biodiver.city
Wildlife traffic, ecotones and shared habitats . .
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BIODIVER.CITY
Markus Radmoser
MASTER THESIS submitted at the LEOPOLD-FRANZENS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ARCHITEKTUR IN INNSBRUCK to obtain the academic degree DIPLOM-INGENIEUR supervised by: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Claudia PASQUERO co-supervised by: Maria KUPTSOVA, MA Institut of URBAN DESIGN ioud/ synthetic landscape lab Innsbruck, September 2020
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„Biodiversity is the key so we can all live In glee.“
unknown
„Diversity may be the hardest thing for a society to live with, and perhaps the most dangerous thing for a society to be without“ William Sloane Coffin Jr.
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CONTENT PROJECT PROPOSAL 10 INTRO 12 - 15 METHOD AND PATTERN 16 - 31 RESEARCH Biodiversity 32 - 33 Key species 34 - 35 Vegetation zones 36 - 37 Ecotones 38 - 41 Habitat networking 42 - 43 Wildlife traffic 44 - 45 LOCATION 46 - 49 ANALYSIS Deer habitats 50 - 51 Spatial barriers 52 - 53 Accident cluster 54 - 55 Valley crossings 56 - 57 Rest areas 58 - 59 Feeding areas 60 - 61 DESIGN Moss growth 62 - 65 Feeding area roots 66 - 67 Path irritations 68 - 69 Habitat Network 70 - 71 Green bridges 72 - 73 Red Zones 76 - 77 Flood protection 78 - 79 Gradiation by waves 80 - 81 Dam formation 82 - 83 Amphibian habitats 84 - 85 Reproduction paths 86 - 87 Paths to dams 88 - 89 Overlapping ranges 90 - 91 Stepping stones 92 - 93 Ecotones 94 - 95 Missing connections 96 - 97 Incoherent valley area 98 - 99 Biotop network 100 - 101 Riverflow 102 - 105 Rederings 106 - 133 CONCLUSIO 134 BIBLIOGRAPY 136 - 139
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THE AIM OF MY DESIGN PROPOSAL
is the preservation and promotion of biological diversity in a valley of the Central Alps.
In my site-specific design approach
to protect migratory wildlife, migration corridors and habitats are created that correspond to the movements and needs of the animals.
Biodiversity is the measure of biological diversity. It is visible, infinitely large and little noticed. I looked at a small part of it, the wildlife and water traffic with its associated habitats and needs.
I analyzed the behavior of the animals and related events, such as traffic accidents and life cycles, using location-specific data and found problem areas and danger zones in these localized dynamic structures. Lots of spatial resistance, a lack of habitats and almost no transition zones that are so important for biodiversity. If the migration distances are too long, new habitats are added in between. Missing migration routes are built in with wildlife corridors. The entire main valley is protected from destructive flooding by dams, which in turn are combined with a biotope network. In order to increase the area and length of the moving open water, the river was divided and criss-crossed with chambers. The course leads along the biotopes, wetlands and settlements. In order to find the most suitable places for biotopes, a digital erosion and flood simulation was combined with the migration characteristics of the amphibians. In order to achieve the goal of the highest possible biodiversity, the transition zones of two ecosystems will be populated with ecotones.
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In Terms of Design, Transition design is an approach to complex and interconnected wicked problems such as the loss of biodiversity. The causes for the Loss are c limate Change and human activities. The consequences of this are flood and fragmentation. I know I won‘t solve the whole problem on my own, but I‘ve worked on a small part of it.
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In my design approach i try to research, protect and re-connect habitats in a way that correspond to the movements and needs of some wild animals. For this purpose I am defining 3 measures: Flood Protection, Habitat networking and the distribution of Ecotones.
INTRO Every 7 minutes there is an accident with wild animals in road traffic in Austria. According to the Board of Trustees for Road Safety (KFV), the official figures for the past few years are arround 80,000 wildlife accidents per year. Around 350 people were injured and 3 of them died. At the end of 2019, the total area used for settlement in Austria was ~ 573,000 hectares. On average, the daily growth was 13.2 ha per day and thus 48 km² per year. This reduces the floor to its supporting function. It loses its production function and many other important functions, such as the ability to store and evaporate water (cooling effect) and to break down pollutants. In addition, the habitat of microorganisms is destroyed an biodiversity lost. The goal for this design proposal is to enable a harmonious coexistence with common benefits for the human and non-human habitats and needs with the aim of achieving maximum biodiversity. The concept is derived from the existing resources of the environment and the needs of the species living in them. To do this, I first try to network the living spaces of wild animals, which are severely fragmented by human influence. For that i merge dynamic landscape processes and landuses with a multi-layered, cross-species infrastructure that connects the different habitats. New land uses and habitats that will be necessary in the future‚ will be gently und carefully integrated into the new wildlife infrastructure. In the areas of tension between ecology and economy there are many transition zones, which urgently need space and change. I believe that the habitats of human and non-human can overlap and coexist in a safe, peaceful and ecological way.
c.f. c.f.
Dachverband „Jagd Österreich“, 2020, WILDLIFE ACCIDENTS ON AUSTRIA‘S ROADS [https://www.jagdfakten.at/wildunfaelle/], 15.07.2020. Österreichische Raumordnungskonferenz (ÖROK), 2015, SOIL SEALING IN AUSTRIA [https://www.oerok-atlas.at/#indicator/61], 04.06.2020.
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ISSUE
LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
CAUSES
HUMAN ACTIVITIES CLIMATE CHANGE
CONSEQUENCES
FLOOD FOREST FIRE SEALED AREAS WILDLIFE ACCIDENTS HABITAT FRAGMENTATION
DESIGN PROJECT
BIODIVERCITY
GOAL
HIGH BIODIVERSITY GOOD COEXISTENCE
MEASURES
HABITAT NETWORKING WATER DISTRIBUTION FLOOD PROTECTION ECOTONES Fig.1: PROJECT SETUP
„The architect must not only understand drawing, but music.“ Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
IMAGE.1: LINE-UP OF MUSICAL DIVERSITY
Inspiration for the overall landscape design proposal is music. Music is a form of art, one of our cultural assets. It is a cultural activity consisting of organized vibrations. The medium is a sound system, consisting of tones and noises. Tone is a term used by musicians to refer to the audible characteristics of a player‘s sound. It is the product of all influences on what can be heard, including the characteristics of the instrument itself, differences in playing technique and the physical space in which the instrument is played. These tones appear in different volumes, intensities, dynamics, pitches and durations.
Just like in music, the interaction of several elements plays a main role in architecture. The challenge here is the same. You have to relate the individual elements, find the right paths and proportions and thereby express the desired mood. My work should express the possibility of a harmonious togetherness and thereby show humans the valuable presence of other species and induce them to treat their nonhuman neighbors with consideration and respect. This should make space for biodiversity possible in the future.
Melodies arise from the sequence of tones in a timed framework consisting of tempo and rhythm. The interaction of several tones, each with a different pitch, creates polyphony, called the chords. Harmony arises from the relationships between these tones.
c.f.
WIKIPEDIA, 2020, MUSIK [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik], 25.04.2020.
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WATERFLOW HABITATS ECOTONE
TRANSITION AREA BETWEEN TWO BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
SETTLEMENTS, BIOTOPES, FOREST, GRASSLAND AND WETLAND
RAIN, CLOUDS, WATER EXIT POINTS, STREAMS, RIVERS AND DAMS
TUNING DIAGRAM This diagram shows the interplay of different elements present in the landscape. In order to achieve the right mood, they must be arranged in the right proportion, appear in the right strength, arranged in the right rhythm and be related. If one element is too loud, bright, strong, or large, it will overwhelm everyone else and the overall pattern will not be good. Disharmony can have fatal consequences in ecosystems.
