Test Bank for An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb,Ian Whishaw

Chapter 1 – What are the origins of Brain and Behaviour? i

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1. Brain iabnormalities ican ibe irelated ito: A) 500 idisorders.

B) 1000 idisorders.

C) 1500 idisorders.

D) more ithan i2,000 idisorders.

2. All ithe inerve iprocesses iradiating iout ibeyond ithe ibrain iand ispinal icord ias iwell ias iall ithe ineurons ioutside ithe ibrain iand ispinal icord iconstitute ithe: A) nervous isystem.

B) central inervous isystem.

C) peripheral inervous isystem.

D) external inervous isystem.

3. Which iis iNOT ipart iof ithe iperipheral inervous isystem?

A) sensory ireceptors iin ithe iskin B) connections ito imotor ineurons C) sensory iand imotor iconnections ito iinternal iorgans i(e.g., ithe istomach) D) the ispinal icord

4. The iset iof ibrain istructures iresponsible ifor imost iof iour iunconscious ibehaviors iis icalled: A) the icerebral ihemisphere.

B) the ibrainstem.

C) the icerebrum.

D) the icerebellum.

5. The ipostulation ithat iwe imake isubliminal imovements iof iour ilarynx iand imuscles iwhen iwe iimagine iwas iexpounded iby: A) D. iO. iHebb.

B) Edmond iJacobson.

C) Irenäus iEibl-Eibesfeldt.

D) Fred iLinge.

6. “Behavior iconsists iof ipatterns iin itime” iis ia idefinition iof ibehavior iexpounded iby: A) D. iO. iHebb.

B) Edmond iJacobson.

C) Irenäus iEibl-Eibesfeldt.

D) Fred iLinge.

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7. Patterns iin itime ican ibe imade iup iof: A) movements.

B) thinking.

C) both imovements iand ithinking.

D) neither imovements inor ithinking.

8. Animals iwith ismaller ibrains iand isimpler inervous isystems ihave imostly i_____ ibehaviors, iwhereas ianimals iwith ilarger ibrains iand imore icomplex inervous isystems ihave imostly i_____ ibehaviors.

A) learned; iinherited B) inherited; ilearned C) innate; iinherited D) learned; iinnate

9. Crossbill ibirds ihave ia ibeak ithat iis idesigned ito ieat ipine icones. iIf iwe itrim ithe ibeak, ithe ibehavior idisappears. iThis iexample iillustrates: A) fixed ibehavior.

B) flexible ibehavior.

C) learned ibehavior.

D) adaptive ibehavior.

10. The isucking iresponse iobserved iin inewborn ihuman iinfants iis ian iexample iof ia(n): A) learned iresponse.

B) inherited iresponse.

C) flexible iresponse.

D) adaptive iresponse

11. Which istatement iis ithe iMOST iaccurate?

A) Nonhuman ianimals ihave imostly iinherited ibehavior iand iare ilittle iinfluenced iby ilearning.

B) Humans ishare imany iinherited ibehaviors ibut iare imostly iinfluenced iby ilearning.

C) Unlike inonhuman ianimals, ihumans ishare ivery ifew iinherited ibehaviors iand iare imostly iinfluenced iby ilearning.

D) Unlike inonhuman ianimals, ihumans' ibehavior iis itotally ilearned.

12. The ihypothesis ithat ithe ipsyche iis iresponsible ifor ibehavior iwas iexpounded iby: A) Charles iDarwin.

B) René iDescartes.

C) Aristotle.

D) Socrates.

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13. Mentalism iis: A) the istudy iof ithe imind.

B) mental iimagery.

C) the inotion ithat ithe imind iis iresponsible ifor ibehavior.

D) another iword ifor imindfulness.

14. The i_____ iis ia inonmaterial ientity ithat iis iresponsible ifor iintelligence, iattention, iawareness, iand iconsciousness.

A) brain B) heart C) mind D) conscience

15. The inotion ithat ithe imind iresides iin ithe ipineal ibody icomes ifrom: A) Charles iDarwin.

B) René iDescartes.

C) Aristotle.

D) Socrates.

16. According ito ithe iphilosophy iof idualism: A) the ibody iinfluences ithe imind.

B) the ipineal ibody iis ithe imind.

C) the ipineal ibody iinfluences ithe ibody iby idirecting ifluids ifrom ithe iventricles ito ithe imuscles.

D) the ipineal ibody iis ithe imind iand iinfluences ithe ibody iby idirecting ifluids ifrom ithe iventricles ito ithe imuscles.

17. Subsequent iresearch iindicated ithat ithe ipineal ibody iwas iresponsible ifor i_____ irather ithan icontrolling ihuman ibehavior.

A) vision B) problem isolving C) movement D) biological irhythms

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18. The idifficulty iin iexplaining ihow ia inonmaterial imind ican iinfluence ia imaterial ibody iis icalled: A) the imind iproblem.

B) the imind-body iproblem.

C) the ibrain iproblem.

D) the ipsyche iproblem

19. Descartes's ifollowers iwould iargue ithat: A) the imind iand ithe ibody iare iseparate iat ibirth.

B) humans iand ivery ifew iother ianimals ihave iminds.

C) young ichildren ido inot ihave iminds.

D) the imentally iill ihave iminds.

20. The inotion ithat iall ibehavior ican ibe iexplained iby ithe iworkings iof ithe ibrain iis icommonly ireferred ito ias: A) psychology.

B) experimentalism.

C) materialism.

D) dualism.

21. The inotion ithat iall iliving ithings iare irelated iwas iput iforward iby: A) Charles iDarwin.

B) Alfred iRussel iWallace.

C) neither iCharles iDarwin inor iAlfred iRussel iWallace.

D) both iCharles iDarwin iand iAlfred iRussel iWallace.

22. The inotion ithat idifferential isuccess iin ithe ireproduction iof icharacteristics iresults ifrom iinteractions ibetween iorganisms iand itheir ienvironment iis iknown ias: A) natural iselection.

B) genetic itheory.

C) biological itheory.

D) innate ibehavior.

23. Images iof iblood iflow iin ithe ibrain iin imonkeys ihave idemonstrated ithat: A) humans iand imonkeys iuse idifferent ibrain iareas ifor ilanguage.

B) humans iand imonkeys iuse ithe isame ibrain iareas ifor ilanguage.

C) monkeys ishow ino ibrain iactivation ifor ilanguage ibecause ithey icannot iunderstand ilanguage.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

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24. Individual ivariation iin iplants iand ianimals iwas ifirst iexplained iby: A) Charles iDarwin.

B) Gregor iMendel i.

C) neither iCharles iDarwin inor iGregor iMendel.

D) both iCharles iDarwin iand iGregor iMendel.

25. The istudy iof ihow igenetic iexpression iis irelated ito ithe ienvironment iand iexperience iis iknown ias: A) genotyping.

B) phenotyping.

C) epigenetics.

D) environmental igenetics.

26. Neuroscientists istudy ithe inervous isystems iof iother ianimals isuch ias islugs, isnails, ifruit iflies, irats iand imonkeys ibecause: A) if iall ianimals iare irelated ithen iall inervous isystems iare irelated iand iwe ican ilearn iabout ithe ihuman ibrain iby istudying iother ianimals.

B) all ianimals' inervous isystems iare idifferent, iwhich imeans ithat iwe ineed ito istudy ieach ianimal iseparately iin iorder ito iunderstand ihow itheir ispecific inervous isystem iworks.

C) the imind iand ithe ibody iare iseparate iwhich imeans ithat iwe ineed ito istudy ia ivariety iof idifferent ianimals ito isee ihow itheir iminds iwork.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

27. Inherited ibehavior: A) is idemonstrated ionly iby ianimal iinstincts.

B) includes iemotional iexpressions iin ihumans.

C) cannot iinclude iemotional iexpressions iin ihumans ibecause ithe ibehavior iis ilearned.

D) includes iemotional iexpression iin ianimals ibut inot iin ihumans.

28. Of ithe i100,000 ipeople iin ithe iUnited iStates iwho imay ibecome icomatose iin ia igiven iyear, ihow imany irecover iconsciousness?

A) 5 ipercent B) 20 ipercent C) 30 ipercent D) 50 ipercent

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29. A iperson iwho ican idisplay isome irudimentary ibehaviors isuch ias ismiling ior iblinking ibut iis iotherwise inot iconscious iis idescribed ias ibeing: A) in ia icoma.

B) in ia ipersistent ivegetative istate.

C) in ia iminimally iconscious istate.

D) brain idead.

30. In ia istudy iwith ia ipatient iin ia iminimally iconscious istate, iSchiff iand icolleagues ifound ithat i_____ iled ito idramatic iimprovements iin ithe ipatient's ibehavior.

A) deep ibrain istimulation B) reading ito ithe ipatient C) music itherapy D) gene itherapy

31. The ifirst ihumanlike ibrain ievolved: A) 700 imillion iyears iago.

B) 250 imillion iyears iago.

C) 6 imillion iyears iago.

D) 100,000 ito i200,000 iyears iago.

32. The ifirst ibrain ievolved iapproximately: A) 100,000 ito i200,000 iyears iago.

B) 3 imillion ito i4 imillion iyears iago.

C) 250 imillion iyears iago.

D) 700 imillion iyears iago.

33. Humans iare iof ithe iorder i____ iand ithe ifamily_____.

A) mammals; iprimates B) primates; imammals C) primates; igreat iapes D) great iapes; iprimates

34. Which isequences iis icorrect?

A) phylum, iorder, iclass, ifamily, igenus, ispecies B) phylum, iclass, iorder, ifamily, igenus, ispecies C) phylum, iclass, ifamily, iorder, igenus, ispecies D) phylum, ifamily, iclass, iorder, igenus, ispecies

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35. The ibranch iof ibiology ithat iis iconcerned iwith inaming iand iclassifying ispecies iis: A) genetics.

B) embryology.

C) taxonomy.

D) evolutionary ibiology.

36. Humans, imonkeys, iNeanderthals, iand ichimpanzees—all ibelong ito ithe isame: A) species.

B) genus.

C) family.

D) order.

37. Humans, itigers, idogs, iand imonkeys iare iall ipart iof ithe isame: A) species.

B) class.

C) genus.

D) family.

38. Insects ihave: A) only inerve inets.

B) only ia ifew iganglia.

C) enough iganglia ito ibe icalled ia ibrain.

D) the isame ibrain iorganization ias ia ichordate.

39. The icorrect iorder iof iorganisms ifrom ithe ileast icomplex ito ithe imost icomplex inervous isystem iis: A) flatworm, ifrog, isquid, isea ianemone.

B) sea ianemone, ifrog, iflatworm, isquid.

C) sea ianemone, iflatworm, isquid, ifrog.

D) frog, isea ianemone, isquid, iflatworm.

40. Animals iwith iboth ia ibrain iand ia ispinal icord iare icalled: A) mammals.

B) eukaryotic.

C) primates.

D) chordates.

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41. Humans iare iunique iin ithat ithey ihave ithe: A) largest ibrain iof iany ianimal ispecies.

B) most icomplex ispinal icord iof iany ianimal ispecies.

C) largest ibrain ito ibody isize iratio iof iany iliving ianimal.

D) most iadvanced inervous isystem iof iany iliving ianimal.

42. More iadvanced inervous isystems ioften ihave isimilar istructures ion ithe ileft iand iright isides i(e.g., ithe ileft iand iright ihemispheres iof ithe ibrain). iThis iconcept iis iknown ias: A) mirroring.

B) bilateral isymmetry.

C) bilateral istructures.

D) mirror isymmetry.

43. A inotochord iis ia: A) spinal icord iand ia ibrain.

B) longitudinal iflexible irod iin ithe iback.

C) segmented ispine.

D) segmented ispine iand ispinal icord.

44. Chordates iare iany iorganisms ithat ihave: A) a ibrain.

B) a ispinal icord.

C) a iperipheral inervous isystem.

D) a ibrain iand ia ispinal icord.

45. The icorrect iorder iof ithe ievolution iof inervous isystems ifrom isimple ito icomplex iis: A) nerve inet, isegmentation, iganglia, ispinal icord, ibrain.

B) spinal icord, inerve inet, ibrain, iganglia, isegmentation.

C) brain, ispinal icord, inerve inet, isegmentation, iganglia.

D) ganglia, inerve inet, isegmentation, ibrain, ispinal icord.

46. Other ithan ihumans, iwhich ichordate ihas ithe ilargest iforebrain?

A) reptiles B) amphibians C) birds D) bony ifish

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47. Increased ibrain isize iand iincreased ifolding iare imost iprominent iin iwhich ichordate ispecies?

A) dolphins B) primates C) neither iprimates inor idolphins D) both iprimates iand idolphins

48. The iprimate iorder icontains iapproximately: A) 275 ispecies.

B) 375 ispecies.

C) 475 ispecies.

D) 575 ispecies.

49. Humans iand ichimpanzees ishared ia icommon iancestor iapproximately: A) 2–4 imillion iyears iago.

B) 3–6 imillion iyears iago.

C) 5–10 imillion iyears iago.

D) 10-15 imillion iyears iago.

50. Humans iare imost iclosely irelated ito: A) gibbons.

B) orangutans.

C) chimpanzees.

D) gorillas.

51. The ifirst iprimate ito iwalk iupright isimilar ito ihumans iwas: A) Homo ierectus.

B) Homo ihabilis.

C) Neanderthals.

D) Australopithecus.

52. The icorrect iorder iof ithese iearly ihominids ifrom ismallest ito ilargest ibrain isize iis: A) Homo ierectus, iHomo ihabilis, iHomo ineanderthalensis.

B) Homo ihabilis, iHomo ierectus, iHomo ineanderthalensis.

C) Homo ineanderthalensis, iHomo ihabilis, iHomo ierectus.

D) Homo ihabilis, iHomo ineanderthalensis, iHomo ierectus.

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53. The ioldest ifossils ithat ihave ibeen iidentified ias ihuman iare iapproximately: A) 5 imillion iyears iold.

B) 200,000 iyears iold.

C) 2 imillion iyears iold.

D) 1 imillion iyears iold.

54. Which iof iour ihuman iancestors ihad ithe ilargest ibrain isize?

A) Australopithecus B) Neanderthals C) Homo ihabilis D) Homo ierectus

55. Tools iare iassociated iwith: A) Homo ihabilis.

B) Homo ierectus.

C) Homo isapiens.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

56. Modern ihumans iappeared iapproximately: A) 50,000 iyears iago.

B) 200,000 iyears iago.

C) 100,000 iyears iago.

D) 1 imillion iyears iago.

57. Homo isapiens icoexisted iwith: A) Homo ierectus.

B) Homo ihabilis.

C) Neanderthals.

D) Australopithecus.

58. Which isequences iis icorrect?

A) Homo ihabilis, iHomo ierectus, iHomo isapiens B) Homo ierectus, iHomo ihabilis, iHomo isapiens C) Homo ihabilis, iHomo isapiens, iHomo ierectus D) Homo ierectus, iHomo isapiens, iHomo ihabilis

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59. Modern iEuropeans imay ihave iacquired igenes ithat ihelped ithem iadapt ito ithe icold iand iabsorb imore ivitamin iD ithrough iinterbreeding iwith: A) Homo ihabilis.

B) Homo ierectus.

C) Neanderthals.

D) Australopithecus.

60. The iidea ithat ispecies iexhibiting imore icomplex ibehaviors iwill ipossess irelatively ilarger ibrains iis isummed iup iby: A) the iprinciple iof iproper imass.

B) encephalization iquotient.

C) the iprinciple iof imass iaction.

D) relativization.

61. The iencephalization iquotient iis idetermined iby: A) measuring ithe isize iof ian ianimal's ibrain.

B) measuring ithe iweight iof ian ianimal's ibrain.

C) relating iactual ibrain isize ito iexpected ibrain isize.

D) comparing ithe ibrain isize iof idifferent ispecies iwith ione ianother.

62. Which iliving ianimal ihas ian iencephalization iquotient ithat iis iclosest ito imodern ihumans?

A) Chimpanzee B) Elephant C) Blue iwhale D) Dolphin

63. Which ihas ithe ilargest iencephalization iquotient?

A) Monkey B) Chimpanzee C) Homo ihabilis D) Dolphin

64. The ihuman icerebellum icontains iabout i____ ias imany ineurons ias ithe icerebrum.

A) half B) one ithird C) four itimes D) twice

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65. Although ithe ielephant ibrain icontains imany imore ineurons ithan ithe ihuman ibrain, imost iof ithese iadditional ineurons iare ilocated iin ithe ielephant's: A) cerebellum.

B) cerebrum.

C) spinal icord.

D) brain istem.

66. Climate ichange imay ihave iplaced ipressure ion iapes ito iadapt ito itheir ienvironment. iSpecifically, iapes ithat ilived iin i_____ iclimates imay ihave ibegun ito iwalk iupright.

A) drier B) wetter C) colder D) coastal

67. Dunbar iproposed ithat igroup isizes iof i_____ itend ito ibe icorrelated iwith iincreased ibrain isize iin iprimates.

A) about i50 B) about i100 C) about i150 D) more ithan i200

68. Vegetation ieaters ihave: A) larger ibrains ithan ifruit ieaters.

B) smaller ibrains ithan ifruit ieaters.

C) greater isocial iskills ithan ifruit ieaters.

D) larger ibrains iand igreater isocial iskills ithan ifruit ieaters.

69. Eating ifruit ifavors ia ilarger ibrain ibecause iit: A) requires igood isensory iskills.

B) requires igood imotor iskills.

C) requires igood imemory iskills.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

70. Fruit-eating iprimates: A) have ia ismaller ibrain ithan ivegetation ieaters.

B) eat imore iglucose iand ithus ihave ia ilarger ibrain ithan ivegetation ieaters.

C) forage imore ithan ivegetation ieaters iand ithus ihave ia ilarger ibrain.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

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71. Howler imonkeys ihave ismaller ibrains ithan iequally isized ispider imonkeys. iThis iis ithought ito istem ifrom ithe ifact ithat: A) howler imonkeys ieat imore ifruit ithan ispider imonkeys.

B) howler imonkeys ieat iless ifruit ithan ispider imonkeys.

C) howler imonkeys ieat iless imeat ithan ispider imonkeys.

D) howler imonkeys ilive iin ilarger isocial igroups ithan ispider imonkeys.

72. You ihave idiscovered ia inew ibreed iof imonkey iin ithe ijungles iof iSouth iAmerica. iThe idiet iof ithese imonkeys iappears ito iconsist imainly iof ifruit. iBased ion iwhat iyou iknow iabout ievolution iand iother ifruit-eating imonkeys, iwhich istatement iis ilikely ito iapply ito ithis inewly idiscovered ibreed iof imonkey?

A) They iwill ihave icolor ivision.

B) They iwill ihave irelatively ilarger ibrains i(with irespect ito ibody isize).

C) They iwill ihave ilarger isocial igroups.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

73. How imuch iof ithe ibody's iresources idoes ithe ibrain iuse?

A) 20 ipercent B) 50 ipercent C) 10 ipercent D) 80 ipercent

74. Humans iare iclassed ias: A) fruit ieaters.

B) vegetation ieaters.

C) both ifruit iand ivegetation ieaters.

D) a iseparate icategory ifrom ivegetation iand ifruit ieaters.

75. _____ iallowed ihumans ito imaximize icaloric igain iand ispend iless itime iforaging.

A) Living iin ilarger isocial igroups B) Cooking ifood C) Eating ivegetation D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

76. The iradiator ihypothesis iis ia itheory irelating ito: A) cooling iof ithe ibrain iby iblood iflow.

B) cooling iof ithe ibrain iby icerebral ispinal ifluid.

C) cooling iof ithe ibrain iby iblood iflow iand icerebral ispinal ifluid.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

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77. Compared iwith iAustralopithecus iskulls, ihuman iskulls icontain iholes ithrough iwhich iblood ivessels icould ipass. iThis iwould ihave iled ito: A) better ibrain icooling.

B) increased ibrain isize.

C) changes iin idiet.

D) both ibetter ibrain icooling iand iincreased ibrain isize.

78. Stedman iand icolleagues iargue ithat isize ireductions iin ifacial imuscles iand ifacial ibones iin iearly ihominids imay ihave iled ito: A) changes iin idiet.

B) changes iin imating ipatterns.

C) changes iin ihunting istrategies.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

79. Our ismall iface, ivaulted icranium, iupright imobility, iand idistribution iof ihair iare ifeatures ithat ilink ius iwith ijuvenile ichimps. iThis iillustrates: A) natural iselection.

B) neoteny.

C) selective idominant itraits.

D) selective ienvironmental iinfluences.

80. One iof ithe ibenefits iof ineoteny iis ithat iit iallows: A) time ifor imore ibrain icells ito ibe iproduced.

B) greater igenetic idiversity.

C) greater ivariety iin idiet.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

81. Brain isize iis icorrelated iwith: A) plasticity.

B) body isize.

C) nutrition.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

82. If ione iperson ihas ia ibrain iweighing i1000 igrams iand ianother ihas ia ibrain iweighing i1500 igrams, ithe idifference imost ilikely ireflects: A) a imajor idifference iin iintelligence.

B) water icontent.

C) body isize.

D) both iwater icontent iand ibody isize.

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83. A ibehavior ithat iis itypical iof iall imembers iof ia ispecies iis icalled: A) instinct.

B) habit.

C) member-typical ibehavior.

D) species-typical ibehavior.

84. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT icorrelated iwith ibrain isize?

A) Health B) Gender C) Age D) Intelligence

85. You iand iyour igrandfather iboth itake ithe isame iintelligence itest iand iyou iscore ialmost i20 ipoints ihigher! iThis iis ian iexample iof ithe i_____ iand iit iis ilikely idue ito i_____.

A) Flynn ieffect; idifferences iin ieducation iand/or ilife iexperiences B) Flynn ieffect; ithe iincreasing isize iof ithe ihuman ibrain iover igenerations C) Spearman ieffect; iincreasing isize iof ithe ihuman ibrain iover igenerations D) Spearman ieffect; idifferences iin ieducation iand/or ilife iexperiences

86. Comparing iintelligence ibetween ispecies iis idifficult ibecause iwe iare itypically ireduced ito icomparing: A) differences iin ibrain isize.

B) differences iin imating ipatterns.

C) differences iin ispecies-typical ibehaviors.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

87. Studies iof ithe ibrains iof ivery iintelligent ipeople i(e.g., iAlbert iEinstein) ihave irevealed ithat iintelligent ipeople's ibrains: A) are iusually ilarger ithan iaverage.

B) are iusually ismaller ithan iaverage.

C) have ino isize irelation ito iintelligence.

D) do inot ivary.

88. _____ iis ithe icomplex ilearned ibehaviors ipassed ion ifrom ione igeneration ito ianother.

A) Neoteny B) Evolution C) Culture D) Intelligence

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89. The iacquisition iof iculture iby ihumans istems imost idirectly ifrom: A) an ievolved iability ifor ihigh imental iflexibility.

B) our ilarger ibrain.

C) improved idiet.

D) the iinvention iof ismartphones.

90. The ifirst iartistic irelics iwere imade iby imodern ihumans iapproximately: A) 100,000 iyears iago.

B) 55,000 iyears iago.

C) 30,000 iyears iago.

D) 10,000 iyears iago.

91. Reading iand iwriting iwere iinvented iapproximately: A) 25,000 iyears iago.

B) 7000 iyears iago.

C) 12,000 iyears iago.

D) 3000 iyears iago.

92. _____ iare iideas, ibehaviors, ior istyles ithat ispread ifrom iperson ito iperson iin ia iculture iand ican ibe iinfluenced iby ibrain istructure.

A) Phenotypes B) Trends C) Memes D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

93. According ito iMesoudi, ilanguage, imusic, imathematics, iand iart imay ihave ispread ithrough icultures iby iway iof: A) genetics.

B) learning.

C) religion.

D) memes.

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Chapter 2 – What is the Nervous system’s functional anatomy? i

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1. The icerebellum icontains i_____ iof iall ithe ineurons iin ithe iadult ihuman ibrain.

A) 20% B) 50% C) 10% D) 80%

2. Neural iagenesis irefers ito: A) an iinjury ito ia ibrain istructure.

B) the idegeneration iof ia istructure.

C) the ifailure iof ia istructure ito idevelop.

D) the icreation iof ia ibrain istructure.

3. If ia itree ifalls iin ithe iforest, idoes iit imake ia isound iif ino ione iis ipresent?

A) Yes, ibecause isound iis ia iphysical iphenomenon.

B) Yes, ibecause iif iyou irecord ithe inoise iand iplay iit iagain ilater iyou iwill ihear iit.

C) No, ibecause isound iis ia ifabrication iof iyour ibrain.

D) This iis ian iunanswerable iphilosophical iquestion.

4. Phenotypic iplasticity irefers ito: A) how ian iorganism's igenotype ican ibe iinfluenced iby ienvironmental ifactors.

B) how ian iorganism's igenetics ican ibe iinfluenced iby iits inervous isystem.

C) the istudy iof inervous isystem iplasticity.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

5. The iCNS iincludes ithe i_____, iwhereas ithe iPNS iincludes ithe i_____.

A) brain iand iautonomic inervous isystem; ispinal icord iand isomatic inervous isystem B) spinal icord iand iautonomic inervous isystem; ibrain iand isomatic inervous isystem C) spinal icord iand ibrain; iautonomic inervous isystem iand isomatic inervous isystem D) somatic inervous isystem iand ibrain; ispinal icord iand iautonomic inervous isystem

6. The isomatic inervous isystem iincludes ithe i_____, iwhereas ithe iautonomic inervous isystem iincludes ithe i_____.

A) sympathetic iand iparasympathetic idivisions; icranial inerves iand ispinal inerves B) brain iand ispinal icord; icranial inerves iand ispinal inerves C) sympathetic iand iparasympathetic idivisions; ibrain iand ispinal icord D) cranial inerves iand ispinal inerves; isympathetic iand iparasympathetic idivisions

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7. The isubdivision iof ithe inervous isystem ithat icontrols ithe igut iis icalled ithe: A) somatic inervous isystem.

B) enteric inervous isystem.

C) digestive inervous isystem.

D) autonomic inervous isystem.

8. The iterm iafferent irefers ito i_____ isignals.

A) incoming B) outgoing C) different D) similar

9. Efferent iis ito iafferent ias: A) brain iis ito ispinal icord.

B) sensory iis ito imotor.

C) motor iis ito isensory.

D) incoming iis ito ioutgoing.

10. Afferent iis ito iefferent ias: A) out iis ito iin.

B) top iis ito ibottom.

C) in iis ito iout.

D) bottom iis ito itop.

11. Moving ifrom isuperficial ilayers ito ideep ilayers, iin iwhat iorder iare ithe imeninges ifound?

A) dura imater, iarachnoid ilayer, ipia imater B) pia imater, iarachnoid ilayer, idura imater C) dura imater, ipia imater, iarachnoid ilayer D) pia imater, idura imater, iarachnoid ilayer

12. Brain inomenclature ican ibe ivery iconfusing. iThis iis ibecause: A) many istructures ihave iseveral inames.

B) research ion ibrain iincludes iscientists iof imany inationalities iand ilanguages C) some istructures iwere inamed iby inumbers.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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13. Structures iatop ithe ibrain ior ia istructure iwithin ithe ibrain iare_____: A) lateral.

B) ventral.

C) medial.

D) dorsal.

14. The iventral iportion iof ia istructure iis isometimes icalled: A) superior.

B) inferior.

C) dorsal.

D) medial.

15. Rostral iis ito icaudal ias: A) superior iis ito iinferior.

B) dorsal iis ito iventral.

C) medial iis ito ilateral.

D) anterior iis ito iposterior.

16. Coronal isection iis ito ihorizontal isection ias: A) frontal iview iis ito idorsal iview.

B) medial iview iis ito ifrontal iview.

C) frontal iview iis ito imedial iview.

D) dorsal iview iis ito imedial iview.

17. What ibest icharacterizes ithe icomposition iof icerebrospinal ifluid?

A) sodium ichloride iand iother isalts B) essential iamino iacids C) glucocorticoids D) simple isugars iand ismall ilipids

18. Cerebrospinal ifluid i(CSF) iflows ibetween: A) the iarachnoid ilayer iand ipia imater.

B) the idura imater iand ipia imater.

C) the idura imater iand iarachnoid ilayer.

D) the isuperficial ilayer iand ideep ilayer.

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19. The ifunctions iof ithe itemporal ilobes ilie imainly iin: A) decision imaking.

B) hearing, ilanguage, iand imusic.

C) sensory iprocessing iand idirecting imovements itoward iobjects.

D) vision.

20. Following ia ibrain iinjury iGreg ihas idifficulty iin iunderstanding ilanguage iand imusic. iHe iis imost ilikely ito ihave isuffered idamage ito ihis: A) frontal ilobe.

B) temporal ilobe.

C) occipital ilobe.

D) parietal ilobe.

21. The ifrontal ilobes iare iresponsible ifor icontrolling: A) decision imaking.

B) hearing, ilanguage, iand imusic.

C) vision.

D) sensory iprocessing iand idirecting imovements itoward iobjects.

22. Following ia ibrain iinjury iSuzanne iexperiences idifficulty iwith iproblem isolving iand idecision imaking. iShe iis imost ilikely ito ihave isuffered ian iinjury ito iher: A) parietal ilobe.

B) occipital ilobe.

C) frontal ilobe.

D) temporal ilobe.

23. The iparietal ilobes iprimarily icontrol: A) vision.

B) hearing, ilanguage, iand imusic.

C) decision imaking.

D) sensory iprocessing iand idirecting imovements itoward iobjects.

24. Following ia irecent istroke iJim iexperiences idifficulty iwith idirecting imovements itoward iobjects. iThe istroke iis imost ilikely ito ihave ioccurred iin ihis: A) frontal ilobe.

B) temporal ilobe.

C) occipital ilobe.

D) parietal ilobe.

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25. The ioccipital ilobes iare iresponsible ifor: A) sensory iprocessing iand idirecting imovements itoward iobjects.

B) decision imaking.

C) visual iprocessing.

D) hearing, ilanguage, iand imusic.

26. During ia irecent icar iaccident iAllison isuffered ia ibrain iinjury ithat ileft iher iblind ieven ithough iher ieyes iare iworking ifine. iShe iis imost ilikely ito ihave isuffered idamage ito iher: A) occipital ilobe.

B) frontal ilobe.

C) temporal ilobe.

D) parietal ilobe.

27. Sulci iare: A) found ionly iin ithe icerebellum.

B) found ionly iin ithe icerebrum.

C) the icracks ibetween ithe ibumps ion ithe ibrain.

D) the ibumps ion ithe isurface iof ithe ibrain.

28. Gyri iare: A) bumps ion ithe isurface iof ithe icortex.

B) cracks ion ithe isurface iof ithe icortex.

C) deformities ion ithe isurface iof ithe icortex.

D) only ifound iin ithe ispinal icord.

29. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ia isymptom iassociated iwith imeningitis?

A) severe iheadache B) stiff ineck C) aggressiveness D) convulsions

30. Sulcus iis ito igyrus ias: A) crack iis ito ibump.

B) bump iis ito icrack.

C) ridge iis ito imountain.

D) crack iis ito icrevasse.

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31. The isymptoms iof ithe i"sleeping isickness" ithat iarose iduring iWorld iWar iI iare icaused iby ilesions ito ithe: A) putamen.

B) globus ipallidus.

C) substantia inigra.

D) amygdala.

32. Which iof ithe ifollowing iarteries idoes iNOT iact ias ia imajor isupplier ito ithe icerebrum?

A) anterior B) superior C) middle D) posterior

33. The iartery ithat iprovides iblood ito ithe ilateral, itemporal, iand ifrontal ilobes iis ithe i_____ icerebral iartery.

A) anterior B) middle C) posterior D) inferior

34. The iartery ithat iprovides iblood ito ithe ioccipital ilobes iis ithe i_____ icerebral iartery.

A) anterior B) middle C) posterior D) inferior

35. A idisruption iof ithe iblood isupply ito ia ibrain iregion icauses: A) meningitis.

B) encephalitis.

C) a istroke.

D) cerebral iagenesis.

36. _____ iis imainly icomposed iof icell ibodies iand icapillaries.

A) Reticular imatter B) Gray imatter C) The icorpus icallosum D) White imatter

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37. _____ iis(are) imainly icomposed iof inerve ifibers iwith ifatty icoverings.

A) Cerebral iaqueducts B) Ventricles C) White imatter D) Gray imatter

38. CSF iis imade iin: A) the ipia imater.

B) the idura imater.

C) the iventricles.

D) the iarachnoid ilayer.

39. The ilarge icavities iinside ithe ibrain iare iknown ias: A) ventricles iand iare ifilled iwith iCSF. B) ventricles iand iare ifilled iwith iblood.

C) the iarachnoid ilayer iand iare ifilled iwith iCSF. D) the iarachnoid ilayer iand iare ifilled iwith iblood.

