsafe condition to develop into a number of undesired consequences. A key component of the diagram are the barriers which can prevent threats (causes or initiating events) leading to the top event (e.g loss of containment of flammable liquid from a tank) or mitigate the consequences (effects or outcomes) resulting from the top event.

The visual nature of the diagram helps to capture and communicate key risk topics as summarised in figure 01. Each bowtie represents a scenario which is centred around a hazard (normal operation) and

associated top event (loss of control) which can occur due to a variety of threats (organisational, technical or environmental causes) resulting in undesired consequences (injury to people or environmental, asset or reputational damage). The diagram is read from left to right with appropriate barriers (hardware and/or human controls) to prevent the threat(s) resulting in the top event and/or to lessen the likelihood and/or effects of the consequences.

A generic tank overfill bowtie could look like the diagram in Figure 02.

Diagrams can be enhanced with a variety of metadata, for example, the barriers are categorised and coloured according to their effectiveness and additional parameters can be displayed including (but not limited to) type, owner and criticality.

Threat likelihoods and consequence severities can also be illustrated and overall, this provides an immediate sense of the state (health) of the system and draw attention to vulnerabilities to enable them to be prioritised. Barrier ownership is a key aspect of these models to ensure that those who implement and sustain (through operation and maintenance) barriers fully understand the significance and contribution of the controls for which they are responsible.

GAMIFICATION

Resilium has developed a board game (Bowtie: The Game) to provide both frontline stakeholders and back-end dutyholders with an engaging and informal platform to help understand and test the balance between protection and profit.

Played on a flexible A2 size mat (see figure 03), a tank overfill scenario is summarised into typical threats and potential consequences which are prevented and mitigated by diverse barriers which are either predominantly human (organisational) or hardware (technical).

This is a team game where participants are given an initial budget which they spend on barriers of their choice (the barrier costs are variable as shown by their $ value). Each round is an opportunity to earn money (in this case by successfully and safely filling a tank) but this comes with the potential for losing control (containment) of the hazard (flammable petrol or gasoline).

For each filling activity, a random scenario card is drawn which will reveal one of the following:

• Activation of a known threat

• Defeat of a single barrier or collection (type) of barriers

• Initiation of an unknown threat

Where the threat is known (i.e. appears on the board) then it can be prevented from escalating towards the consequences if the team have invested in barriers on the line between the threat and top event or the top event and the consequence.

However, like Buncefield, just because the barrier is there, it may not actually work. This is determined via the roll of a 20-sided dice which yields a number which is compared to the failure rate (effectiveness) value on each barrier. If the number thrown is smaller than the number on the barrier then the barrier has failed (on demand) and the tank is unprotected.

If all the barriers between the threat and the consequences are either missing (not purchased) or fail, then there is a financial

penalty which may (depending on the risk appetite) bankrupt the team and the game ends. But, if any of the barriers are successful and the consequences are not realised, then the team is rewarded, and their budget is increased. This can be reinvested into further barrier purchases or kept in reserve.

As well as activating threats, the scenario cards can also disable single or multiple barriers which are then unavailable for future rounds (tank filling operations).

It is also possible that there are threats which are unforeseen, and the tank is therefore unprotected (no barriers in place) and the top event occurs directly. In this case, the team is reliant on the mitigation barriers to avoid the ultimate consequences.

The barrier effectiveness value can be adjusted to suit the age of the facility, maintenance coverage, environmental stresses or any other factors. The game can also be played where the effectiveness decreases after a few rounds to reflect barrier degradation and other variations are possible that consider combinations of barrier CAPEX & OPEX.

Game-based learning increases motivation and engagement for a wide range of technical and commercial

‘players’ to introduce and emphasis the need to:

• Ensure credible threats are properly identified;

• Invest in suitable & sufficient protection, and;

• Sustain the performance of the protection measures

The boards and cards can be customised to suit company branding or terminology/ language and bespoke scenarios (e.g. process safety or occupational safety) can be developed to suit specific assets & activities.