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INFRASTRUCTURE AGRICULTURE PARTICIPANTS
HUMAN, FLORA AND FAUNA
PALUDICULTURE, PERMACULTURE AND FOREST GARDENING
WILDLIFE TRAFFIC , MIGRATION ROUTES, CORRIDORS AND AMPHIBIAN PATHS
Fig.2: PROJECT STRINGS
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METHOD I use procedural drawing techniques to solve complex issues. Procedural generation is a method of creating data algorithmically as opposed to manually, typically through a combination of human-generated assets and algorithms coupled with computer-generated randomness and processing power. It is used to create textures and large amounts of diversive content. Depending on the implementation, advantages of procedural generation can include smaller file sizes, larger amounts of content, and randomness for less predictable landscapes. c.f.
WIKIPEDIA, 2020, PROCEDURAL GENERATION [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_generation], 15.07.2020.
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In this drawing a Voronoi structure was combined with a modular multiplication and projected onto a terrain.
Fig.2.1: TISSUE COMBINATION
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M=2
M=3
M=4
M=5
M=7
M=8
M=9
M = 10
Circle with 10 points - connection of 2 points - multiplied by its number Example M = 2: Point number 2 is connected with point number 4 M = Multiplicator Fig.2.2: MODULAR MULTIPLICATION STEPS
MODULAR MULTIPLICATION In these drawings I used an algorithm that shows numerous connection options. Different patterns are generated depending on the multiplication factor. A number of options become visible almost automatically at the push of a button.
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M=4
M=5
M=6
M = 52
M = 34
M = 41
M = 52
M = 34
M = 41
M = 95
M =49
M = 91
M = 98
M =95
M = 36
Circle with 100 points - connection of 2 points - multiplied by its number Example M = 2: Point number 2 is connected with point number 4 M = Multiplicator 19
Fig.2.3: MODULAR MULTIPLICATION
Fig.2.4: FRACTAL GROWTH FORMATION
FRACTAL GROWTH In these drawings I tried to create a kind of close packing of spheres with cubes. I tried to enable a spatial growth process with geometric shapes. In the beginning I used the dual partner of the cube, the cube octahedron. Its dual partner, the rhombic dodecahedron, proved to fill the space.
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Fig.2.5: DUALPARTNER
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Fig.2.6: MOSSY PATTERN
FLUID PATTERN In this drawing I tried to show a wet and mossy surface with some little depressions. For this I used the algorithm of flow lines.
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Fig.2.7: MOSSY PATTERN DETAIL
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Fig.2.8: CUBE ADDITION
CUBIC PATTERN In these drawings I tried to add small cubes to the terrain and to subtract them once. Then the flow line algorithm was applied over the entire surface again.
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Fig.2.9: CUBE SUBSTRACTION
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Fig.2.9.1: FLOW FIELDS
FLOW FIELDS In these drawings I tried to play with the different depths of the flowlines algorythm and applied it to a random Terrain. I used different intensities and strengths. At the end, the lines were bundled and displayed flat.
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Fig.2.9.2: INCREASED FLOW FIELDS
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Fig.2.9.3: FLOWFIELD CONTRAST
FLOWFIELD CONTRAST In this drawing I have adjusted the degree of coverage of the flow fields on the terrain. The negative form of the flow fields was drawn downwards. The contrast was clearly visible.
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Fig.2.9.4: FLOWFIELD OVERLAP
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Fig.2.9.5: HAIRY WAVE DETAIL
HAIRY WAVE SHAPES In this drawing I have created a fantasy landscape according to my own aesthetic feeling and tried to show the slightly weavy terrain hairy. The irritation and the thickness of the flowline were adjusted based on the slope.
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Fig.2.9.6: HAIRY WAVE OVERVIEW
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BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity is the diversity of life on earth at all levels, from genes to ecosystems. All species, including humans, are affected by the loss of biodiversity. Greater biodiversity ensures natural sustainability for all forms of life.
EFFECTS OF HUMAN
Biodiversity is the result of 3.5 billion years of evolution and describes the diversity of life on earth. It has ecological, economic, aesthetic and spiritual value. It enriches leisure activities and inspires artists. It‘s a measure of variation. Around 1 billion species are still live on earth today. 99.9 percent of all species that have ever lived on earth are already extinct. The problem with biodiversity is that it is not always visible, that it does not always appear useful immediately, that little is known about the connections between the high levels of diversity and that spaces for it are only slowly being accepted and created. There is evidence that biodiversity increases the stability of ecosystem functions over time. According to a 2016 study by the World Wildlife Fund, the planet has lost 58% of its biodiversity in absolute terms since 1970. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that “the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish around the world is on average about half what it was 40 years ago. The main threats to biodiversity loss are catastrophic geological events, human interference and activities and the associated climate change. Habitat destruction plays a key role in extinction.
c.f.
WIKIPEDIA, 2020, BIODIVERSITY [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity], 25.04.2020.
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Since humans first set foot on earth, there has been a continuing decline in biological and genetic diversity. Most biologists agree that the appearance of humans is part of a new mass extinction. Human influences, including mainly the sealing and fragmentation of habitats, threaten 25% of all animal and plant species with extinction. The current rate of extinction could be enough to eliminate most of the species on planet Earth within 100 years. Everyone wants to have renewable raw materials such as wood and food, a fine climate and beautiful natural landscapes, but very few see the importance and necessity of the biodiversity required for this. Biodiversity can improve disease resistance in animal communities. In the planned diversity in agriculture, we humans prefer many small quantities of potato varieties to just one large one. The same goes for ecosystems. Several small networked systems have proven healthier than one too large. The relevance of biological diversity for human health is very high. A virus spreads more easily in a genetically similar population. In a diverse population, it encounters resistance more quickly.
THE ARCHITECTS KEY ROLE In order to be able to build a successful and healthy structure, an architect should, as Marcus Vitruvius Pollio already mentioned in his book „Ten Books on Architecture“, not only be able to draw, but also have various specialist knowledge and recognize their connections. Decisions about ecosystems require complex decisions at the interface of ecology, technology, society and economy. The decision-making process for structuring ecosystems must take into account the interaction of many types of information and stakeholders. The architect plays an essential role in this process. Its task is to record the needs of the individual actors within a common landscape and to design the corresponding spatial network for this.
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KEY SPECIES Every species, no matter how small, plays an important role in the productivity of ecosystems.
EUROPEAN TREE FROG (Hyla arborea)
This warmth-loving amphibian species prefers to inhabit flat to wavy areas of the lowlands and the hill zone. It likes fish-free, sunny small bodies of water, rich in vegetation and changing water zones, aquatic and marsh plant communities such as reeds, extensively managed wet and wet meadows. Radius of motion: > 10 km
IMAGE.2: EUROPEAN TREE FROG
GRASS FROG (Rana temoraria)
Reproduction takes place in sections of the sunny river bank that are rich in vegetation. Spawning waters are stagnant and slowly flowing bodies of water. Habitats are bushes, grassland, fringing biotopes, banks of water, forests, gardens, parks and bogs. During the day they hide in damp places between vegetation or under stones or dead wood. Overwintering takes place mainly in holes in the ground. The population is very local. Radius of motion: 8-10 km
IMAGE.3: GRASS FROG
c.f. c.f.
WIKIPEDIA, 2020, LAUBFROSCH [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europäischer_Laubfrosch], 22.06.2020. WIKIPEDIA, 2020, GRASFROSCH [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasfrosch], 22.06.2020.