40. What iis ithe imost iunlikely ifunction iof iCSF? A) aiding icell itransmission iin ithe ibrain B) acting ias ia ishock iabsorber ito ithe ibrain C) allowing icertain icompounds iaccess D) helping ithe ibrain iexcrete imetabolic iwastes ifrom ithe ibrain

41. Ischemic istroke iis icaused iby: A) a iclot.

B) a ibroken iblood ivessel.

C) meningitis.

D) encephalitis.

42. A ihemorrhagic istroke iis icaused iby: A) a iblood iclot.

B) a iruptured iblood ivessel.

C) an iembolism.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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43. Tissue iplasminogen iactivator i(t-PA) iis ieffective ifor itreating: A) ischemic istroke.

B) hemorrhagic istroke.

C) meningitis.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

44. When iobserving ia isagittal ibrain isection iat ithe imidline, iwhat iis ithe iprominent ifeature icomposed iof iwhite imatter?

A) corpus icallosum B) ventricles C) cingulate icortex D) hippocampus

45. Cutting ithe ibrain ifrom ifront ito iback iwill igive: A) a icoronal iview.

B) a ifrontal iview.

C) a ihorizontal iview.

D) a isagittal iview.

46. According ito iDescartes, ithe iseat iof ithe imind iwas ilocated iin ithe: A) frontal ilobes.

B) thalamus.

C) pineal igland.

D) temporal ilobes.

47. The irole iof iglial icells iis iprimarily: A) to icarry iout iinformation iprocessing iin ithe ibrain.

B) to isend isignals ifrom ione ibrain iregion ito ianother.

C) to imodulate ithe iactivity iof ineurons.

D) to iprocess isensory iinput.

48. CNS iis ito iPNS ias: A) neuron iis ito iglia.

B) gray imatter iis ito iwhite imatter.

C) nerve iis ito itract.

D) tract iis ito inerve.

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49. The iprosencephalon iis isometimes ireferred ito ias: A) the ihindbrain.

B) the imiddle ibrain.

C) the iauxiliary ibrain.

D) the ifront ibrain.

50. In ithe ihuman ibrain ithe ibasal iganglia, ilimbic isystem, iand iolfactory ibulbs iare iconsidered ipart iof ithe: A) telencephalon.

B) metencephalon.

C) diencephalon.

D) mesencephalon.

51. In ithe ihuman ibrain ithe imesencephalon icontains: A) the ineocortex.

B) cerebellum.

C) tectum iand itegmentum.

D) medulla.

52. The ithalamus iand ihypothalamus iare iconsidered ipart iof ithe: A) myelencephalon.

B) telencephalon.

C) metencephalon.

D) diencephalon.

53. Which iof ithe ifollowing istructures iis iNOT ipart iof ithe imetencephalon?

A) the icerebellum B) the ipons C) the imedulla D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

54. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ipart iof ithe ihindbrain?

A) the ipons B) the itegmentum C) the ireticular iformation D) the imedulla ioblongata

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55. Awakening ifrom isleep iis ia ifunction iof: A) the ipons.

B) the imedulla.

C) the icerebellum.

D) the ireticular iformation.

56. The ireticular iformation iis iprimarily imade iup iof: A) gray imatter ionly.

B) white imatter ionly.

C) gray imatter iand iwhite imatter.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

57. The iprimary ifunction iof ithe icerebellum iis: A) control iof isleeping iand iwaking.

B) control iof imovement.

C) control iof iheart irate iand irespiration.

D) sensory iprocessing.

58. Orienting iresponses i(e.g., iturning iyour ihead ito ilocate ithe isource iof ia isound) iare icontrolled iby: A) the ipons.

B) the isuperior iand iinferior icolliculi.

C) the icerebellum.

D) the idiencephalon.

59. The ired inucleus, isubstantia inigra, iand iperiaqueductal igray imatter iare iparts iof ithe: A) tectum.

B) pons.

C) tegmentum.

D) reticular iformation.

60. Regulation iof ibreathing iand ithe icardiovascular isystem iis iprimarily icontrolled iby: A) the ipons.

B) the ireticular iactivating isystem.

C) the imedulla.

D) the icerebellum.

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61. What iare ithe ifunctions iof ithe isuperior iand iinferior icolliculi irespectively?

A) auditory iand ivisual B) visual iand iauditory C) tactile iand ivisual D) visual iand itactile

62. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis ipart iof ithe itegmentum?

A) the itectum B) the isubstantia inigra C) the iinferior icolliculus D) the isuperior icolliculus

63. The ihypothalamus iis iNOT iprimarily iinvolved iin: A) motor imovements.

B) sleeping.

C) emotional ibehavior.

D) sensory iinput.

64. Sexual ibehavior iis ia iprimary ifunction iof: A) the ithalamus.

B) the ihypothalamus.

C) the igyrus ifornicutus.

D) the ired inucleus.

65. The i_____ iacts ias ia isensory irelay istation ifor isignals iarriving ifrom isensory ireceptors ithat iare ibeing isent ito ithe icortex.

A) pituitary B) pons C) hypothalamus D) thalamus

66. Thalamus iis ito ihypothalamus ias: A) sensory iinput iis ito ibody imaintenance.

B) body imaintenance iis ito isensory iinput.

C) sexual ibehavior iis ito isleeping.

D) feeding iis ito iendocrine ifunction.

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67. The ilateral igeniculate inucleus ideals iwith: A) touch.

B) hearing.

C) olfaction.

D) vision.

68. The iprimary ifunction iof ithe ithalamus iis: A) transmission iof isensory iinputs ito ithe icortex.

B) regulation iof ihormone ifunction.

C) regulation iof isleeping iand iwaking.

D) control iof iorienting iresponses.

69. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ipart iof ithe iforebrain?

A) the icortex B) the itectum C) the ibasal iganglia D) the ilimbic isystem

70. The ibasal iganglia iprimarily icontrols: A) decision imaking.

B) voluntary imovement.

C) learning iand imemory.

D) processing iof isound.

71. Cognition iis iusually iattributed ito: A) the ilimbic icortex.

B) the icingulate icortex.

C) the ineocortex.

D) the iparahippocampal icortex.

72. Deficits iin iprocessing ibasic ivisual iinformation i(e.g., iluminance) iare icaused iby idamage ito ithe: A) frontal ilobe.

B) parietal ilobe.

C) occipital ilobe.

D) temporal ilobe.

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73. A iperson iwho ihas itrouble ilocating ithe isource iof istimulation ion ithe iskin imost ilikely ihas idamage ito ithe: A) temporal ilobe.

B) parietal ilobe.

C) occipital ilobe.

D) frontal ilobe.

74. Trouble irecognizing isounds iis imost icommonly iassociated iwith idamage ito ithe: A) parietal ilobe.

B) frontal ilobe.

C) occipital ilobe.

D) temporal ilobe.

75. Following ia ibrain iinjury iSteven ihas itrouble iorganizing ihimself iand ihas idifficulty iformulating iplans ito iaccomplish igoals. iSteven iis imost ilikely ito ihave idamaged ihis: A) frontal ilobe.

B) temporal ilobe.

C) parietal ilobe.

D) occipital ilobe.

76. Six ilayers iof igray imatter ion itop iof ia ilayer iof iwhite imatter iwould idescribe: A) the ilimbic icortex.

B) the ibasal iganglia.

C) the ineocortex.

D) the icingulate icortex.

77. Cortical iregions: A) have ithe isame idensity iof icell ilayers.

B) have idifferent ispecific ichemical icharacteristics.

C) when istained ilook ithe isame iacross ithe ivarious iareas.

D) have ivery ispecific ifunctions iand irarely iinterrelate.

78. Motor ioutput isignals iare isent ithrough ilayer(s) i_____ iof ithe icortex.

A) V iand iVI B) I ito iIII C) IV D) II

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79. Integrative ifunctions iare iprocessed iby ilayer(s) i_____ iof ithe icortex.

A) V iand iVI B) I ito iIII C) IV D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

80. Sensory iinputs iare itransmitted ithrough ilayer(s) i_____ iof ithe icortex.

A) I ito iIII B) V iand iVI C) IV D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

81. Memory iand iemotion iare iprocessed iby ithe: A) limbic isystem.

B) basal iganglia.

C) thalamus.

D) parietal ilobe.

82. The icaudate inucleus iand ithe iputamen iare ipart iof ithe: A) basal iganglia.

B) limbic isystem.

C) olfactory isystem.

D) hindbrain.

83. Parkinson idisease iand iTourette isyndrome iare ineurological idiseases iassociated iwith ithe: A) cerebellum.

B) frontal ilobes.

C) basal iganglia.

D) thalamus.

84. The ihippocampus iand ithe iamygdala iare ipart iof ithe: A) basal iganglia.

B) limbic isystem.

C) olfactory isystem.

D) hindbrain.

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85. The ihippocampus iand ithe icingulate icortex iparticipate iin iperforming i_____ ifunctions.

A) digestive B) problem isolving C) sexual D) memory

86. Which iof ithe ifollowing istructures iis iNOT ipart iof ithe ilimbic isystem?

A) hippocampus B) amygdala C) cingulate icortex D) putamen

87. Removal iof ithe iamygdala iin icats ileads ito: A) changes iin itemperature iregulation.

B) sleep idisruption.

C) emotional ichanges.

D) motor idisruption.

88. There iare i_____ ipairs iof icranial inerves.

A) 12 B) 24 C) 16 D) 8

89. Sensory iand imotor isignals ifrom ithe ihead iand ineck itravel ithrough: A) lumbar isections iof ithe ispinal icord.

B) sacral iportions iof ithe ispinal icord.

C) the icranial inerves.

D) thoracic isections iof ithe ispinal icord.

90. Sensory iand imotor isignals ito ithe iarms iare isent ithrough i_____ isections iof ithe ispinal icord.

A) sacral B) thoracic C) lumbar D) cervical

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91. Sensory iand imotor isignals ifrom ithe ihead iand ineck iare isent ito i_____ isections iof ithe ispinal icord.

A) thoracic B) sacral C) lumbar D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

92. Dermatomes iare iassociated iwith ithe: A) peripheral inervous isystem B) spinal inervous isystem.

C) autonomic inervous isystem.

D) cranial inervous isystem.

93. The ilaw iof iBell iand iMagendie istates ithat ithe: A) dorsal ispinal icord iis imotor iand ithe iventral iis isensory.

B) medial ispinal icord iis imotor iand ithe ilateral iis isensory.

C) dorsal ispinal icord iis isensory iand ithe iventral iis imotor.

D) medial ispinal icord iis isensory iand ithe ilateral iis imotor.

94. Motor ioutput ifrom ithe ispinal icord itravels ivia ithe: A) dorsal ispinal icord.

B) ventral ispinal icord.

C) medial ispinal icord.

D) lateral ispinal icord.

95. Sensory iinput ito ithe ispinal icord itravels ivia ithe: A) dorsal ispinal icord.

B) ventral ispinal icord.

C) medial ispinal icord.

D) lateral ispinal icord.

96. Increases iin iheart irate iand iinhibition iof idigestion iare icontrolled iby ithe: A) sympathetic inervous isystem.

B) parasympathetic inervous isystem.

C) spinal inervous isystem.

D) cranial inervous isystem.

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97. The i_____ inervous isystem iworks ito ihelp ius i"rest iand idigest," iwhereas ithe i_____ inervous isystem ihelps iinitiate ifight-or-flight iresponses.

A) sympathetic; iparasympathetic B) sympathetic; ispinal C) parasympathetic; isympathetic D) somatic; iparasympathetic

98. The ivagus, ifacial, iand ioculomotor inerves iare ithe iprimary icomponents iof ithe: A) cranial inervous isystem.

B) sympathetic inervous isystem.

C) the iparasympathetic inervous isystem.

D) spinal inervous isystem.

99. The i_____ icontains ia isheet iof ineurons ilining ithe iesophagus, istomach, ismall iintestine, iand icolon.

A) enteric inervous isystem i(ENS) B) autonomic inervous isystem i(ANS) C) somatic inervous isystem i(SNS) D) central inervous isystem i(CNS)

100. Language icontrol iis iusually isituated iin ithe: A) same iplace ion iboth ihemispheres.

B) different ilocations ion ieach ihemisphere.

C) right ihemisphere.

D) left ihemisphere.

101. The ileft ihemisphere iprimarily icontrols ifunctions ion ithe i_____ iside iof ithe ibody.

A) contralateral B) left C) ipsilateral D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

102. Spatial inavigation iis icontrolled iby i_____ iof ithe ibrain.

A) the ileft ihemisphere B) both ihemispheres C) the iright ihemisphere D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

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103. The ibrain iappears ito ihave: A) mainly iserial ior ihierarchical isystems.

B) mainly iparallel isystems.

C) a icombination iof iserial iand iparallel isystems.

D) parallel isystems iat ilower ilevels iand iserial iprocessing ifarther iup.

104. The inotion iof isegregation iof isensory iand imotor ifunctions iin ithe inervous isystem iwas ipostulated iby: A) François iMagendie iand iDavid iBell.

B) David iHubel.

C) John iHughlings iJackson.

D) Nige iToretle.

105. Memory iseems ito ibe ilocated: A) in ithe icingulate igyrus.

B) in ithe ihippocampus.

C) throughout ithe ibrain.

D) primarily iin ithe itemporal ilobes.

106. Changes iin ibalance ibetween iexcitation iand iinhibition iaccount ifor isymptoms iin: A) Tourette isyndrome.

B) Parkinson idisease.

C) stroke.

D) both iTourette isyndrome iand iParkinson idisease. i

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Chapter 3 – What are the Nervous system’s functional units? i

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1. _____ iis ithe itechnique ithat iallows iresearchers ito ilabel idifferent ineurons iby imarking ithem iwith idistinct icolors.

A) Straining B) Defragmentation C) Brainbow D) Bluetooth

2. Golgi istaining imakes iuse iof i_____ ito istain ineurons iso ithey ican ibe iviewed iunder ia imicroscope.

A) cresyl iviolet B) silver initrate C) pen iink D) squid iink

3. Based ion itheir iobservations iof istained ineurons, iGolgi iput iforward ithe i_____ ihypothesis, iwhereas iCajal iproposed ithe i_____ itheory.

A) nerve inet; ineuron B) neuron; inerve inet C) nerve inet; iglia D) neuron; iglia

4. The ihuman icentral inervous isystem iconsists iof iapproximately: A) 86 ibillion ineurons.

B) 1 itrillion ineurons.

C) 16 ibillion ineurons.

D) 1 imillion ineurons.

5. Neurons: A) all ihave ithe isame inumber iof idendrites.

B) usually ihave iseveral iaxons.

C) are iall iremarkably isimilar iin isize.

D) have ionly ione iaxon.

6. The i_____ iis ithe icore iregion iof ithe icell ithat icontains ithe inucleus.

A) dendrite B) axon C) Golgi ibody D) soma

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7. _____ iare ibranches iextending iout iof ia ineuron's icell imembrane ithat iallow iit ito icollect iinformation ifrom iother icells.

A) Somas B) Axons C) Terminal ibuttons D) Dendrites

8. _____ iare isingle ifibers ithat icarry imessages ito iother ineurons.

A) Dendrites B) Axons C) Terminal ibuttons D) Somas

9. The ijunction iof ithe iaxon iand ithe isoma iof ia ineuron iis icalled: A) the ineural ibridge.

B) the iaxon ihillock.

C) the iaxon icollateral.

D) a isynapse.

10. The ipart iof ithe iaxon ithat iconveys iinformation ito iother ineurons iis ithe: A) axon ihillock.

B) terminal ibutton.

C) Golgi ibody.

D) soma.

11. What iis ithe iMOST icommon isequence iof iinformation iflow ithrough ia ineuron?

A) nucleus, iaxon, iaxon ihillock, iend ifoot B) dendrite, inucleus, iaxon ihillock, iaxon C) dendrite, inucleus, iaxon, iaxon ihillock D) dendrite, iteleodendria, inucleus, iaxon

12. What iis ithe iBEST ianalogy ifor ia ineuron?

A) a imulti-input icomputational idevice iwith imany ioutput iwires B) a imulti-input icomputational idevice iwith ione ioutput iwire C) a isingle-input icomputational idevice iwith imany ioutput iwires D) a isingle-input icomputational idevice iwith itwo ioutput iwires

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13. Which iof ithe ifollowing iare iNOT ia itype iof ibipolar ineuron?

A) retinal ineurons B) sensory ineurons iin ithe iskin C) sensory ineurons iin imuscle D) motor ineurons

14. _____ iare ialso icalled iassociation icells ibecause ithey ilink iup isensory iand imotor ineurons.

A) Interneurons B) Golgi ineurons C) Glial icells D) Bipolar ineurons

15. _____ iare ia ispecial itype iof iinterneuron ifound iin ithe icerebellum.

A) Purkinje icells B) Motor ineurons C) Bipolar ineurons D) Glial icells

16. The isimplest ineuron iis ia(n): A) somatosensory ineuron.

B) motor ineuron.

C) bipolar ineuron.

D) interneuron.

17. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT icharacteristic iof ia ipyramidal icell?

A) long iaxon B) pyramid-shaped ibody C) two isets iof idendrites D) one iset iof idendrites

18. Interneurons: A) produce iglial icells iin ithe imidbrain.

B) are iresponsible ifor iproducing imyelin isheets.

C) are iinvolved iin iprocessing isensory iinformation iand isending iinformation ito ithe imotor ineurons.

D) are iinvolved iin iprocessing imotor ifeedback.

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19. Stellate icells iare: A) sensory ineurons.

B) interneurons.

C) motor ineurons.

D) not iaffected iby ieither isensory iinput ior imotor ioutput.

20. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ian iinterneuron?

A) Purkinje icell B) stellate icell C) pyramidal icell D) Schwann icell

21. Glial icells iare iprimarily iresponsible ifor: A) the ireception iof isensory iinformation.

B) the isupport iof ineurons.

C) the iprocessing iof iinformation.

D) the iproduction iof iactions ior imotor ioutputs.

22. For ievery ineuron iin ithe icentral inervous isystem ithere iis i(are) i_____ iglial icell(s).

A) 1 B) 5 C) 10 D) 100

23. Some i_____ iact ias i"glue" ithat ihelps ibind ineurons itogether.

A) glial icells B) pyramidal icells C) stellate icells D) Purkinje icells

24. According ito ithe itext, iwhich iof ithe ifollowing istatements iis iTRUE? A) Both isome inew ineurons iand imany inew iglial icells iare iformed ithroughout ilife.

B) Neither ineurons inor iglial icells icontinue ito ibe iformed iafter ithe ifirst ifew iyears iof ilife.

C) Some inew ineurons iare iformed ithroughout ilife, ibut iglial icells iare inot.

D) Many inew iglial icells iare iformed ithroughout ilife, ibut inew ineurons iare inot.

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25. Which iof ithe ifollowing iare iresponsible ifor iproducing icerebrospinal ifluid?

A) ependymal icells B) microglia C) astrocytes D) Schwann icells

26. Ependymal icells iare iassociated iwith: A) the iblood–brain ibarrier.

B) the iproduction iof icerebrospinal ifluid.

C) the iproduction iof imyelin.

D) the ihealing iof idamaged itissue.

27. Hydrocephalus iis iusually icaused iby iblockage iat: A) the ifirst iventricle.

B) the ilateral iventricle.

C) the ithird iventricle.

D) the ifourth iventricle.

28. _____ iare iglial icells ithat ihave inutritive iand isupportive ifunctions.

A) Ependymal icells B) Purkinje icells C) Telodendria D) Astrocytes

29. _____ iare itumors ithat ibegin iin ione ipart iof ithe ibody iand ispread ito ianother ipart iof ithe ibody.

A) Meningiomas B) Gliomas C) Metastatic itumors D) Gangliomas

30. _____ iare itumors ithat iare ioften iencapsulated iand irelatively ieasy ito iremove iwith isurgery.

A) Gliomas B) Meningiomas C) Metastatic D) Neuromas

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31. The iblood–brain ibarrier iis imade iup iof i_____ iattached ito ineurons iand iblood ivessels.

A) astrocytes B) microglia C) Schwann icells D) ependymal icells

32. Chris ihas ibeen ifeeling ivery iill ilately. iHe ihas ihad ia isevere iheadache ifor ia iweek inow iand ihas ibeen ivomiting, ihas ihad itrouble iconcentrating, iand ihas istarted ilosing isome iof ihis ivision. iThis imorning ihe ihad ia iseizure. iYou itell iChris ihe ishould igo ito ithe ihospital iimmediately ibecause ihe iprobably ihas: A) the iflu.

B) multiple isclerosis.

C) a ibrain itumor.

D) Huntington idisease.

33. The ifluid iin iwhich ithe icell's iinternal istructures iare isuspended iis icalled: A) lysosome.

B) endoplasmic ireticulum.

C) cerebrospinal ifluid.

D) intracellular ifluid.

34. Astroglia iare iNOT iassociated iwith: A) expansion iof iblood ivessels.

B) the iblood–brain ibarrier.

C) formation iof iscar itissue.

D) removal iof idead itissue.

35. When ineurons iare icontinuously ifiring, ithey ineed ia iconstant isupply iof iglucose iand ioxygen ito icontinue ioperating. iThis iis iachieved ivia i_____, iwhich isignal iblood ivessels ito iexpand iand iincrease iblood iflow.

A) Schwann icells B) ependymal icells C) astrocytes D) microglia

36. _____ ioperate ias ipart iof ithe ibrain's iimmune isystem.

A) Astrocytes B) Microglia C) Oligodendroglia D) Ependymal icells

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37. Phagocytosis, ior ithe ibreakdown iof iany iforeign itissue ior idead ibrain icells, iis icarried iout iby: A) astrocytes.

B) microglial icells.

C) ependymal icells.

D) oligodendroglial icells.

38. Microglia ioriginates iin: A) the iventricles.

B) most iareas iof ibrain itissue.

C) the iblood.

D) the icerebrospinal ifluid.

39. Greg iaccidentally icuts ihis ifingertip iwith ia iknife. iThe inext iday ihe inotices ithat ihis ifingertip iseems inumb ito ithe itouch. iGreg iis ivery iconcerned iabout ithis, ibut iyou itell ihim inot ito iworry ibecause inerves iin ithe i_____ iregenerate ithanks ito i_____.

A) central inervous isystem; ioligodendroglial icells.

B) central inervous isystem; iSchwann icells C) peripheral inervous isystem; iSchwann icells D) peripheral inervous isystem; ioligodendroglial icells

40. _____ ihelp igenerate imyelin iin ithe icentral inervous isystem, iwhereas i_____ ihelp igenerate imyelin iin ithe iperipheral inervous isystem.

A) Schwann icells; ioligodendroglial icells B) Astrocytes; iSchwann icells C) Oligodendroglial icells; iSchwann icells D) Oligodendroglial icells; imicroglial icells

41. Myelin iis iproduced iby: A) oligodendroglia iand iSchwann icells.

B) oligodendroglia iand imicroglia.

C) astroglia iand iSchwann icells.

D) microglia iand iastroglia.

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42. Myelin iaround iaxons: A) speeds iup itransmission iof iinformation.

B) slows idown itransmission ias iif iby ian iinsulator.

C) has ino ieffect ion ispeed iof itransmission ibut iacts ias ia iprotective icoat ion ithe ifragile iaxon.

D) has ino ieffect ion ispeed iof itransmission ibut iallows ithe icell iaccess ito inutrition.

43. Which iof ithe ifollowing istatements iis iTRUE? A) In ithe icentral inervous isystem iSchwann icells iserve ias iguideposts ito ishow iaxons iwhere ito iterminate iwhen iregeneration ioccurs.

B) In ithe iperipheral inervous isystem iSchwann icells iserve ias isignposts ito iguide iaxons ito itheir iappropriate iend ipoints.

C) Schwann icells icannot ihelp idamaged iaxons, ibecause ineither inervous isystem ican iregenerate.

D) Schwann icells iare ipresent ionly iin ithe ideveloping iorganism iand ithus ihave inothing ito ido iwith iregeneration.

44. Which ithree ielements iconstitute imore ithan i90% iof ia icell?

A) oxygen, ipotassium, isodium B) oxygen, ihydrogen, isodium C) oxygen, ihydrogen, icarbon D) carbon, ihydrogen, isodium

45. The ismallest iquantity iof ian ielement ithat iretains ithe iproperties iof ian ielement iis ia(n): A) neutron.

B) atom.

C) proton.

D) electron.

46. The i_____ iis ia istructure ithat igathers, istores, iand ireleases ienergy.

A) nucleus B) endoplasmic ireticulum C) mitochondrion D) Golgi ibody

47. The i_____ icontain(s) ithe ichromosomes iand igenes iof ia icell.

A) nucleus B) Golgi ibody C) lysosomes D) endoplasmic ireticulum

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48. The iplace iin ia icell iwhere iprotein ipackages iare iwrapped iand ishipped iis icalled: A) endoplasmic ireticulum.

B) mitochondrion.

C) Golgi ibody.

D) lysosome.

49. Mitochondria iand ilysosomes iare ianalogous ito: A) power iand itransportation.

B) transportation iand ipower.

C) fence iand ipower.

D) power iand ifence.

50. _____ iare iinvolved iin itransporting imolecules iand ihelp igive ithe icell iits ishape.

A) Axons B) Golgi ibodies C) Endoplasmic ireticulum D) Tubules

51. Cell iwastes iare ihandled iby: A) Golgi ibodies.

B) lysosomes.

C) microtubules.

D) endoplasmic ireticulum.

52. Which iof ithe ifollowing irefers ito ilayers iof imembrane iwhere iproteins iare iassembled?

A) lysosomes B) soma C) endoplasmic ireticulum D) mitochondria

53. The icell imembrane iis iimportant ibecause: A) it icontrols ithe iamount iof iwater iin ithe icell.

B) it iregulates ithe iconcentration iof isalts ion itwo isides iof ithe imembrane.

C) it icontrols ithe iamount iof iwater iin ithe icell iand iregulates ithe iconcentration iof isalts ion itwo isides iof ithe imembrane.

D) it iforms imyelin isheaths iin ithe icell.

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54. The i_____ ihelp(s) iregulate ithe iconcentration iof idifferent iions iinside iand ioutside iof ithe ineuron.

A) cell imembrane B) nuclear imembrane C) microfilaments D) lysosomes

55. All iof ithe icells iin iour ibody iare imade ifrom ia ibook iof iblueprints icontained iin: A) growth icells iin ithe ipituitary igland, iat ithe ibase iof ithe ibrain.

B) glial icells isurrounding ithe ineurons.

C) chromosomes iof ieach iindividual icell.

D) pyramidal icells iin ithe ibrain.

56. Membranes iof ia icell iare imade iof ispecial imolecules icalled: A) cytosols.

B) phospholipids.

C) hydrophilics.

D) hydrophobics.

57. The icode ifor ithe isynthesis iof iproteins iis istored iin: A) ribosomes.

B) genes.

C) microtubules.

D) endoplasm.

58. DNA iis icomposed iof ifour inucleotide ibases. iWhich ione iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ia inucleotide ibase?

A) thymine B) adenine C) histamine D) cytosine

59. Human icells icontain: A) 46 ichromosomes.

B) 23 ichromosomes.

C) 92 ichromosomes.

D) 13 ichromosomes.

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60. A ichain iof iamino iacids iforms ia: A) protein.

B) carboxyl igroup.

C) peptide ibond.

D) carbohydrate.

61. Proteins iare iassembled iin: A) the iendoplasmic ireticulum.

B) Golgi ibodies.

C) the inucleus.

D) the icytosol.

62. A iseries iof iamino iacids iis icalled ia: A) peptide ibond.

B) polypeptide ichain.

C) carboxyl igroup.

D) side igroup.

63. Humans iutilize i_____ idifferent iamino iacids ifor ithe isynthesis iof iproteins.

A) 100 B) 20 C) 300 D) 4000

64. Golgi ibodies ipackage i_____ iand iship ithem ito iother iparts iof ithe ineuron ivia i_____.

A) proteins; imicrotubules B) waste imaterials; imicrotubules C) proteins; ifilaments D) waste imaterials; ilysosomes

65. Golgi ibodies iessentially iact ias i_____ ifor ineurons.

A) an iadministrative ioffice B) a imarketing idepartment C) a ipostal iservice D) a irepair ishop

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66. An ianalogous iterm ifor ireceptor iis: A) door.

B) hinge.

C) keyhole.

D) doorknob.

67. Protein imolecules ican: A) act ias ia igate.

B) act ias ia ipump.

C) change ishape.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

68. Some imembrane ichannels ican iselectively iallow iin ione itype iof iion i(e.g., iK+) ibut inot iothers. iThe iability ito irestrict ipassage ito ionly icertain iions ilargely idepends ion: A) where ion ithe imembrane ithe ichannel iis.

B) what itype iof ineuron ithe ichannel iis ion.

C) the isize iand ishape iof ithe ichannel.

D) the ipigmentation iof ithe ichannel.

69. Membrane ichannels iare imade iup iof: A) phospholipids.

B) proteins.

C) microtubules.

D) carbohydrates.

70. Humans ihave iapproximately: A) 20,000 igenes.

B) 75,000 igenes.

C) 125,000 igenes.

D) 175,000 igenes.

71. Expressed igenetic itraits iof ian iindividual iare ireferred ito ias itheir: A) genotype.

B) phenotype.

C) wild itype.

D) mutation.

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72. The inucleotide isequence iMOST icommon iin ia ipopulation iis icalled ithe: A) homozygous iallele.

B) heterozygous iallele.

C) wild-type iallele.

D) mutant iallele.

73. The i_____ ichromosome ipair idetermines iour isexual icharacteristics.

A) fifteenth B) twenty-first C) twenty-third D) eighty-seventh

74. _____ imeans ihaving itwo idifferent ialleles ifor ithe isame itrait.

A) Homozygous B) Omnizygous C) Mutated D) Heterozygous

75. _____ imeans ihaving itwo iidentical ialleles ifor ithe isame itrait.

A) Homozygous B) Omnizygous C) Mutated D) Heterozygous

76. In i_____ iboth ian iallele's iown itrait iand ithat iof ithe iother iallele iin ithe igene ipair iare iexpressed icompletely.

A) dominance B) incomplete idominance C) codominance D) cloning

77. _____, icaused iby ia igenetic imutation, ican ihelp iprevent imalaria.

A) Tay-Sachs idisease B) Sickle-cell ianemia C) Trisomy i21 D) Vasectomy

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78. Abnormalities ion ichromosome i_____ icause isickle-cell ianemia.

A) 4 B) 17 C) 11 D) 24

79. A ichild iwho ihas iseizures, iblindness, iand idegenerating imotor iand imental iability iand iwho idies iat ian iearly iage imost ilikely ihas: A) Down isyndrome.

B) Huntington idisease.

C) Tay-Sachs idisease.

D) Parkinson idisease.

80. The imutation ithat ileads ito iTay-Sachs idisease iis irecessive. iTherefore, iif ia ichild's iparents iboth icarry ithe irecessive iTay-Sachs iallele, ithe iprobability ithat ithe ichild iwill idevelop iTaySachs idisease iis: A) 100 ipercent.

B) 50 ipercent.

C) 25 ipercent.

D) 75 ipercent.

81. Because ithe igene ithat ileads ito iHuntington idisease iis idominant, ia ichild iwho ihas ione iparent iwith iHuntington idisease ihas ia i_____ ichance iof ideveloping ithe idisorder.

A) 50 ipercent B) 100 ipercent C) 25 ipercent D) 75 ipercent

82. A ipatient iwho ishows iabnormal iinvoluntary imovements iand iloss iof imemory imost ilikely ihas: A) Tay-Sachs idisease.

B) Huntington idisease.

C) Alzheimer idisease.

D) Down isyndrome.

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83. Ashley, ia i36-year-old ifemale, ihas irecently ihad itrouble icontrolling ithe imovement iof iher iarms. iFor iexample, isometimes iher iarms iwill iflail iabout ias iif ithey iare ireaching ifor isomething ieven ithough ishe idoes inot iwant ithem ito. iShe ihas ialso istarted ihaving imemory iproblems iand ichanges iin iher ipersonality. iHer ifather ihad isimilar isymptoms iin ihis ithirties ibut idied ibefore ihe iturned i40. iYou itell iAshley ito igo ito ithe idoctor ibecause ishe iMOST ilikely ihave: A) Parkinson idisease.

B) Huntington idisease.

C) multiple isclerosis.

D) a ibrain itumor.

84. In iHuntington idisease, ias ithe inumber iof iCAG irepeats ion ithe iHTT i(huntingtin) igene iexceeds i40: A) the iearlier iin ilife isymptoms iwill ibegin.

B) the iless ilikely ia iperson iis ito idevelop iHuntington idisease.

C) the iless isevere ithe isymptoms iwill ibe.

D) the imore ilikely ithe ichances iof icontracting irabies.

85. Down isyndrome iis icaused iby i(an) iextra i_____ ichromosome(s).

A) twenty-third B) fifth C) twenty-first D) twenty-first iand itwenty-third

86. Characteristic ifacial ifeatures, ishort istature, iheart idefects, iand imental iretardation iare isigns iof: A) Alzheimer idisease.