For more information: www.resilium.group

01 Bowtie structure & components

02 Generic tank overfill bowtie

03 Bowtie: The Game

EXHIBITION & CONFERENCE

9-12 SEPTEMBER 2025

FIERA MILANO - MILAN

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PREVENTING EXPLOSIONS OF VAPOUR-AIR-MIXTURES

OPERATORS OF systems with materials hazardous to water are obligated to verify the leak tightness of the system and to routinely monitor the functional capability of the safety systems, pursuant to effective regulations and laws. These safety systems include leak detectors. They are used in double-walled tanks as well as double-walled pipes, in which hazardous liquids, such as petrol, heating oil, acids and bases, are stored.

Methanol is one such water-polluting liquid. And it is used in the production of biodiesel, so leak detection of methanol is becoming increasingly crucial in the energy transition.

LEGAL BACKGROUND

The obligation to monitor the respective systems and the consequential application of leak detectors are regulated

on a national level in all European countries. All these regulations refer to the European Standard EN 13160. This standard for leak detection technology

defines the requirements for the properties and condition of various leak detection systems. The systems are classified according to their level of safety or environmental protection. There are five classes. Class I meets the highest safety and environmental requirements, while class V meets the lowest.

Class II and III monitor with leak detection fluid in the interstitial space, the harmlessness of which has not been fully proven. Class IV uses tank content measurement and Class V monitors the tank/pipe via liquid sensors outside the respective tank/pipe.

They all have one thing in common: in the event of a leak, even when using a doublewalled tank, stored liquid or leak detection fluid can escape into the environment and contaminate soil and groundwater. Therefore, in terms of reliable safety, a double-walled tank without a Class I system (with restrictions also Class II system) is almost the same as a singlewalled tank.

CLASS I LEAK DETECTORS

Class I devices, on the other hand, operate pneumatically directly on the object to be monitored (tank/pipe). They safely and reliably prevent the leakage of water-polluting liquid into the environment. Systems in this class indicate leaks above or below the liquid

level. A prerequisite for the use of Class I systems is that the tank or pipe is double walled, i.e. that there is an interstitial space between the inner and outer wall of the tank. The size, design, shape and material of the tank are irrelevant if the double wall is present. This means that everything from small heating oil tanks in a cellar at home to huge flat-bottom tanks with a capacity of several million litres can be monitored for leaks.

Class I leak detectors work either with overpressure or with underpressure (vacuum). Whether a pressure or vacuum leak detector is used depends on various factors:

• Stored product

• Material properties of the tank

• Environmental conditions, e.g. ex-areas

• Pressure resistance of the interstice

• Operational data of the primary system

PRESSURE LEAK DETECTORS

Pressure leak detectors work with air and generate an overpressure in the interstitial space of the double-walled

FROM THE FIELD

Customer: Verbio SE, Germany

tank that is higher than the pressure of the stored liquid (or groundwater) against the interstitial space. If a leak occurs, air bubbles through this leakage either into the inner tank or into the ground. Due to the escaping air, the pressure in the interstitial space drops and the alarm is triggered. The pressure conditions are such that no product can enter the interstitial space, even when the alarm is triggered. The compressed air creates a kind of protective shield

Project: Leak monitoring a methanol tank farm

Tanks: 2 x 100 000 litre methanol tanks (12285-1), double-walled, steel in steel, underground, cylindrical horizontal, 1 chamber, minimum test pressure in the interstitial space of 600 mbar

Challenge: Possible explosive vapour-air mixtures above the stored liquid

Solution: 1 x SGB leak detector DLG 450 PM for both tanks

If the technical conditions allow, leak monitoring with a pressure leak detector is the first choice. This is a safe, reliable and cost-effective method that has been tried and tested over many years.

SGB’s DLG (pressure leak detector with gas) also builds up an overpressure in the interstitial space. Instead of air, gas (in this case, nitrogen) is used. In the case of monitoring methanol, this is very important, because when storing methanol in a tank, the combination with air can lead to dangerous vapour-air mixtures (methanol forms an ignitable mixture with air at 6.0-36.5% by volume). To avoid those vapourair mixtures and rule out a possible explosion risk here, pressure leak monitoring with nitrogen instead of air has been selected.