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ALPINE NEWT (Triturus alpestris) Inhabitants of water-rich forests in hilly to mountainous landscapes. In addition to dense deciduous forests, park-like areas and natural gardens are also populated. During the day he hides in the shade, for example under stones or wood. After „awakening“ from the freezing winter they immediately hike to bodies of water in the vicinity, especially forest ponds and lakes, extinguishing water ponds and water-filled wagon tracks. These can also be cool, shady and without vegetation. Radius of motion: 500 - 600 m IMAGE.4: ALPINE NEWT
ROE DEER
(Capreolus capreolus) The deer originally inhabited forest edge zones and forest areas. Most of them live individually or in small groups. Optimal rehab habitats consist of a close-knit mosaic of forest and agricultural areas. Deer are also successful cultural followers that also colonize habitats that have been heavily transformed by humans. Deer stay within a certain, definable action area and are usually true to location. If the population density is too high, they migrate to new areas. Within their action space, deer prefer quiet zones with a good overview on hilltop edges or slope terraces. Radius of motion: > 2 - 20 km IMAGE.5: EUROPEAN TREE FROG
RED DEER
(Cervus elaphus) Red deer live in groups and prefer habitats with a close intermingling of structured forests, thickets and large open forest areas. They can also survive in primeval forest-like closed and nutrient-poor forest areas or almost tree-free landscape. Red deer also inhabit the high altitudes of the Alps. Radius of motion: > 20 km
IMAGE.6: EUROPEAN TREE FROG
c.f. c.f. c.f.
WIKIPEDIA, 2020, BERGMOLCH [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmolch], 22.06.2020. WIKIPEDIA, 2020, REH [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reh], 22.08.2020. WIKIPEDIA, 2020, ROTHIRSCH [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothirsch], 22.08.2020.
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Fig.3: VEGETATION ZONES
VEGETATION ZONES The fertile zone for food production is only a few hundred meters. This zone has the highest biodiversity. Sealing of the soil should therefore be avoided in this area and a varied landscape with different ecosystems should be provided.
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ZONES
HEIGHTS
°C
CHARACTERISTICS
NIVAL ZONE
> 3000 m
<0
- glacier - largely snow-covered
ALPINE ZONE
2000 m to 3000 m
<4
- forest free - alpine mats and lawn - lichens and mosses - moving herds of sheep and goats
SUBALPINE ZONE
1500 m to 2500 m
4/7
- tree line (2020- 1880m / 2100 -2800m ) - Mountain pine fields - swiss pine and larch forest - alpine agriculture
MONTANE ZONE
800 m to 1850 m
8 / 11
- currently only inhabited seasonally - few farms - lower average temperature - deciduous forest border - increasingly conifers - upper limit of wheat and rye - agriculture
FOOTHILLS ZONE
300 m to 1000 m
> 11
- very diverse - widely influenced by cultural landscape - upper limit of fruit, cereals and vegetable growing and viticulture - high average temperatures - deciduous forest
CHART. 1: VEGETATION ZONE CHARACTERISTICS
Cf.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Höhenstufe_(Ökologie)
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ECOTONES In my design proposal, I structure the transition areas of two different ecosystems. It is a place where ecologies are under tension. This ecotones are often invisible and therefore difficult to measure. They can occur naturally, for example lakeshore or the alpine tree line, or they can be traced back to human influence. These mainly include strips of hedges, forest edges and river banks. Not only does the flora change at the edge of the forest, but also the fauna and the type of soil. Many animal species prefer the edges of the forest rather than the interior of the forest, because this is where both protection and light can be found. At the edge of the forest there are other trees than inside, including hedges, raspberries and low-growing plants. The gentler the transition from the open landscape to the forest, the lower the risk of the wind blowing under the treetops and uprooting the outer rows of trees in a storm. An ecotone can therefore create a diverse ecosystem. Most of them are particularly species-rich and have a higher biodiversity than the sum of the species that occur in the adjacent areas. In my design proposal I try to expand these zones and to close them largely without gaps. When dimensioning the ecotones, I refer to an interview with the Tyrolean nature conservation officer Mag. Klaus Auffinger. He recommended that I at least comply with Section 17 of the Tyrolean Nature Conservation Act of 2005, which provides for a bank protection area 5 m to the right and left of the upper edge of the dam. In addition, he recommended as a guideline a distance from the settlement areas to the adjacent forests of at least the maximum tree height.
c.f.
WIKIPEDIA, 2020, ECOTONE [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotone], 22.06.2020.
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In terms of design, ecotones appear mainly in a linear form and can be narrow or wide, tight or permeable. It can appear on the ground as a gradual blending of the two communities over a wide area, or it can manifest as a sharp boundary line. An ecotone can have a sharp transition from vegetation with a clear line between two communities. For example, a change in the colors of grasses or plants can indicate an ecotone. In the case of bodies of water, the limits are visible through the differences in altitude. Here, too, there can be sharp stony borders or diffuse transitions. An ecotone can also signal a change of species. Ecotones are particularly significant for mobile animals, as they can exploit more than one set of habitats within a short distance. The ecotone contains not only species common to the communities on both sides; it may also include a number of highly adaptable species that tend to colonize such transitional areas. The phenomenon of increased variety of plants as well as animals at the community junction is called the edge effect and is essentially due to a locally broader range of suitable environmental conditions or ecological niches.
The diagram shows the increased biodiversity in the transition zones.
FOREST
WETLAND
RIVER
Fig.4: ECOTONE EDGE EFFECT
IMAGE.7: ECOTONE LAKESIDE
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IMAGE.8: TRANSITION FROM EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE TO FOREST
IMAGE.9: FOREST STRIP CORRIDORS BETWEEN GRASS LANDS
IMAGE.10: ROW OF BUSH IN FRONT OF A SETTLEMENT
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IMAGE.11: TRANSITION FROM SANDBANK TO RIVER
IMAGE.12: REEDS AND BUSHES ALONG A RIVER
IMAGE.13: LITTLE STREAM BETWEEN TWO GRASSLANDS
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HABITAT NETWORKING The fragmentation of habitat in Salzburg is far advanced, especially in the valley areas. Networked, coherent habitats are the basic requirement for a functioning ecosystem. In future, continuous green belts should be established in settlement planning to separate settlements growing together and to connect wild animal habitats. In addition to fauna and flora, the corridors near the settlement also serve the well-being of people. A networked wildlife habitat contributes to the sustainable development of regions on an ecological, economic and sociocultural level, and it is a resource from which humans can draw materially and spiritually. Globally, the fragmentation of habitats is considered to be one of the greatest threats to the conservation of biodiversity. The topic of the biotope network and thus also the maintenance and connection of the existing green space structures is a core topic of numerous national and international laws, guidelines and conventions. Wildlife habitats are usually only found in unspoiled nature. They provide food, the possibility of reproduction and protection from enemies. This is often adequately fulfilled by the man-made cultural landscape, but sometimes not. The diverse forms of human land use have increasingly negatively affected wild animal populations in recent decades. Increasing urban sprawl, recreational use, agriculture and tourism as well as growing transport and energy infrastructures are cutting up natural habitats into isolated sub-habitats and restricting the migration of migrating species. Food procurement, reproduction and genetic diversity are impaired as well as climaterelated evasive movements of different animal and plant species.
cf.
The connections between populations and core areas of wild animals that are necessary for the conservation of biodiversity should be guaranteed and the isolation of native animal species should be prevented. This requires ecologically intact axes of movement in the landscape and corridors for migratory species that correspond to the topographical conditions. Wildlife is threatened by habitat fragmentation. Human interference breaks the adjacent forest into smaller, isolated patches. When individuals from spatially discrete subpopulations interact, they form a metapopulation. This promotes genetic diversity and allows the species to repopulate a patch when the local population disappears. In order to be able to define networking measures for target species, it is important to yourself to be aware of the spatial behavior of the respective species. A general distinction is made between the action space and the migration distance of a species. The size of the action spaces can be estimated from the species-specific action distances and individual space usage patterns. For the red deer the size of the action area is between 30 and 1250 ha, for the roa deer between 10 and 50 ha.