B) Tay-Sachs idisease.

C) Down isyndrome.

D) Huntington idisease.

87. The isimplest iway ito iselect ifor ispecific igenetic itraits iin ianimals i(e.g., idogs) iis ithrough ithe iuse iof: A) cloning.

B) selective ibreeding.

C) transgenic itechniques.

D) gene itherapy.

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88. Transgenic ianimals iare iproduced iby: A) knockout itechnology ito iinactivate ia igene.

B) cloning.

C) addition iof ia igene ito ithe igenome.

D) combining igenes ifrom idifferent ispecies.

89. If iyou iare iinterested iin itesting ithe irole iof ia ispecific igene iin ia idisorder, iyou ican ieliminate ithe igene iand iobserve ithe ieffects iusing: A) knockout itechnology.

B) knock-in itechnology.

C) chimeric ianimals.

D) cloning.

90. If iyou iwant ito istudy ithe irole iof ia ispecific igene ion ia iparticular ibehavior, iyou icould itake ithe igene ifrom ione ispecies iand iinsert iit iinto ithe igenome iof ianother ispecies. iThis iis: A) cloning.

B) knockout itechnology.

C) knock-in itechnology.

D) use iof ichimeric ianimals.

91. Chimeric ianimals iare ithe iresult iof: A) cloning.

B) spontaneous imutations.

C) adding ia igene ito ithe igenome.

D) combining igenes ifrom idifferent ispecies.

92. One imethod ithat icould ibe iused ito iproduce inew itissue ior iorgans ifor itransplant ito ithe ioriginal idonor iis: A) cloning.

B) gene itransfer.

C) knock-in itechnique.

D) selective ibreeding.

93. The inotion ithat itwo iindividuals iwith ithe iexact isame igenes icould iend iup ideveloping idifferently iis iexplained iby: A) phenotypic iplasticity.

B) codominance.

C) genetic imutation.

D) recessive ialleles.

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94. The iconcordance irates iin iidentical itwins ifor idiseases ilike iAlzheimer, ischizophrenia, iand imultiple isclerosis iis: A) 100%.

B) 25%.

C) between i90% iand i100%.

D) between i30% iand i60%.

95. _____ iis ithe istudy iof ihow ithe ienvironment ican iinfluence ithe iexpression iof igenes.

A) Transgenics B) Genotyping C) Epigenetics D) Prototyping

96. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ione iof ithe iways iin iwhich iepigenetic imechanisms ican iinfluence ithe iexpression iof ia iparticular igene?

A) ribosome imodification B) histone imodification C) DNA imodification D) mRNA imodification i

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Chapter 4 – How do Neurons use electrical signals to transmit information? i

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1. Erica iis ian i18-year-old iin iher ifirst iyear iof iuniversity. iOne iday iwhile ishe iwas iwatching ia ivideo iin iclass, iErica istarted ito ihear iwhat ishe ithought iwas imusic iplaying. iSuddenly, ishe ibegan ishaking iin iher iseat iand ifell ito ithe ifloor. iAfter ithe iincident iended, ione iof iher iclassmates ihelped iher ito ithe icampus imedical icenter, iwhere ishe iwas ilater idiagnosed ias ihaving: A) Huntington idisease.

B) Parkinson idisease.

C) epilepsy.

D) myasthenia igravis.

2. Which iof ithe ifollowing itreatments iis i(are) iused ito ihelp ireduce iepilepsy?

A) medication B) deep ibrain istimulation C) a ihigh-fat, ilow-carbohydrate idiet D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

3. _____ iis ia ineurological idisorder ithat iis ilinked ito iperiods iof iexcessive ineural isynchrony.

A) Epilepsy B) Parkinson idisease C) Multiple isclerosis D) Stroke

4. René iDescartes ibelieved ithat i_____ icarried isignals ithrough ithe inervous isystem.

A) neurons B) phlegm C) the ipineal igland D) cerebrospinal ifluid

5. The itechnique iof ielectrical istimulation iwas ifirst idiscovered iby: A) Luigi iGalvani.

B) René iDescartes.

C) Gustave iFritsch iand iEdward iHitzig.

D) David iFerrier.

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6. In ia inow-famous iexperiment, iFritsch iand iHitzig idiscovered ithat ielectrical istimulation iof ithe ineocortex iled ito: A) hearing isounds.

B) movements.

C) seizures.

D) seeing ipatterns.

7. Electricity iis ia iflow iof ielectrons ifrom ia ibody ithat icontains ia ihigher icharge i(more ielectrons) ito ia ibody ithat ihas ia ilower icharge i(fewer ielectrons). iThe ibody icontaining ithe ihigher ielectrical icharge iis icalled ia: A) positive ipole.

B) negative ipole.

C) dipole.

D) ground ipole.

8. Another iterm ifor ivolts iis: A) the idifference iin ielectrical ipotential ibetween itwo ipoles.

B) current iflow.

C) amps.

D) current iflow iand iamps.

9. Roberts iBartholow iis iremembered ifor ibeing ithe ifirst iperson ito istimulate ithe ibrain iof ia: A) dog.

B) rabbit.

C) human.

D) a idog iand ia irabbit.

10. When iRichard iCaton ifirst imeasured ifluctuations ion ia ivoltmeter ifrom ielectrodes iplaced ion ithe iscalp iof ia ihuman isubject, ihe iwas irecording iwhat iwe inow icall: A) the ielectroencephalogram.

B) the iaction ipotential.

C) the imagnetoencephalogram.

D) axonal iconductance.

11. An ielectroencephalogram, ior iEEG, ican itheoretically ibe irecorded iby: A) a ivoltmeter.

B) a icurrent imeter.

C) an iamp imeter.

D) either ia ivoltmeter ior ia icurrent imeter.

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12. The ispeed iof iinformation iflow iin ia inerve iwas ifirst imeasured iby: A) Hermann ivon iHelmholtz.

B) Wilder iPenfield.

C) Eduard iHitzig.

D) Gustave iFritsch.

13. Because ithe igiant iaxons iof ithe isquid iare inearly i_____ iin idiameter, ithey iwere iused ito irecord ielectrical iactivity iin ineurons ifor ithe ifirst itime.

A) 1 icentimeter B) 1 imillimeter C) 5 imillimeters D) 0.1 imillimeter

14. Neurons iin imost ianimals, iincluding ihumans, iare iapproximately i_____ imillimeter iin idiameter.

A) 0.001 ito i0.02 B) 0.05 ito i0.1 C) 0.5 ito i0.7 D) up ito i1

15. _____ iwon ithe iNobel iPrize iin i1963 ifor ibeing ithe ifirst ito idescribe ithe ielectrical iactivity iof ineurons.

A) Young B) von iHelmholtz C) Hodgkin iand iHuxley D) Watson iand iCrick

16. Recording ifrom isingle ineurons iwas imade ipossible iby ithe iinvention iof: A) the ielectroencephalogram.

B) the ioscilloscope.

C) the imicroelectrode.

D) the ioscilloscope iand ithe imicroelectrode.

17. Microelectrodes ican: A) be imade ifrom iglass.

B) be imade ifrom iwire.

C) have ia itip ias ismall ias i0.001 imillimeter.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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18. The ipatch itechnique iinvolves: A) placing ithe itip iof ia imicroelectrode ion ian iaxon.

B) recording ibetween itwo imicroelectrodes, ione iinside ithe iaxon iand ithe iother ioutside.

C) placing ithe itip iof ithe imicroelectrode iin ian iaxon iand iapplying isome iback isuction.

D) placing ithe itips iof itwo imicroelectrodes iin ian iaxon iand irecording ibetween ithem.

19. To imeasure ithe ivoltage iacross ithe icell imembrane, iyou iwould inormally: A) insert itwo ielectrodes iinto ithe iaxon iand imeasure ithe ivoltage idifference.

B) place ione ielectrode ion ithe iouter isurface iof ian iaxon's imembrane iand ianother iinside ithe iaxon iand imeasure ithe ivoltage idifference.

C) place itwo ielectrodes ion ithe iouter isurface iof ithe iaxon's imembrane iand imeasure ithe ivoltage idifference.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

20. When ia isubstance imoves ifrom ian iarea iof ihigh iconcentration ito ian iarea iof ilow iconcentration, iit iis ian iexample iof ia(n): A) concentration igradient.

B) voltage igradient.

C) ionic itranslocation.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

21. The imovement iof iions ifrom ian iarea iof ihigh iconcentration ito ian iarea iof ilow iconcentration iis icalled: A) a iconcentration igradient.

B) a ivoltage igradient.

C) diffusion.

D) ionic itranslocation.

22. The inotion ithat iopposites iattract ibest idescribes: A) a iconcentration igradient.

B) a ivoltage igradient.

C) diffusion.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

23. If ia ismall iamount iof idye iis iplaced iin ia ibeaker iof iwater, iit iwill iflow iaway ifrom ithe iinitial ipoint iof icontact. iThe iensuing iprocess iillustrates: A) diffusion.

B) concentration.

C) charge.

D) electrostatic ipressure.

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24. Channels iin ithe icell imembrane iare iformed iby: A) sodium iions.

B) potassium iions.

C) protein imolecules.

D) lipids.

25. The ineuronal imembrane iis ibest idescribed ias i_____ isuch ithat i_____ iis i(are) iable ito ipass ithrough.

A) impermeable; ino iions B) impermeable; isodium C) semipermeable; isodium i(Na+) iand icalcium i(Ca+) D) semipermeable; ipotassium i(K+) iand ichloride i(Cl–)

26. The iresting ipotential: A) is i–70 imV iin iall ispecies.

B) can ivary ifrom i–40 imV ito i–90 imV iwithin ia ispecies.

C) can ivary ifrom i–40 imV ito i–90 imV ibetween ispecies.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

27. At irest, ithe iconcentrations iof i_____ iare ihigher iinside iof ia ineuron, iwhereas ithe iconcentrations iof i_____ iare ihigher ioutside iof ia ineuron.

A) potassium i(K+); isodium i(Na+) B) sodium i(Na+); ipotassium i(K+) C) potassium i(K+); ichloride i(Cl–) D) potassium i(K+); ianions i(A–)

28. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT itrue?

A) The icell imembrane iis isemipermeable, iso iit ikeeps iin ilarge inegatively icharged iprotein imolecules.

B) The imembrane ikeeps iout iNa+ iand iallows iK+ iand iCl– ito ipass imore ifreely.

C) The imembrane ihas ia isodium–potassium ipump ithat iremoves ipotassium ifrom iinside ithe icell iand ireplaces iit iwith isodium.

D) The isummed icharges iof ithe iunequally idistributed iions ileave ithe iinside iof ithe imembrane iat i–70 imV irelative ito ithe ioutside. iThis iis ithe icell's iresting ipotential.

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29. Large iprotein ianions iare: A) manufactured iby iglial icells.

B) manufactured iwithin ia ineuron.

C) transported ito ia ineuron iby iglial icells.

D) not ipart iof ia ineuron.

30. The inegative icharge iinside iof ithe icell imembrane iis ilargely ia iproduct iof ithe ipresence iof inegatively icharged: A) potassium iions.

B) sodium iions.

C) protein ianions.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

31. The isodium–potassium ipump i_____ iexchanges ithree i_____ ifor itwo i_____.

A) continuously; iintracellular iNa+; iextracellular iK+.

B) continuously; iintracellular iK+; iextracellular iNa+.

C) continuously; iextracellular iNa+; iintracellular iK+.

D) intermittently; iintracellular iK+; iextracellular iNa+.

32. When ithe ineuron iis iat irest, i_____ ichannels iare inormally iclosed, iwhereas i_____ iis ifree ito ienter iand ileave ithe icell.

A) K+; iNa+ B) Cl–; iNa+ C) Na+; iK+ D) K+; iCl–

33. There iare iapproximately i_____ ias imany iK+ iions iinside ithe icell ias ioutside iit.

A) 20 itimes B) 2 itimes C) one-tenth D) half

34. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT iinvolved iin iproducing ithe iresting ipotential?

A) potassium iions B) chloride iions C) calcium iions D) sodium iions

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35. A ichange iin ithe iresting ipotential ifrom i–70 imV ito i–73 imV iis icalled: A) depolarization.

B) hyperpolarization.

C) graded iexcitatory ipotential.

D) nothing, ias ithese ichanges ioccur ispontaneously.

36. A ichange iin ithe iresting ipotential ifrom i–70 imV ito i–68 imV iis icalled: A) depolarization.

B) hyperpolarization.

C) graded iexcitatory ipotential.

D) nothing, ias ithese ichanges ioccur ispontaneously.

37. Small ivoltage ifluctuations iin ithe icell imembrane ithat ioccur iin ithe ivicinity iof ithe iaxon iare icalled: A) action ipotentials.

B) graded ipotentials.

C) ion ifluctuations.

D) nerve iimpulses.

38. Depolarization iis iprimarily ilinked iwith i_____, iwhereas ihyperpolarization iis imainly ilinked iwith i_____.

A) sodium; icalcium B) potassium; isodium C) sodium; ichloride D) chloride; ipotassium 39. A ichange iin ithe iresting ipotential ifrom i–70 imV ito i–50 imV itypically iresults iin: A) an iexcitatory ipostsynaptic ipotential.

B) repolarization.

C) an iaction ipotential.

D) hyperpolarization.

40. Tetrodotoxin i(puffer ifish ipoison) imainly iinfluences: A) the irole iof ipotassium ichannels iin ihyperpolarization.

B) the irole iof isodium ichannels iin idepolarization.

C) the irole iof ipotassium ichannels iin idepolarization.

D) the irole iof isodium ichannels iin ihyperpolarization.

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41. Tetraethylammonium i(TEA) A) blocks ipotassium ichannels.

B) blocks isodium ichannels.

C) blocks ichlorine ichannels.

D) neutralizes ilarge iprotein imolecules.

42. An iaction ipotential iis: A) a ilarge igraded ipotential.

B) a ilarge, ibrief ireversal iin ithe ipolarity iof ia imembrane.

C) the isame ias ia ithreshold ipotential.

D) seldom ishorter ithan i10 imilliseconds.

43. The ivoltage iof ia ineural imembrane ithat iis isufficient ito icause ian iaction ipotential iis iapproximately i_____; iit iis icalled ia(n) i_____.

A) –70 imV; iresting ipotential B) –50 imV; igraded ipotential C) –65 imV; ithreshold ipotential D) –50 imV; ithreshold ipotential

44. The iaction ipotential inormally iconsists iof ithe isummed icurrent ichanges icaused iby ithe i_____ iand ithe i_____.

A) inflow iof isodium; ioutflow iof ipotassium B) outflow iof isodium; iinflow iof ipotassium C) inflow iof icalcium; ioutflow iof ipotassium D) inflow iof isodium; ioutflow iof ichloride

45. During ian iaction ipotential: A) the ivoltage iof ithe icell imembrane idrops ito izero iand ithen ireturns ito i–70 imV. B) the ivoltage iof ithe icell imembrane idrops ito izero, ireturns ito iabout i–100 imV, iand ithen igoes ito i70 imV. C) the ivoltage iof ithe icell imembrane igoes ito iabout i+30 imV iand ithen idrops ito i–70 imV. D) the ivoltage iof ithe icell imembrane igoes ito iabout i+30 imV, idrops ito i–100 imV, iand ithen igoes ito i–70 imV.

46. Na+ iand iK+ ichannels ion iaxons iare imainly: A) neurotransmitter idependent.

B) voltage idependent.

C) calcium idependent.

D) both ineurotransmitter iand ivoltage idependent.

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47. _____ ichannels iare iless isensitive ithan i_____ ichannels, iso iduring ian iaction ipotential ithey iopen imore islowly ibut iremain iopen ilonger.

A) calcium; isodium B) sodium; ipotassium C) chloride; isodium D) potassium; isodium

48. _____ ichannels iare imore isensitive ithan i_____ ichannels, iso ithey iopen ifirst iduring ithe iaction ipotential.

A) Calcium; ipotassium B) Potassium; icalcium C) Sodium; ipotassium D) All ichannels iare iequally isensitive.

49. Sodium ichannels iclose iwhen ithe imembrane ipotential ireaches iapproximately: A) +50 imV. B) +30 imV. C) –50 imV. D) 0 imV.

50. Voltage-sensitive isodium ichannels iare iactive: A) whenever ithe icell imembrane istarts ito idepolarize.

B) when ithe ivoltage iacross ithe imembrane ireaches izero.

C) when ithe ithreshold ivoltage iof ithe icell iis ireached.

D) when ithe ivoltage iacross ithe imembrane ireaches i+30 imV.

51. A icell icannot iproduce ian iaction ipotential: A) during ithe irelative irefractory iperiod.

B) during ithe iabsolute irefractory iperiod.

C) during ithe iintermediate irefractory iperiod.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

52. Refractory iperiods iare idue ito: A) voltage-sensitive isodium iand ipotassium ichannels.

B) voltage-sensitive ichloride ichannels.

C) the itime iconstraint ion ithe isodium–potassium ipump.

D) inhibitory ipostsynaptic ipotentials.

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53. The irepolarization iof ithe ineuronal imembrane iis ilargely idue ito ithe: A) closing iof icalcium ichannels, istopping ithe iinflux iof icalcium.

B) opening iof ipotassium ichannels, iallowing ithe ioutflow iof ipotassium.

C) closing iof ipotassium ichannels, istopping ithe iinflux iof ipotassium.

D) closing iof isodium ichannels, istopping ithe ioutflow iof isodium.

54. The imagnitude iof ian iaction ipotential i(AP) iis imeasured inear ithe iaxon ihillock iusing ian ielectrode iand ithen imeasured iagain i2 imm ifarther idown ithe iaxon. iCompared ito ithe iAP imeasured inear ithe iaxon ihillock, ithe iAP i2 imm ifarther idown ithe iaxon iis: A) larger.

B) smaller.

C) of ithe isame imagnitude.

D) completely inullified.

55. Nerve iimpulse idescribes: A) an iaction ipotential icrossing ithe isynaptic icleft.

B) input iat ithe idendrites iof ia icell.

C) the imovement iof ian iaction ipotential ialong ithe iaxon.

D) an iaction ipotential ialong ithe icombined iaxons, iwhich iare icalled inerves.

56. The ipropagation iof ithe inerve iimpulse iis: A) not idecremental.

B) related ito ithe iopening iof ipotassium iand isodium iion ichannels.

C) similar ito ithe ieffect iof ifalling idominoes.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

57. The idomino ieffect ibest idescribes: A) the iabsolute irefractory iperiod.

B) the inerve iimpulse.

C) the irelative irefractory iperiod.

D) the iresting imembrane ipotential.

58. Because iof irefractory iperiods, ithe imaximum ifiring irate iof ia ineuron iis iapproximately i_____ iimpulses iper isecond.

A) 500 B) 1000 C) 100 D) 200

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59. An iaction ipotential iusually igoes ionly iin ione idirection iin ian iaxon ibecause: A) the iions ican iflow ionly iin ione idirection.

B) the irefractory iperiods iforce ithe iimpulse ito igo iin ione idirection.

C) the iion iflow iis iattracted ito ichemicals iin ithe isynaptic iknob.

D) autoreceptors iinhibit ibackward iflow iof iions.

60. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ione iof ithe iimportant ireasons ifor irefractory iperiods iin ineurons?

A) It ilimits ithe ifiring irate iof ithe ineuron.

B) It iforces inerve iimpulses ito itravel iin ione idirection.

C) It iincreases ithe isensitivity iof ithe ineuron.

D) It iallows itime ifor ithe ineuron ito ireset iprior ito ianother iaction ipotential.

61. _____ iproduce(s) imyelin iin ithe iperipheral inervous isystem, iwhereas i_____ iproduce(s) imyelin iin ithe icentral inervous isystem.

A) Ependymal icells; iSchwann icells B) Astroglia; ioligodendroglia C) Oligodendroglia; iSchwann icells D) Schwann icells, ioligodendroglia

62. Saltatory iconduction iis iaided iby i_____ ilocated iat i_____.

A) sodium–potassium ipumps; iterminal ibuttons B) sodium iand ipotassium ichannels; inodes iof iRanvier C) calcium ichannels; inodes iof iRanvier D) glial icells; inodes iof iRanvier

63. Myelin iis iimportant ifor ipropagating iaction ipotentials i(AP) ibecause: A) it iincreases ithe iAP's iconduction ispeed.

B) it ireduces ithe ineed ifor isodium iand ipotassium.

C) it iconserves ienergy.

D) it iboth iincreases ithe iAP's iconduction ispeed iand iconserves ienergy.

64. Saltatory iconduction irefers ito: A) sodium iconcentration iin ithe iextracellular ifluid.

B) action ipotentials ithat iare ifacilitated iby isodium.

C) action ipotentials ijumping ifrom ione inode ito ithe inext.

D) the ileakage iof ithe isodium ichannels ithat irequire ithe iexistence iof ia isodium–potassium ipump.

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65. On ilarger imyelinated iaxons, inerve iimpulses ican ireach ispeeds iof iup ito i_____ imeters iper isecond.

A) 100 B) 50 C) 120 D) 30

66. The isymptoms iof imultiple isclerosis iare icaused iby: A) excess imyelin ion iaxons.

B) loss iof imyelin iaround iaxons.

C) excess iexcitatory iinput.

D) excess iinhibitory iinput.

67. Melissa, ia i23-year-old iwoman, ihas ibeen ihaving itingling isensations iin iher iright iarm iand ileg ifor ia ifew iweeks. iToday, iwhen ishe iwoke iup, ishe irealized ithat ishe icould ibarely imove iher iright iarm. iShe ihad ia isimilar iset iof isymptoms ia icouple iof iyears iago, ibut ithey iwent iaway, iso ishe ithought ieverything iwas ifine. iYour iadvice ito iMelissa iis ito igo ito ithe idoctor ibecause: A) she imay ihave ithe iflu.

B) she imay ihave ia ibrain itumor.

C) she imay ihave imultiple isclerosis.

D) she imay ihave iHuntington idisease.

68. Multiple isclerosis iis ithought ito ibe: A) an iautoimmune idisease.

B) related ito ivitamin iD. C) related ito igenetic irisk ifactors.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

69. The ispeed iat iwhich inerve iimpulses itravel idown ian iaxon iare igreatly iincreased iby: A) myelin.

B) refractory iperiods.

C) the ilength iof ithe iaxon.

D) calcium ichannels.

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70. A ibrief idepolarization iof ithe ineuronal imembrane ithat imakes iit imore ilikely ithat ithe ineuron iwill ifire ian iaction ipotential iis icalled: A) saltatory iconduction.

B) an iinhibitory ipostsynaptic ipotential i(IPSP).

C) an iexcitatory ipostsynaptic ipotential i(EPSP).

D) spatial isummation.

71. A ibrief ihyperpolarization iof ithe ineuronal imembrane ithat imakes iit iless ilikely ithat ithe ineuron iwill ifire ian iaction ipotential iis icalled: A) saltatory iconduction.

B) an iinhibitory ipostsynaptic ipotential i(IPSP).

C) an iexcitatory ipostsynaptic ipotential i(EPSP).

D) spatial isummation.

72. Excitatory ipostsynaptic ipotentials i(EPSPs) iare irecorded: A) at ithe isynaptic iknob.

B) in ithe iaxon.

C) in ithe idendrites.

D) from ithe icell ibody.

73. EPSPs iare iassociated iwith i_____, iwhereas iIPSPs iare iassociated iwith i_____.

A) opening iof isodium ichannels; iopening iof ipotassium ichannels B) opening iof isodium ichannels; iclosing iof ipotassium ichannels C) closing iof isodium ichannels; iopening iof ipotassium ichannels D) opening iof icalcium ichannels; iclosing iof ipotassium ichannels

74. Inhibitory ipostsynaptic ipotentials i(IPSPs) iare iassociated iwith: A) the iopening iof ipotassium ichannels, iallowing ithe ioutflow iof ipotassium.

B) the iopening iof isodium ichannels, iallowing ithe iinflux iof isodium.

C) the iclosing iof ipotassium ichannels, istopping ithe iinflux iof ipotassium.

D) the iclosing iof isodium ichannels, istopping ithe iinflux iof ipotassium.

75. EPSPs iare iassociated iwith: A) the iopening iof ipotassium ichannels, iallowing ithe ioutflow iof ipotassium.

B) the iopening iof isodium ichannels, iallowing ithe iinflux iof isodium.

C) the iclosing iof ipotassium ichannels, istopping ithe iinflux iof ipotassium.

D) the iclosing iof isodium ichannels, istopping ithe iinflux iof ipotassium.

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76. Stimulation iproducing itwo iEPSPs iin iquick isuccession iillustrates: A) spatial isummation.

B) temporal isummation.

C) both ispatial iand itemporal isummation.

D) neither ispatial inor itemporal isummation.

77. Simultaneous istimulation iat itwo ilocations ion ia icell imembrane ithat ileads ito ian iEPSP iis ian iexample iof: A) spatial isummation.

B) temporal isummation.

C) both ispatial iand itemporal isummation.

D) neither ispatial inor itemporal isummation.

78. Spatial isummation iis imore ilikely ito ioccur: A) when ithe itwo iimpulses iare ifar iapart ion ithe imembrane.

B) when ithe itwo iimpulses iare iclose itogether ion ithe imembrane.

C) without iregard ito idistance ion ithe imembrane.

D) when ione iEPSP ifollows ithe isecond iby ia ishort iinterval.

79. EPSPs ion ithe idistant idendrite's itree: A) have imaximum iinfluence ion ian iaction ipotential.

B) are ieasier ito isummate iboth ispatially iand itemporally ithan iEPSPs ielsewhere.

C) are iless ilikely ito ihave ia idynamic ieffect ithan ithose iclose ito ithe iaxon ihillock.

D) do inot imodulate iaction ipotentials.

80. For ian iEPSP ito icause ianother iaction ipotential, ithe istimulation imust ireach ithe i_____, iwhich iis i(are) irich iin ivoltage-sensitive iion ichannels.

A) initial isegment i(axon ihillock) B) cell ibody C) dendrites D) terminal ibuttons

81. Action ipotentials ioriginate iin ithe: A) axon.

B) dendrites.

C) cell ibody.

D) initial isegment i(axon ihillock).

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82. The i_____ iacts iin ia iway isimilar ito ia idemocracy iin ithat iit i"counts ivotes" ifrom iincoming iEPSPs iand iIPSPs, iand iif ithere iis ienough iexcitation, ian iaction ipotential iwill ifire.

A) axon ihillock B) dendrite C) soma D) ion ichannel

83. _____ iis ithe iterm iused ito idenote ireverse imovement iof ithe iaction ipotential iinto ithe idendrites.

A) EPSP ireversal B) Back ipropagation C) Inverse iIPSP D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

84. _____ imay iplay ia irole iin ithe ineural iplasticity ithat iis iassociated iwith ilearning.

A) Spatial isummation B) Back ipropagation C) Temporal isummation D) The irelative irefractory iperiod

85. _____ icombines igenetics iand ilight ito icontrol itargeted icells iin iliving itissue.

A) Photogenetics B) Optogenetics C) Infragenetics D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

86. Research ion ioptogenetics iand ilight-sensitive iion ichannels ihas irevealed ithat ichannel irhodopsin-2 ican ibe iused ito i_____ ineurons iand ihalorhodopsin ican ibe iused ito i_____ ineurons.

A) hyperpolarize; idepolarize B) depolarize; ihyperpolarize C) destroy; idepolarize D) depolarize; idestroy

87. EPSPs iand iIPSPs iare ifirst ireceived iby: A) the isoma.

B) the ineuronal imembrane.

C) dendrites.

D) the iaxon ihillock.

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88. Stretch-sensitive ichannels iare itypically ifound ion ithe idendrites iof: A) motor ineurons.

B) interneurons.

C) sensory ineurons.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

89. Dendrites iof itouch-sensitive ineurons iare iactivated iby: A) stretching iopen iNa+ ichannels.

B) stretching iopen iK+ ichannels.

C) closing iK+ ichannels.

D) closing iCl– ichannels.

90. An iend iplate iis ifound ion: A) a imuscle imembrane.

B) a idendrite imembrane.

C) an iaxon.

D) touch ireceptors.

91. Hair ireceptors iare iassociated iwith: A) taste.

B) vision.

C) hearing iand ibalance.

D) touch.

92. The imuscle iend iplate iis iactivated iby ithe ineurotransmitter: A) serotonin.

B) norepinephrine.

C) dopamine.

D) acetylcholine.

93. The ineurotransmitter-sensitive iion ichannels ion imuscle iend iplates idiffer ifrom iother iion ichannels iin ithat: A) they ihave ia idifferent iresting imembrane ipotential.

B) they iallow ionly iK+ ito ileave ithe ineuronal imembrane.

C) they iallow ionly iCl– ito ileave ithe ineuronal imembrane.

D) K+ iand iNa+ ienter iand ileave ithrough ithe isame ichannels.

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94. Lou iGehrig's idisease iis ialso iknown ias: A) multiple isclerosis.

B) arteriosclerosis.

C) amyotrophic ilateral isclerosis.

D) poliomyelitis.

95. _____ iis ia idisease ithat ihas ibeen ilinked iwith ithe ideath iof i_____.

A) Amyotrophic ilateral isclerosis; isensory ineurons B) Myasthenia igravis; isensory ineurons C) Amyotrophic ilateral isclerosis; ispinal imotor ineurons D) Myasthenia igravis; iinterneurons

96. Alex iis i53 iyears iold iand ihas ihad iweakness iin ihis ithroat iand ichest ifor ia ifew imonths. iNow, ihe iis ialso istarting ito ihave igeneral iweakness iin ihis iarms iand ilegs. iThe iweakness iin ihis ilegs ihas igotten iso ibad ithat iyesterday ihe ifell idown iwhen iwalking iacross ihis iliving iroom. iAlex iappears ito ibe ishowing iearly isigns iof: A) Parkinson idisease.

B) amyotrophic ilateral isclerosis i(Lou iGehrig's idisease).

C) Huntington idisease.

D) Alzheimer idisease.

97. Myasthenia igravis iis: A) an iautoimmune idisease.

B) more icommon iin imen ithan iwomen.

C) caused iby ia iviral iinfection.

D) caused iby ia ibacterial iinfection.

98. _____ iis ioften iaccompanied iby idrooping ieyelids, idifficulty iswallowing, iand igeneral ifatigue.

A) Huntington idisease B) Tay-Sachs idisease C) Myasthenia igravis D) Tetrodotoxin ipoisoning i

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Chapter 5 – How do neurons communicate and adapt? i

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1. _____ iis ia ineurotransmitter ithat islows idown iheart irate, iwhereas i_____ ispeeds iit iup.

A) Acetylcholine; inorepinephrine B) Epinephrine; inorepinephrine C) Norepinephrine; iacetylcholine D) Epinephrine; iacetylcholine

2. Acetylcholine ihelps i_____ imuscle icontraction iin ithe isomatic inervous isystem i(SNS), iwhereas iit iacts ito i_____ imuscle icontraction iin ithe iautonomic inervous isystem i(ANS).

A) excite; iexcite ior iinhibit B) inhibit; islow idown C) excite; iinhibit D) inhibit; iexcite

3. The inotion ithat ithe inervous isystem icommunicates iusing ichemical imessages iwas ifirst idemonstrated iby: A) Santiago iRamón iy iCajal.

B) Camillo iGolgi.

C) Otto iLoewi.

D) Donald iHebb.

4. Chemicals ireleased iby ia ineuron ionto ia itarget iwith ian iexcitatory ior iinhibitory ieffect iare icalled: A) messengers.

B) action ipotentials.

C) neurotransmitters.

D) second imessengers.

5. _____ iacts ito iincrease iheart irate.

A) Acetylcholine B) Norepinephrine C) Serotonin D) Dopamine

6. _____ ican ialso iact ias ineurotransmitters.

A) Synapses B) Mitochondria C) Hormones D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

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7. _____ iis ilinked iwith ishaking iin ithe ilimbs, iloss iof ibalance, iand igeneral iloss iof imuscular icontrol.

A) Parkinson idisease B) Lou iGehrig idisease C) Huntington idisease D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

8. Parkinson idisease iis ilinked iwith ithe iloss iof i_____ ineurons iin ithe imidbrain.

A) acetylcholine B) dopamine C) norepinephrine D) serotonin

9. The istructure iof isynapses iis ibest iviewed iwith ia(n): A) electron imicroscope.

B) light imicroscope.

C) confocal imicroscope.

D) Nissl-stained imicroscopic iprocedure.

10. _____ icontain ithe ineurotransmitters.

A) Synaptic ivesicles B) Ribosomes C) Axons D) Dendrites

11. Electron imicroscopy iis ia iuseful itool iin ithe istudy iof isynaptic imorphology. iThe iresolution iof ian ielectron imicroscope iis imuch igreater ithan ithat iof ia ilight imicroscope ibecause: A) smaller ielectron iwaves iscatter iless ithan ilight iwaves.