The operating pressure and the alarm pressure of the leak detector are higher than the pressure of the stored liquid or groundwater against the tank walls. In the event of a leak, nitrogen escapes. This reliably prevents methanol from escaping into the environment.

• Minor leaks in the system are compensated for by refilling with gas, e.g. from a pressurised gas cylinder.

• Relevant leaks lead to a drop in pressure. When the alarm overpressure is reached, the visual and audible alarm is triggered.

A pressure relief valve in the leak detector protects the interstitial space from excessive overpressure.

Due to the tanks being underground a manifold can be used to monitor two tanks with only one leak detection device.

around the stored product. Leakage of the stored medium is thus reliably prevented by overpressure. The operator of the system gains time to act.

VACUUM LEAK DETECTORS

Vacuum leak detectors (also known as underpressure leak detectors) generate negative pressure in the interstitial space. This means that in the event of a leak, all media adjacent to the interstitial space are sucked into the interstitial space and no product can escape into the environment. In the event of an air leak (outer or inner wall above the stored liquid), air is sucked into the system. The change in pressure triggers an alarm (like overpressure leak detectors, except that air is sucked in here).

TANK LEAK MONITORING

In the event of a liquid leak, the stored product (or groundwater) is sucked into the interstitial space. It fills up until the liquid stop valve in the suction line of the leak detector is reached and closes. When the liquid stop valve closes, the pump installed in the leak detector cannot build up any further negative pressure. Further liquid is sucked into the interstitial space by the vacuum that is still present, This reduces the vacuum to the alarm pressure, and the alarm is triggered.

For more information: sgb.de

01 Connection of the leak detector to the tank

02 SGB DLG application for Verbio SE in Bitterfeld, Germany. Here with a manifold for three underground tanks

03 SGB pressure leak detector DLG 450 PM with a manifold for two tanks

04 Verbio Methanol tank farm with two underground double-walled tanks in Schwedt, Germany

LEAK PREVENTION TECHNOLOGY

For a clean and protected environment

SGB LEAK MONITORING SOLUTIONS FOR EX-AREAS

100 % safe and continuous leak monitoring of double-walled tanks and pipes

• even for feed pressures up to 90 bar

• even for highly aggressive lyes and acids

• weather-proof vacuum leak detectors (IP 66)

• Ex-proof (zone 1 and 2 suited)

• electronic for easy handling

10 March 2025

Schiecentrale, Rotterdam

THE GLOBAL ARE BACK!

It’s time to celebrate industry success!

Returning for its eighth edition, the Global Tank Storage Awards continue to honour the accomplishments of storage terminals and their suppliers, applauding exceptional performance in safety, sustainability, and innovation while fostering connections across the international tank storage industry. The lineup for this year’s awards features fresh categories alongside the traditional ones, spotlighting progressive terminals and cutting-edge technological advancements.

Alongside new categories, we are welcoming new judges to the expert panel. A wide range of terminal professionals and industry specialists will share their extensive knowledge, and take everything into consideration with the wide range of entries!

The gala dinner will be hosted on the evening of 10 March in Rotterdam, Netherlands. A staple event on the international storage agenda, the evening is packed with networking opportunities, from the welcome reception and sit-down dinner, up to the after party, setting the stage for StocExpo’s 20th edition on 11 & 12 March.

Join the more than 200 tank storage professionals looking to celebrate excellence and forge new connections.

WHEN: 10 March 2025

WHERE: Schiecentrale, Rotterdam, Netherlands

COST:

Individual seat for €339, or a table of 10 for €3,350

WHAT’S INCLUDED:

Welcome drinks reception, three-course dinner, access to the after-party and all-inclusive drinks throughout the evening!

Find out more here, and be sure to enter for next years awards!

Thank you to our sponsors Hosted by

The Shortlist

We would like to thank all those who submitted a nomination, and congratulations to our 2025 shortlist!