Bundesamt fĂźr Umwelt BAFUBern, 2010, WALD UND WILD FĂ&#x153;R DIE PRAXIS [https://www.bafu.admin.ch/dam/bafu/de/dokumente/biodiversitaet/uw-umwelt-wissen/wald_und_wild_grundlagenfuerdiepraxis.pdf.download.pdf/wald_und_wild_grundlagenfuerdiepraxis.pdf], 26.03.2020.
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The average distances covered have decreased significantly due to spatial barriers. Intact wildlife corridors are not interrupted by barriers that are difficult or impossible to overcome, are currently used by animals on a regular basis as a continuous connection between core areas and should offer an adequate supply of food and cover as well as minimal disruption during active times. They contain lead structures, network structures and stepping stone biotopes. Small-scale networking for the maintenance or restoration of wildlife corridors requires smaller biotopes, which are known as stepping stone biotopes. These can be hedges and woods, streams or extensively used areas. In addition to wild ecological criteria, the planning of measures must also include the small-scale networking of near-natural habitats for specialized species with only a small radius of action, such as amphibians. The main rivers that accompany the valley and their vegetation along the banks as well as the still existing, fairly continuous side streams play a central role. Stepping stone biotopes such as near-natural forest structures, forest edges and linear wood belts within the corridors are to be preserved or, if possible, woven into the biotope network in a suitable manner by closing gaps. In particular, the integration of wet and dry locations, ruderal areas and extensive meadows and paths should be taken into account. Networking elements outside of the core habitats play an important role in an intact network of habitats. Their size can vary from a few square meters to a few hectares.
cf.
SALZBURGER Landesregierung und Salzburger Jägerschaft, 2014, LEBENSRAUMVERNETZUNG SALZBURG [http://www.lebensraumvernetzung.at/], 26.03.2020.
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IMAGE.14: BEWARE OF DEER CROSSING ROAD SIGN
WILDLIFE TRAFFIC The first step against biodiversity loss is to protect wild animals on their travel routes. More than thousands of wild animals are killed in road traffic in Austria every year, and mobility is particularly important for wild animals.
c.f.
Federal Ministry for Climate Protection, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology (BMK), 2016, BEWARE OF DEER CROSSING [https://infothek.bmk.gv.at/achtung-wildwechsel/], 07.07.2020.
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Some species change seasonally from summer to winter habitat, while others commute between resting places and food sources. Growing settlements, the dedication of business areas and the expansion of the transport network cut off these routes. This not only results in smaller habitats, but also means that the animals can no longer mate with animals from different populations. The animal trails also serve the genetic exchange of species. They act as gene flow corridors. Deer crossing is the name given to the paths that are regularly used by wild animals. Wild, prefers to go well-known paths that develop clearly recognizable paths on the ground over time. Rotwild and roa deer have used the same routes for many decades. Paths that the game must use due to local conditions are referred to as forced change. These include, for example, settlements. Game passes also play a role in the spread of plants. Many plants have adapted to the spread of animals through special devices on their fruits or seeds. The diaspores stick to the fur of the animals or are eaten and usually excreted in a germinal manner. Green bridges are those green and wooded bridges that allow animals to wander over traffic routes such as motorways and expressways. The largest green bridges are built, for example, in areas with large game and supra-regional wildlife crossing. How big and wide a bridge needs to be depends on the species and the location. The exact position of the bridge is not so important for deer, they are flexible in their choice of paths. But a red deer, for example, is very sensitive. If the bridge is not exactly on his way, he will not use it and the deer and the doe will no longer find each other due to the dividing road.
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THE ALPS MY SITE In the Alps, Neolithic agriculture displaced the Mesolithic hunters and gatherers around 4500 BC. At about the same time, the alpine self-sufficient economy with agriculture and livestock farming was added, which made it possible to settle all year round. Since around 1965, when a better traffic infrastructure came, mass tourism has been developing rapidly. Tourism brought money to the Alpine valleys and ended the outstanding position of mountain agriculture. Under increasing economic pressure, the diversity of agriculture and forestry and with it biodiversity in the Alps has been disappearing. c.f.
WIKIPEDIA, 2020, ALPS [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps], 22.06.2020.
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All areas of life are subjected to mass tourism. Many environmentalists and locals criticize the damage caused by mass tourism in the Alps and point to the limits of the tourist use of the Alps. More and more traffic routes through the Alps and oversized residential complexes are being built and village structures along with biodiversity are being destroyed in favor of advancing urbanization. In addition, ecological problems arise, such as the fragmentation and sealing of habitats for threatened wild animal species.
47° 19‘ 24.17“ N
12° 47‘ 53.41“ E
IMAGE.15: THE CENTRAL ALPS
Today it is mainly the large Alpine valleys that are settled and economically developed. The main settlement areas are located at the outlets of the rivers, one of the most fertile areas where biodiversity would be highest. Many characteristic alpine animals live above the tree line. For some species, this can be interpreted as an escape from humans. Nevertheless, there is wildlife traffic. Some animals try to cross the valleys anyway and lose their lives because of impermeable barriers and the dangers of road traffic.
AGE: 290 - 35 million years AREA: 200.000 km² WIDTH: 250 km HEIGHT: 4810 m LENGTH: 1200 km RAINFALL: 2000 to 3000 mm/ year TEMP.: decreases by ~ 0.5 °C / 100 m The Alps got their shape through an interplay of uplift and erosion by glaciers, rivers, frost and sun. By modeling in the cold periods, the glaciers shaped the image and created new surface structures such as ridges and valleys. After the ice melted, lakes, wetlands, biotopes and ecotones formed.
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25
KM
OUTSIDE WORLD POLITICAL DISTRICT
Fig. 5: SALZBURG
LOCATION SALZBURG The entire Salzburg region is considered on the first scale. It is located in the middle of the Central Alps. In order to be able to understand the small-scale structures of the local events, regional structures within the political borders are first analyzed.
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Total area: 7,156.03 km² Land area: 7,052.88 km² Water surface: 101.35 km² Highest point: 3657 m above sea level Lowest point: 403 m above sea level Length in north-south direction: 113.3 km Length in west-east direction: 142.8 km
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25
KM FOREST AREA CORE HABITATS
HIGH MOUNTAIN VALLEY FLOOR
SAISONAL AND ISLAND HABITATS
Fig. 6: HABITAT OVERLAP
DEER HABITATS Fragmented wildlife habitats need to be reconnected. The migration of animals is also very important for the transport and distribution of plant seeds.
c.f.
Office of the Salzburg Provincial Government (Referat 13/02) Salzburg Huntersâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; Association, 2014, HABITAT NETWORKING SALZBURG, p. 22.
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FOREST AREA
WILDLIFE CORE HABITATS
WILDLIFE ISLAND HABITATS
SAISONAL WILDLIFE HABITATS Fig. 7: HABITAT CATALOG
51
25
KM FOREST AREA CORE HABITATS
TOTAL BARRIER HIGH RESISTANZE
Fig. 8: BARRIERS OVERLAP
SPATIAL BARRIERS Many man-made structures, but also rocky areas in the Alps, prevent the wild animals from migrating. Some of these barriers can be total barriers or they can also be slightly permeable.
c.f.
Office of the Salzburg Provincial Government (Referat 13/02) Salzburg Huntersâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; Association, 2014, HABITAT NETWORKING SALZBURG, p. 25.