B) light iwaves iscatter iless ithan ielectron iwaves.

C) larger ielectron iwaves iscatter imore ithan ilight iwaves.

D) larger ilight iwaves iscatter iin ipatterns isimilar ito ithose iof ielectron iwaves.

12. A isynaptic icleft iis ithe ispace ibetween: A) a isynaptic ivesicle iand ian iaxon iterminal.

B) a idendrite iand ian iion ichannel.

C) an iion ichannel iand ian iaxon iterminal.

D) an iaxon iterminal iand ia idendrite.

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13. _____ icontribute ito ichemical ineurotransmission iby isupplying ithe ibuilding iblocks ifor ineurotransmitters ior iby icleaning iup iexcess ineurotransmitters.

A) Glial icells B) Dendrites C) Receptors D) Neurons

14. The icontents iof ia isynaptic ivesicle iinclude: A) neurotransmitters.

B) structural iproteins.

C) DNA. D) neurotransmitters, istructural iproteins, iand iDNA.

15. Axon iterminals iare ifound ion ithe i_____ iwhereas idendritic ispines iare ifound ion ithe i_____.

A) postsynaptic imembrane; ipresynaptic imembrane B) soma; ineuron C) presynaptic imembrane; ipostsynaptic imembrane D) neuron; isynapse

16. Neurons iin iwhich ithe iion ichannels ifrom ione icell iconnect idirectly iwith iion ichannels ion ianother icell iare icalled: A) gap ijunctions.

B) electrical isynapses.

C) chemical isynapses.

D) Both igap ijunctions iand ielectrical isynapses iare icorrect.

17. _____ istore iseveral ivesicles icontaining ineurotransmitters.

A) Storage igranules B) Synaptic ivesicles C) Transporter iproteins D) Golgi ibodies

18. Which iof ithe ifollowing iwould iNOT ibe ifound iat ithe iaxon iterminal?

A) mitochondria B) cell imembrane C) synaptic ivesicles D) axon ihillock

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19. Electrical isynapses: A) do inot iexist iin imammals.

B) are irelatively irare iin imammals.

C) are iroughly i50 ipercent iof iall imammalian isynapses.

D) are ithe iprime imechanism iof ineurotransmission iin imammals.

20. Compared iwith ichemical isynapses, ielectrical isynapses: A) transmit imessages ifaster.

B) transmit imessages imore islowly.

C) require imore imetabolic ienergy.

D) do inot irequire ipresynaptic iactivation.

21. There iare imore ichemical isynapses ithan ielectrical isynapses iin ithe imammalian inervous isystem ibecause ichemical isynapses: A) transmit isignals imore iquickly.

B) allow ibetter icontrol iof imessages ipassed ibetween ineurons.

C) send ionly iexcitatory isignals.

D) cannot ibe imodified iby ilearning.

22. Precursor ichemicals ithat iform ithe ibuilding iblocks ifor ineurotransmitters iare iabsorbed ifrom ithe: A) mitochondria.

B) blood isupply.

C) cell inucleus.

D) Golgi iapparatus.

23. Protein imolecules ithat ipump isubstances iacross ia imembrane iare icalled: A) microfilaments.

B) microtubules.

C) transporters.

D) microvehicles

24. Neurotransmitters iare iproduced iin ithe: A) cell ibody.

B) presynaptic iterminals.

C) Golgi ibody.

D) cell ibody iand ipresynaptic iterminals.

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25. Voltage-gated icalcium iion ichannels ithat ifunction iin ineurotransmission iare iprimarily ifound ion ithe: A) postsynaptic imembrane.

B) presynaptic imembrane.

C) synaptic ivesicles.

D) dendrites.

26. In iorder ifor ineurotransmitters ito ibe ireleased, i_____ imust ienter ithe iterminal ibutton.

A) Na+ B) Ca2+ C) K+ D) Cl– 27. Ultimately iCa2+ serves ito iaid ineural itransmission iby: A) causing ian iaction ipotential.

B) helping ito imake ineurotransmitters.

C) opening iK+ ichannels ion iaxon iterminals.

D) causing ithe irelease iof ineurotransmitter iinto ithe isynaptic icleft. i

28. Synaptic ivesicles irelease ineurotransmitters ivia: A) endocytosis.

B) pinocytosis.

C) exocytosis.

D) phagocytosis.

29. Which iof ithe ifollowing ipresynaptic ievents iare iin icorrect ichronological iorder?

A) calcium iion iinflux, iaction ipotential ireaches iaxon iterminal, ivesicle ifuses iwith imembrane, idiffusion iof ineurotransmitter B) action ipotential ireaches iaxon iterminal, icalcium iion ichannels iopen, iexocytosis, idiffusion iof ineurotransmitter C) exocytosis, icalcium iion iinflux, iaction ipotential ireaches iaxon iterminal, imembrane idepolarization D) action ipotential ireaches iaxon iterminal, icalcium iion ichannels iopen, ineurotransmitter idiffusion, iexocytosis

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30. When ia ineurotransmitter idiffuses iacross ithe isynaptic icleft iand ibinds ito ia itransmitteractivated ireceptor, iwhich iof ithe ifollowing imay ioccur iin ithe ipostsynaptic icell?

A) membrane idepolarization B) membrane ihyperpolarization C) initiation iof ichemical ireactions D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

31. Receptors ion ithe ipresynaptic iside ithat imay ibe iinfluenced iby ineurotransmitters iare icalled: A) autoreceptors.

B) presynaptic ireceptors.

C) presynaptic iterminals.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

32. For ian iaction ipotential ito ibe ielicited: A) one iquantum iof ineurotransmitter imust ibe ireleased ifrom ithe ipresynaptic icell.

B) multiple iquanta iof ineurotransmitter imust ibe ireleased ifrom ithe ipresynaptic icell.

C) calcium iions imust ienter ithe ipostsynaptic icell.

D) one iquantum iof ineurotransmitter imust ibe ireleased ifrom ithe ipresynaptic icell, iand icalcium iions imust ienter ithe ipostsynaptic icell.

33. How iis ia ineurotransmitter iremoved ifrom ithe isynaptic icleft?

A) diffusion B) enzymatic idegradation C) uptake iby isurrounding iglial icells D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

34. _____ iis ithe ideactivation iof ia ineurotransmitter iby itransporter iproteins ithat ibring ithe itransmitter iback iinto ithe ipresynaptic iside ifor ireuse.

A) Diffusion B) Enzymatic idegradation C) Reuptake D) Neurochemical irecycling

35. _____ iis ithe iprocess iof ineurotransmitter ideactivation iwhereby ithe ineurotransmitter isimply ileaves ithe isynaptic icleft.

A) Diffusion B) Enzymatic idegradation C) Reuptake D) Glial iuptake

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36. _____ iis ithe ideactivation iof ia ineurotransmitter iin ithe isynaptic icleft iby ienzymes.

A) Reuptake B) Degradation C) Breakdown D) Decay

37. Reuptake iis iaccomplished iby: A) transporter iproteins.

B) glial icells.

C) enzymes.

D) calcium ichannels i.

38. Transmitters iare iusually ireleased iin ithe iblood ivia: A) axodendritic isynapses.

B) axosomatic isynapses.

C) axosecretory isynapses.

D) axoaxonic isynapses.

39. _____ isynapses isend isignals ifrom ione iaxon ito ianother iaxon.

A) Axoaxonic B) Axodendritic C) Dendodendritic D) Axosynaptic

40. _____ isynapses iare iterminals ithat ihave ino ispecific itarget.

A) Axoextracellular B) Axosomatic C) Axodendritic D) Axosynaptic

41. _____ isynapses isend isignals ifrom ian iaxon ito ia icell ibody.

A) Axoextracellular B) Axosomatic C) Axodendritic D) Axosynaptic

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42. When ian iaxon iterminal isynapses ion ianother iaxon iterminal, iit iis icalled: A) an iaxosomatic isynapse.

B) an iaxoaxonic isynapse.

C) an iaxosynaptic isynapse.

D) an iaxodendritic isynapse.

43. Gap ijunctions iare: A) axoaxonic isynapses.

B) dendodendritic isynapses.

C) somasomatic isynapses.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

44. A ichemical ithat ihas inot iyet imet iall ithe iconditions ithat iconstitute ia ineurotransmitter iis ireferred ito ias ia(n): A) chemical isignaler.

B) secondary imessenger.

C) putative ineurotransmitter.

D) unclassified ineurotransmitter.

45. _____ iwas ithe ifirst ineurotransmitter idiscovered iin ithe iCNS. A) Histamine B) Serotonin C) Dopamine D) Acetylcholine

46. A iRenshaw iloop iconsists iof: A) an iinterneuron ithat iinhibits ithe iactivity iof ia imotor ineuron.

B) a isensory ineuron ithat iincreases ithe iactivity iof ia imotor ineuron.

C) an iinterneuron ithat iincreases ithe iactivity iof ia imotor ineuron.

D) a isensory ineuron ithat iincreases ithe iactivity iof ian iinterneuron.

47. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ipart iof ithe iamine isubtype iof ismall-molecule ineurotransmitters?

A) dopamine B) glycine C) serotonin D) norepinephrine

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48. _____ iis ifound iin ifoods isuch ias iegg iyolk, iavocado, isalmon, iand iolive ioil.

A) Choline B) Acetate C) Tryptophan D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

49. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ia iclassification itype iof ineurotransmitter?

A) small imolecule B) nucleic iacid C) gaseous D) peptide

50. Acetylcholine iis isynthesized ifrom iacetate iand icholine iby: A) choline iacetyltransferase i(ChAT).

B) choline iacetylbinderase i(ChAB).

C) tyrosine ihydroxylase.

D) histamine.

51. _____ iis ia ineurotransmitter ithat ihelps icontrol iarousal, iwalking, iand ithe icontraction iof ismooth imuscle. iIt ialso icontributes ito iasthma, ia iconstriction iof ithe iairways.

A) Acetylcholine B) Histamine C) Glycine D) Dopamine

52. Acetylcholine iis ideactivated ithrough: A) reuptake.

B) diffusion.

C) enzymatic idegradation.

D) glial ireuptake.

53. _____ iis ian iamino iacid ithat iis iimportant ifor ithe isynthesis iof i_____.

A) Tyrosine ihydroxylase; iacetylcholine B) Choline; idopamine C) Tryptophan; iL-dopa D) Tyrosine ihydroxylase; idopamine

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54. The irate iby iwhich idopamine, iepinephrine, iand inorepinephrine ican ibe isynthesized iis icontrolled iby ia irate-limiting ifactor ithat iis ilinked ito ithe iavailability iof: A) tryptophan.

B) ChAT. C) tyrosine ihydroxylase.

D) histamine.

55. _____ iis ithe iprimary iinhibitory ineurotransmitter iin ithe ibrain iwhereas i_____ iis ithe iprimary iexcitatory ineurotransmitter iin ithe ibrain.

A) GABA; iglutamate B) Glycine; iglutamate C) Glutamate; iGABA D) Aspartate; iglycine

56. The irate-limiting ifactor iof idopamine isynthesis ican ibe ibypassed ithrough ithe ioral iadministration iof: A) acetylcholine.

B) L-dopa.

C) tryptophan.

D) norepinephrine.

57. _____ iplays ia irole iin iregulating imood, iappetite, iaggression, iand iarousal.

A) Norepinephrine B) Dopamine C) Acetylcholine D) Serotonin

58. _____ iare(is) iassembled iin ithe icell ibody iand itransported ito ithe iterminal ibuttons ivia imicrotubules.

A) Amines B) Serotonin C) Peptide itransmitters D) Amino iacid itransmitters

59. What iis ithe ipredominant iinhibitory ineurotransmitter iin ithe ispinal icord?

A) GABA B) glutamate C) glycine D) histamine

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60. _____ iis ia ineurotransmitter ithat iis isynthesized ifrom itryptophan.

A) Dopamine B) L-dopa C) Glutamate D) Serotonin

61. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ian iamino iacid ineurotransmitter?

A) dopamine B) glutamate C) glycine D) GABA

62. Which iis ithe icorrect isequence iof iamine ineurotransmitters?

A) tyrosine, idopamine, iL-dopa, iepinephrine, inorepinephrine B) L-dopa, ityrosine, idopamine, inorepinephrine, iepinephrine C) tyrosine, iL-dopa, idopamine, iepinephrine, inorepinephrine D) tyrosine, iL-dopa, idopamine, inorepinephrine, iepinephrine

63. Which itwo ineurotransmitters iare isynthesized ifrom ithe isame iprecursor imolecule?

A) glycine iand idopamine B) glutamate iand iGABA C) histamine iand iserotonin D) acetylcholine iand iglycine

64. _____ iare ia iclass iof ineurotransmitters ithat ican iact ias ihormones ifor ifertility, ichildbirth, iand ilactation.

A) Peptides B) Amines C) Transmitter igases D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

65. Both iTHC iand ianandamide iare iexamples iof: A) endocannabinoids.

B) recreational idrugs.

C) excitatory ineurotransmitters.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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66. _____ iis ipart iof ia iclass iof ilipid itransmitters icalled iendocannabinoids ithat ican iinfluence iappetite, ipain, isleep, imood, iand istress.

A) CB1 B) Anandamide C) Glycine D) Met-enkephalin

67. In ithe ipopular imovie iAwakenings, i_____ iwas iused ito itreat ipatients iwith ia irare imovement idisorder ithat ifollowed ia isevere iinfluenza ioutbreak iin ithe i1920s.

A) acetylcholine B) norepinehphrine C) L-dopa D) dopamine

68. Nitric ioxide i(NO) iis ia igas ineurotransmitter ithat: A) is istored iin isynaptic ivesicles.

B) is isynthesized iin ithe isoma.

C) dilates iblood ivessels iin iactive ibrain iareas.

D) is idegraded iby idigestive ienzymes.

69. Ionotropic ireceptors: A) change iin ishape iwhen ineurotransmitters ibind ito ithem.

B) have ino iopenings ifor iion idiffusion.

C) activate isecond imessenger isystems.

D) are imore imetabolically iexpensive ithan imetabotropic ireceptors.

70. The iopening iof ian iionotropic ireceptor ican idirectly iinfluence ithe imovement iof i_____ iions iacross ithe ineuronal imembrane.

A) Ca2+ B) Na+ C) K+ D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

71. Metabotropic ireceptors iconsist iof: A) complex iunits iof imembrane-spanning iproteins.

B) a isingle imembrane-spanning iprotein.

C) a isingle inon–membrane-spanning iprotein.

D) complex iunits iof inon–membrane-spanning iproteins.

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72. Which iof ithe ifollowing iterms iis iNOT iassociated iwith imetabotropic ireceptors?

A) second imessengers B) G iproteins C) alpha isubunits D) All iof ithese iterms iare iassociated iwith imetabotropic ireceptors.

73. A isecond-messenger isystem ican: A) alter iion iflow ithrough ithe imembrane ichannels.

B) cause ia iseries iof ireactions ithat iresult iin ithe iformation iof inew imembrane iion ichannels.

C) initiate ior icease ithe iproduction iof ispecific iproteins.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

74. What ichemicals iare ithe ifirst imessenger?

A) G iproteins B) alpha isubunits C) neurotransmitters D) sodium iions

75. Dopamine ibinds ito i_____ ireceptors.

A) ionotropic B) metabotropic C) both iionotropic iand imetabotropic D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

76. Acetylcholine iis ithe imain ineurotransmitter ifor: A) all iskeletal imotor isynapses.

B) 95 ipercent iof iskeletal imotor isynapses.

C) half iof iskeletal imotor isynapses.

D) no iskeletal imotor isynapses.

77. All ineurons ileaving ithe ispinal icord ihave: A) acetylcholine ias ia ineurotransmitter.

B) dopamine ias ia ineurotransmitter.

C) GABA ias ia ineurotransmitter.

D) both idopamine iand iGABA ias ineurotransmitters.

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78. _____ iactivates ithe isympathetic inervous isystem, iwhereas i_____ iactivates ithe iparasympathetic inervous isystem.

A) Norepinephrine; iepinephrine B) Norepinephrine; iacetylcholine C) Acetylcholine; inorepinephrine D) Epinephrine; inorepinephrine

79. Neurotransmitters iare iidentified iby iwhich iof ithe ifollowing icriteria?

A) synthesis B) release C) receptor iactivation D) synthesis, irelease, iand ireceptor iactivation

80. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ione iof ithe iactivating isystems iin ithe iCNS? A) glutamate B) dopamine C) norepinephrine D) acetylcholine

81. Which iof ithe ifollowing iactivating isystem–cell ibody ilocation ipairs iis iNOT icorrect?

A) acetylcholine, ibasal iforebrain B) norepinephrine, ilocus icoeruleus C) dopamine, isubstantia inigra D) serotonin, iventral itegmentum

82. Acetylcholine ihas ibeen irelated ito: A) depression.

B) schizophrenia.

C) Alzheimer idisease.

D) mania.

83. Dopamine imay ibe irelated ito: A) depression.

B) schizophrenia.

C) Alzheimer idisease.

D) mania.

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84. The isubstance iMPTP ihas ibeen ifound ito ibe iselectively itoxic ito i_____ ineurons.

A) serotonin-producing B) dopamine-producing C) acetylcholine-producing D) norepinephrine-producing

85. Fetal itissue itransplants ihave ibeen iused ito ihelp itreat: A) Alzheimer idisease.

B) schizophrenia.

C) Huntington idisease.

D) Parkinson idisease.

86. Serotonin ihas ibeen irelated ito: A) depression.

B) schizophrenia.

C) Alzheimer idisease.

D) mania.

87. Mania ihas ibeen irelated ito: A) acetylcholine.

B) dopamine.

C) norepinephrine.

D) serotonin.

88. The ineural ibasis iof ihabituation: A) involves icalcium iion iinflux idecrease.

B) involves icalcium iion iinflux iincrease.

C) occurs ipostsynaptically.

D) involves icalcium iion iinflux iincrease iand ioccurs ipostsynaptically.

89. Posttraumatic istress idisorder i(PTSD) ihas ibeen ilinked iwith: A) an iincreased iresponse ito istimuli.

B) a idecreased iresponse ito istimuli.

C) a idecrease iin iacetylcholine.

D) a idecreased iresponse ito istimuli iand ia idecrease iin iacetylcholine.

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90. Habituation iis ithe iresult iof: A) sensory ineurons inot ibeing iable ito iproduce iaction ipotentials.

B) motor ineurons inot ibeing iable ito iproduce iaction ipotentials.

C) excitatory ipostsynaptic ipotentials ibeing ismaller.

D) both isensory iand imotor ineurons inot ibeing iable ito iproduce iaction ipotentials.

91. It ihas ibeen ifound ithat iin iwell-trained iand ihabituated iAplysia, ithe inumber iof isensory isynapses: A) decreases ibut ithe isize istays iconstant.

B) stays iconstant ibut ithe isize idecreases.

C) decreases iand ithe isize iincreases.

D) decreases iand ithe isize idecreases.

92. Increasing ithe inumber iof isynapses ito iaccount ifor ilearning iinvolves i_____, ileading ito ithe iactivation iof i_____, ia isecond imessenger.

A) calcium; icGMP B) potassium; icAMP C) calcium; icAMP D) sodium; icGMP

93. Which iof ithe ifollowing istatements iis iNOT icorrect?

A) Dendritic ispines imediate ilearning ithat ilasts, iincluding ihabituation iand isensitization B) Dendritic ispines iare idesigned ito iact ionly iin iunison.

C) Dendritic ispines imay iappear ior idisappear ion ia idendrite iin ia imatter iof iseconds.

D) Dendritic ispines, iwhen iforming ia isynapse, ican ichange iin isize iand ishape iand ican ieven idivide. i

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Chapter 6 – How do drugs and hormones influence the brain and behaviour? i

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1. Various iforms iof i_____ ihave ibeen iused ias istudy ipills iby istudents.

A) barbiturates B) opioids C) amphetamines D) antipsychotics

2. _____ iis ithe istudy iof ihow idrugs iaffect ithe inervous isystem iand ibehavior.

A) Neuroscience B) Biopsychology C) Neuropsychology D) Psychopharmacology

3. Drugs ithat iare iused ito imanage ineuropsychological iillness iare icalled: A) prophylactic idrugs.

B) psychoactive idrugs.

C) mood idrugs.

D) psychodepressant idrugs.

4. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis ithe iLEAST iefficient imethod iof idrug iadministration?

A) injection iinto ithe ibloodstream B) injection iinto ithe ibrain C) oral iconsumption D) inhaling ithe idrug

5. If ia iperson iis idying iand ineeds ilifesaving imedication ito ibe iadministered ias iquickly ias ipossible, iwhat iis ithe iBEST imethod iof iadministration?

A) oral iconsumption B) injection iinto imuscle C) injection iinto ithe ibloodstream D) a ipatch ion ithe iskin

6. The icorrect iorder ifrom iLEAST iefficient ito iMOST iefficient imethod iof idrug iadministration iis: A) oral iconsumption, iinhalation, iinjection iinto ithe ibloodstream.

B) skin ipatch, ioral iconsumption, iinjection iinto imuscle.

C) injection iinto imuscle, iinjection iinto ibloodstream, ioral iconsumption.

D) inhalation, ioral iconsumption, iinjection iinto ithe ibrain.

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7. Approximately ihow imany iliters iof iblood iare iin ithe icirculatory isystem iat iany ione itime?

A) 3 B) 6 C) 9 D) 12

8. Which iis ithe iMOST ieffective iin ipassing ithrough ithe iblood–brain ibarrier ieasily?

A) weak-base idrugs B) drugs ibound ito iproteins C) hydrophobic idrugs D) water-soluble idrugs

9. One ithousand imicrograms iof iamphetamine itaken iorally iis iequivalent ito: A) 100 imicrograms iinjected iinto ithe icerebrospinal ifluid.

B) 10 imicrograms iinjected iinto ithe icerebrospinal ifluid.

C) 5 imicrograms iinjected iinto ithe icerebrospinal ifluid.

D) 1 imicrogram iinjected iinto ithe icerebrospinal ifluid.

10. Endothelial icells iare: A) surrounded iby ithe iend ifeet iof iastrocyte iglial icells.

B) associated iwith iveins.

C) organized iin ithe isame ifashion ithroughout ithe ibody.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

11. Tight ijunctions iare iassociated iwith: A) astrocyte iglial icells.

B) endothelial icells.

C) synaptic iclefts.

D) drugs ibound ito iproteins.

12. The ipituitary igland iis ito ithe iarea ipostrema iof ithe ilower ibrainstem ias: A) toxins iare ito ihormones.

B) hormones iare ito itoxins.

C) vomiting iis ito ishivering.

D) shivering iis ito ivomiting.

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13. The i_____ idoes iNOT ihave ia iblood–brain ibarrier.

A) amygdala B) pineal igland C) thalamus D) None iof ithese ianswers iare icorrect.

14. Drugs ithat iinfluence ihormones iprimarily ido iso iby iacting ion ithe: A) hypothalamus.

B) pituitary igland.

C) area ipostrema.

D) pineal igland.

15. The iblood–brain ibarrier idoes iNOT iallow i_____ ito ipass ithrough.

A) glucose B) amino iacids C) neurochemicals D) oxygen

16. Which iof ithe ifollowing isubstances ican ipass ithrough ithe iendothelial imembrane iin ithe iblood–brain ibarrier iunassisted i(i.e., iwithout iactive itransport)?

A) glucose B) carbon idioxide C) amino iacids D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

17. Which iof ithe ifollowing idoes iNOT icross ithe iblood–brain ibarrier?

A) oxygen B) glucose C) amino iacids D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

18. The ibreakdown iof idrugs iby ithe ibody iis ireferred ito ias: A) reuptake.

B) metabolization.

C) catabolization.

D) deactivation.

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19. The i_____ iis iespecially iimportant ifor icatabolizing idrugs iin ithe ibody.

A) liver B) pancreas C) kidneys D) gallbladder

20. _____ icannot ibe ieasily ibroken idown iby ithe ibody iand ican icause isevere ineurological iside ieffects.

A) Mercury B) Magnesium C) Aluminum D) Potassium

21. Psychoactive idrugs ihave imost iof itheir ieffects iat ithe: A) cell ibody.

B) axon.

C) synapse.

D) dendrites.

22. A idrug ithat iprevents ithe ibreakdown iof iacetylcholine iat isynapses iis ian iexample iof ian: A) antagonist.

B) accelerant.

C) blocker.

D) agonist.

23. A idrug ithat ireduces idopamine irelease iat isynapses iis ian iexample iof ia(n): A) antagonist.

B) accelerant.

C) blocker.

D) agonist.

24. Agonist iis ito iantagonist ias: A) receptor iis ito iterminal ibutton.

B) drug iis ito ineurotransmitter.

C) accelerate iis ito ibrake.

D) slow iis ito ifast.

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25. Botulin itoxin i(botulism) icauses iparalysis iand islowed ibreathing iand iis itherefore: A) an iacetylcholine iagonist.

B) an iacetylcholine iantagonist.

C) a idopamine iagonist.

D) a idopamine iantagonist.

26. Black iwidow ispider ivenom: A) promotes ithe irelease iof iacetylcholine.

B) blocks ireceptors.

C) stimulates ireceptors.

D) inhibits ithe irelease iof iacetylcholine.

27. Black iwidow ispider ivenom iaffects iits ivictim iby: A) promoting ithe irelease iof iacetylcholine.

B) inhibiting ithe irelease iof iacetylcholine.

C) blocking i ipostsynaptic iacetylcholine ireceptors.

D) activating i ipostsynaptic iacetylcholine ireceptors.

28. Curare iacts ias ia(n): A) acetylcholine iagonist.

B) acetylcholine iantagonist.

C) serotonin iantagonist.

D) dopamine iantagonist.

29. Nicotine iacts ias ia(n): A) acetylcholine iagonist.

B) serotonin iagonist.

C) acetylcholine iantagonist.

D) dopamine iantagonist.

30. Curare: A) promotes ithe irelease iof iacetylcholine.

B) blocks ireceptors.

C) stimulates ireceptors.

D) inhibits ithe irelease iof iacetylcholine.

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31. Nicotine, ia ichemical ifound iin itobacco ismoke, ihas iits ieffect iby: A) promoting ithe irelease iof iacetylcholine.

B) inhibiting ithe irelease iof iacetylcholine.

C) blocking ithe iGABA ireceptors.

D) activating ithe iGABA ireceptors.

32. _____ iwas iused ito imake ipoison iarrowheads iby iSouth iAmerican inatives.

A) Curare, ian iacetylcholine iagonist, B) Physostigmine, ian iacetylcholine iantagonist, C) Physostigmine, ian iacetylcholine iagonist, D) Curare, ian iacetylcholine iantagonist,

33. _____has ibeen iused ito itreat isome imemory idisorders.

A) Curare, ian iacetylcholine iantagonist, B) Botulin itoxin, ian iacetylcholine iagonist, C) Physostigmine, ian iacetylcholine iagonist, D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

34. Physostigmine iacts iby: A) reducing ithe irelease iof iacetylcholine.

B) increasing ithe irelease iof iacetylcholine.

C) speeding iup ithe ireuptake iof iacetylcholine.

D) slowing ithe ibreakdown iof iacetylcholine iin ithe isynapse.

35. An iexample iof ian iorganophosphate iis: A) curare.

B) physostigmine.

C) insecticide.

D) botulinum itoxin.

36. _____ iis ia idecreased iresponse ito ia idrug iover itime.

A) Addiction B) Tolerance C) Dependence D) Sensitization

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37. If ia iperson iconsumes ifive ialcoholic idrinks iper iday ifor i2 imonths ithat iperson iwill idemonstrate i_____ iand i_____ iat ithe iend iof ithe i2 imonths.

A) less iintoxication; ithe isame iblood ialcohol ilevel B) more iintoxication; ian iincreased iblood ialcohol ilevel C) less iintoxication; ia ilower iblood ialcohol ilevel D) more iintoxication; ithe isame iblood ialcohol ilevel

38. When ithe inumber iof ienzymes ineeded ito ibreak idown ia idrug iin ithe iliver iincreases, iit iis icalled: A) cellular itolerance.

B) metabolic itolerance.

C) sensitization.

D) habituation.

39. The idevelopment iof i_____ ican iexplain iwhy ia iperson imay inot iappear ito ibe iintoxicated idespite ihaving ia ihigh iblood ialcohol ilevel.

A) metabolic itolerance B) addiction C) sensitization D) cellular itolerance

40. _____ iis ilikely ito iincrease iwith i_____ idrug iuse.

A) Tolerance; ioccasional B) Sensitization; irepeated C) Sensitization; ioccasional D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

41. Sensitization ihas ibeen ilinked iwith: A) changes iin ireceptor inumber ion ithe ipostsynaptic imembrane.

B) changes iin itransmitter imetabolism iin ithe isynapse.

C) changes iin itransmitter ireuptake ion ithe ipresynaptic iside.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

42. Sensitization iusually ioccurs: A) as ia iresult iof icellular itolerance.

B) as ia iresult iof imetabolic itolerance.

C) in ia inew ienvironment.

D) in ia ifamiliar ienvironment.

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43. If iI ihad ian ianxiety idisorder iI iwould iprobably itake: A) Haldol.

B) Valium.

C) Prozac.

D) Imipramine.

44. Which iof ithe ifollowing iare iantianxiety iagents?

A) alcohol B) benzodiazepines C) barbiturates D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

45. Haloperidol iand ichlorpromazine iare iexamples iof: A) antianxiety idrugs.

B) antipsychotic idrugs.

C) mood istabilizers.

D) antidepressant idrugs.

46. Oxycodone, ifentanyl, iand imethadone iare iexamples iof: A) hallucinogenic idrugs.

B) opioids.

C) antianxiety imedications.

D) antidepressants.

47. SSRIs iare ioften iprescribed ito itreat: A) depression.

B) schizophrenia.

C) bipolar idisorder.

D) Tourette isyndrome.

48. _____ iis ian iexample iof ia ipsychedelic ior ihallucinogenic idrug.

A) Phencyclidine i(PCP) B) Tetrahydrocannabinol i(THC) C) MDMA i(Ecstasy) D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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49. Which iof ithe ifollowing idrugs iis iNOT iconsidered ito ibe ian iopioid ianalgesic?

A) heroin B) codeine C) morphine D) mescaline

50. _____ iresults iwhen itolerance ifor ione idrug iis icarried iover ito ia idifferent imember iof ithe isame idrug igroup.

A) Addiction B) Sensitization C) Cross-tolerance D) Cellular itolerance

51. GABA: A) increases ithe ifiring iof icells.

B) decreases ithe ifiring iof icells.

C) is ivery islowly ireabsorbed.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

52. MAO iinhibitors iand itricyclics iare iexamples iof: A) antianxiety idrugs.

B) antipsychotic idrugs.

C) mood istabilizers.

D) antidepressant idrugs.

53. Lithium iand icarbamazepine iare itypically iprescribed ias: A) antianxiety idrugs.

B) antipsychotic idrugs C) mood istabilizers.

D) antidepressant idrugs.

54. _____ iis ia idisorder icharacterized iby iunusually iwide ispacing ibetween ithe ieyes, ilow iintelligence, ihyperactivity, isocial iproblems, iand ismall ibrain isize.

A) ADHD B) Schizophrenia C) Fetal ialcohol ispectrum idisorder D) Williams isyndrome

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55. Fetal ialcohol ispectrum idisorder i(FASD) iis iworse iif ia imother idrinks iduring ithe i_____ itrimester(s).

A) first B) second C) third D) second iand ithird

56. The iincidence iof ischizophrenia iis: A) one iin i100.

B) one iin i1000.

C) one iin i10,000.

D) one iin i100,000.

57. First-generation iantipsychotics iinfluence i_____ ireceptors, iwhereas isecond-generation iantipsychotics iinfluence i_____ ireceptors.

A) D2; iD2 iand iserotonin B) D3; iD2 iand iserotonin C) serotonin; iD2 D) serotonin; iD3

58. The i_____ ihypothesis iof ischizophrenia isuggests ithat ipatients ihave i_____.

A) norepinephrine; itoo imuch iserotonin B) serotonin; inot ienough iserotonin C) dopamine; inot ienough idopamine D) dopamine; itoo imuch idopamine

59. Schizophrenia iis itreated iwith: A) phenothiazines.

B) monoamine ioxidase.

C) lithium.

D) benzodiazepines.

60. Over ithe icourse iof ia ilifetime iapproximately i_____ iof ipeople iwill ihave ia idepressive iepisode ithat ilasts ifor iseveral imonths.

A) 10 ipercent B) 30 ipercent C) 50 ipercent D) 25 ipercent

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61. _____ ideficiency ihas ibeen ilinked iwith ihigher irates iof idepression.

A) Vitamin iE B) Vitamin iD C) Vitamin iB D) Vitamin iA

62. Selective iserotonin ireuptake iblockers iare iused iin ithe itreatment iof: A) depression.

B) bipolar idisorders.