Emerging Technology

The Emerging Technology Award is given to a cuttingedge technology that allows forward-thinking storage terminals to keep pace with a rapidly changing working environment.

2025’s shortlist:

• Advario, Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFB)

• Diamond Key International Group, Cloud TAS (CTAS)

• Diamond Key International Group, Omega Digitz Terminal HSE Digitalisation

• ETS Group, Mobile vapour combustion units and air purification systems

• Mesa ETP, FlexCore

• Samp, Shared Reality

• Square Robot Inc., SR-1& SR-3: Autonomous Submersible Tank Inspection Robots

• Terra Mater, SAF

• Texplor Group, Multi-Sensor Monitoring System

Environmental Performance

This award goes to the product or technology that serves to protect the environment, increase sustainability and/or reduce emissions at the terminal.

2025’s shortlist:

• Aereon, Aereon VRU

• Cool Sorption A/S, Vapour Recovery

• ETS Degassing, Mobile vapour combustion units

• Industrial & Environmental Concepts (IEC), Floating Insulated Tank Cover

• LEAKWISE (Agar Environmental Ltd.), Leakwise Ethanol in Water Sensor ID-223 ET

• Mesa ETP, FlexCore

• SDT Ultrasound Solutions, CRY8120 Series

Terminal of the Future

This terminal is demonstrating its dedication to preparing for the energy transition and/or working towards reaching net zero.

2025’s shortlist:

• e-Fuels Rotterdam

• GAS Entec & AG&P

• Immingham (Exolum)

• LBC Tank Terminals Rotterdam

• VTTI Malaysia – ATT Tanjung Bin

Safety Technology

This product, technology or service adds an additional layer of safety to the terminal and reduces risk to employees and the surrounding area.

2025’s shortlist:

• CLIIN Robotics ApS, Tank Cleaning Robot (TCR)ATEX Version

• Diamond Key International Group, Omega Digitz Terminal HSE Digitalization

• ROSEN Group, Tank Bottom Inspection Service (TBIT Ultra) using high-resolution MFL sensors in combination with automated feature detection and sizing

• Square Robot Inc., SR-1& SR-3: Autonomous Submersible Tank Inspection Robots

• Wolters Kluwer, Enablon

• Zuva Petroleum (Pvt) Ltd (part of Aquarius Energy organisation), Electronic Tier 1 Self Verification Assessment

Excellence in Health & Safety

The winner of this award will be able to demonstrate an impeccable safety record and will follow best practices to protect the safety of its employees.

2025’s shortlist:

• AGEO TERMINALS

• Axfaltec (Part of Aquarius Energy organisation)

• Corporate Wide Buckeye Partners

• Flow Petroleum

• Stolthaven Terminals Houston

• Vopak Deer Park Terminal USA

• Vopak Terminal Eemshaven

• VTTI Malaysia – ATT Tanjung Bin

Diversity, Equality, Inclusion Scheme

This award goes to a company that is demonstrating a commitment to DEI in the workplace, considering gender, LGBT and minority ethnic involvement.

2025’s shortlist:

• Advario

• BP

• Baker Hughes

• Cogent Skills

• Honeywell

• Vopak

These awards push for innovation. They celebrate the pioneers, who turn what if, into what’s next. In my opinion, the Global Tank Storage Awards are the equivalent to the Emmys in the tank storage industry.’

Dr Selin Calik, CEO of Women in Smart Energy UK

Outstanding Achievement

This award goes to an individual who has gone above and beyond to ensure the success of a company and the industry as a whole.

2025’s shortlist:

• Alfred de Jong, Manager Bulk Marine, Terminals, Rail & Truck, LyondellBasell

• Gregory Emmenis, Publisher, Storage Terminals Magazine

• Oliver Stanelle, Vice President Engineering, Advario

• Rob Powell, Vice President of Crosby Liquid Bulk Terminal, Crosby Foods

• Robert Wilke, North American Marketing Manager, AkzoNobel (International Paint)

• Stephanie Nolan, VP Sales & Marketing, Square Robot

Rising Star

This award goes to the person who is already paramount to the success of their company and who has the potential to become a key contributor to the future development of the tank storage industry.