52
HIGH RESISTANCE
TOTAL BARRIER Fig.
9: BARRIERS CATALOG
53
25
KM ACCIDENT CLUSTER ACCIDENT POINTS
HIGH RESISTANZE TOTAL BARRIER
MOVING DEERS
Fig. 10: ACCIDENT FREQUENCY
ACCIDENT CLUSTERS In this drawing, the entire wild animal population takes the shortest route to the accident points. The barriers were bypassed. The greatest danger spots can be recognized by the length and intensity of the movement tails. The green dots represent the most frequently visited accident sites.
c.f.
Office of the Salzburg Provincial Government (Referat 13/02) Salzburg Huntersâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; Association, 2014, HABITAT NETWORKING SALZBURG, p. 25.
54
ACCIDENT POINTS
TRAFFIC MOVEMENT 3
WILDLIFE POPULATION IN HABITATS
WILDLIFE TRAFFIC MOVEMENT 1 Fig. 11: ACCIDENT FREQUENCY CATALOG
55
25
KM CROSSING POINTS MOVING DEERS
HIGH RESISTANZE TOTAL BARRIER
Fig. 12: VALLEY CROSSING POINTS
VALLEY CROSSINGS This drawing shows the annual wildlife movement from one side of the mountain to the other. The green dots show the collision points between the migration lines of the wild animals and the existing roads.
56
Fig. 13: VALLEY CROSSING MOVEMENT
57
25
KM REST AREAS CORE HABITATS
VALLEY FLOOR
Fig. 14: REST AREAS
REST AREAS The rest areas shown in the diagram are not restricted areas, rather they should serve as an aid for environmentally and animalfriendly planning.
Salzburg is the first federal state with nationwide data on the resting areas of wild animals. More and more people spend their free time in the mountains, in the forests and by the lakes. At the same time, they invade the living space of wild animals every time they stay in nature. The initiative â&#x20AC;&#x161;Respektiere deine Grenzenâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; aims to raise awareness of how to treat nature and wild animals with respect.
Every thoughtless disturbance can mean death. In winter, any disturbance puts the wild animals in mortal danger. Constant disturbances lead to hunger or metabolic problems in the animals. That puts the wild animals in mortal danger. c.f.
RESPEKTIERE DEINE GRENZEN, 2020, RUHEZONENKARTE [https://www.respektieredeinegrenzen.at/die-initative/ruhezonen-karte/], 01.03.2020.
58
IMAGE. 23: RESTING DEER
59
25
KM FEEDING POINTS BARRIERS
CATCHMENT
Fig. 15: FEEDING AREAS
FEEDING AREAS Feeding the wild animals is a big challenge. The food shortage in snowy winters leads to an intensified time of need, which pushes both wild animals and hunters to their limits. The current situation report from the districts confirms that winter feeding of red deer and roe deer is currently necessary everywhere and that it is done.
The feeding of game results as an obligation of those who are entitled to hunt in the context of the protection obligation on the one hand in BJagdG ยง 1, on the other hand in fulfillment of the hunting protection from BJagdG ยง23.
60
IMAGE. 16: FEEDING AREA
Wild animal feeding serves as a substitute for food that does not occur in nature or that no longer occurs in sufficient quantities. Nowadays, food shortages must also be taken into account, which arise depending on the land and soil use and can differ in their location and time. Large-scale agriculture can result in a real harvest shock.
61
IMAGE. 17: MOSS GROWTH
MOSS GROWTH I use characteristics of the growth of moss to structure the network of habitats. Their root-like structures, so-called rizoids, are unicellular threads and are mainly used for anchoring. They have no real roots. They do not need soil and can therefore colonize inorganic surfaces. Their unique way of eating allows for enormous flexibility.
Mosses have two strategies for adapting to drought. They have organs that make it difficult for water to evaporate and cellular mechanisms to ensure survival in the event of dehydration. Papillae, small warts, distribute water droplets over the entire leaf surface. Narrow spaces such as leaf wing cells or assimilation lamellae bind the water through capillary forces and thus make evaporation more difficult.
62
IMAGE. 18: MOSS GROWTH CATALOG
63
SPORE A moss does not begin its life as a seed, but as a microscopic spore. It can still germinate even after thousands of PRE-GERM kilometers of flight.
SPORE PROTONEMA NETWORK
PRE-GERM If the place is moist enough, a pre-germ germinates, the protonema.
BUDS
SPORE PROTONEMA NETWORK
PRE-GERM OFFSPRING BUDS
PROTONEMA NETWORK It grows in length, covers the substrate on which it grows. After some time, chloroplasts form, the elementary solar collectors.
OFFSPRING BUDS CHART. 4: SPORE / PRE-GERM / PROTONEMA NETWORK
c.f.
IMAGE. 19: SPORE / PRE-GERM / PROTONEMA NETWORK
YOUTUBE, 2012, RUHEZONENKARTE [https://youtu.be/NjgmXqYrKGA], Mola Mola, 01.04.2020.
64
SPORE PROTONEMA NETWORK PRE-GERM
BUDS BUDS PROTONEMA NETWORK When the young Protonema reaches a certain size, the first buds form.
BUDS OFFSPRING
OFFSPRING OFFSPRING Young moss plants as we know them are made from these buds.
PAPILLAE Small warts, distribute water drops on the entire leaf surface. Narrow spaces such as leaf vane cells or assimilation lamellae bind the water through capillary forces and thus make evaporation more difficult.
IMAGE. 20: BUDS / OFFSPRING / PAPILLAE
CHART. 6: BUDS / OFFSPRING / PAPILLAE
65
25
KM
CATCHMENT AREA
FEEDING PLACES
Fig. 16: FEEDING CATCHMENT AREAS
FEEDING AREA ROOTS With this design algorithm, a root-like structure grows from each feeding point. In the diagrams, the number of individual points has been increased, thereby achieving shorter root distances.
66
Fig. 17: INCREASE OF FEEDING POINTS
67
DIFFERENT DEER GROUPS
Fig. 18: DEER GROUP DIVERSITY
PATH IRRITATIONS In this design algorithm, the length and straightness of the individual threads of the root-like feeding place fields were confused. The different colors represent different groups of wild animals. Due to the overlapping of the different groups, there is an exchange between them.
68
Fig. 19: DEER PATHS IRRITATION
69
MIGRATION PATHS OF DIFFERENT GROUPS COMMON HABITATS
Fig. 20: CONNECTED MIGRATION PATHS IN COMMON HABITATS
HABITAT NETWORK The existing fragmented and therefore incoherent migration structure of wild animals was gradually reconnected. The newly networked wildlife trails in the middle of the white habitats show a high level of biodiversity.
70
Fig. 21: FRAGMENTED MIGRATION PATHS
71
25
KM HABITAT FIELDS GREEN BRIDGES
HIGH RESISTANCE TOTAL BARRIER
Fig. 22: GREEN BRIDGES
GREEN BRIDGES In this drawing, the individual actors of the entire wild animal population connect with the others with increasing distance. The barriers act as obstacles. At a certain distance, the actors connect across the valley. The green tissue shows the most commonly used connecting routes between the barriers and represents the necessary green bridges and corridors for wild animals.
72
With this design algorithm, the distance with which the individual points connect to each other was gradually increased in order to create connections between the various mountain sides.
N
N
25 KM
Fig. 23: INDIVIDUAL ACTOR CONNECTION
73
25 KM
25
KM
47° 19‘ 24.17“ N
12° 47‘ 53.41“ E
Fig. 24: ZOOM IN
ZOOM IN A VALLEY
74
5
KM
Fig. 25: REGION ZELL AM SEE / KAPRUN
75
5
KM TERRAIN RED ZONES
WATERFLOW SETTLEMENT
Fig. 26: RED ZONES
RED ZONES In the areas marked in red, there is a risk of flooding during heavy rain events. The yellow fields represent the current settlement.
c.f.