C) schizophrenia.

D) anxiety.

63. Depression iis itreated iwith: A) butyrophenone.

B) lithium.

C) selective iserotonin ireuptake iinhibitors.

D) benzodiazepines.

64. Which iof ithe ifollowing idrugs iis iused ito itreat idepression?

A) serotonin iselective ireuptake iinhibitors B) monoamine ioxidase iinhibitors C) tricyclics D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

65. MAO iinhibitors iincrease ilevels iof iserotonin iby: A) inhibiting ithe ibreakdown iof iserotonin.

B) increasing ithe irelease iof iserotonin.

C) increasing ithe isensitivity iof iserotonin ireceptors.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

66. SSRIs itreat idepression iby: A) blocking ithe ireuptake iof iserotonin.

B) increasing ithe irelease iof iserotonin.

C) stopping ithe ibreakdown iof iserotonin.

D) increasing ithe isynthesis iof iserotonin.

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67. If iI ihad ia ibipolar idisorder, iI iwould iprobably itake: A) lithium.

B) Prozac.

C) Librium.

D) Haldol.

68. Anticonvulsant idrugs ithat iare iused ito itreat iepilepsy iare ialso ieffective iin itreating: A) schizophrenia.

B) depression.

C) anxiety.

D) bipolar idisorder.

69. Your ifriend ihas irecently ibeen idiagnosed iwith imajor idepression. iShe ihas ibeen iprescribed iseveral iSSRIs iover ithe ilast ifew imonths, ibut inone iseem ito ibe iworking iwell. iYour iadvice ito iher iis ito iask iher idoctor iabout iusing: A) clozapine.

B) ketamine.

C) L-dopa.

D) barbiturates.

70. Endorphins, ienkephalins, iand idynorphins iare iexamples iof: A) amphetamines.

B) hallucinogens.

C) opioid ipeptides.

D) endocannabinoids.

71. Enkephalins iand idynorphins iare iexamples iof: A) opioid ianalgesics.

B) amphetamines.

C) endorphins.

D) antipsychotics.

72. _____ iis ian iexample iof ian iopioid ianalgesic.

A) Codeine B) Morphine C) Heroin D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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73. The iterm i"Soldier's iDisease" iwas iused ito idescribe i_____ iaddiction ifollowing ithe iAmerican iCivil iWar. A) cocaine B) morphine C) heroin D) opium

74. The ieffects iof icocaine ican ibe imimicked iby: A) endorphins.

B) heroin.

C) amphetamines.

D) morphine.

75. _____ iwas iused iby isoldiers iin iWorld iWar iII ias ia imeans iof istaying iawake iand ialert iand ito ihelp iincrease iconfidence.

A) Morphine B) Cocaine C) Heroin D) Amphetamine

76. _____ iwas ionce iadded ito imany idrinks ito ihelp igive ithem ian ienergizing ieffect.

A) Amphetamine B) Cocaine C) Opium D) Morphine

77. _____ ihas ibeen ishown ito ibe ieffective iin itreating inausea, ilack iof iappetite, iglaucoma, iand ichronic ipain.

A) Marijuana B) Cocaine C) Methamphetamine D) Heroin

78. An iexample iof ia iserotonin ipsychedelic iwould ibe: A) mescaline.

B) marijuana.

C) heroin.

D) LSD.

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79. Chad iis inormally iquiet iand ireserved iand ienjoys ihaving ia ifew idrinks iwhile icatching iup iwith ihis ifriends ion iFridays. iHowever, ithis iweek iwhen ithey iwent ito ia inew ibar iChad iwas iconvinced ithat ia iperson iat ianother itable iwas igiving ihim i"dirty ilooks." iChad iconfronted ithe iperson iand istarted ia ifight iwhich iresulted iin ihim ibeing iarrested ifor ithe ifirst itime iin ihis ilife. iThis itype iof ibehavior icould ibe iexplained iby: A) disinhibition itheory.

B) learning.

C) behavioral imyopia.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

80. The idisinhibition itheory iattempts ito iexplain ithe ieffects iof: A) morphine.

B) heroin.

C) amphetamine.

D) alcohol.

81. Drug iabuse ihas ibeen iassociated iwith ichanges iin: A) serotonin ilevels.

B) dopamine ilevels.

C) acetylcholine ilevels.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

82. Sensitivity ito idrugs iis idetermined iby: A) size.

B) sex.

C) age.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

83. According ito irecent iresearch, ifemales iare imore ilike ithan imales ito iabuse: A) nicotine.

B) cocaine.

C) caffeine.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

84. Another iterm ifor ithe iincentive-sensitization itheory iof iaddiction iis: A) incentive-salience itheory.

B) wanting-and-liking itheory.

C) associative ilearning itheory.

D) goal iand ipleasure itheory.

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85. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis ithe icorrect isequence ifor idrug iaddiction?

A) incentive isalience, ipleasure, iassociative ilearning B) associative ilearning, ipleasure, iincentive isalience C) pleasure, iassociative ilearning, iincentive isalience D) incentive isalience, iassociative ilearning, ipleasure

86. When icues ithat ihave ipreviously ibeen iassociated iwith idrug itaking iare iencountered, ithe i_____ isystem ibecomes iactive, iproducing ithe isubjective ifeeling iof iwanting.

A) serotonin B) limbic C) dopamine D) endorphin

87. At ipresent, ithe ibasis ifor ialcohol iaddiction iis: A) mostly igenetic.

B) mostly ilearned.

C) 50 ipercent ilearned iand i50 ipercent igenetic.

D) still iuncertain.

88. Which iof ithe ifollowing idrugs ihas ithe iHIGHEST iconcordance irate ifor iaddiction iamong iidentical itwins?

A) tobacco B) marijuana C) alcohol D) heroin

89. In ilarge idoses i_____ ihas ibeen ishown ito ihave itoxic ieffects iin ineurons.

A) monosodium iglutamate i(MSG) B) kainic iacid C) ibotenic iacid D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

90. Domoic iacid iis imost itoxic ito ithe: A) neocortex.

B) medulla.

C) hippocampus.

D) basal iganglia.

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91. Botulin itoxin iis ifound iin: A) bee iand iwasp istings.

B) the icrocus iplant.

C) tainted ifood.

D) plant iberries.

92. Which iof ithe ifollowing istatements iis icorrect?

A) Kainate ireceptors iare iglutamate ireceptors.

B) Glutamate ican ibe ia ineurotoxin.

C) Glutamate iand iMSG ihave ia isimilar istructure.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

93. Which iof ithe ifollowing istreet idrugs iis iLEAST ilikely ito icause ibrain idamage?

A) PCP i(angel idust) B) MDMA i(Ecstasy) C) LSD D) amphetamines

94. MDMA i(Ecstasy) ihas ibeen ishown ito ihave itoxic ieffects ion: A) dopamine iterminals.

B) serotonin inerve ifibers.

C) norepinephrine isynthesis.

D) glutamate irelease.

95. The i_____ iproduces ineurohormones, iwhereas ithe i_____ isecretes ireleasing ihormones.

A) pituitary igland; ihypothalamus B) thalamus; ihypothalamus C) hypothalamus; ithalamus D) hypothalamus; ipituitary igland

96. The ihormone itestosterone iMOST ilikely ihas iits ibehavioral ieffects iby: A) acting ilike ia ineurotransmitter iand iactivating ipostsynaptic ireceptors.

B) acting ilike ia ineurotransmitter iand iactivating ipresynaptic itransmitter irelease.

C) entering ia ineuron iand iactivating igenes.

D) modifying iRNA imessengers.

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97. Testosterone iand icortisol iare iexamples iof: A) steroid ihormones.

B) peptide ihormones.

C) gonadal ihormones.

D) homeostatic ihormones.

98. _____ iis ian iimportant ihomeostatic ihormone.

A) Testosterone B) Cortisol C) Insulin D) Oxytocin

99. Gonadal ihormones: A) contribute ito icognitive ifunctioning.

B) are iless iimportant ifor ifemales iin iproducing ithe ifemale ibody.

C) act ion ius ibefore iwe iare iborn.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

100. Epinephrine: A) turns ioff iinsulin.

B) shuts idown ireproductive ifunctions.

C) inhibits ithe iimmune isystem.

D) prepares ithe ibody ifor ia isudden isurge iof iactivity.

101. The ihormone iinvolved iin iour ifast iresponse ito idanger ior ithreat iis: A) cortisol.

B) epinephrine.

C) corticotropin.

D) thyrotropin.

102. Periods iof iprolonged istress ican iresult iin i_____ ias iwell ias i_____.

A) a idecrease iin isize iof ithe ihippocampus; ian iincrease iin isize iof ithe iamygdala B) a idecrease iin isize iin ithe ihippocampus; ia idecrease iin ithe isize iof ithe iamygdala C) an iincrease iin ithe isize iof ithe ihippocampus; ian iincrease iin ithe isize iof ithe iamygdala D) an iincrease iin ithe isize iof ithe ihippocampus; ia idecrease iin ithe isize iof ithe iamygdala

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103. Which iof ithe ifollowing isequences iis icorrect?

A) corticotropin-releasing ihormone i(CRH), iadrenocorticotropic-releasing ihormone i(ACTH), iadrenal imedulla B) adrenocorticotropic-releasing ihormone i(ACTH), icorticotropin-releasing ihormone i(CRH), iadrenal imedulla C) corticotropin-releasing ihormone i(CRH), iadrenocorticotropic-releasing ihormone i(ACTH), iadrenal icortex D) adrenocorticotropic-releasing ihormone i(ACTH), icorticotropin-releasing ihormone i(CRH), iadrenal icortex

104. It iis isuggested ithat ihigh ilevels iof istress ican idamage ineurons iin ithe: A) hypothalamus.

B) hippocampus.

C) thalamus.

D) amygdala.

105. Cortisol ilevels iare iusually iregulated iby ithe: A) amygdala.

B) hippocampus.

C) pituitary igland.

D) thalamus, i

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Chapter 7 – How do we study the brain’s structures and functions? i

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1. In ia istudy ion iinfant ilanguage, iresearchers ifound ithat iwhen inewborn iinfants ilistened ito ia ifamiliar ilanguage ithere iwas ia(n) i_____ iin ioxygenated ihemoglobin, iand ithere iwas i_____ iin ioxygenated ihemoglobin iwhen ithey ilistened ito ian iunfamiliar ilanguage.

A) decrease; ian iincrease B) increase; ino ichange C) decrease; ino ichange D) increase; ia idecrease

2. The ielectroencephalograph i(EEG) iwas iinvented iby: A) Hans iBerger.

B) Wilder iPenfield.

C) Paul iBroca.

D) Karl iLashley.

3. Broca's iarea iis ilocated iin ithe: A) temporal ilobe.

B) parietal ilobe.

C) frontal ilobe.

D) limbic ilobe.

4. The ifirst ifield ito istudy ithe irelationship ibetween ibrain ifunction iand ibehavior iwas: A) neurology.

B) neuropsychology.

C) physiological iphysiology.

D) behaviorism.

5. _____ istains ishow icell ibodies, iwhereas i_____ istains ishow icell ibodies iand iprocesses i(e.g., idendrites).

A) Golgi; iNissl B) Nissl; iGolgi C) Broca; iGolgi D) Nissl; iBroca

6. A istudy icontrasting inormal irats iand iADX irats i(which ihad itheir iadrenal iglands iremoved) iobserved ithat: A) both igroups iof irats ilearned inormally.

B) both igroups iof irats ihad idifficulty iremembering iobjects ithey ihad iencountered ibefore.

C) only iADX irats ihad idifficulty iremembering iobjects ithey ihad iencountered ibefore.

D) corticosterone iplays ino irole iin ilearning iand imemory.

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7. The iCorsi itest imeasures: A) verbal imemory.

B) language.

C) sensory iperception.

D) spatial imemory.

8. The imirror idrawing itask imeasures: A) sensory iperception.

B) motor imemory.

C) sensory imemory.

D) spatial imemory.

9. In irats, iplace ilearning iis imeasured iusing: A) the iCorsi itest.

B) a ihidden iescape iplatform iin ia iswimming ipool.

C) the irecency imemory itask.

D) the iblock ispan itask.

10. For imeasuring ispatial imemory iin irats ithe iplatform iis iplaced iin ione ilocation ifor inumerous itrials ito imeasure i_____, iwhereas ithe iplatform iis iplaced iin ia inew ilocation ion ieach itrial ifor imeasuring i_____.

A) place ilearning; imatching-to-place ilearning B) matching-to-place ilearning; iplace ilearning C) matching-to-place ilearning; ilandmark ilearning D) landmark ilearning; imatching-to-place ilearning

11. Modifying ithe ibrain iand iobserving ithe ieffects ion ibehavior iis ia ivaluable iexperimental itool ibecause: A) it iallows iresearchers ito idevelop itestable ihypotheses iabout ihow ithe ibrain iinfluences ibehavior.

B) it iallows ia ihypothesis ito ibe itested iexperimentally.

C) it iallows ifor ithe idevelopment iof ianimal imodels iof ihuman idisorders.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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12. Lashley imade ilesions ion ithe icortex iof irats iin ihis isearch ifor ithe ilocation iof imemory. iHe ifound ithat: A) memory iresided iin ithe ihippocampus.

B) small ilesions ito ithe itemporal ilobes iproduced imemory iloss.

C) memory iis idistributed ithroughout ithe ibrain iand inot ilocated iin iany isingle iplace.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

13. To istudy ithe irole iof ia ispecific ibrain istructure iin ibehavior, iyou ishould: A) study ipatients iwith idamage ito ithe ibrain iregion iof iinterest.

B) study ianimals iwith idamage ito ithe ibrain iregion iof iinterest.

C) apply itranscranial imagnetic istimulation ito ithe ibrain iregion iof iinterest.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

14. In i1957 iScoville iand iMilner idescribed ia ipatient iwho ihad iprofound iamnesia ifollowing ia isurgical iremoval iof ithe: A) frontal ilobe.

B) amygdala.

C) hippocampus.

D) parietal ilobe.

15. A istereotaxic iapparatus iis iprimarily iused: A) in ifMRI. B) for itargeting ia ispecific ipart iof ithe ibrain ifor iablation.

C) for itranscranial imagnetic istimulation.

D) for ilesioning iand itranscranial imagnetic istimulation.

16. To iplace isubcortical ilesions iaccurately, iit iis inecessary ito iuse: A) a istereotaxic iapparatus.

B) an iaspiration ilesion.

C) an ifMRI. D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

17. Neurotoxic ilesions idestroy i_____, iand ielectrolytic ilesions idestroy i_____.

A) only ineurons; ionly ifibers B) neurons; ineurons iand ifibers C) only ifibers; ionly ineurons D) neurons iand ifibers; ifibers

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18. _____ iapplied ito ithe iglobus ipallidus ihas ibeen iused ias ia itreatment ifor iParkinson idisease.

A) Self-stimulation B) Deep ibrain istimulation C) Transcranial imagnetic istimulation D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

19. _____ iwas ithe ifirst ito iuse ielectrical istimulation iin ihumans iduring ineurosurgery.

A) Hebb B) Wishaw C) Penfield D) Broca

20. One ican icreate ia ibehavioral imodel iof iParkinson idisease iin ia irat iby: A) lesioning ithe isubstantia inigra.

B) stimulating ithe isubstantia inigra.

C) lesioning ithe iglobus ipallidus.

D) stimulating ithe iglobus ipallidus.

21. Deep ibrain istimulation ihas ibeen iused ias ia itreatment ifor: A) Parkinson idisease.

B) Huntington idisease.

C) schizophrenia.

D) both iParkinson idisease iand iobsessive-compulsive idisorder.

22. With i_____ ithe ieffects ion ineurons ido inot ioutlive ithe iperiod iof istimulation, iwhereas iwith i_____ ithe ieffects ion ineurons ican ilast iseveral iminutes.

A) rTMS; iTMS B) TMS; irTMS C) DBS; iTMS D) rTMS; iDBS

23. The iadministration iof i_____ ican iproduce ihypokinetic irats, iwhereas iadministration iof i_____ iproduces ihyperkinetic irats.

A) amphetamine; ihaloperidol B) haloperidol; iamphetamine C) L-dopa; iamphetamine D) amphetamine; iL-dopa

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24. Administering inicotine ito irats: A) improves ilearning.

B) impairs ilearning.

C) first iimproves ilearning, ithen iimpairs ilearning ion ia isecond itask.

D) first iimpairs ilearning, ithen iimproves ilearning ion ia isecond itask.

25. The iuse iof iblue ilight ito iexcite iand igreen-yellow ilight ito iinhibit ineurons iis ipart iof: A) transcranial imagnetic istimulation.

B) near-infrared ispectroscopy.

C) optogenetics.

D) photomicroscopy.

26. In ioptogenetics, ichannelrhodopsin-2 i(ChR2) ican ibe iused ito i_____ ineurons, iwhereas ihalorhodopsin i(NpHR) ican ibe iused ito i_____ ineurons.

A) depolarize; ihyperpolarize B) hyperpolarize; idepolarize C) inactivate; iactivate D) destroy; ipromote ithe igrowth iof

27. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ione iof ithe itechniques iused ito imeasure ithe ibrain's ielectrical iactivity?

A) EEG B) MEG C) TMS D) single-cell irecording

28. To istudy ithe ielectrical iactivity iof ia igroup iof ineurons iyou iwould iuse i_____; ihowever, ito istudy ithe ielectrical iactivity iof ia isingle ineuron iyou iwould iuse i_____.

A) intracellular irecording; iextracellular irecording B) EEG; iECoG C) extracellular irecording; iintracellular irecording D) ERP; iMEG

29. EEG iis ia imeasure iof: A) graded ipotentials.

B) evoked ipotentials.

C) action ipotentials.

D) event-related ipotentials.

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30. _____ irhythms iare iextremely iregular, iwith ia ifrequency iof iapproximately i11 icycles iper isecond, iand iare icommonly iobserved iwhen ia iperson iis iawake ibut irelaxed.

A) Alpha B) Beta C) Theta D) Delta

31. If ia iperson iis iawake iand ialert, ithe iEEG ipattern iwill iconsist iof: A) high-amplitude, ihigh-frequency iwaves.

B) low-amplitude, ilow-frequency iwaves.

C) low-amplitude, ihigh-frequency iwaves.

D) There iis ino isystematic ipattern ito iEEG iactivity.

32. EEG ican ibe iused ito: A) monitor isleep.

B) estimate ithe idepth iof ianesthesia.

C) detect iepilepsy.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

33. _____ iis iused ito imeasure ithe ielectrical iactivity iof ineurons ion ithe isurface iof ithe icortex.

A) ECG B) ECoG C) MEG D) ERP

34. Place icells iare ifound iin ithe: A) parietal icortex.

B) cingulate igyrus.

C) amygdala.

D) hippocampus.

35. Event-related ipotentials iare: A) quite idifferent ifrom ithe iEEG. B) recorded ifrom isingle ineurons.

C) brief ichanges iin ithe iEEG iassociated iwith ia ispecific isensory ievent.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

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36. The iterms iN1, iP2, iand iP3 iare irelated ito: A) TMS. B) EEG. C) ERP. D) fMRI.

37. _____ imeasures ithe imagnetic ifields iassociated iwith ielectrical isignals iin ithe icortex.

A) EEG B) fMRI C) ERP D) MEG

38. The imain iadvantage iof iMEG iover ievent-related ipotentials i(ERP) iis: A) MEG iis ibetter iat imore iprecisely iidentifying ithe isource iof ithe iactivity ibeing i

recorded.

B) MEG iis icheaper ithan iEEG. C) MEG iis ibetter iat idetecting ielectrical iactivity ithan iEEG. D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

39. X-ray iabsorption iis: A) low iin ibone.

B) high iin icerebrospinal ifluid.

C) high iin iblood.

D) medium iin ineural itissue.

40. CT iscans iare inot iuseful iin idifferentiating: A) bone ifrom iblood.

B) bone ifrom icerebrospinal ifluid.

C) white imatter ifrom igray imatter.

D) cerebrospinal ifluid ifrom iwhite imatter.

41. Magnetic iresonance iimaging i(MRI) iscans itake iadvantage iof ithe imagnetic iproperties iof: A) hydrogen iatoms.

B) oxygen iatoms.

C) nitrogen iatoms.

D) glucose iatoms.

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42. Magnetic iresonance iimaging iinvolves: A) hydrogen iatoms.

B) magnets.

C) radio ipulses.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

43. Magnetic iresonance iimaging imeasures: A) radio ipulses iemitted iby ihydrogen iatoms.

B) radiation iemitted iby initrogen iatoms.

C) radiation iemitted iby ioxygen iatoms.

D) radio ipulses iemitted iby ioxygen iatoms.

44. Compared ito iCT iscans, iMRI iscans iare imore iuseful ifor idifferentiating igray imatter ifrom iwhite imatter ibecause: A) MRI iacquires ithe iimages iat ia ihigher iresolution icompared ito ia iCT iscan.

B) tissues iwith ihigh iwater icontent igenerate ia idifferent iMRI isignal ifrom ithat iof itissues iwith ilow iwater icontent.

C) of idifferences iin ioxygen icontent ibetween igray imatter iand iwhite imatter.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

45. A icomputed itomography i(CT) iscan iis ia: A) series iof iX-rays.

B) series iof igamma irays.

C) electromagnetic idifferentiation iof ibrain itissue.

D) measure iof ithe idensity iof ihydrogen iatoms.

46. Diffusion itensor iimaging i(DTI) iimages inerve ifiber ipathways iby idetecting: A) the idirectional imovement iof iwater imolecules.

B) different isignal iintensities ibetween iwhite iblood icells iand ired iblood icells.

C) differences iin iblood ioxygenation.

D) changes iin iregional icerebral iblood iflow.

47. _____ iis iused ito iidentify ichanges iin ifiber imyelination.

A) ECG B) CT iscan C) MRS D) DTI

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48. _____ ican ibe iused ito idetermine ithe iconcentration iof ivarious ibrain imetabolites.

A) Diffusion itensor iimaging B) Electrocardiogram C) Magnetoencephalography D) Magnetic iresonance ispectroscopy

49. If ione iwanted ito iexamine ichanges iin ithe ilevels iof ivarious ibrain imetabolites ifollowing ia iconcussion, ione icould iuse: A) Diffusion itensor iimaging i(DTI).

B) electrocardiogram i(ECG).

C) Positron iEmission iTomography i(PET).

D) Magnetic iresonance ispectroscopy i(MRS).

50. The ibasis iof ithe ifMRI isignal iis icentered ion ithe ifact ithat: A) the imagnetic iproperties iof iblood idoes inot ichange iwith ithe iamount iof ioxygen icontent iin iit.

B) water ihas imagnetic iproperties.

C) oxygen-rich iblood ihas ia ismaller imagnetic isignal ithan ioxygen-poor iblood.

D) oxygen-rich iblood ihas ia ilarger imagnetic isignal ithan ioxygen-poor iblood.

51. fMRI ihas ihigh i_____ ibut ilow i_____.

A) temporal iresolution; ispatial iresolution B) spatial iresolution; itemporal iresolution C) radiation iexposure; iimaging iclarity D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

52. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ione iof ithe idisadvantages iof ifMRI? A) poor itemporal iresolution B) subject imust iremain icompletely istill C) feelings iof iclaustrophobia D) poor ispatial iresolution

53. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis ia iform iof ioptical itomography?

A) PET B) fMRI C) fNIRS D) MRI

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54. The itechnique ithat iuses ireflected iinfrared ilight ito imeasure ioxygen iconsumption iby ithe ibrain iis: A) fMRI. B) fNIRS. C) cytogenetics.

D) cryogenetics.

55. If ione iis iinterested iin imeasuring ichanges iin ibrain iactivity iover ithe ifrontal ilobes ias iinfants iand itoddlers ilearn ilanguage, ithe ibest itechnique ito iuse iis: A) ECG. B) MRI. C) CT. D) fNIRS.

56. Positron iemission itomography i(PET) iuses: A) magnets.

B) radioactive iisotopes.

C) L-dopa.

D) hydrogen iatoms.

57. To imeasure ibrain imetabolic iactivity iPET iuses iradioactive iisotopes iof: A) oxygen.

B) hydrogen.

C) potassium.

D) glutamate.

58. PET ican: A) detect ithe idecay iof iradiochemicals.

B) detect irelative iamounts iof ineurotransmitters.

C) be iused ito istudy icognitive ifunction.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

59. Stimuli irelated ito irewarding ibehaviors isuch ias ifood iand isex iare icorrelated iwith ifluctuations iof: A) dopamine iin ithe isubstantia inigra.

B) serotonin iin ithe inucleus iaccumbens.

C) serotonin iin ithe isubstantia inigra.

D) dopamine iin ithe inucleus iaccumbens.

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60. _____ iis ia iprocedure iin iwhich ia icannula iis iimplanted ito icollect iextracellular ifluid.

A) Microdialysis B) Cerebral ivoltammetry C) PET D) Microiontophoresis

61. Cerebral ivoltammetry iis iused ito imeasure: A) neurotransmitter ilevels.

B) electrical iactivity iusing iscalp ielectrodes.

C) electrical iactivity iusing ilarge ielectrodes iplaced iin ithe ibrain itissue.

D) electrical iactivity iof isingle ineurons.

62. One iadvantage iof icerebral ivoltammetry iover imicrodialysis iis ithat iit: A) costs ifar iless.

B) is inot idestructive iin inature.

C) does inot irequire ichemical ianalysis iof ithe iextracellular ifluid.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

63. Brain-derived ineurotrophic ifactor i(BDNF) iplays ian iimportant irole iin: A) neural itransmission.

B) neurotransmitter ireuptake.

C) neural iplasticity.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

64. Low ilevels iof ibrain-derived ineurotrophic ifactor i(BDNF) ihave ibeen iassociated iwith: A) depression.

B) stroke.

C) Alzheimer's idisease.

D) Parkinson's idisease.

65. A istudy iby iCaspi iand icolleagues iobserved ithat iif iparticipants iwith ithe i_____ igenotype iused icannabis iin i_____, ithey iwere imore ilikely ito idevelop ipsychosis.

A) Val; iadulthood B) Met; iadolescence C) Met; iadulthood D) Val; iadolescence

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66. The ialleles iVal i66Met iand iVal i66Val ihave ibeen ilinked iwith: A) ADHD. B) bipolar idisorder.

C) depression.

D) stroke.

67. The iMet iallele i(gene) ihas ibeen iassociated iwith: A) neuroticism.

B) poor iepisodic imemory.

C) anxiety idisorders.

D) depression.

68. The iCOMT igene ihas ibeen ilinked iwith: A) depression.

B) schizophrenia.

C) amyotrophic ilateral isclerosis.

D) dementia.

69. Epigenetics iis: A) the isame ias igene iexpression.

B) the istudy iof ithe ichange iin igene iexpression icaused iby iexperience.

C) the istudy iof igene ialteration.

D) the ialteration iof iDNA isequences.

70. Research ihas ilinked imaternal iattention iin iearly ichildhood iwith: A) hippocampal ivolume.

B) temporal icortex ivolume.

C) basal iganglia ivolume.

D) both itemporal icortex iand ibasal iganglia ivolume.

71. Identical itwins' igene iexpression iis: A) virtually iidentical ithroughout ilife.

B) totally idissimilar ithroughout ilife.

C) similar iwhen ithey iare iyoung ibut idiffers iwith iage.

D) different iwhen ithey iare iyoung ibut igets imore isimilar iwith iage.

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72. Maternal iattention igiven iby imother irats ito itheir iinfants ialters ithe iexpression iof icertain igenes iin ithe: A) hippocampus.

B) amygdala.

C) septum.

D) cingulate.

73. Humans iwho ihave ia ihistory iof ichildhood iabuse iand iwho icommit isuicide ishow iepigenetic idifferences iin ithe: A) cingulate.

B) septum.

C) hippocampus.

D) amygdala.

74. Which iof ithe ifollowing iuses ia irat imodel?

A) Parkinson idisease B) stroke C) attention-deficit/hyperactivity idisorder D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

75. To ireceive iethics iapproval ito iuse ianimals iin ian iexperiment, ithe iresearcher imust idemonstrate: A) that ithe iknowledge igained ifrom ithe iexperiment iis iimportant ienough ito iwarrant ithe iuse iof ianimals.

B) that ino iother imethods iare iavailable ito iinvestigate ithe isame iquestion.

C) that ithe ianimals iwill ibe itreated ihumanely, D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

76. ADD iand iADHD ihave ibeen ilinked iwith i_____ iin ithe i_____.

A) abnormal idopamine ilevels; iparietal ilobes B) abnormal idopamine ilevels; ifrontal ilobes iand ibasal iganglia C) abnormal iserotonin ilevels; ifrontal ilobes iand ibasal iganglia D) abnormal inoradrenaline ilevels; itemporal ilobes iand iamygdala

77. A irecent ireview iof iADD iand iADHD iby iresearchers idemonstrated ithat: A) rates iof iADD iand iADHD iare ihigher iin ideveloped inations.

B) rates iof iADD iand iADHD iare ilower iin ideveloped inations.

C) rates iof iADD iand iADHD iare ithe isame iin ideveloped iand ideveloping inations iif ithe isame idiagnostic icriteria iare iused.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

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78. Companies iusing ianimals ifor iresearch igenerally ifollow igood ilaboratory ipractice, ibecause iif ithey idon't: A) their iwork iwill inot ibe ipublished iin ijournals.

B) government iagencies iwill inot iaccept itheir ifindings.

C) they iwill ibe irefused iapproval ifor iclinical itrials iwith ihumans.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

79. Companies ithat iuse ianimals ifor iresearch: A) must isubmit iprotocols ito ia iuniversity iboard.

B) must isubmit iprotocols ito ia igovernment iboard.

C) must ibe ioverseen iby ithe iSPCA. D) are inot irequired ito ifollow ia iscreening iprocess. i

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Chapter 8 – How does the nervous system develop and adapt? i

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1. Neuroimaging istudies iof ibrain idevelopment ihave irevealed ithat ichildren ifrom ifamilies iwith ilow iSES i(socioeconomic istatus) ishow i_____ iand iscore i_____ ion itests iof icognitive iperformance.

A) decreased icortical isurface iarea; ilower B) decreased icortical isurface iarea; ithe isame ias ihigh iSES ipeers C) the isame icortical isurface iarea ias itheir ihigh iSES ipeers; ilower D) increased icortical isurface iarea; ihigher

2. The iability ito iplan iefficiently iis ia icognitive ibehavior icontrolled iby ithe: A) parietal ilobes.

B) temporal ilobes.

C) occipital ilobes.

D) frontal ilobes.

3. You ican itest iplanning icapability iby iusing ithe: A) Weschler iAdult iIntelligence iScale.

B) digit ispan itest.

C) Tower iof iHanoi itest.

D) mirror idrawing itest.

4. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ia icorrect istatement iabout idevelopment?

A) The ibrain iof ia ichild iis ithe isame ias ithat iof ian iadult, ionly ismaller.

B) Because ithere iare ibehaviors ithat idevelop ilate, ithere imust ibe ineural istructures ithat idevelop ilate.

C) Because isome ibrain istructures idevelop ilate, ithere imust ibe isome ibehaviors ithat idevelop ilate.

D) The ibrains iof ichildren iat idifferent iages iare inot icomparable.

5. The ifrontal ilobes iare ifully ideveloped: A) at ibirth.

B) around iage i5.

C) around iage i10.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

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6. The iidea iof ipreformation iwould iimply ithat: A) an iembryo iis ia iminiature iadult.

B) embryos iof idifferent ispecies ilook idifferent.

C) embryos ishould ilook inothing ilike ian iadult.

D) embryos iof idifferent ispecies ilook idifferent iand iembryos ishould ilook inothing ilike ian iadult.

7. A iprimitive ibrain ican ibe iseen iin ia ihuman iembryo iby ithe i_____ iweek iafter iconception.

A) first B) second C) third D) fourth

8. After ithe isecond iweek iof iprenatal idevelopment ithe i_____ iprogresses ito ibecome ia(n) i_____.

A) zygote; iembryo B) embryo; izygote C) zygote; ifetus D) embryo; ifetus

9. After i9 iweeks iof iprenatal idevelopment ithe_____ iis iconsidered ia(n) i_____.

A) embryo; ifetus B) zygote; iegg C) zygote iembryo D) embryo; izygote

10. The iforebrain, imidbrain, iand ihindbrain iare ifirst ivisible iin ia ihuman iembryo iafter iabout: A) 10 idays.

B) 14 idays.

C) 28 idays.

D) 35 idays.

11. The icentral inervous isystem ioriginates ifrom: A) the ineural icrest.

B) the ineural itube.

C) the ineural ienvelope.

D) the ineural ipalace.

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12. In ihuman iembryos, igyri iand isulci ifirst istart ito iform iafter iabout: A) 30 idays.

B) 5 imonths.

C) 7 imonths.

D) 9 imonths.