2025’s shortlist:

• Akansha Gupta, Functional Safety Manager, EmersonSweden

• Dominic Marshall, Managing Director, Ferrous Protection Ltd

• Kelvin Ling, Director Strategic Accounts & Partnerships (Commercial), Advario

• Lars van Wageningen, Research and Consultancy Manager, INSIGHTS GLOBAL

• Mihnea Popa, Business Developer, Smartflow

• Rikard Prytz, Business Development Manager, Emerson

Drones & Robotics Solution

This award goes to the robotics solution that is improving efficiency and safety at the terminal.

2025’s shortlist:

• CLIIN Robotics ApS

• Energy Robotics

• Gerotto Federico Srl

• Intero Integrity Services bv

• ROSEN

• Square Robot

• Vertidrive

Industry Game-Changer

This award goes to the robotics solution that is improving efficiency and safety at the terminal.

2025’s shortlist:

• Aereon, CEB Certified Ultra-Low Emission Burner

• Assentech Sales Limited, Vent-Less Test Bench

• Buckeye Partners, L.P., Patent for Hydrocarbon Transport at Marine Terminals

• Gordium B.V., Gordium, AI-powered process hazard assessment software for tank terminals

• Louis Dreyfus Armateurs, FRESH (Floating Renewable Energy Solution with Hydrogen and Ammonia)

• ROSEN Group, Tank Bottom Inspection Service (TBIT Ultra) using high-resolution MFL sensors in combination with automated feature detection and sizing

• SDT Ultrasound Solutions, SDT340 TankTest

• Samp, Shared Reality

• Square Robot Inc., SR-1& SR-3: Autonomous Submersible Tank Inspection Robots

• TEC Container Solutions, TEC Bitutainer Storage Facility

• TankTerminalTraining, Functionality AlgorithmVanCampen’s General Law of Functionality

• UAB-Online, UAB-Online

• iSensPro, iSensPro inspection & monitoring tool

New for 2025

We recognise that the industry is an ever-changing sector, and so we have introduced some brand new awards for this year’s ceremony! The new categories focus on the whole supply chain, the importance of collaboration and the rise of future fuels, like ammonia.

Ammonia Infrastructure Project of the Year

This award goes to a facility that has introduced significant infrastructure to support ammonia in the last 12 months. Safety, ESG and innovation will be considered by the judging panel, as well as overall capacity to support the energy transition.

2025’s shortlist:

• LBC Tank Terminals, Vlissingen

• Mabanaft

• OCI Beaumont

• VTTI

• Vopak Exolum Houston

Best Overall Logistics Provider

This award goes to an energy infrastructure partner that is supporting its clients across the value chain. This award will be decided by votes from the industry as well as input from the Tank Storage Awards judging panel.

2025’s shortlist:

• Exolum & Adif

• LyondellBasell

• PT TERMINAL NILAM UTARA

• SPSE

• Varo Energy

It is so important to showcase and recognise the best in the industry, whether it is to do with products, sustainability or diversity, it is vital we recognise the progress the industry is making!’

Ellen

Daniels, CEO at the British Compressed Gases Association

Customer Service Award

This award goes to the facility or supplier offering the most efficient operations and best customer service. This award will be decided by votes from the industry as well as input from the Tank Storage Awards judging panel.

2025’s shortlist:

• Cool Sorption A/S

• ETS Degassing

• Ferrous Protection Ltd

• LBC Tank Terminals

• UM Terminals

Digital Transformation Solution

This award goes to the software, service, or model that succeeds in optimising, streamlining, or improving the storage terminal, bringing it into the 21st century.

2025’s shortlist:

• Cloud TAS (CTAS), Diamond Key International Group

• LBC’s Connected Partner Model, LBC Tank Terminals

• Learning Model, QADworks

• Shared Reality, Samp

• Smartflow Digital ISGOTT, Smartflow

• Tank Terminal Management System, ToolKitX GmbH

• UAB-Online, UAB-Online

FINANCING CHANGE

Thomas

Seifert, CFO at Advario, North America, talks about receiving the gold win at

the 2024 Global Tank Storage Awards for Rising Star

FINANCE OFTEN operates behind the scenes, but its impact is felt across every aspect of a company’s success, especially in the supply chain.