SAGIS, 2020, ROTE ZONEN [https://www.salzburg.gv.at/sagismobile/sagisonline/map/Wasser/Naturgefahren-Gefahrenzonen], 22.06.2020.
76
WATERFLOW
DANGEROUS ZONES Fig. 27: RED ZONE CATALOG
77
IMAGE. 21: EDITED FLOOD PHOTO
FLOOD PROTECTION To protect biotopes from flooding, dams are being built in the side valleys.
Because of climate change, intense weather extremes have become more common. Along with the growing sealing of the soil, the associated natural disasters such as floods and mudslides have become more extreme. The humus layer, the largest water retainer, is hardly effective in many Alpine valleys because it was sealed by space-consuming settlements. Asphalted areas lead 100% directly to streams and rivers. Whereas 60 percent of the amount of water can seep away in a meadow.
78
IMAGE. 22: TORRENT CONTROL
Even destroyed moss fields could temporarily store large amounts of rain. Small landslides then form bars in the streams, where the water is dammed and after heavy rains, mud or debris avalanches can thunder down to the valley. In the past ten years, the Swiss alone have invested CHF 10 billion in protective structures. They built retention basins, dams, relief tunnels, deepened stream and river beds and fortified the banks of many bodies of water.
c.f. c.f.
Even if humans are not the only cause of natural disasters, they can indirectly contribute to the effects of natural disasters, for example through global warming and misplaced settlements.
Der Spiegel, 1987, SEALED VALLEYS [https://magazin.spiegel.de/EpubDelivery/spiegel/pdf/13525382], 25.04.2020. WEKA Industrie Medien GmbH, 2018, MOUNTAINS AND VALLEYS: AUSTRIA HAS THE HIGHEST LAND CONSUMPTION IN EUROPE [www.industriemagazin.at/a/b/berge-wie-taeler-oesterreich-hat-den-hoechsten-bodenverbrauch-europas], 02.02.2020.
79
Fig. 28: GRADIATION BY WAVES
GRADIATION by WAVES In this design algorithm waves with different frequencies, radius and amplitude were generated. These properties also determine the size of the dam and the height of its fall. The waves transform the terrain of the side valleys into water dams.
80
ELEVATION
RADIUS
FREQUENCY
FALL HEIGHT
F = 10
F = 15
F = 25
Fig. 29: WAVE FREQUENXY AND FALLHEIGHT
81
F = 50
F = 80
5
KM TERRAIN WATER COLLECTIONS
WATERFLOW
Fig. 30: WATERFLOW ON TRANSFORMED TERRAIN
DAM FORMATION This drawing shows the changed course of the water after the waves have deformed the terrain. Most of the red zones have disappeared due to the retention of water in the main valley.
82
5
KM TERRAIN WATER COLLECTIONS
WATERFLOW
Fig. 31: WATERFLOW ON EXISTING TERRAIN
Fig. 32: WATERFLOW PERSPECTIVES
83
5
KM TERRAIN HABITATS
WATERFLOW ABOVE GROUND
Fig. 33: AMPHIBIAN HABITATS
AMPHIBIAN HABITATS This drawing shows the amphibian-relevant habitats from ยง 24 of the Salzburg Conservation Law 1999.
c.f.
SAGIS, 2020, BIOTOPE [https://www.salzburg.gv.at/sagismobile/sagisonline/map/Natur/Biotope], 22.06.2020.
84
TERRAIN HABITATS
WATERFLOW ABOVE GROUND
Fig. 34: AMPHIBIAN HABITATS ZOOM IN
These are moors and swamps, spring corridors, quarry and gallery forests and other accompanying trees on flowing and standing water, surface flowing water including its dammed areas and flood runoff areas, at least 20 m² surface, natural or near-natural standing waters including their bank areas and the reed and reed zones, wet meadows as well as dry and lean sites, if their area exceeds 2,000 m² in each case, when calculating the area, those partial areas that are only through narrow linear Structures such as ditches, paths, and brooks are divided into a habitat, the alpine wasteland including the glaciers and their surroundings.
85
5
KM TERRAIN ACCUMULATIONS
SETTLEMENTS
Fig. 35: ACCUMULATIONS FOR REPRODUCTION IN THE VALLEY
REPRODUCTION PATHS The migration routes of the amphibians were simulated in the diagram. They use these routes to get from the forest edges to the humid biotopes in the Valley. There they reproduce and then they go back to the forest again.
86
Fig. 36: MOVEMENTS FOR REPRODUCTION IN THE VALLEY
87
5
KM TERRAIN ACCUMULATIONS
SETTLEMENTS DAMS
Fig. 37: MOVEMENT FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DAMS
PATHS TO THE DAMS The newly constructed dams are located in the middle of the woods and are therefore easily accessible for the amphibians without high resistance.
88
Fig. 38: MOVEMENTS FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DAMS
89
5
KM TERRAIN
BIOTOPES
Fig. 39: BIOTOPES UP TO 1600M
OVERLAPPING RANGES The drawing shows The Range of Movements of the Alpine newt. The pink circles represent the core center of life. In the area of the newly constructed water dams one can see the overlapping of the core fields. This overlap indicates an adequate network of biotopes in the side valleys.
90
5
KM TERRAIN ESCAPE ROUTE
CORE RANGE OF MOVEMENT FORCED MIGRATION ROUTE
Fig. 40: CONNECTED BIOTOPES AT THE DAMS
91
5
KM TERRAIN FOREST
REPRODUCTION ROUTES WATER RETENTION
Fig. 43: REPRODUCTION ROUTES
STEPPING STONES The too large distance between the biotopes should be adapted with stepping stones. These can be small biotopes above the bushes, but they do not have to function as complete habitats. They represent a kind of bridging. When looking for suitable locations for possible new biotopes, the topography of the surroundings and the water flow should be taken into account.
92
5
KM TERRAIN RED DEER ROUTES
AMPHIBIAN ROUTES
WATER RETENTION
ROA DEER ROUTES
Fig. 45: OVERLAP OF DEER AND AMPHIBIAN ROUTES
93
5
KM FOREST ECOTONE TERRAIN INCREASED BIOPTOPES ECOTONE
EXISTING BIOTOPES AND DAMS ECOTONE
Fig. 46: POSSIBILITY OF ECOTONES
ECOTONES This picture shows the first attempt to represent ecotones. Since these can often be very narrow, some gaps appear. In the next step, the zones should be closed almost entirely.
94
Fig. 47: ECOTONES AROUND SETTLEMENT DETAILS
95
5
KM TERRAIN ESCAPE ROUTE
CORE RANGE OF MOVEMENT FORCED MIGRATION ROUTE
FOREST
Fig. 41: DISCONNECTED BIOTOPES AT THE VALLEY FLOOR
MISSING CONNECTIONS There is no continuous biotope network for Alpine newt within the main valley floor. The distances between the biotopes are sometimes too long.
96
5
KM TERRAIN
BIOTOPES AT THE VALLEY FLOOR
Fig. 42: BIOTOPES AT THE VALLEY FLOOR
97
47° 19‘ 24.17“ N
12° 47‘ 53.41“ E
5
KM
Fig. 48: ZOOM TO VALLEY FLOOR
ZOOM TO VALLEY FLOOR
98
2
KM
Fig. 49: Valley floor with biotopes
99
FROG REPRODUCTION PATHS POSSIBLE AND EXISTING BIOTOP PLACES TERRAIN
2
CORE RAGE OF THE ALPINE NEWTS MOVEMENTS
KM
Fig. 50: Possible water retentions found by erosion
INCOHERENT VALLEY AREA In the main valley there is no continuous network of biotopes for the alpine newt. The distances between the biotopes are sometimes too great. In the search for new biotope sites to bridge the gap, I went two ways. On one path the entire valley floor was flooded and drained again. Delayed water release occurred in certain areas, which indicates a possible retention location. In the second variant to determine the biotope locations, the entire area was eroded in a simulation. Terrain changes occurred due to deformation processes. In some of these basins, newly created by erosion, there was significant accumulation of water. After superimposing these two investigative procedures, possible topographically suitable locations emerged.