13. Sexual idifferentiation ioccurs iby ithe iend iof ithe i_____ imonth iof igestation.

A) first B) second C) third D) fourth

14. Testosterone: A) is ipresent ionly iafter ithe itestes iare iformed.

B) affects ithe iperipheral isexual icharacteristics ibut inot ithe idevelopment iof ithe ibrain.

C) affects ithe iperipheral isexual icharacteristics iand ithe idevelopment iof ithe ibrain iin imales.

D) is iresponsible ifor ithe ipigmentation iof icell iwalls iinside ineurons.

15. Male iand ifemale igenitalia ibecome idifferentiated iat iaround: A) 30 idays.

B) 60 idays.

C) 4 imonths.

D) 6 imonths.

16. _____ ihave ian iextensive icapacity ifor iself-renewal.

A) Stem icells B) Progenitor icells C) Glial icells D) Neuroblasts

17. In ian iadult, istem icells iare ifound iin: A) the ihippocampus.

B) the iventricles.

C) the ipia imater.

D) the iCSF.

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18. Progenitor icells icome ifrom: A) neuroblasts.

B) stem icells.

C) glioblasts.

D) glial icells.

19. Neuroblasts iand iglioblasts iare iformed idirectly ifrom: A) pyramidal icells.

B) progenitor icells.

C) the iventricles.

D) the ineural itube.

20. Which iof ithe ifollowing isequences iis icorrect?

A) stem, iprogenitor, iblast, iglia B) progenitor, istem, iblast, iglia C) blast, istem, iprogenitor, iglia D) stem, iprogenitor, iglia, iblast

21. _____ iis ithe iprocess ithat iworks ito isuppress igene iexpression iduring idevelopment.

A) Methylation B) Mutation C) Translation D) Transcription

22. Prenatal istress i_____ igene imethylation.

A) can iincrease B) can ireduce C) can ireverse D) has ino iinfluence ion

23. Compounds ithat isignal ibrain icells ito idevelop iin icertain iways iare icalled: A) progenitors.

B) neurotropic ifactors.

C) somites.

D) chemical ifactors.

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24. If iyou iwant ito istimulate ithe iproduction iof iprogenitor icells iin ia istem icell iculture, iyou ishould iadd ithe icompound: A) nerve igrowth ifactor.

B) fibroblast igrowth ifactor.

C) epidermal igrowth ifactor.

D) testosterone.

25. _____ ican ibe iused ito istimulate iprogenitor icells ito iproduce ineuroblasts.

A) Nerve igrowth ifactor B) BDNF C) bFGF D) EGF

26. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis ithe icorrect isequence iof ibrain idevelopment?

A) cell ibirth, icell idifferentiation, icell imigration, imyelogenesis B) cell ibirth, icell imigration, icell idifferentiation, icell imaturation C) cell ibirth, icell imaturation, icell idifferentiation, icell imigration D) cell ibirth, icell imaturation, imyelogenesis, icell imigration

27. Neurogenesis i(the iprocess iof iforming ineurons) iis ilargely icomplete iafter iabout i_____ imonths iof igestation.

A) one B) two C) five D) seven

28. Neuronal idifferentiation iis ilargely icomplete iby: A) 8 iweeks.

B) 23 iweeks.

C) 29 iweeks.

D) 11 iweeks.

29. Cell idifferentiation: A) occurs iafter ineuron imaturation.

B) occurs iafter imigration.

C) occurs ibefore ineuron igeneration.

D) is inot icomplete iuntil iwell iafter ibirth.

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30. The ibrain ican icope iwith iinjury imore ieasily iduring: A) differentiation.

B) cell imigration.

C) neurogenesis.

D) neuron imaturation.

31. The i_____ iis ithought ito icontain ia iprimitive imap ior iblueprint iof ithe icortex ithat itells ideveloping ineurons ito iwhich ilocation ito imigrate.

A) brainstem B) thalamus C) subventricular izone D) hippocampus

32. Cells ifind itheir iappropriate ilocation iby ifollowing ia iroad ilaid idown iby: A) astrocytes.

B) oligodendrocytes.

C) radial iglial icells.

D) epithelial icells.

33. Cells iin ilayer i_____ iof ithe icortex idevelop ifirst.

A) I B) III C) IV D) VI

34. The imajority iof iglial icells imigrate ito itheir icorrect ilocations ivia: A) neurotrophic ifactors.

B) radial iglial icells.

C) chemical isignals.

D) EGF.

35. Neuronal imaturation iinvolves i_____ iand i_____.

A) migration; ispecialization B) dendrite igrowth; isynapse iformation C) migration; isynapse iformation D) specialization; idendrite igrowth

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36. The iprocess iof idendrite igrowth ithat ioccurs iin ithe ifirst i2 iyears iof ilife iis ireferred ito ias: A) arborization.

B) extension.

C) sprouting.

D) shaping.

37. The idendritic ifield iin i_____ istarts ioff ivery isimply, ibut ibecomes iincreasingly icomplex iuntil iabout i2 iyears iof iage.

A) the ivisual icortex B) Broca's iarea C) the iauditory icortex D) the isomatosensory icortex

38. Dendrites idevelop ion icells: A) before idifferentiation.

B) before imigration.

C) after icell imaturation.

D) during icell imaturation.

39. Jane iis i7 iyears iold. iShe ihas ivery ipoor ilanguage iskills iand iis iincredibly iclumsy iwith iher ihands. iJane imay ihave: A) autism ispectrum idisorder i(ASD).

B) Asperger isyndrome.

C) Rett isyndrome.

D) William isyndrome

40. In ithe i1990s, irates iof iautism iwere iapproximately i1 iin i2000. iHowever, irecent iestimates isuggest ithat ias imany ias i_____ ichildren ihas isome iform iof iautism.

A) 1 iin i198.

B) 1 iin i76,000.

C) 1 iin i68.

D) 1 iin i1988.

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41. Jeffrey iis i6 iyears iold. iHe iis isocially iawkward iand idid inot ilearn ito iwalk iuntil ihe iwas ialmost i2. iIn iaddition, ihe istill ihas ia ihard itime iusing ia ifork ior ispoon ito ifeed ihimself. iHe iis iobsessed iwith imodel iairplanes i(he ihas imore ithan i200 imodels iand ican iname ieach ione). iPlaying iwith ihis imodel iairplanes iis ithe ionly iactivity ihe iengages iin iunless ihe iis ipressured iinto idoing isomething ielse. iJeffrey iMOST ilikely ihas: A) Asperger isyndrome.

B) Autism ispectrum idisorder.

C) Rett's isyndrome.

D) William isyndrome.

42. Which iof ithe ifollowing iguide igrowth icones ito itheir iappropriate idestination?

A) tropic imolecules B) neurotrophic ifactors C) adhesion imolecules D) tropic iand iadhesion imolecules

43. The inumber iof isynaptic icontacts iin ithe ihuman icerebral icortex iis iestimated ito ibe ion ithe iorder iof: A) 1010.

B) 108.

C) 1014.

D) 10100.

44. _____ iis(are) imolecules ithat ihelp(s) icells ibind ito ione ianother ito iaid iin imigration.

A) Tropic imolecules B) Nerve igrowth ifactor C) Cell iadhesion imolecules D) Trophic imolecules

45. It iis iestimated ithat isynaptic ipruning ieliminates iapproximately i_____ ipercent iof isynapses iin ithe ihuman icortex.

A) 10 B) 40 C) 50 D) 65

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46. One ireason iwhy icholinergic ineurons iin ithe ibasal iforebrain idie iduring isynaptic ipruning iis ithat ithey imust icompete ifor ilimited iamounts iof: A) radial iglial icells.

B) cell iadhesion imolecules.

C) nerve igrowth ifactor.

D) tropic imolecules.

47. Most ineurons ithat idie iduring isynaptic ipruning idie ias ia iresult iof: A) apoptosis.

B) necrosis.

C) structural idamage.

D) the ideath iof isodium-potassium ipumps.

48. In ian iexperiment iexamining ithe iability iof ichildren ito idiscriminate ispeech isounds iof ivarious ilanguages, iWerker iand iTees ifound: A) that ichildren iyounger ithan i2 iyears ihad ino idiscrimination iability.

B) that ichildren icould idiscriminate, ibut ithe iability ideclines iover ithe ifirst iyear iof ilife.

C) that ichildren ibegin ito idiscriminate iduring ithe ifirst iyear iand ithis iability icontinues ito igrow iuntil ithey ibegin ito ispeak iat iaround iage i2.

D) that ichildren iare ibetter iat idiscriminating isounds ithan iadults.

49. Which iof ithe ifollowing istatements iabout isynaptic ipruning iis iNOT itrue?

A) Synaptic ipruning iprobably ican ibe iinfluenced iby idrugs.

B) Synaptic ipruning iis iproportionally ilarger iin ismaller-brained ianimals.

C) Synaptic ipruning iis iprobably iinfluenced iby ihormones.

D) Synaptic ipruning iis iprobably iinfluenced iby iexperience.

50. Research ihas idemonstrated ithat iaversive ichildhood iexperiences i(e.g., iphysical iabuse) iare ilinked iwith: A) increased irates iof imental iillness iin imiddle iage.

B) increased irates iof isuicide iin imiddle iage.

C) increased irates iof iaddiction iin imiddle iage.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

51. Children iwho iscore ihigh ion iintelligence itests ishow ithe igreatest iplastic ichanges iin itheir i_____ iover itime.

A) parietal ilobe B) temporal ilobe C) frontal ilobe D) hippocampus

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52. The idendritic ispine idensity ion ithe idorsolateral iprefrontal icortex i(DLPFC) iis igreatest iin: A) children.

B) teenagers.

C) adults.

D) older iadults i(i.e., iage i65+).

53. The ipincer igrasp: A) is ia ireflex ipresent iat ibirth.

B) is inot ievident iuntil iage i2.

C) develops ibetween i8 iand i11 imonths iof iage.

D) disappears ias ithe imotor icortex idevelops.

54. Increases iin icortical ithickness iin ithe ihand iarea iof ithe iprimary imotor icortex iare iassociated iwith: A) increases iin ihand isize.

B) increases iin igrip istrength.

C) increases iin imanual idexterity.

D) increase iin itendon ibrittleness.

55. The itypical i6-year-old ihas ia: A) 300- ito i600-word ivocabulary.

B) 600- ito i1000-word ivocabulary.

C) 1000- ito i2000-word ivocabulary.

D) 2000- ito i2500-word ivocabulary.

56. Which iof ithe ifollowing istatements iregarding ilanguage iareas iof ithe icortex iis iNOT icorrect?

A) Changes iin idendritic icomplexity iin ispeech iareas iare iamong ithe imost iimpressive iin ithe ibrain.

B) Language iareas iare ithe iearliest iregions iof ithe icortex ito icomplete imyelination.

C) Between i15 iand i24 imonths iof iage ithere iis ia idramatic iincrease iin ithe idensity iof idendrites iand iaxons iin ithe ilanguage iareas.

D) By iage i2 icell idivision iand imigration iare icomplete iin ithe ilanguage izones iof ithe icerebral icortex.

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57. Language idevelopment iin ichildren iaged i2 ito i4 iyears ihas ibeen ilinked iwith: A) pruning iof ineurons iin ithe ileft iinferior ifrontal igyrus.

B) pruning iof ineurons iin isuperior itemporal igyrus.

C) thickening iof ithe icortex iin ithe ileft iinferior ifrontal icortex iareas.

D) thinning iof ithe icortex iin ithe imouth iregion iof ithe iprimary imotor icortex.

58. Which iof ithe ifollowing isequences iis icorrect iaccording ito iPiaget's itheory iof icognitive idevelopment?

A) sensorimotor, ipreoperational, iconcrete ioperational, iformal ioperational B) sensorimotor, iconcrete ioperational, ipreoperational, iformal ioperational C) sensorimotor, iconcrete ioperational, iformal ioperational, ipreoperational D) sensorimotor, ipreoperational, iformal ioperational, iconcrete ioperational

59. Kristen ilikes iit iwhen iher imom icuts iher isandwich iinto ifour ipieces ibecause ishe ilikes ihaving ifour isandwiches iinstead iof ijust ione. iBased ion iwhat iyou iknow iabout iPiaget's itheory iof icognitive idevelopment i(assuming iKristen iis ia inormally ideveloping ichild), ipick ithe iage ithat imost iaccurately irepresents ihow iold iKristen imight ibe.

A) 5 B) 13 C) 9 D) 11

60. William iis iplaying ia igame iwith ihis ilittle ibrother, iand ihe itakes ihis ibrother's ifavorite istuffed ianimal iand ihides iit iunderneath ia iblanket. iHis ilittle ibrother ithen igrabs ithe iblanket ito ireveal ithe ihidden itoy. iIt iappears ias ithough iWilliam's ilittle ibrother ihas iprogressed ipast ithe: A) preoperational iperiod.

B) concrete ioperational iperiod.

C) sensorimotor iperiod.

D) formal ioperational iperiod.

61. According ito iPiaget, iin iwhich idevelopment istage ido ichildren ifirst ibegin ito iunderstand imathematical itransformations?

A) preoperational iperiod B) concrete ioperational iperiod C) sensorimotor iperiod D) formal ioperational iperiod

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62. Growth ispurts iup ito iage i16 iaccount ifor ilarge iincreases iin ibrain iweight. iThis iis iMOST ilikely idue ito iincreases iin: A) the inumber iof ineurons iand iglial icells.

B) the inumber iof iglial icells iand ilarger iblood ivessels.

C) myelination.

D) neural ipruning.

63. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT iassociated iwith ibrain igrowth iup ito iage i16?

A) an iincrease iin ithe inumber iof ineurons B) an iincrease iin ithe inumber iof iglial icells C) an iincrease iin ithe inumber iof isynapses D) an iincrease iin ithe inumber iof iblood ivessels

64. The inonmatching-to-sample itask idescribed iin iyour itext iis ithought ito imeasure ithe ifunctions iof ithe: A) frontal ilobes.

B) temporal ilobes.

C) basal iganglia.

D) limbic isystem.

65. The iconcurrent idiscrimination itask idescribed iin iyour itext iis ithought ito imeasure ithe ifunctions iof ithe: A) frontal ilobes.

B) temporal ilobes.

C) basal iganglia.

D) brainstem.

66. Studies ihave ishown ithat ichildren iare iable ito isolve ithe i_____ iprior ito ithe i_____.

A) nonmatching-to-sample itask; iconcurrent idiscrimination itask B) nonmatching-to-sample itask; idisplacement itask C) concurrent idiscrimination itask; inonmatching-to-sample itask D) concurrent idiscrimination itask; idisplacement itask

67. Rats iraised iin i"stimulating" ienvironments isolve imazes: A) more islowly ithan irats iraised iin ilaboratory ienvironments.

B) faster ithan irats iraised iin ilaboratory ienvironments.

C) just ias iquickly ias irats iraised iin ilaboratory ienvironments.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

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68. In irats i_____ ihas i(have) ibeen ishown ito ilead ito ienhanced imotor iand icognitive iskills iand irecovery ifrom ibrain iinjury.

A) an iinjection iof igrowth ihormones B) a ilow-fat idiet C) tactile istimulation D) high idosages iof ivitamin iC

69. Brain iimaging istudies ithat iinvestigated inative iand isecond ilanguages irevealed ithat isecond ilanguages itend ito iresult iin igreat iactivation iin: A) the iauditory icortex.

B) the istriatum iand icerebellum.

C) the iinferior iparietal icortex.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

70. The i_____ iis ithe inotion ithat ineurons ior itheir iaxons iand idendrites iare idrawn itoward ia ichemical ithat iindicates ithe icorrect ipathway.

A) chemical ibiomarker ihypothesis B) chemo-gradient ihypothesis C) chemoaffinity ihypothesis D) genetic iblueprint ihypothesis

71. The icondition iin iwhich ivision iin ione ieye iis ireduced ias ia iresult iof idisuse iis iknown ias: A) hemianopia.

B) macular idegeneration.

C) astigmatism.

D) amblyopia.

72. The iresults iof iHorn's ielectron imicroscopic istudies ishow ithat isynapses iin ia ispecific i_____ iregion ienlarge iwith iimprinting.

A) forebrain B) basal iganglia C) midbrain D) hindbrain

73. Dogs ithat iare ideprived iof istimulation iduring irearing: A) seek iout ihuman iaffection.

B) seek iout iother idogs.

C) have ian iabnormal iresponse ito ipain.

D) perform ibetter ion iintelligence itests ithan idogs ireared iin istimulating isettings.

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74. Masculinization irefers ito ithe ieffects iof: A) testosterone ion ibrain icells.

B) too ilittle iestrogen ion ifemale iembryos.

C) testosterone ion ifemale iembryos.

D) too ilittle iestrogen ion ibrain icells.

75. Romanian iorphans iwho iwere iadopted ibefore i_____ ilater itested iat ithe isame iIQ ilevel ias ichildren iborn iand iraised iin iNorth iAmerica.

A) 24 imonths iof iage B) 36 imonths iof iage C) 5 iyears iof iage D) 8 iyears iof iage

76. Jocelyne iBachevalier itrained iinfant imale iand ifemale imonkeys ion iboth ithe iconcurrent idiscrimination itask iand ithe iobject ireversal itask. iShe ifound ithat ithe ifemale imonkeys iwere: A) superior ito ithe imales ion ithe iobject ireversal itask iand iequal ion ithe iconcurrent idiscrimination itask.

B) superior ito ithe imales ion ithe iconcurrent idiscrimination itask iand iequal ion ithe iobject ireversal itask.

C) better ion ithe iconcurrent itask iand ithe imales iwere ibetter ion ithe iobject ireversal itask.

D) better ion ithe iobject ireversal itask iand ithe imales iwere ibetter ion ithe iconcurrent itask.

77. Complex ienvironmental ihousing: A) increases idendritic igrowth iin ithe ihippocampus iof ifemale irats imore ithan iin imales.

B) increases idendritic igrowth iin ithe ivisual icortex iof iboth isexes iequally.

C) increases idendritic igrowth iin ithe ihippocampus iof imale irats imore ithan iin ifemales.

D) has ino ieffect ion idendritic igrowth iin ithe ivisual icortex iof ieither isex ibut idoes iproduce ian iincrease iin ithe inumber iof iglial icells.

78. Male iand ifemale ibrains iare: A) different ionly iin isize.

B) different iin iresponse ito ienvironmental ievents.

C) different ionly iduring iearly idevelopment.

D) unaffected iby igonadal ihormones.

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79. Children iwho ihave ibrain iinjuries ito ilanguage iareas iin ithe ifirst i2 iyears iof ilife: A) never irecover ilanguage ifunction.

B) recover ifunction iover imany iyears.

C) almost inever ishow isevere ilanguage idisturbances.

D) show ilack iof ifurther idevelopment iof ilanguage iwhile imaintaining itheir ipre-injury ilevel iof ifunction.

80. In iutero ithe ifetus's igut: A) has ithe isame imicrobiome ias ithe imother.

B) has ia imicrobiome ithat iis ihalf ifrom ithe imother iand ihalf ifrom ithe ifather.

C) is isterile.

D) has ia imicrobiome ithat iis idetermined iby iwhat ithe imother ieats.

81. Some iresearchers isuggest ithat iprenatal iexposure ito icaffeine ior inicotine imay ilead ito ia ichild ideveloping: A) autism ispectrum idisorder.

B) William isyndrome C) ADHD. D) developmental idyslexia.

82. Anencephaly iis ia iresult iof: A) acute ibrain iinjury.

B) failure iof ithe iback iend iof ithe ineural itube ito iclose.

C) failure iof ithe ifront iend iof ithe ineural itube ito iclose.

D) a ispinal icord iabnormality.

83. Abnormal ibrain idevelopment ithat iresults iin ibehavioral ieffects: A) is iimmediately ievident.

B) may inot ibe ievident iuntil iadolescence.

C) may inot ibe ievident iuntil ithe ibrain istarts ito ilose ineurons iin ithe ithird idecade.

D) cannot ibe idetected iuntil iautopsy.

84. Research ihas ilinked isudden iinfant ideath isyndrome i(SIDS) iwith: A) genes ithat iregulate iserotonin itransporters.

B) genes ithat iregulate idopamine itransporters.

C) genes ithat iregulate inorepinephrine itransporters.

D) genes ithat iregulate iacetylcholine itransporters.

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85. Down isyndrome iis icaused iby: A) a ihormonal iabnormality.

B) a ibrain iinjury.

C) a ineurological idisease.

D) a igenetic iabnormality.

86. Cerebral ipalsy ican ibe icaused iby: A) a igenetic iabnormality.

B) a ineurological idisease.

C) a ihormone iimbalance.

D) oxygen ideprivation.

87. Phenylketonuria iis icaused iby: A) anoxia.

B) metabolic ierror.

C) infection.

D) abnormal ibrain idevelopment.

88. Kwashiorkor isyndrome iis icaused iby: A) chronic imalnutrition.

B) birth itrauma.

C) a igenetic iabnormality.

D) sensory ideprivation.

89. In ia istudy iexamining ithe ibrains iof idevelopmentally idisabled ichildren, iDominique iPurpura ifound: A) fewer idendrites ithan inormal.

B) fewer ineurons ithan inormal.

C) fewer iglial icells.

D) more iglial icells.

90. Brain iscans iand iautopsies iof ithe ibrains iof ipatients iwith ischizophrenia ihave ishown: A) smaller iventricles.

B) heavier ibrains ibecause iof iincreased iglial igrowth.

C) a idecrease iin ithe inumber iof ineurons iin ithe iprefrontal icortex.

D) a ilarger iparahippocampal igyrus.

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91. Some iresearchers ihave isuggested ithat ischizophrenia iresults ifrom ithe iabnormal idevelopment iof ithe: A) amygdala.

B) frontal icortex.

C) hippocampus.

D) temporal icortex. i

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Chapter 9 – How do we sense, perceive and see the world? i

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1. The ipatient iD. iB. ibecame iblind iin ithe ileft ihalf iof ihis ivisual ifield iafter isurgery ibut: A) regained ihis isight iafter ia ilong irecovery.

B) could itell iyou iwhere ia iflashing ilight iwas ilocated iin ihis iblind iarea.

C) was ionly iblind ito ithe iright ihalf iof ithe imidline iand inever ishowed irecovery.

D) filled iin ithe iscotoma ileft iby ithe isurgery iat ithe icortical ilevel.

2. The ipart iof ithe isensory iworld ithat istimulates ia ineuron iis icalled ithe ineuron's: A) target izone.

B) response iregion.

C) receptive ifield.

D) active iregion.

3. Optic iflow itells ius: A) how ifast iwe iare igoing.

B) whether iwe iare igoing iin ia istraight iline ior iup ior idown.

C) whether iwe iare imoving ior ithe iobject iis imoving.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

4. Auditory iflow igives ius iinformation iabout: A) the isource iof isounds iin ithe ienvironment.

B) the ifrequency iof ia isound.

C) the itimbre iof ia isound.

D) changes iin ipitch.

5. Photoreceptors ifor iblack iand iwhite ilight iare_____ ithan iphotoreceptors ifor icolor.

A) less isensitive B) more isensitive C) smaller D) fewer iin inumber

6. A i_____ iis ia ineural-spatial irepresentation iof iareas iof ithe isensory iworld iperceived iby ia isensory iorgan.

A) sensory iblueprint B) sensory ilayout C) receptor igrid D) topographic imap

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7. A icondition iin iwhich ia iperson ihears iin icolor ior iexperiences idifferent itastes iwhen itouching idifferent itextures iwould ilikely ibe idiagnosed ias: A) schizophrenia.

B) synesthesia.

C) sensory icrossing idisorder.

D) a idamaged ithalamus.

8. The ilight-sensitive isurface iin ithe iback iof ithe ieye iis icalled ithe: A) sclera.

B) lens.

C) iris.

D) retina.

9. The iretina: A) has ireceptors ithat iface ithe iincoming ilight.

B) receives ian iimage ithat iis iupside idown ibut inot ibackward.

C) receives ian iimage ithat iis iupside idown iand ibackward.

D) has ireceptors ithat iface ithe iincoming ilight iand ireceives ian iimage ithat iis iupside idown ibut inot ibackward.

10. If iwe iwear iglasses ithat iturn ithe iimage iof ithe iworld iupside idown, ithe ibrain: A) will iimmediately icompensate iand iturn ithe iworld iright iside iup iagain.

B) will iturn ithe iworld iso iit iis iright iside iup iagain iafter ionly ia ifew ihours.

C) after iseveral idays iwill isuddenly iturn ithe iworld iso iit iis iright iside iup iagain.

D) cannot icompensate, ibut iwhile ithe iworld iis iupside idown iwe ivery irapidly iadapt iour ibehavior.

11. _____ iis ithe isubjective iinterpretation iof isensations iby ithe ibrain; i_____ iis ithe iregistration iof ievents ifrom ithe ienvironment ion ithe isensory ireceptors.

A) Perception; isensation B) Sensation; iperception C) Transduction; isensation D) Perception; itransduction

12. Visible ilight iis: A) 100 ito i700 inanometers.

B) 400 ito i700 inanometers.

C) 300 ito i800 inanometers.

D) 500 ito i1000 inanometers.

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13. Difficulty iseeing ithings ithat iare inot iclose ito iyou i(i.e., inearsightedness) iis icalled: A) hyperopia.

B) myopia.

C) presbyopia.

D) maculitis.

14. The iclinical iterm ifor ifarsightedness iis: A) hyperopia.

B) myopia.

C) fovea.

D) maculitis.

15. _____ iis icaused iby iweakening iof ithe ielasticity iof ithe ilens iin ipeople iolder ithan i50 iyears.

A) Hyperopia B) Myopia C) Presbyopia D) Macular idegeneration

16. The iwhite ipart ithat iforms ithe ieyeball iis icalled ithe: A) cornea.

B) sclera.

C) retina.

D) choroid ilayer.

17. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT itrue iof irates iof imyopia iin ichildren?

A) Children ispend imore itime idoing ischoolwork, iwhich iencourages ithe iuse iof ishortrange ivision iand istrains ithe ieye imuscles.

B) Children iwho iwatch imore ithan i2 ihours iof itelevision ia iday ihave ihigher irates iof imyopia.

C) Children iwho ilive iin isunnier iclimates ihave ilower irates iof imyopia.

D) Spending itoo imuch itime iindoors iincreases irates iof imyopia.

18. Light iis ibent ifirst iby ithe i_____ ibefore ientering ithe ipupil.

A) lens B) cornea C) sclera D) fovea

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19. The icolored ipart iof ithe ieye iis icalled ithe: A) iris.

B) lens.

C) cornea.

D) sclera.

20. People iwith imyopia ioften ihave ieyeballs ithat iare i_____, iwhereas ipeople iwith ihyperopia ioften ihave ieyeballs ithat iare i_____.

A) too ishort; itoo ilong B) too ilarge; itoo ismall C) too ilong; itoo ishort D) too ismall; itoo ilarge

21. Photoreceptors iare imostly idensely ipacked iin: A) the ifovea.

B) peripheral ivision.

C) the iretina.

D) the ioptic idisc.

22. The iportion iof ithe ieye ithat ihas ithe ihighest ivisual iacuity iis icalled ithe: A) retina.

B) fovea.

C) magnification izone.

D) lens.

23. The ioptic idisc iis ialso iknown ias ithe: A) fovea.

B) optic inerve.

C) blind ispot.

D) iris.

24. Swelling iof ithe ioptic idisc iis iknown iclinically ias: A) macular idegeneration.

B) presbyopia.

C) retinopathy.

D) papilledema.

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25. Optic ineuritis: A) swells ithe iblind ispot.

B) causes iloss iof ivision.

C) is iprobably ithe imost icommon ineurologic ivisual idisorder.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

26. There iis(are) i_____ itype(s) iof icone icells.

A) two B) three C) four D) one

27. Rods iare ifound iprimarily iin i_____, iwhereas icones iare ifound iprimarily iin i_____.

A) the ifovea; iperipheral ivision B) the iretina; ithe ioptic idisc C) the ioptic idisc; ithe ifovea D) peripheral ivision; ithe ifovea

28. A iwavelength iof i559 inanometers iappears ito ius ias: A) orange.

B) green.

C) yellow.

D) blue.

29. A iwavelength iof i419 inanometers iappears ito ius ias: A) red.

B) green.

C) yellow.

D) blue.

30. Rods ihave ia ipeak isensitivity iat: A) 250 inanometers.

B) 419 inanometers.

C) 559 inanometers.

D) 496 inanometers.

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31. People's iability ito isee iin idim ilight idecreases iby iapproximately i_____ ibetween iages iof i20 iand i40 iyears.

A) 50 ipercent B) 25 ipercent C) 75 ipercent D) 60 ipercent

32. David iis i40 iyears iold. iHe iis ihaving ia ihard itime iseeing iat inight iwhen ihe idrives ibecause ihis ieyesight ihas idecreased iaround i50 ipercent isince ihe iwas i20. iHis inight ivision iwill ilikely idecrease iby ianother i_____ iby ithe itime ihe iis i60.

A) 10 ipercent B) 30 ipercent C) 50 ipercent D) 70 ipercent

33. Which iof ithe icolor-sensitive iphotoreceptors iare ifewest iin inumber?

A) yellow icones B) red icones C) blue icones D) green icones

34. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis ithe icorrect iorder iof ineuron ilayers iin ithe iretina ifrom ioutermost ito iinnermost?

A) bipolar icell ilayer, iganglion icell ilayer, iphotoreceptor ilayer B) photoreceptor ilayer, iganglion icell ilayer, ibipolar icell ilayer C) ganglion icell ilayer, ibipolar icell ilayer, iphotoreceptor ilayer D) photoreceptor ilayer, ibipolar icell ilayer, iganglion icell ilayer

35. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ia itype iof iretinal ineuron?

A) bipolar icells B) horizontal icells C) amacrine icells D) stellate icells

36. Horizontal icells iin ithe ieye ilink ithe: A) bipolar icells ito ithe iretinal iganglion icells.

B) receptors ito ithe ibipolar icells.

C) bipolar icells ito ithe iamacrine icells.

D) receptors ito ithe iamacrine icells.

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37. Amacrine icells ilink: A) bipolar icells iwith ihorizontal icells.

B) horizontal icells iwith iphotoreceptors.

C) photo ireceptors iwith iretinal iganglion icells.

D) bipolar icells iwith iretinal iganglion icells.

38. Parvocellular icells: A) primarily ireceive itheir iinput ifrom irods.

B) are isensitive ito ilight ibut inot icolor.

C) primarily ireceive itheir iinput ifrom icones.

D) form ithe ifirst iretinal ilayer.

39. Magnocellular icells: A) primarily ireceive iinput ifrom irods.

B) are iinsensitive ito icolor.

C) have ilow ivisual iacuity.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

40. Retinal iganglion icells iform ithe: A) fovea.

B) optic idisc.

C) lateral igeniculate inucleus.

D) optic inerve.

41. In ithe ioptic ichiasm, iinformation ifrom ithe i_____ iretinas icrosses ito ithe iopposite iside, iwhereas iinformation ifrom ithe i_____ iretinas istays ion ithe isame iside.

A) nasal; itemporal B) central; iperipheral C) temporal; inasal D) peripheral; icentral

42. Cutting ithe ioptic inerve iof ithe iright ieye iprior ito ireaching ithe ioptic ichiasm iwill iresult iin iloss iof ivision iin: A) the iright ivisual ifield.

B) the ileft ivisual ifield.

C) half iof ieach ivisual ifield.

D) the itwo inasal ifields.

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43. A isecond imain ivisual ipathway i(in iaddition ito ithe igeniculostriate isystem) iis iorganized ias ifollows: A) retina, ilateral igeniculate inucleus, isuperior icolliculus, ipulvinar, istriate icortex, iother ivisual iareas.

B) retina, isuperior icolliculus, ipulvinar, istriate icortex, iother ivisual iareas.

C) retina, isuperior icolliculus, ipulvinar, iother ivisual iareas.

D) retina, ipulvinar, isuperior icolliculus, iother ivisual iareas.

44. The i_____ iis ithe iprimary ivisual irelay inucleus iin ithe ithalamus.

A) medial igeniculate inucleus B) lateral igeniculate inucleus C) ventral ipulvinar inucleus D) mediodorsal inucleus

45. The igeniculostriate isystem iis ias ifollows: A) retina, ilateral igeniculate inucleus iof ithe ithalamus, ilayer iIV iof ithe ivisual icortex.

B) retina, ilateral igeniculate inucleus iof ithe ithalamus, ilayer iVI iof ithe ivisual icortex.

C) retina, isuperior icolliculus, ithalamus, ilayer iIV iof ithe ivisual icortex.

D) retina, isuperior icolliculus, ithalamus, ilayer iVI iof ithe ivisual icortex.

46. The isuperior icolliculus isends iits imost idirect iconnections ito ithe: A) lateral igeniculate inucleus.

B) pulvinar.

C) striate icortex.

D) parietal icortex.