For Thomas Seifert, CFO of Advario North America, winning gold at the 2024 Global Tank Storage Awards was more than just personal recognition. It was a moment to spotlight the role of finance in driving innovation and strategic growth. ‘The award is very meaningful because it shows that Advario and the industry recognise that I, in my role in finance, can make a real impact,’ Seifert reflects.

Initally focused on accounting, Seifert’s role at Advario has evolved significantly over the years. ‘It’s a very dynamic job,’ he says. ‘What was once a traditional finance role has transformed into something much more strategic. We are looking at how finance can drive decision-making, efficiency and long-term success.’ In this, Seifert is predominantly responsible for strategic finance, cash flow planning, strategic planning, budgeting forecast, procurement synergies and scaling effects, as well as taking charge of local information technology topics.

His award underlines an important message: success is not limited to front line workers. ‘You do not have to be the CEO to make a difference. Every department, every role, has the power to contribute at a high level. That is what this award means to me.’

INNOVATING IN FINANCE

Seifert’s career path is anything but conventional. After earning a business administration degree from Johannes Gutenberg University in Germany, he pursued further education at Columbia University in New York, completing its prestigious CFO programme.

‘Watching the CFO role shift to a strategic partner role motivated me to keep evolving,’ he explains. ‘At Columbia, I explored innovations like AI, ESG finance and the energy transition, topics that are reshaping our industry.’

His professional journey has taken him through diverse industries, from auditing at Deloitte to finance roles in automotive, heavy equipment manufacturing and steel before joining Advario in 2019. He

says: ‘Each experience sharpened my understanding of financial strategy, cash flow management and working capital. It has been an enlightening journey.’

Beyond numbers, Seifert is passionate about people. One of his proudest achievements at Advario has been transforming his team from a transactional function to a dynamic, high performing unit. ‘Finance is often seen as a support role, but I wanted to change that,’ he says. ‘We restructured responsibilities, empowered people to take ownership and encouraged innovation. Now, my team is not just processing numbers, we are driving change.’

This aligns closely with Advario’s Horizon 2030 strategy, which focuses on innovation, team development and operational excellence. ‘This vision pushes me to be a forward thinker in finance, procurement and IT,’ says Seifert. ‘One of the elements of my role is to continuously look at our processes and our team structure, making sure we are fit for purpose and reshaping some of the structures to be a better partner for progress.’

FINANCING THE FUTURE OF ENERGY

One of Seifert’s key responsibilities is ensuring that finance supports Advario’s role in the energy transition. His involvement in Advario’s joint venture with Braskem Idesa in Mexico stands out as a major career highlight.‘Helping launch the Mexico terminal has been a huge milestone,’ he says. ‘It has been incredibly rewarding to contribute to such a significant project.’

Seifert is also deeply engaged in sustainability finance. ‘The energy transition will not happen without midstream storage solutions. Whether it is hydrogen, LNG or ammonia

‘Finance is often seen as a support role, but I wanted to change that...Watching the CFO role shift to a strategic partner role motivated me to keep evolving.’

as a hydrogen carrier, storage and transportation are critical challenges and that is where Advario can lead.’

A VISION FOR THE FUTURE

For Seifert, the role of a CFO is not just about managing finances, it is about

‘The award is very meaningful because it shows that Advario and the industry recognise that I, in my role in finance, can make a real impact.’

helping to shape the company’s future. ‘I want to bring financial thinking closer to everyone in the business. It is not just about numbers, it is about making smart, strategic decisions that create long term value.’ Seifert’s journey from auditor to award-winning CFO is proof that finance is no longer just a

GLOBAL EVENTS 2025

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Sustainable storage solutions for everyday life

A leading European midstream company specialized in storage infrastructure present in France, Netherlands, Spain and Belgium