100
INCREASING FLOOD 1
INREASING FLOOD 2
INREASING FLOOD 3
101
Fig. 51: INCREASING FLOOD CATALOG
BIOTOP NETWORK The newly created biotopes on the valley floor no longer show any missing overlaps of the ranges of motions. From the point of view of the spatial manageable distances, the area is considered connected. In the next step, the biotopes should be connected not only on land but also on water.
102
FROG REPRODUCTION PATHS POSSIBLE AND EXISTING BIOTOP PLACES TERRAIN
2
CORE RAGE OF THE ALPINE NEWTS MOVEMENTS
KM
Fig. 52: BIOTOP NETWORK
103
IMAGE. 24: MOSS LEAVE TISSUE
RIVER When redesigning the course of the river, I was inspired by the structure of a moss leaf. It shows a conductive fabric with closed chambers, which in turn have closed chambers. The renaturalization of rivers and river banks plays a major role in nature conservation. The rivers, which were often straightened before, offer little habitat for flora and fauna. There are no small tributaries, bays and wet islands in between. The aim of the new moving water is to enlarge its surface area and to create irregularities with the associated biodiversity. The previously existing single river line was divided and challenged. Then the points closest to each other were merged. This created the first closed chambers. In order to subdivide these often very large main chambers into smaller chambers, they were first divided into regular intervals and then fused together within a certain distance. This voluminous tissue structure serves as a negative form for the transformation of the original terrain. Fig. 53: MOSS LEAVE STRUCTURE
104
Fig. 54: MOSS LEAVE CONSTRUCTION CATALOG
105
RIVER FLOW
106
TERRAIN
2
RIVER FLOW
SETTLEMENT
KM Fig. 55: RIVER FLOW
107
108
Fig. 56: River related to Biptopes
109
110
Fig. 57: Human density
111
112
Fig. 58: Terrain modified 1
113
114
Fig. 59: Terrain modified 2
115
116
Fig. 60: wildlife routes and water tissue
117
118
Fig. 61: ecotone clustering
119
120
Fig. 62: habitat x-ray
121
122
Fig. 63: topview of the landscape
123
124
Fig. 64:
125
TRANSITION AREAS
126
Fig. 65:
127
COLORLESS TRANSITION DESITIES
128
Fig. 66: BIODIVERSE INTENSITIES
129
130
Fig. 67: BIODIVERCITY 0002
131
132
Fig. 68: BIODIVERCITY 0003
133
CONCLUSION With the procedural planning instruments available today, together with the existing data, a cross-species and nature-related architecture is possible. Topographical characteristics of the environment, different biologically composed habitats and dynamic migration movements can merge into a harmonious whole. In the design process, the previously very diffuse transition zones, the ecotones, with the highest biodiversity and previously unnoticed trails of wild animals came to light. I hope my design proposal shows an important field of landscape architecture and the possibility of designing enormously complex relationships in an ecologically and aesthetically valuable way. I hope that my point of view will influence other projects and create a lot of space for biodiversity.
134
135
BIBLIOGRAPHY
136
IMAGES: IMAGE. 1: LINE-UP OF MUSICAL DIVERSITY IMAGE. 2: EUROPEAN TREE FROG [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4ischer_Laubfrosch#/ media/Datei:Laubfrosch_Macro.jpg], Felix Reimann IMAGE. 3: GRASS FROG [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasfrosch#/media/Datei:European_Common_ Frog_Rana_temporaria_(cropped).jpg], Richard Bartz IMAGE. 4: ALPINE NEWT [https://www.waldwissen.net/wald/tiere/reptilien_amphibien_fische/lwf_ bergmolch/lwf_bergmolch_stadium.jpg?hires], Stefan Meyer IMAGE. 5: ROE DEER [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reh#/media/Datei:Reh_EO5P1624-2.jpg], Frank Liebig IMAGE. 6: RED DEER [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothirsch#/media/Datei:Cervus_elaphus_Luc_ Viatour_6.jpg], Luc Viatour IMAGE. 7: ECOTONE LAKESIDE IMAGE. 8: TRANSITION FROM EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE TO FOREST IMAGE. 9: FOREST STRIP CORRIDORS BETWEEN GRASS LANDS IMAGE. 10: ROW OF BUSH IN FRONT OF A SETTLEMENT IMAGE. 11: TRANSITION FROM SANDBANK TO RIVER IMAGE. 12: REEDS AND BUSHES ALONG A RIVER IMAGE. 13: LITTLE STREAM BETWEEN TWO GRASSLANDS IMAGE. 14: BEWARE OF DEER CROSSING ROAD SIGN [https://infothek.bmk.gv.at/assets/uploads/2016/09/Unbenannt-3-e1474379019802.png], Bundesministerium für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Energie, Mobilität, Innovation und Technologie IMAGE. 15: THE CENTRAL ALPS [https://www.google.com/earth/] IMAGE. 16: FEEDING AREA [https://www.alpenparks.at/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ WildtierFuetterung2402_19-63.jpg], AlpenParks Management GmbH & Co KG IMAGE. 17: MOSS GROWTH IMAGE. 18: MOSS GROWTH CATALOG IMAGE: 19: SPORE / PRE-GERM / PROTONEMA NETWORK [https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=NjgmXqYrKGA] Im Pflanzenrech: Moose Teil 1, Mola Mola IMAGE: 20: BUDS / OFFSPRING / PAPILLAE [https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=NjgmXqYrKGA] Im Pflanzenrech: Moose Teil 1, Mola Mola IMAGE. 21: EDITED FLOOD PHOTO [https://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/img/incoming/ crop34347447/0409719664-cv3_2-w940/Damage-after-storms-caused-flooding-and-mudslides- in-Sellrain.jpg], zeitungsfoto.at IMAGE: 22: TORRENT CONTROL IMAGE. 23: RESTING DEER [https://i.pinimg.com/564x/13/37/dd/1337ddd75caf1d4698514aba70a4c22a. jpg], Deena Lawson IMAGE 24: MOSS LEAVE TISSUE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LYbM2kLXvDY] Im Pflanzenrech: Moose Teil 2, Mola Mola
137
SOURCES: Österreichische Raumordnungskonferenz (ÖROK), 2015, SOIL SEALING IN AUSTRIA [https://www.oerok- atlas.at/#indicator/61], 04.06.2020. Dachverband „Jagd Österreich“, 2020, WILDLIFE ACCIDENTS ON AUSTRIA‘S ROADS [https://www. jagdfakten.at/wildunfaelle/], 15.07.2020. Salzburger Landesregierung, 2014, LEBENSRAUMVERNETZUNG SALZBURG [www.lebensraumvernetzung. at], 18.05.2020. Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFUBern, 2010, WALD UND WILD FÜR DIE PRAXIS [https://www.bafu.admin.ch/dam/bafu/de/dokumente/biodiversitaet/uw-umwelt-wissen/ wald_und_wild_grundlagenfuerdiepraxis.pdf.download.pdf/wald_und_wild_grundlagenfuerdiepraxis. pdf], 26.03.2020. Federal Ministry for Climate Protection, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology (BMK), 2016, BEWARE OF DEER CROSSING [https://infothek.bmk.gv.at/achtung-wildwechsel/], 07.07.2020. Land Salzburg, 2016, STRUKTURDATEN PINZGAU [https://www.salzburg.gv.at/statistik_/Documents/ Publikationen%20Statistik/statistik-strukturdaten_506.pdf], 26.03.2020. Office of the Salzburg Provincial Government (Referat 13/02) Salzburg Hunters‘ Association, 2014, LEBENSRAUMVERNETZUNG SALZBURG, p. 22. Office of the Salzburg Provincial Government (Referat 13/02) Salzburg Hunters‘ Association, 2014, LEBENSRAUMVERNETZUNG SALZBURG, p. 23. Office of the Salzburg Provincial Government (Referat 13/02) Salzburg Hunters‘ Association, 2014, LEBENSRAUMVERNETZUNG SALZBURG, p. 25. RESPEKTIERE DEINE GRENZEN, 2020, RUHEZONENKARTE [https://www.respektieredeinegrenzen.at/die- initative/ruhezonen-karte/], 01.03.2020. WIKIPEDIA, 2020, MUSIK [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik], 25.04.2020. WIKIPEDIA, 2020, BIODIVERSITY [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity], 25.04.2020. WIKIPEDIA, 2020, LAUBFROSCH [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europäischer_Laubfrosch], 22.06.2020. WIKIPEDIA, 2020, GRASFROSCH [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasfrosch], 22.06.2020. WIKIPEDIA, 2020, BERGMOLCH [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmolch], 22.06.2020. WIKIPEDIA, 2020, REH [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reh], 22.08.2020. WIKIPEDIA, 2020, ROTHIRSCH [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothirsch], 22.08.2020. WIKIPEDIA, 2020, HÖHENSTUFEN [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Höhenstufe_(Ökologie), 26.04.2020. WIKIPEDIA, 2020, ECOTONE [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotone], 22.06.2020. WIKIPEDIA, 2020, ALPS [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps], 08.12.2019. YOUTUBE, 2012, DAS PFLANZENREICH: MOOSE [https://youtu.be/NjgmXqYrKGA], Mola Mola, 01.04.2020.