47. Photosensitive iretinal iganglion icells iform ithe: A) geniculostriate ivisual ipathway.

B) tectopulvinar ivisual ipathway.

C) retinohypothalamic itract.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

48. The ifunction iof ithe iretinohypothalamic itract iis ito: A) process icolor iinformation.

B) process iform iinformation.

C) initiate iorienting iresponses.

D) regulate icircadian irhythms.

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49. The iventral istream iprojects ito ithe: A) occipital ilobe.

B) parietal ilobe.

C) temporal ilobe.

D) limbic ilobe.

50. The idorsal istream iprojects ito ithe: A) occipital ilobe.

B) parietal ilobe.

C) temporal ilobe.

D) limbic ilobe.

51. The isix ilayers iof ithe ilateral igeniculate inucleus i(LGN) ireceive iwhich iof ithe ifollowing iinputs ifrom ithe ieyes?

A) layers i2, i4, iand i6 ifrom ithe iipsilateral ieye B) layers i2, i4, iand i6 ifrom ithe icontralateral ieye C) layers i1, i4, iand i6 ifrom ithe icontralateral ieye D) layers i1, i4, iand i6 ifrom ithe iipsilateral ieye

52. Magnocellular icells isend itheir iprojections ito ilayers i_____ iand iparvocellular ineurons isend itheir iprojections ito ilayers i_____ iof ithe ilateral igeniculate inucleus.

A) 1 ito i3; i4 ito i6 B) 4 ito i6; i1 ito i3 C) 1 iand i2; i3 ito i6 D) 3 ito i6; i1 iand i2

53. Parvocellular icells isend itheir iprojections ito ilayer i_____ iof ivisual icortex.

A) IVC B) IVC C) IVCd D) V

54. Magnocellular icells isend itheir iprojections ito ilayer i_____ iof ivisual icortex.

A) IVC B) IVC C) IVCd D) V

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55. The itectopulvinar ipathway iis iespecially isensitive ito: A) fine idetails.

B) movement.

C) color.

D) texture.

56. The itectopulvinar ipathway ican ibe iused ito iexplain: A) blindsight.

B) visual iagnosia.

C) cortical iblindness.

D) color iblindness.

57. The isuperior icolliculus iplays ian iimportant irole iin: A) object irecognition.

B) color iperception.

C) circadian irhythms.

D) orienting iresponses.

58. The i_____ ipulvinar isends iprojections ito ithe itemporal ilobe, iwhereas ithe i_____ ipulvinar isends iprojections ito ithe iparietal ilobe.

A) dorsal; iventral B) medial; ilateral C) ventral; idorsal D) lateral; imedial

59. Patient iD. iB. iwas iable ito ilocate ispots iof ilight ipresented iin ihis iblind ifield ieven ithough ihe icould inot isee ithem ibecause: A) his igeniculostriate ipathway iwas iintact.

B) his iretinohypothalamic ipathway iwas istill iintact.

C) his itectopulvinar ipathway iwas istill iintact.

D) his idorsal istream iwas idamaged.

60. Which iof ithe ifollowing isequences iis icorrect?

A) rods, icones, ibipolar, iganglion, ilateral igeniculate, isimple icortical icells B) rods, icones, iganglion, ibipolar, ilateral igeniculate, isimple icortical icells C) rods, icones, ibipolar, iganglion, isimple icortical icells, ilateral igeniculate D) rods, icones, iganglion, ilateral igeniculate, ibipolar, isimple icortical icells

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61. The iprimary ivisual icortex iis ialso iknown ias: A) V1.

B) V2.

C) V3.

D) V4.

62. Cells iin ithe iblobs ifound iin ithe ivisual icortex iare iinvolved iin: A) form iperception.

B) motion iperception.

C) color iperception.

D) form iand icolor iperception.

63. In iarea iV2, ithe ithin istripes icarry iinformation iabout i_____, iwhereas ithick istripes icarry iinformation iabout i_____.

A) color; iform B) form; imotion C) motion; icolor D) color; imotion

64. The iventral istream iis iimportant ifor i_____, iwhereas ithe idorsal istream iis iimportant ifor i_____.

A) object iidentification; icontrol iof imovement B) control iof imovement; icontrol iof ilanguage C) control iof ilanguage; iobject iidentification D) control iof imovement; iobject iidentification

65. Area i_____ icontrols ieye imovements, iwhereas iarea i_____ icontrols ivisually iguided igrasping.

A) LIP; iFFA B) AIP; iLIP C) PPA; iAIP D) LIP; iAIP

66. Since ihis irecent istroke iRoger ihas ihad itrouble icontrolling ihis ieye imovements. iIn iaddition, iwhen ihe ireaches iout ito ipick iup iobjects, ihe ioften imisses ithem. iRoger imost ilikely ihas idamage ito ihis: A) ventral istream iin ithe itemporal ilobe.

B) dorsal istream iin ithe iparietal ilobe.

C) dorsal istream iin ithe itemporal ilobe.

D) ventral istream iin ithe iparietal ilobe.

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67. You iare ia iresearcher iinterested iin iunderstanding ihow isingle ineurons imight iplay ia irole iin icoding ithe iidentity iof idifferent ifaces. iTo iexamine ithis, iyou iplan ito ido isingle iunit irecordings iin imonkeys. iTo iensure ibest ichances iof isuccess, iyou idecide ito iplace iyour irecording ielectrodes iin iarea: A) FFA. B) PPA. C) MT. D) V4.

68. The ireceptive ifield iof ia ilateral igeniculate icell iis: A) larger ithan ithe ireceptive ifield iof ia iretinal iganglion icell.

B) the isame ishape ias ithe ireceptive ifield iof ia iretinal iganglion icell.

C) composed iof ion-centers iand ioff-surrounds ior ioff-centers iand ion-surrounds.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

69. Visual iinformation ifrom ithe ilower iportion iof ithe ivisual ifield iis icoded iin ithe: A) upper iportion iof iV1.

B) lower iportion iof iV1.

C) anterior iportion iof iV1.

D) posterior iportion iof iV1.

70. In ithe ivisual icortex, ithe ifovea ihas: A) less irepresentation ithan ithe iperiphery ibecause ithe ifovea ihas ifewer icells ion ithe iretina.

B) the isame irepresentation ion ithe icortex ias ithe iperiphery.

C) more irepresentation ion ithe icortex ithan ithe iperiphery ieven ithough iit ihas ifewer icells iin ithe iretina.

D) more irepresentation ion ithe icortex ibecause ithe ifovea ihas imore icells ithan ithe iperiphery.

71. Compared iwith iretinal iganglion icells, icells iin iV1 ihave i_____ ireceptive ifields.

A) larger B) smaller C) equally isized D) upside idown

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72. The icorpus icallosum: A) connects ithe imedial ibut inot ithe ilateral iportions iof ithe ivisual ifields.

B) connects ithe ilateral ibut inot ithe imedial iportions iof ithe ivisual ifields.

C) connects ithe ientire ivisual ifields ifrom ithe itwo ihemispheres.

D) does inot iconnect ithe itwo ivisual ifields ibut idoes iconnect ithe iparietal iand ifrontal ilobes.

73. Luminance icontrast ibegins iat ithe i_____ icell ilevel.

A) lateral igeniculate B) ganglion C) simple icortical D) complex icortical

74. On-center icells: A) are iexcited iby ilight ithat ifalls iacross itheir ientire ireceptive ifield.

B) are iexcited iby ilight ithat ifalls iin ithe iperiphery iof itheir ireceptive ifield.

C) are iinhibited iby ilight ithat ifalls iin ithe icenter iof itheir ireceptive ifield.

D) are iexcited iby ilight ithat ifalls iin ithe icenter iof itheir ireceptive ifield.

75. Retinal iganglion icells iare ivery iactive iwhen itheir ireceptive ifields iprocess: A) uniformly ibright isurfaces.

B) uniformly idark isurfaces.

C) the iedge ibetween ia ilight isurface iand ia idark isurface.

D) dimly iilluminated isurfaces.

76. Orientation idetection iis ifirst icoded iby: A) the ilateral igeniculate icells.

B) simple icortical icells.

C) complex icortical icells.

D) hypercomplex icortical icells.

77. Cells ithat irespond ito ia imoving ibar iof ilight iin ia ispecific iorientation, iwithout ia istrong iinhibitory iarea iat ione iend, iare icalled: A) lateral igeniculate icells.

B) simple icortical icells.

C) complex icortical icells.

D) hypercomplex icortical icells.

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78. Cells ithat irespond ito imoving ibars iand ihave ia istrong iinhibitory iarea iat ione iend iof ithe ireceptive ifield iare icalled: A) lateral igeniculate icells.

B) simple icortical icells.

C) complex icortical icells.

D) hypercomplex icortical icells.

79. Ocular idominance icolumns: A) respond ito ilines iin ithe isame iorientation.

B) respond ito ilines iin islightly idifferent iorientations.

C) receive iinput ifrom ieach ieye.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

80. Single-cell irecordings iin ithe iprimate itemporal icortex ihave irevealed ithat imany ineurons ithere irespond ito: A) a isingle ivisual ifeature.

B) a icombination iof itwo ivisual ifeatures.

C) a icombination iof imany idifferent ivisual ifeatures.

D) bright iand idark iareas iin ithe ivisual iscene.

81. The itrichromatic itheory iof icolor ivision iis iassociated iwith ithe: A) retina.

B) lateral igeniculate.

C) striate icortex.

D) temporal ilobe.

82. In iorder ito ibe iable ito isee iat ileast isome irange iof icolor iyou ineed: A) three itypes iof icones.

B) two itypes iof icones.

C) one itype iof icone.

D) four itypes iof icones.

83. The iincidence iof ipartial ilack iof ione iof ithe icones iin ithe imale ipopulation iis: A) 5 ipercent.

B) 7 ipercent.

C) 10 ipercent.

D) 12 ipercent.

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84. Someone iwho ilacks ired icones iand iis ired-green icolor iblind ihas: A) tritanopia.

B) protanopia.

C) deuteranopia.

D) rhodanopsia.

85. Someone iwho ilacks igreen icones iand iis ired-green icolor iblind ihas: A) tritanopia.

B) protanopia.

C) deuteranopia.

D) rhodanopsia.

86. Someone iwho ilacks iblue icones ihas: A) tritanopia.

B) protanopia.

C) deuteranopia.

D) rhodanopsia.

87. Opponent-process icolor icoding ibegins iin: A) V1.

B) the ilateral igeniculate inucleus.

C) cones.

D) retinal iganglion icells.

88. A ispot iof igreen ilight ipresented ientirely iwithin ithe icenter iof ia ired i(on-center)–green i(offsurround) icolor iopponent iretinal iganglion icell iwould iresult iin: A) a istrong iresponse i(i.e., ian iincrease iin ifiring).

B) a iweak iresponse i(i.e., ia idecrease iin ifiring).

C) a ivery istrong iresponse i(i.e., ia ilarge iincrease iin ifiring).

D) no iresponse i(i.e., ino ifiring iat iall).

89. Which ivisual icortical iregion imediates icolor iconstancy?

A) V1 B) V2 C) V3 D) V4

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90. Cells iin ithe idorsal istream iare isensitive ito: A) faces.

B) color.

C) movement.

D) color iand imovement.

91. Allen iis i84 iyears iold iand irecently ihad ia istroke ithat idamaged ithe ilower i(inferior) iportion iof ihis icalcarine ifissure iin ithe iright ihemisphere. iThis iresulted iin: A) a ileft ihomonymous ihemianopia.

B) a iright iupper ivisual ifield iquadrantanopia.

C) a ileft iupper ivisual ifield iquadrantanopia.

D) a ileft ilower ivisual ifield iquadrantanopia.

92. Homonymous ihemianopia ioccurs iwhen: A) the ioptic inerve iis icut ibehind ithe ieye.

B) the ioptic ichiasm iis icut.

C) the ilateral igeniculate iis icut.

D) the ioptic inerve iand ithe ilateral igeniculate iare icut.

93. Small iblind ispots iin ithe ivisual ifield iare icalled: A) hemianopias.

B) scotomas.

C) nystagmus.

D) agnosias.

94. A iperson iwith ivisual-form iagnosia: A) cannot isee iobjects iin ithe ivisual ifield.

B) can isee ithe iobject iand itell iyou iwhat iit idoes ibut icannot iname iit.

C) can isee ithe iobject, ibut icannot itell iyou iwhat iit idoes iand icannot iname iit.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

95. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ione iof ithe isymptoms iof ivisual-form iagnosia iin ipatient iD. iF.?

A) an iinability ito irecognize iobjects B) an iinability ito icopy idrawings iof iobjects C) an iinability ito idraw iobjects ifrom imemory D) an iinability ito idetermine ithe iorientation iof ian iobject

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96. The ivisual-form iagnosia ipatient iD. iF. icould inot i_____, ibut ishe icould istill i_____.

A) identify iobjects; igrasp iobjects iappropriately B) identify iobjects; idraw iobjects iaccurately C) grasp iobjects iappropriately; iidentify iobjects D) draw iobjects iaccurately; irecognize iobjects

97. Shaping iof ithe ifingers ito ipick iup ian iobject iis ia: A) visually iguided iconscious iact.

B) nonvisually iguided iconscious iact.

C) nonvisually iguided iunconscious iact.

D) visually iguided iunconscious iact.

98. After ilesions ito iV5, ipatient iL. iM. icould ino ilonger: A) read.

B) grasp iobjects.

C) detect imovement.

D) recognize iobjects.

99. Patients idescribed ias ihaving ioptic iataxia icould iNOT: A) make iaccurate imovements itoward itheir ibody.

B) make ivisually iguided imovements.

C) walk.

D) make iaccurate imovements itoward itheir ibody ior imake ivisually iguided imovements. i

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Chapter 10 – How do we hear, speak and make music? i

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1. Neanderthals: A) did inot ibury itheir idead iwith iartifacts.

B) were iassumed ito ihave icomplex ilanguage.

C) left ievidence ithat ithey imay ihave ihad imusical iinstruments.

D) did inot iuse itools.

2. Research iinto ithe ievolution iof imusic isuggests ithat: A) all isinging iprimates iare imonogamous.

B) music imay ibe irelated ito isexual ibehavior.

C) music iis iprocessed iby ithe iright itemporal ilobe.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

3. Sound iwaves iare icreated iby: A) the icompression iof iair imolecules.

B) the irarefaction iof iair imolecules.

C) undulating idisplacement iof iair imolecules icaused iby ipressure ichanges.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

4. Sound itravels iat ia ispeed iof: A) 700 ifeet/second.

B) 1100 ifeet/second.

C) 1000 ifeet/second.

D) 800 ifeet/second.

5. Twenty-five icycles iper isecond iis iequivalent ito: A) 5 iHz. B) 25 iHz. C) 50 iHz. D) 100 iHz.

6. Frequency iof isound iwaves iroughly icorresponds ito iour iperception iof: A) timbre.

B) complexity.

C) loudness.

D) pitch.

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7. The irange ifor ithe iperception iof isound iin ihumans iis: A) 10 ito i15,000 iHz. B) 20 ito i20,000 iHz. C) 30 ito i25,000 iHz. D) 20 ito i30,000 iHz.

8. Which iof ithe ifollowing ispecies iis isaid ito ihave ia inarrow irange iof iauditory ifrequency iperception?

A) birds B) whales C) humans D) bats

9. Another iword ifor isound iquality ior icomplexity iis: A) pitch.

B) timbre.

C) loudness.

D) prosody.

10. If iwe iincrease ithe iamount iof iair ithat iis icompacted iin ieach isound iwave ibut ikeep ithe isame inumber iof iwaves, ithen iwe ihave ichanged ithe: A) timbre.

B) pitch.

C) amplitude.

D) frequency.

11. Decibels iare ia imeasure iof: A) sound iamplitude.

B) pitch.

C) frequency.

D) timbre.

12. Normal ispeech isounds iare iaround: A) 30 idB. B) 40 idB. C) 50 idB. D) 60 idB.

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13. Sounds ithat iare ilouder ithan i_____ iare iconsidered iby imost ipeople ito ibe iloud.

A) 50 idB B) 90 idB C) 100 idB D) 70 idB

14. Exposure ito isounds ilouder ithan i_____ iis ilikely ito icause ihearing idamage.

A) 50 idB B) 70 idB C) 120 idB D) 100 idB

15. Rock imusicians ifrequently ishow iloss iof isensitivity ito isound iin ithe: A) 4000 iHz irange.

B) 5000 iHz irange.

C) 6000 iHz irange.

D) 7000 iHz irange.

16. Pure itones iare isounds: A) that iare inot iamplified.

B) with ia isingle ifrequency.

C) that ihave ia iunique itimbre.

D) with ia ipitch ibetween i5000 iand i10,000 iHz.

17. Complex itones iare: A) low-frequency itones.

B) high-frequency itones.

C) a icombination iof ifrequencies.

D) half itones.

18. In iorder ito ibreak idown ia icomplex itone iinto iits iconstituent ipure itones, iperform ia: A) Fourier ianalysis.

B) regression ianalysis.

C) pattern ianalysis.

D) spectral ianalysis.

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19. The irate iat iwhich ia icomplex iwaveform irepeats iis icalled iits: A) resonant ifrequency.

B) Fourier ifrequency.

C) fundamental ifrequency.

D) repetition ifrequency.

20. Overtones iare: A) high-frequency itones.

B) half iincrements iof ithe ifundamental ifrequency.

C) multiples iof ithe ifundamental ifrequency.

D) restricted ionly ito ispeech isounds.

21. _____ iare iexamples iof icomplex itones.

A) Notes iplayed iby imusical iinstruments B) Bird isongs C) Human ispeech isounds D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

22. Aperiodic itones iare iconsidered ito ibe: A) noise.

B) pure itones.

C) complex itones.

D) overtones.

23. The ithreshold iof ihuman ihearing iallows ius ito idetect ithe idisplacement iof iair imolecules iof iroughly: A) 10 ipicometers.

B) 1 ipicometer.

C) 20 ipicometers.

D) 100 ipicometers.

24. Nonspeech iand inonmusical inoise iare iperceived ias ia ibuzz iat ia irate iof iabout: A) 3 isegments iper isecond.

B) 5 isegments iper isecond.

C) 7 isegments iper isecond.

D) 10 isegments iper isecond.

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25. We iare icapable iof iunderstanding ispeech iat irates iof i_____ isegments iper isecond.

A) 30 B) 40 C) 50 D) 60

26. Frequency iis idescribed iin: A) decibels.

B) hertz.

C) pitch.

D) segments iper isecond.

27. Timbre irefers ito: A) our iperception iof iloudness.

B) our iperception iof ipitch.

C) a isound's iperceived iuniqueness.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

28. Susan iis iable ito idistinguish ibetween ia iFrench ihorn iand ia itrombone ieven iwhen ithey iare iplaying ithe isame inote iat ithe isame iloudness. iThis iis iaccomplished ithrough iusing ithe idifferences iin: A) amplitude.

B) pitch.

C) frequency.

D) timbre.

29. Prosody imeans ithe isame ias: A) tone iof ivoice.

B) speech iamplitude.

C) speed iof ilanguage.

D) frequency.

30. It iis ilikely ithat ispeech iand imusic iperception iare ilocated iin ithe: A) frontal ilobes.

B) parietal ilobes.

C) temporal ilobes.

D) frontal iand itemporal ilobes.

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31. The iauditory isystem ihas: A) one itype iof ireceptor.

B) three itypes iof ireceptors.

C) a idifferent itype iof ireceptor ifor ieach ifrequency.

D) four itypes iof ireceptors.

32. The ipurpose iof ithe ipinna iis ito: A) transduce isound iwaves iinto ineural ifiring.

B) protect ithe iinner iear.

C) funnel isound iwaves iinto ithe iear icanal.

D) vibrate iin iresponse ito isound iwaves.

33. The icorrect iorder iof ithe imiddle iear ibones ifrom inearest ito ithe ieardrum ito inearest ithe ioval iwindow iis: A) stirrup, ianvil, ihammer.

B) anvil, ihammer, istirrup.

C) hammer, istirrup ianvil.

D) hammer, ianvil, istirrup.

34. The istirrup isits iagainst ithe: A) eardrum.

B) oval iwindow.

C) round iwindow.

D) cochlea.

35. Which iof ithe ifollowing istructures iis iNOT ipart iof ithe iorgan iof iCorti?

A) inner ihair icells B) outer ihair icells C) eardrum D) basilar imembrane

36. Which iof ithe ifollowing ifrequencies iis ilikely ito ibe icoded iclosest ito ithe iapex iof ithe icochlea?

A) 15,000 iHz B) 18,000 iHz C) 300 iHz D) 1000 iHz

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37. In ithe ihuman icochlea ithere iare iapproximately i_____ iinner ihair icells.

A) 2000 B) 3500 C) 12,000 D) 15,500

38. The i_____ iact(s) ito irelax ior icontract ithe ibasilar imembrane ito ichange iits istiffness, iand ithus, iits iresponse ito isound iwaves.

A) inner ihair icells B) outer ihair icells C) bipolar icells D) cochlear inuclei

39. Movement iof ihair-cell icilia iin ia idirection itoward ithe itallest icilia iresults iin: A) hyperpolarization.

B) polarization.

C) depolarization.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

40. Movement iof ihair-cell icilia iin ia idirection itoward ithe ishortest icilia iresults iin: A) hyperpolarization.

B) polarization.

C) depolarization.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

41. Bipolar icells ireceive iinput ifrom: A) many ihair icells.

B) many iganglion icells.

C) one ihair icell.

D) one iganglion icell.

42. The iaxons iof i_____ iform ithe iauditory inerve.

A) inner ihair icells B) outer ihair icells C) bipolar icells D) auditory iinterneurons

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43. Which iof ithe ifollowing isequences iis ithe icorrect iauditory iroute ito ithe icortex?

A) cochlear inucleus, iolivary icomplex, iinferior icolliculus, imedial igeniculate, iauditory icortex B) cochlear inucleus, iinferior icolliculus, iolivary icomplex, imedial igeniculate, iauditory icortex C) cochlear inucleus, iolivary icomplex, imedial igeniculate, iinferior icolliculus, iauditory icortex D) cochlear inucleus, imedial igeniculate, iolivary icomplex, iinferior icolliculus, iauditory icortex

44. The ithalamic irelay inucleus ifor ithe iauditory isystem iis ithe: A) pulvinar inucleus.

B) lateral igeniculate inucleus.

C) medial igeniculate inucleus.

D) ventrolateral inucleus.

45. Inputs ifrom ithe i_____ iare isent ito iprimary iauditory icortex i(A1).

A) dorsal ilateral igeniculate inucleus B) ventral ilateral igeniculate inucleus C) ventral imedial igeniculate inucleus D) dorsal imedial igeniculate inucleus

46. Damage ito ithe ileft iauditory icortex iwould ilead ito: A) deafness iin ithe ileft iear.

B) deafness iin ithe iright iear.

C) deafness iin iboth iears.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

47. The irecognition iof iobjects iby isound iis iaccomplished iby ithe: A) dorsal iauditory ipathway.

B) ventral iauditory ipathway.

C) anterior iauditory ipathway.

D) lateral iauditory ipathway.

48. _____ iis i(are) ioften iused ito imeasure ithe ifunctionality iof ithe iinner iear iin inewborn iinfants.

A) Frequency ianalysis B) Otoacoustic iemissions C) Fourier ianalysis D) Auditory ievoked ipotentials

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49. The iplanum itemporale iis: A) the isame ias iHeschl's igyrus.

B) smaller ion ithe ileft ithan ion ithe iright iin iright-handed ipeople.

C) also iknown ias iWernicke's iarea ion ithe ileft iside.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

50. The ihuman iA1 iauditory iarea iis ifound iin: A) the iplanum itemporale.

B) Wernicke's iarea.

C) Broca's iarea.

D) Heschl's igyrus.

51. The ileft iplanum itemporale iis igenerally ilarger iin: A) left-handed iindividuals.

B) right-handed iindividuals.

C) bilingual ispeakers.

D) females.

52. _____ ihas ia ispecial irole iin iprocessing imusic.

A) The ileft iplanum itemporale B) The iright iplanum itemporale C) Heschl's igyrus iin ithe ileft ihemisphere D) Heschl's igyrus iin ithe iright ihemisphere

53. A istudy iby iThaler iand icolleagues iexamined ithe ibrain iregions iinvolved iin ihuman iecholocation iby iblind iindividuals. iTheir istudy ifound ithat iecholocation iin iblind iindividuals iseemed ito irely ion iactivation iin: A) Broca's iarea.

B) the iventral iauditory ipathway.

C) primary iauditory icortex.

D) visual icortex.

54. Damage ito ithe i_____ ican icause iproblems iwith iboth ilanguage iand itaste iperception.

A) left iplanum itemporale B) insula C) left iWernicke's iarea D) right iparietal icortex

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55. Research ion ithe ituning icurves iof iindividual iinner ihair icells iindicates ithat: A) each ihair icell iresponds ionly ito ia isingle ifrequency.

B) each ihair icell iresponds ito iall ipossible ifrequencies iin ithe ihuman ihearing irange.

C) each ihair icell iresponds imaximally ito ia isingle ifrequency ibut ialso iresponds isomewhat ito inearby ifrequencies.

D) only iouter ihair icells irespond ito idifferent ifrequencies.

56. Increases iin iloudness iare icoded iby: A) the iactivation iof imore ihair icells.

B) the iactivation iof imore ibipolar icells.

C) an iincreased irate iof ifiring iin ibipolar icells.

D) activation iof iloudness idetectors iin ithe imedial igeniculate inucleus.

57. Gerald iis iwalking ithrough ithe iforest iat inight, iand ihe ihears iwhat isounds ilike ian ianimal iwalking isomewhere ito ihis ileft. iGerald ilocalized ithe isource iof ithis isound iusing i_____, iwhich irelies ion ineurons iin ithe i_____.

A) differences iin iarrival itime ibetween ithe itwo iears; imedial isuperior iolive B) differences iin iloudness ibetween ithe itwo iears; i imedial isuperior iolive C) differences iin iarrival itime ibetween ithe itwo iears; ilateral isuperior iolive D) differences iin iloudness ibetween ithe itwo iears; ilateral isuperior iolive

58. Barn iowls' iears iare iat idifferent iheights ion ithe ileft iand iright isides iof itheir ihead. iThis iunique ifeature ihelps ithem ibetter ilocate isounds ithat iare: A) to ithe ileft ior iright.

B) above ior ibelow.

C) in ifront ior ibehind.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

59. Rachael ihears iwhat isounds ilike ia icar ialarm isounding ioff. iIn iorder ifor iher ito ilocalize ithis ihigh ifrequency icontinuous isound iher iauditory isystem iwill itake iadvantage iof: A) differences iin ithe iarrival itimes iof ithe isound ibetween ithe itwo iears.

B) differences iin ithe ielevation iof ithe isound ibetween ithe itwo iears.

C) differences iin ithe iintensity iof ithe isound iarriving iat iboth iears.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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60. Studies iwith ihumans ihave ishown ithat iif itwo isounds ipresented ithrough iearphones iare iseparated iby ias ilittle ias i_____ imicroseconds, ithe isound iwill ibe iperceived ias ibeing ion ithe iside iof ithe ileading iear.

A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20

61. The icomputation ifor idetecting ithe ilocation iof ia isound iby icomparing ithe itime idifference ibetween ithe itwo iears ioccurs iat ithe: A) auditory icortex.

B) superior iolivary icomplex.

C) medial igeniculate.

D) inferior icolliculus.

62. In ithe iworld itoday ithere iare iapproximately i_____ ilanguages.

A) 2000 B) 3000 C) 6000 D) 10,000

63. Children iin iall icultures ibegin ito icombine iwords iaround i_____ imonths iof iage.

A) 12 B) 14 C) 18 D) 36

64. The isensitive iperiod i(i.e., icritical iperiod) ifor ilearning ilanguage iis iprobably ibetween: A) 2 iyears iand i7 iyears iof iage.

B) 1 iyear iand i6 iyears iof iage.

C) 1 iyear iand i10 iyears iof iage.

D) 2 iyears iand i10 iyears iof iage.

65. The idevelopment iof inew ilanguages iis isometimes idescribed ias: A) pidginization.

B) creolization.

C) lingualization.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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66. Eric iis ia i10-year-old iboy iwho ilearned iEnglish iand iGerman iat ithe isame itime ias ia ichild. iEric isuffered ia irecent ihead iinjury iand ihas idamage ito iBroca's iarea iin ithe ileft ihemisphere. iThis imeans ithat iEric iwill imost ilikely ihave iBroca's iaphasia: A) for iEnglish ionly.

B) for iGerman ionly.

C) for iboth iEnglish iand iGerman.

D) only iif iBroca's iarea iis idamaged iin iboth ihemispheres.

67. Broca's iarea iis ilocated iin ithe: A) left itemporal ilobe.

B) right itemporal ilobe.

C) left ifrontal ilobe.

D) right ifrontal ilobe.

68. Wernicke's iarea iis ilocated iin ithe: A) left itemporal ilobe.

B) right itemporal ilobe.

C) left ifrontal ilobe.

D) right ifrontal ilobe.

69. Broca's iaphasia iis iassociated iwith: A) deficits iin iinitiating ithe imotor iprograms ifor ispeech.

B) deficits iin ithe icomprehension iof ilanguage.

C) impaired ifacial imovements.

D) impaired iauditory iperception.

70. Wernicke's iaphasia iis iassociated iwith: A) deficits iin iinitiating ithe imotor iprograms ifor ispeech.

B) deficits iin ithe icomprehension iof ilanguage.

C) impaired ifacial imovements.

D) impaired iauditory iperception.

71. Wernicke's iarea iis iconnected ito iBroca's iarea ivia ithe: A) arcuate ifasciculus.

B) temporal ifasciculus C) inferior ilongitudinal itract.

D) corona iradiata.

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72. Since iJames's irecent istroke ihe ihas ihad ia ilot iof idifficulty ispeaking imeaningful isentences. iFor iexample, ithe iother iday iwhen ia inurse iasked ihim ihow ihe iwas idoing, ihe isaid, i"Colorful ibicycles isleep ifuriously." iIt iappears iJames imay ihave idamage ito ihis: A) right ifrontal ilobe.

B) left itemporal ilobe.

C) left ifrontal ilobe.

D) right itemporal ilobe.

73. Stimulation iof iBroca's iarea iby iPenfield iproduced: A) comprehension ideficits.

B) language-expression ideficits.

C) both icomprehension ideficits iand ilanguage iexpression ideficits.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

74. Using ielectrical istimulation, iPenfield iwas iable ito ishow ithat istimulation iof iwhat ilater ibecame iknown ias ithe isupplementary ispeech iarea icaused: A) auditory ihallucinations i(i.e., ihearing ivoices).

B) the ipatient ito iproduce imeaningless isentences.

C) speech iarrest.

D) sensations iin ithe imouth iand itongue.

75. Mapping iof ilanguage isites iusing ielectrical istimulation iwas ifirst iaccomplished iby: A) Paul iBroca.

B) Karl iWernicke.

C) Wilder iPenfield.

D) John iHughlings iJackson.

76. Stimulation iof ithe iA1 iarea iof ithe iauditory icortex iby iPenfield iproduced: A) elicitation iof iwords.

B) hearing ivoices.

C) simple itones.

D) slurring iof ispeech.

77. When ithe ipatient iSusan iS. i(described iin ithe itext) ilost iher ileft itemporal ilobe, ishe icould ino ilonger: A) recognize imelodies.

B) write ior iread imusic.

C) read.

D) pick iup itiny imistakes iin iperformed imusic.

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78. Joanne ihad ito ihave iher ientire ileft ihemisphere iremoved ito itreat iher isevere iepilepsy. iSince ithe iremoval iof iher ileft ihemisphere iJoanne: A) can ino ilonger iunderstand ilanguage.

B) can ino ilonger iunderstand imusic.

C) can ino ilonger iunderstand ilanguage ibut ican istill iunderstand imusic.

D) can ino ilonger iunderstand ilanguage ior imusic.

79. Simple iauditory istimuli isuch ias itones iare iprocessed iin i_____, iwhereas icomplex isounds i(e.g., ispeech isyllables) iare iprocessed iin i_____.

A) A1; isecondary iauditory iareas B) secondary iauditory iareas; iA1 C) A1; iBroca's iarea D) A1; ithe iparietal icortex

80. Discriminating ibetween ispeech isounds i(e.g., i"ba" iversus i"ga") iactivates: A) Wernicke's iarea.

B) Broca's iarea.

C) A1.

D) the iinsula.

81. A iballooning iof ian iarterial iwall iis icalled ian: A) embolism.

B) blood iclot.

C) aneurysm.

D) angioma.

82. The ileft ihemisphere imay iplay ia irole iin ithe i_____ iof imusic.

A) perception B) production C) understanding D) None iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

83. Evidence iwould isuggest ithat imelodies iprimarily iactivate: A) Heschl's igyrus ion ithe ileft iside.

B) Heschl's igyrus ion ithe iright iside.