CHARTS: CHART. CHART. CHART. CHART. CHART. CHART.
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6:
VEGETATION ZONE CHARACTERISTICS AGRIGULTURES TYPES OF ORGANISATION AGRIGULTURES TYPES OF CULTIVATION SPORE / PRE-GERM / PROTONEMA NETWORK BUDS / OFFSPRING / PAPILLAE SPACE CONSUMPTION AND AGRICULTURE
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FIGURES: Fig. 1: Fig. 2: Fig.2.1: Fig.2.2: Fig.2.3: Fig.2.4: Fig.2.5: Fig.2.6: Fig.2.7: Fig.2.8: Fig.2.9: Fig.2.9.1: Fig.2.9.2: Fig.2.9.3: Fig.2.9.4: Fig.2.9.5: Fig.2.9.6: Fig. 3: Fig. 4: Fig. 5: Fig. 6: Fig. 7: Fig. 8: Fig. 9: Fig. 10: Fig. 11: Fig. 12: Fig. 13: Fig. 14: Fig. 15: Fig. 16: Fig. 17: Fig. 18: Fig. 19: Fig. 20: Fig. 21: Fig. 22: Fig. 23: Fig. 24: Fig. 25: Fig. 26: Fig. 27: Fig. 28: Fig. 29: Fig. 30: Fig. 31: Fig. 32: Fig. 33: Fig. 34: Fig. 35: Fig. 36: Fig. 37: Fig. 38: Fig. 39: Fig. 40: Fig. 41: Fig. 42: Fig. 43: Fig. 44: Fig. 45: Fig. 46: Fig. 47: Fig. 48: Fig. 49: Fig. 50: Fig. 51: Fig. 52: Fig. 53: Fig. 54: Fig. 55: Fig. 56: Fig. 57: Fig. 58: Fig. 59: Fig. 60: Fig. 61: Fig. 62: Fig. 63: Fig. 64: Fig. 65: Fig. 66: Fig. 67: Fig. 68:
PROJECT SETUP PROJECT STRINGS TISSUE COMBINATION MODULAR MULTIPLICATION STEPS MODULAR MULTIPLICATION FRACTAL GROWTH FORMATION DUALPARTNER MOSSY PATTERN MOSSY PATTERN DETAIL CUBE ADDITION CUBE SUBSTRACTION FLOW FIELDS INCREASED FLOW FIELDS FLOWFIELD CONTRAST FLOWFIELD OVERLAP HAIRY WAVE DETAIL HAIRY WAVE OVERVIEW VEGETATION ZONES ECOTONE EDGE EFFECT SALZBURG HABITAT OVERLAP HABITAT CATALOG BARRIERS OVERLAP BARRIERS CATALOG ACCIDENT FREQUENCY ACCIDENT FREQUENCY CATALOG VALLEY CROSSING POINTS VALLEY CROSSING MOVEMENT REST AREAS FEEDING AREAS FEEDING CATCHMENT AREAS INCREASE OF FEEDING POINTS DEER GROUP DIVERSITY DEER PATHS IRRITATION CONNECTED MIGRATION PATHS IN COMMON HABITATS FRAGMENTED MIGRATION PATHS GREEN BRIDGES INDIVIDUAL ACTOR CONNECTION ZOOM IN REGION ZELL AM SEE / KAPRUN RED ZONES RED ZONE CATALOG GRADIATION BY WAVES WAVE FREQUENCY AND FALLHEIGHT WATERFLOW ON TRANSFORMED TERRAIN WATERFLOW ON EXISTING TERRAIN WATERFLOW PERSPECTIVES AMPHIBIAN HABITATS AMPHIBIAN HABITATS ZOOM IN ACCUMULATIONS FOR REPRODUCTION IN THE VALLEY MOVEMENTS FOR REPRODUCTION IN THE VALLEY ACCUMULATIONS FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DAMS MOVEMENTS FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DAMS BIOTOPES UP TO 1600M CONNECTED BIOTOPE NETWORK AT THE DAMS DISCONNECTED BIOTOPES AT THE VALLEY FLOOR BIOTOPES AT THE VALLEY FLOOR REPRODUCTION ROUTES REPRODUCTION ROUTES CATALOG OVERLAP OF DEER AND AMPHIBIAN ROUTES POSSIBILITY OF ECOTONES ECOTONES AROUND SETTLEMENT DETAILS ZOOM TO VALLEY FLOOR VALLEY FLOOR WITH BIOTOPES POSSIBLE WATER RETENTIONS FOUND BY EROSION INCREASING FLOOD CATALOG BIOTOP NETWORK MOSS LEAVE STRUCTURE MOSS LEAVE CONSTRUCTION CATALOG RIVER FLOW RIVER RELATED TO BIOTOPES HUMAN DENSITY TERRAIN MODIFIED 1 TERRAIN MODIFIED â&#x20AC;&#x17E; WILDLIFEROUTES AND WATER TISSUE ECOTONE CLUSTERING HABITAT X-RAY TOPVIEW OF THE LANDSCAPE TRANSITION AREAS COLLORLESS TRANSITION DENSITIES BIODIVERSE INTENSITIES BIODIVERCITY 0002 BIODIVERCITY 0003
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I dedicate this book to my family, flora and fauna. Thank you!
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Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides statt durch meine eigenhändige Unterschrift, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich oder inhaltlich den angegebenen Quellen entnommen wurden, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch nicht als Magister-/ Master-/Diplomarbeit/Dissertation eingereicht. Datum Unterschrift
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When borders merge, things meet.
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