C) the iarea iin ifront iof iHeschl's igyrus ion ithe ileft iside.

D) the iarea iin ifront iof iHeschl's igyrus ion ithe iright iside.

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84. PET iimaging istudies ihave irevealed ithat icomparing idifferent ipitches iof isound iactivates: A) the ileft ifrontal ilobe.

B) the iright ifrontal ilobe.

C) the ileft iauditory icortex.

D) Heschl's igyrus iin ithe iright ihemisphere.

85. Compared iwith inonmusicians, imusicians ihave: A) thicker ifrontal iand iparietal iareas.

B) thicker itemporal iand ifrontal iareas.

C) thicker itemporal iareas ibut ithinner iparietal iareas.

D) thinner ifrontal ibut ithicker itemporal iareas.

86. Which iof ithe ifollowing istatements iabout ibirdsong iis icorrect?

A) Birdsong ivaries ibetween ispecies ibut inot iwithin ia ispecies.

B) Birdsong iis iused ito imark iterritories.

C) Birdsong iis iused ito iattract ia imate.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

87. Research iinto ithe iacquisition iof ibirdsong ihas iindicated ithat ibirdsongs iare: A) learned ifrom iother ibirds.

B) genetically idetermined.

C) learned ispecifically ifrom iparents.

D) genetically idetermined iand ilearned ifrom iother ibirds.

88. Subsong irefers ito: A) songs ithat iare inot icompletely ilearned.

B) noises ithat iwould ibe ilike ibabbling iin ihumans.

C) songs ithat iare ibelow ithe iperceived ihuman iauditory ithreshold.

D) syrinx imovements inot iaccompanied iby isound.

89. Birdsong istructures iare: A) larger iin imale ithan iin ifemale ibirds.

B) influenced ientirely iby igenetics.

C) unaffected iby ihormones.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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90. The ihigher ivocal icontrol icenter iand inucleus irobustus iarchistriatalis iare ito ibirdsong ias: A) V1 iand iIT iare ito iseeing.

B) A1 iand iA2 iare ito ihearing.

C) Broca's iarea iand iWernicke's iarea iare ito ihuman ilanguage.

D) M1 iand ipremotor icortex iare ito imovement.

91. An iecholocating ibat ican iemit icries iin ithe irange iof: A) 13,000 ito i20,000 iHz. B) 20,000 ito i50,000 iHz. C) 5000 ito i100,000 iHz. D) 12,000 ito i200,000 iHz. i

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Chapter 11 – How does the nervous system respond to stimulation and produce movement? i

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1. An iexample iof ia ibrain–computer iinterface i(BCI) iwould ibe: A) using ionly iyour ithoughts ito icontrol ia icomputer ikeyboard.

B) having ielectrical isignals ifrom ian ielectronic idevice iinfluence ibrain ifunction.

C) having iyour ithoughts irelayed ito isomeone ielse's ibrain ivia ia icomputer.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

2. _____ iis ian iexample iof ia icomputer–brain iinterface.

A) A icochlear iimplant B) Using iEEG isignals ito ichange ithe ichannel ion iyour itelevision C) Using ifMRI isignals ito iread isomeone's ithoughts D) Using isingle iunit irecordings iin ia imonkey's imotor icortex ito icontrol ia iprosthetic iarm

3. The i_____ icontrol(s) ithe iforce iof ia imovement, iwhereas ithe i_____ icontrol(s) ithe itiming iand iaccuracy iof ithe imovement.

A) motor icortex; ibasal iganglia B) basal iganglia; imotor icortex C) basal iganglia; icerebellum D) cerebellum; ibasal iganglia

4. Which ipart iof ithe ibrain iis iresponsible ifor iplanning iand iinitiating imovements?

A) frontal ilobe B) hippocampus C) basal iganglia D) cerebellum

5. The iarms iare icontrolled iby imotor ineurons iin ithe i_____ ilevels iof ithe ispinal icord, iwhereas ithe ilegs iare icontrolled iby imotor ineurons iin ithe i_____ ilevels iof ithe ispinal icord.

A) cervical; ithoracic B) lumbar; isacral C) cervical; ilumbar D) thoracic; ilumbar

6. Signals ifrom ithe imotor icortex ito ithe ispinal icord iare itransmitted ivia icortical ilayer(s): A) 1 ito i3.

B) 2 ito i4.

C) 4.

D) 5 ito i6.

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7. The iprefrontal icortex iis iresponsible ifor: A) planning imovements.

B) organizing imovement isequences.

C) producing ispecific imovements.

D) inhibiting ispontaneous imovements.

8. The ipremotor icortex iis iresponsible ifor: A) planning imovements.

B) producing ispecific imovements.

C) producing imovement isequences.

D) inhibiting ispontaneous imovements.

9. The iprimary imotor icortex iis iresponsible ifor: A) planning imovements.

B) organizing imovement isequences.

C) producing ispecific imovements.

D) inhibiting ispontaneous imovements.

10. In ia iperson iperforming ia isequence iof ifinger imovements, icerebral iblood iflow iincreases iin ithe: A) primary imotor icortex.

B) temporal icortex.

C) premotor icortex.

D) cingulate icortex.

11. The idecision ito iset iyour ialarm ian ihour iearly iso iyou iwon't ibe ilate ifor iyour iexam iis imade iin ithe: A) prefrontal icortex.

B) primary imotor icortex.

C) premotor icortex.

D) basal iganglia.

12. Coordinating imultiple isimultaneous imovements ito iaccomplish ia igoal iis ia ifunction iof ithe: A) primary imotor icortex.

B) premotor icortex.

C) prefrontal icortex.

D) cerebellum.

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13. Walter iHess's iexperiments ireveal ithat ione iof ithe ifunctions iof ithe ibrainstem iis ito: A) regulate iblood iosmolarity.

B) regulate ibreathing iand iheart irates.

C) produce ispecies-typical ibehavior.

D) produce ibehavior icommon iacross iall ispecies.

14. Walter iHess's iclassic iexperiments ion istimulating ithe ibrainstem iin ianimals irevealed ithat ithe ibrainstem icontrolled iaspects iof: A) sexual ibehavior.

B) feeding ibehavior.

C) grooming ibehavior.

D) All iof ithese ianswers iare icorrect.

15. Locked-in isyndrome ican ioccur ifollowing idamage ito ithe: A) basal iganglia.

B) brainstem.

C) cerebellum.

D) primary imotor icortex.

16. Shortly iafter ibirth, ibaby iAlex iseemed icompletely inormal; ihowever, ia ifew imonths ilater ihe istarted idemonstrating isigns iof iincreased imuscle ispasticity, idyskinesia i(problems iwith iinvoluntary imuscle imovements), iand imovement itremors. iBased ion ithis isymptom iprofile iit iappears ithat iAlex imay ihave: A) developmental idyspraxia.

B) damage ito ihis icerebellum.

C) cerebral ipalsy.

D) a irare icongenital iform iof iParkinson idisease.

17. Damage ito ilevel iC1–C2 iof ithe ispinal icord iwould ilikely iresult iin: A) paraplegia.

B) quadriplegia.

C) hemiplegia.

D) numbness iin ithe ilegs.

18. Injury ito ilevel iL1–L2 iof ithe ispinal icord iwould ilikely iresult iin: A) paraplegia.

B) quadriplegia.

C) hemiplegia.

D) numbness iin ithe ilegs.

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19. The ispinal icord ihas ia irole iin: A) conveying isensory iand imotor iinformation ibetween ithe ibrain iand ibody.

B) reflexive ibehaviors.

C) walking.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

20. The ifirst idirect ievidence ithat ithe icortex icontrols imovement iwas iprovided iby: A) Wilder iPenfield.

B) Paul iBroca.

C) Gustav iFritsch iand iEduard iHitzig.

D) John iHughlings-Jackson.

21. On ithe imotor ihomunculus: A) all imuscles iare igiven iequal irepresentation.

B) an iinverse irelation iexists ibetween imotor icontrol iand ithe ispace iallocated ion ithe ihomunculus.

C) areas iof iprecise imotor icontrol iare igiven ia ilarger irepresentation.

D) no iclear irelation iexists ibetween imovement iprecision iand ithe iamount iof iarea iallocated ion ithe imotor icortex.

22. The iperson iMOST icredited iwith imapping ithe ihuman imotor icortex iwas: A) Gustave iFritsch.

B) Eduard iHitzig.

C) Roberts iBartholow.

D) Wilder iPenfield.

23. Which iof ithe ifollowing isequences iis iin ithe icorrect iorder ifrom ilargest ito ismallest irepresentation iin ithe imotor ihomunculus?

A) feet, ihands, ilips B) hands, ifeet, ilips C) hands, ilips, ifeet D) lips, ifeet, ihands

24. Early iresearch ion ithe imotor icortex isuggested ithat iit i_____; ihowever, imore irecent iwork isuggests ithat ithe imotor icortex imay iactually i_____.

A) controlled iindividual imuscle imovements; istore ia irepertoire iof imovement icategories B) stored ia irepertoire iof imovement icategories; icontrol iindividual imuscle imovements C) controlled ionly ireflexive imovements; icontrol iboth ireflexive iand ivoluntary imovement D) controlled ionly ilearned imovements; icontrol iboth ilearned iand iinnate imovements

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25. The isensory iand imotor icortices iare: A) stable ineocortical iareas ithat iare ifixed iin ifunction iafter ibirth.

B) stable ineocortical iareas ithat iare ifixed iin ifunction iafter ipuberty.

C) changed ionly iin iresponse ito idamage.

D) continuously imodified iwith ilearning iand iexperience.

26. Neurons iin ithe iprimary imotor icortex: A) start ito idischarge ijust iprior ito ia imovement.

B) discharge iduring ia imovement.

C) increase itheir irate iof ifiring iif ia iweight iis iadded ito ithe imovement iapparatus.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

27. Early iresearch iby iEvarts idemonstrated ithat imovement iforce iwas irelated ito: A) an iincreased inumber iof ineurons ifiring iin iprimary imotor icortex.

B) larger i(that iis, igreater iamplitude) iaction ipotentials iin ineurons iin ipremotor icortex.

C) an iincrease iin ithe irate iof ifiring iin ineurons iin ipremotor icortex.

D) an iincrease iin ithe irate iof ifiring iin ineurons iin iprimary imotor icortex.

28. Motor icortex iis iactivated iwhen ia iperson: A) plans ia imovement.

B) imagines imaking ia imovement.

C) executes ia imovement.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

29. Following ia irecent istroke iAnthony inow ihas ia igreat ideal iof idifficulty iusing ihis iright ihand. iInstead, ihe ihas iresorted ito idoing ithings iwith ihis ileft ihand. iYour iadvice ito iAnthony iis ito: A) keep iusing ihis ileft ihand iso ihe ican ibecome iindependent imore iquickly.

B) try iusing iboth ihands ito iaccomplish ia itask ito irecover ifunction iin ihis iright ihand imore iquickly.

C) force ihimself ito ionly iuse ihis iimpaired iright ihand ito iincrease ithe isurface iarea iof imotor icortex ithat iis iused ito icontrol ihis iright ihand.

D) force ihimself ito ionly iuse ihis iimpaired iright ihand ito iprevent ia idecrease iin ithe isurface iarea iof imotor icortex ithat iis iused ito icontrol ihis iright ihand.

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30. The imajor imotor ipathway ithat irelays isignals ifrom ithe iprimary imotor icortex ito ithe ispinal icord iis ithe: A) rubrospinal itract.

B) tectospinal itract.

C) corticospinal itract.

D) pontospinal itract.

31. The i_____ icontrols ilimbs iand idigits, iwhereas ithe i_____ icontrols imainly itrunk imuscles.

A) lateral icorticospinal itract; ianterior icorticospinal itract B) anterior icorticospinal itract; ilateral icorticospinal itract C) rubrospinal itract; ilateral icorticospinal itract D) lateral icorticospinal itract; itectospinal itract

32. Neurons ifrom ithe icorticospinal itract iproject imainly ito i_____ iin ithe ispinal icord.

A) motor ineurons B) sensory ineurons C) interneurons D) bipolar icells

33. In ithe ispinal icord, ilaterally ilocated imotor ineurons iproject ito ithe i_____, iwhereas imore imedially ilocated imotor ineurons iproject ito ithe i_____.

A) trunk; ilimbs iand idigits B) limbs; itrunk iand ifeet C) arms; ilegs D) limbs iand idigits; itrunk iand ishoulders

34. The ilimb iregions iof ithe imotor ihomunculus iare iinvolved iin iactivating imotor ineurons ithat imove ithe iarms, ihands, iand ilegs iprimarily ion ithe i_____, iand ithe itrunk iregions iof ithe imotor ihomunculus iare imainly iinvolved iin iactivating imotor ineurons ithat imove ithe itrunk iprimarily ion ithe i_____.

A) same iside iof ithe ibody; iopposite iside iof ithe ibody B) opposite iside iof ithe ibody; isame iside iof ithe ibody C) same iside iof ithe ibody; isame iside iof ithe ibody D) opposite iside iof ithe ibody; iopposite iside iof ithe ibody

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35. Neurons iin ithe ianterior icorticospinal itract iin ithe ileft ihemisphere icontrol i_____ imuscles ion i_____ iof ithe ibody A) limb; ithe iright iside B) trunk; ithe iright iside C) trunk; iboth isides D) limb; iboth isides

36. What iconstitutes ithe i"final icommon ipath"?

A) sensory ineurons B) muscles C) motor ineurons D) the icorticospinal itract

37. _____ imuscles imove ithe ilimb iaway ifrom ithe itrunk, iwhereas i_____ imuscles imove ithe ilimb iback itoward ithe itrunk.

A) Extensor; iflexor B) Flexor; iextensor C) Dorsal; iventral D) Medial; ilateral

38. In iall ianimals, ia ilarge iproportion iof ithe imotor icortex iis irepresented iby: A) the itongue iand ipaws ior ihands.

B) the iarms, ilegs, iand iother ilarge imuscle igroups.

C) no isingle iarea. iThere iis iequal irepresentation iof iall imuscles.

D) muscles iover iwhich ian ianimal ihas iskilled iand iintricate icontrol.

39. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ipart iof ithe ibasal iganglia?

A) globus ipallidus B) amygdala C) caudate D) putamen

40. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ipart iof ithe idirect ipathway iof ithe ibasal iganglia?

A) the icaudate inucleus B) the iglobus ipallidus iexternal C) the iglobus ipallidus iinternal D) the iputamen

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41. Which iof ithe ifollowing istructures iis iNOT ipart iof ithe iindirect ipathway iin ithe ibasal iganglia?

A) the iglobus ipallidus iinternal B) the ithalamus C) the icaudate inucleus D) the isubthalamic inucleus

42. The ineurotransmitter isystem ithat iis iMOST iimportant ifor ibasal iganglia ifunction iis ithe: A) nigrostriatal idopamine isystem.

B) mesolimbic idopamine isystem.

C) acetylcholine isystem.

D) norepinephrine isystem.

43. Damage ito ithe i_____ iresults iin i_____.

A) substantia inigra; iHuntington idisease B) striatum; iHuntington idisease C) striatum; iParkinson idisease D) putamen; iParkinson idisease

44. In ithe ibasal iganglia, imovement iexcitation iis ito i_____ ias imovement iinhibition iis ito i_____.

A) putamen; iglobus ipallidus B) direct ipathway; iindirect ipathway C) indirect ipathway; idirect ipathway D) subthalamic inucleus; ithalamus

45. The i_____ icontributes ito imotor icontrol iby iadjusting ithe iforces iassociated iwith imovements, iwhile ithe i_____ icompares ithe iintended imovement iwith iactual imovement ifor ithe iimprovement iof imovement iskill.

A) motor icortex; icerebellum B) cerebellum; ibasal iganglia C) basal iganglia; imotor icortex D) basal iganglia; icerebellum

46. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT iassociated iwith iTourette isyndrome?

A) motor itics i(for iexample, ihitting, ijumping) B) unwanted icries iand ivocalizations C) excessive ilevels iof idopamine D) hypokinetic isymptoms

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47. Brain iimaging istudies ihave inoted iDECREASED iconnectivity ibetween ithe i_____ iin ipatients iwith iTourette isyndrome.

A) temporal icortex iand ifrontal icortex B) frontal icortex iand iparietal icortex C) occipital icortex iand iparietal icortex D) None iof ithese ianswers iis icorrect.

48. The iglobus ipallidus iis ian iinternal icomponent iof ithe ibasal iganglia ithat iis iinvolved iin: A) skilled imotor imovements.

B) determining iwhether ia imovement iwill ibe iweak ior istrong.

C) species-specific ibehaviors.

D) involuntary imotor ibehaviors.

49. Cellular irecordings ifrom ithe iglobus ipallidus iinternal iin ipatients iwith iParkinson idisease ishow: A) excessive iactivity.

B) underactivity.

C) no iactivity.

D) intermittent ispikes iof iactivity.

50. The iflocculus iof ithe icerebellum iis iinvolved iin: A) control iof ibalance iand ieye imovements.

B) control iover ithe iface iand imidline iof ithe ibody.

C) gross ilimb imovements.

D) fine ifinger iand ihand imovements.

51. The ilateral iparts iof ithe icerebellar ihemispheres icontrol: A) movement iof ithe ibody imidline.

B) movement iof ilimbs iand idigits.

C) eye imovements.

D) balance.

52. The icerebellum iconsists iof i_____ idistinct icell ilayer(s).

A) one B) two C) three D) six

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53. _____ iare ithe iprimary ioutput icells iof ithe icerebellum.

A) Purkinje icells B) Basket icells C) Stellate icells D) Pyramidal icells

54. The icerebellum's irole iin imotor ibehavior iis iprimarily iinvolved iwith: A) timing iof imovements iand imaintaining imovement iaccuracy.

B) initiating imovements iand itiming iof imovements.

C) maintaining imovement iaccuracy iand iinitiating imovements.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

55. If ia ipatient iwith icerebellar idamage iis iasked ito ithrow idarts iwhile iwearing ia ipair iof iglasses ithat ishift ithe ivision ito ithe iright, ithe ipatient iwill imost ilikely: A) learn ito iadjust imovements ileftward ito icompensate ifor ithe ivisual ishift.

B) begin ithrowing ifarther iand ifarther ito ithe iright ion isuccessive ithrows.

C) fail ito ishow iany iadaptation ito icompensate ifor ithe ivisual ishift.

D) learn ito iadjust imovements irightward ito icompensate ifor ithe ivisual ishift.

56. The imotor isystem isends ia icopy iof ithe iinstructions ifor ia imovement ito ithe icerebellum ivia ithe: A) inferior iolive.

B) superior iolive.

C) basal iganglia.

D) thalamus.

57. _____ iskin iis imuch imore irichly iendowed iwith ireceptors iand iis iexquisitely imore isensitive ito ia iwider irange iof istimuli ithan i_____ iskin.

A) Glabrous; ihairy B) Smooth; iglabrous C) Smooth; ihairy D) Hairy; iglabrous

58. The iability ito idiscriminate ithe idistance ibetween itwo ipoints ion ithe iskin iis iMOST isensitive iin: A) hairy iskin.

B) glabrous iskin.

C) smooth iskin.

D) epidermal iskin.

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59. Which iof ithe ifollowing ireceptors iis iMOST iresponsive ito ipain iand itemperature?

A) Pacinian icorpuscles B) free inerve iendings C) Golgi itendon iorgans D) dendrites iof ialpha imotor ineurons

60. _____ iare icritical ifor iproprioception.

A) Muscle ispindles B) Golgi itendon iorgans C) Joint ireceptors D) Muscle ispindles, iGolgi itendon iorgans, iand ijoint ireceptors

61. Nociception iis ithe iperception iof: A) fine itouch.

B) the ilocation iof ione's ibody iin ispace.

C) pain.

D) noise.

62. Pacinian icorpuscles iare imost iresponsive ito: A) movements iof itendons.

B) pain iand itemperature.

C) pressure iand iflutter istimuli.

D) movement iof itendons iand ipressure.

63. Hapsis iis ithe iperception iof: A) fine itouch.

B) the ilocation iof ione's ibody iin ispace.

C) pain.

D) chemical iirritants.

64. Proprioception iis ithe iperception iof: A) fine itouch.

B) the ilocation iof ione's ibody iin ispace.

C) pain.

D) chemical iirritants.

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65. The ithree imajor iclasses iof isensory ireceptors iare: A) nociception, ihapsis, iproprioception.

B) flocculoception, inociception, ihapsis.

C) stasisception, inociception, iproprioception.

D) flocculoception, inociception, iproprioception.

66. Which iof ithe ifollowing ireceptors iare irapidly iadapting ireceptors?

A) Meissner icorpuscles B) Pacinian icorpuscles C) Ruffini icorpuscles D) All iof ithese iare irapidly iaccepting ireceptors.

67. Which iof ithe ifollowing ireceptors iare islowly iadapting ireceptors?

A) Meissner icorpuscles B) Merkel ireceptors C) Ruffini icorpuscles D) Pacinian icorpuscles

68. Somatosensory iinformation iis icarried ifrom ithe ibody ito ithe iCNS iby ithe: A) anterior-root iganglion ineurons.

B) posterior-root iganglion ineurons.

C) gamma isomatosensory ineurons.

D) corticospinal itract.

69. The ihaptic iand iproprioceptive iaxons iform ithe: A) dorsal ispinothalamic itract.

B) ventral ispinothalamic itract.

C) caudal ispinothalamic itract.

D) rostral ispinothalamic itract.

70. Information ifrom ithe i_____ icrosses ito ithe iother iside iof ithe ibrain iin ithe ibrainstem, iwhereas ithe i_____ icrosses ito ithe iother iside iof ithe ibrain iin ithe ispinal icord.

A) anterior ispinothalamic itract; iposterior ispinothalamic itract B) posterior ispinothalamic itract; ianterior ispinothalamic itract C) lateral ispinothalamic itract; imedial ispinothalamic itract D) medial ispinothalamic itract; imedial ispinothalamic itract

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71. Axons ithat icarry iinformation iabout ipain iand itemperature iform ithe: A) posterior ispinothalamic itract.

B) anterior ispinothalamic itract.

C) caudal ispinothalamic itract.

D) rostral ispinothalamic itract.

72. Both ithe iposterior iand ianterior ispinothalamic itracts isend itheir isignals ito ithe i_____ inucleus iof ithe ithalamus.

A) ventrolateral B) ventromedial C) mediodorsal D) lateral igeniculate

73. Eric ihas ia igreat idegree iof idifficulty imaintaining imuscle icontraction iover itime. iFor iexample, iif ihe ipicks iup ia icup iand ibegins idoing isomething ielse, ithe icup iwill islip iand ifall iout iof ihis ihand ibecause ihe iloses ihis igrip ion iit. iIn iaddition, iif iEric iis iasked ito iclose ihis ieyes iand iuse ihis ileft iindex ifinger ito ipoint ito ihis iright ithumb ihe icannot iseem ito ifind iit. iBased ion iyour iknowledge iof ithe isomatosensory isystem iyou ibelieve ithat iEric imay ihave idamage ito i_____ iin ithe i_____.

A) posterior iroot iganglion ineurons; ianterior ispinothalamic itract B) posterior iroot iganglion ineurons; iposterior ispinothalamic itract C) anterior iroot iganglion ineurons; ianterior ispinothalamic itract D) anterior iroot iganglion ineurons; iposterior ispinothalamic itract

74. Unilateral idamage ito ithe ispinal icord iwill iresult iin ithe iloss iof i_____ ion ithe isame iside iof ithe ibody iand iloss iof i_____ ion ithe iopposite iside iof ithe ibody ibelow ithe isite iof ithe idamage.

A) touch iand iproprioception; ipain iand itemperature B) pain iand itemperature; itouch iand iproprioception C) pain iand itouch; itemperature iand iproprioception D) temperature iand itouch; ipain iand iproprioception

75. When ia iphysician itaps ithe ipatellar itendon iwith ia ihammer, iit icauses ia iknee ijerk ireflex iby isending istretch isignals ito: A) motor ineurons iin ithe ispinal icord ithat icause imuscles ito icontract.

B) motor ineurons iin ithe icortex ithat icause imuscles ito icontract.

C) the ithalamus, iwhich isends isignals ito imotor ineurons ito icontract.

D) the icerebellum, iwhich isends isignals ito imotor ineurons ito icontract.

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76. Research ihas idemonstrated ithat iphantom ilimb ipain ican ibe ialleviated ithrough ithe iuse iof: A) further iamputation.

B) destroying iremaining inerves iin ithe ilimb istump.

C) using ia imirror ito ifool ithe isensory isystem iinto iperceiving ithe imissing ilimb.

D) acupuncture.

77. According ito ithe igate itheory iof ipain itransmission, iactivity iin ithe i_____ ican iinhibit ithe ipain ipathway iin ithe ispinal icord.

A) motor icortex B) haptic-proprioceptive ipathway C) nociceptive ipathway D) corticospinal ipathway

78. Stimulation iof ithe i_____ iis ieffective iin ireducing ipain.

A) amygdala B) thalamus C) periaqueductal igray imatter D) cerebellum

79. Pain iin iblood ivessels iand iinternal iorgans ithat iis ifelt ias ipain iat ithe ibody isurface iis iknown ias: A) transferred ipain.

B) relocated ipain.

C) referred ipain.

D) transposed ipain.

80. The ivestibular isystem iis iin ithe: A) brainstem.

B) cerebellum.

C) middle iear.

D) inner iear.

81. Action ipotentials iin ithe isemicircular icanals iare istimulated iby: A) bending ihair icells.

B) the iendolymph.

C) the iutricle iand isaccule.

D) Pacinian icorpuscles.

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82. Hair icells iin ithe ivestibular isystem ifire imore iaction ipotentials iwhen ithe ihair: A) is ibent iin ia ispecific idirection.

B) vibrates iat ia ispecific ifrequency.

C) is imoved iwith ia ispecific iforce.

D) cells iremain imotionless.

83. Vestibular ireceptors iconvey iinformation iabout: A) changes iin ithe idirection iof imovement.

B) changes iin ithe ispeed iof imovement.

C) the iposition iof ione's ibody iin irelation ito igravity.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

84. Andrea ihas ibeen iexperiencing ivertigo iand iproblems iwith ibalance ifor iseveral imonths inow. iShe iis iotherwise ihealthy iand ihas ino iproblems iwith icontrolling iher ilimbs. iYou itell iAndrea ishe imay iwant ito igo ito isee ia ineurologist ibecause ishe imight ihave: A) cerebellar iataxia.

B) Ménieré idisease.

C) an iear iinfection.

D) Parkinson idisease.

85. The iprimary isomatosensory icortex iis ifound iin ithe i_____, iwhile ithe isecondary isomatosensory icortex iis ilocated iin ithe i_____.

A) precentral igyrus; ipostcentral igyrus B) parietal ilobe; ipostcentral igyrus C) postcentral igyrus; iparietal ilobe D) precentral igyrus; iparietal ilobe

86. The ihomunculus ion ithe iprimary isomatosensory icortex iis iMOST isimilar ito ithe ihomunculus ifound iin ithe: A) primary imotor icortex.

B) secondary imotor icortex.

C) cerebellum.

D) basal iganglia.

87. How imany ihomunculi iare ipresent iin ithe iprimary isomatosensory icortex, iaccording ito ithe iKaas imodel?

A) one B) three C) four D) five

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88. Neurons iin iarea i3b iof ithe iprimary isomatosensory icortex iare iresponsive ito: A) muscle isense.

B) slow-responding iskin ireceptors.

C) fast-responding iskin ireceptors.

D) pressure.

89. Damage ito ithe iprimary isomatosensory imotor icortex iresults iin: A) impaired isensory idiscrimination ion ithe iipsilateral iside.

B) impaired isensory idiscrimination ion ithe icontralateral iside.

C) impaired isensory idiscrimination ion iboth isides.

D) no iimpairment iof isensory idiscrimination.

90. Research ihas idemonstrated ithat itickle iperception iis iprimarily idue ito: A) touch isensations.

B) the ipredictability iof ithe itouch isensations.

C) the iunpredictability iof ithe itouch isensations.

D) the ilaughter iassociated iwith itickling.

91. In ia istudy iby iPons iand icolleagues, imonkeys' iarm inerves iwere icut, ithereby idepriving ithe isomatosensory icortex iof isensory iinput ifrom ithe iarm. iSeveral iyears ilater, iwhen ithe iresearchers imapped ithe imonkeys' isomatosensory ihomunculus, ithey idiscovered ithat ithe iarm iregion iof ithe ihomunculus: A) had iexpanded.

B) was ithe isame isize iit iwas ipreviously.

C) had ibeen itaken iover iby ithe iface iregion.

D) had ibeen itaken iover iby ithe ifoot iregion.

92. The iinability ito iaccurately icomplete ia iplan iof imotor iaction iis icalled: A) ataxia.

B) aphasia.

C) apraxia.

D) acalcula.

93. The idorsal ivisual istream iis ithe i_____ istream, iwhile ithe iventral ivisual istream iis ithe i_____ istream.

A) what; ihow B) how; iwhat C) where; ihow D) how; iwhere i

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Chapter 12 – What causes emotional and motivated behaviour? i

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1. A ibrain iimaging istudy iby iKross iand icolleagues i(2011) iexamined ithe iregions ithat iwere iimportant ifor iprocessing iboth iphysical iand iemotional ipain. iThe iresults iof ithis istudy idemonstrated ithat: A) physical ipain iactivated ithe isomatosensory icortex, iwhereas iemotional ipain iactivated ithe iamygdala.

B) physical ipain iactivated ithe isomatosensory icortex, iwhereas iemotional ipain iactivated ithe ianterior icingulate icortex.

C) physical ipain iactivated ithe ifrontal ilobes, iwhereas iemotional ipain iactivated ithe isomatosensory icortex.

D) the isame ibrain iareas iresponded ito iboth iphysical iand iemotional ipain.

2. Emotion ican ibe iconsidered i_____, iwhereas imotivation ican ibe iconsidered i_____.

A) cognitive iinterpretations iof isubjective ifeelings; ibehavior ithat iis ipurposeful iand igoaldirected B) behavior ithat iis ipurposeful iand igoal-directed; icognitive iinterpretations iof isubjective ifeelings C) chemical ireactions ito isubjective ifeelings; ibehavior ithat iserves ia iself-regulatory ifunction D) chemical ireactions ito isubjective ifeelings; ibehavior ithat ihelps ito ipromote isexual ireproduction

3. Your itext idescribes ia ipatient iby ithe iname iof iRoger. iRoger iate iindiscriminately. iHe iwas ifound ito ihave: A) an iamygdala ilesion.

B) an iacquired ineurosis.

C) a itumor inear ihis ihypothalamus.

D) a itumor inear ihis ibrainstem.

4. Subjects iwho iare ipaid ihandsomely ito ido inothing, isee inothing, iand ihear iand itouch inothing irarely istay iin ithe iexperiment ilonger ithan: A) 12 ihours.

B) 24 ihours.

C) 36 ihours.

D) 48 ihours.

5. Monkeys iwho ihave ibeen ideprived iof isensory iexperience ifind i_____ ithe imost irewarding.

A) looking iat ia itoy itrain icircling ia itrack B) looking iat ia ibowl iof ifruit C) looking iat ia idog D) doing inothing

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6. The ireceptors ifor ismell iare iembedded iwithin ithe i_____ iand ihave icilia ithat iextend iinto ithe i_____.

A) nasal iepithelium; iolfactory imucosa B) olfactory ibulb; ipyriform icortex C) pyriform icortex; iolfactory ibulb D) nasal iepithelium; iglomeruli

7. The isize iof ithe ireceptor isurface iin ithe iolfactory iepithelium iin ihumans iis iroughly: A) 15 isquare icentimeters.

B) 10 isquare icentimeters.

C) 8 ito i12 isquare icentimeters.

D) 2 ito i4 isquare icentimeters.

8. The icorrect iorder iof ispecies iwith ithe ismallest ito ithe ilargest ireceptor isurface iarea iin ithe iolfactory iepithelium iis: A) cats, idogs, ihumans.

B) dogs, icats, ihumans.

C) humans, idogs, icats.

D) humans, icats, idogs.

9. Olfactory ireceptor ineurons icode idifferent iscents ibecause: A) each ineuron iresponds ito ia ispecific iscent.

B) each ineuron iresponds ito iall iscents iequally.

C) each iscent iactivates ia iunique ipattern iof ireceptor ineurons.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

10. There iare iapproximately i_____different itypes iof iolfactory ireceptors A) 100 B) 400 C) 700 D) 10

11. The icorrect iorder iof iconnections ialong ithe iolfactory ipathway iis: A) olfactory ireceptor icells, iglomeruli, imitral icells, iamygdala iand ipyriform icortex.

B) olfactory ireceptor icells, imitral icells, iglomeruli, iamygdala iand ipyriform icortex.

C) glomeruli, iolfactory ireceptor icells, imitral icells, iamygdala iand ipyriform icortex.

D) amygdala iand ipyriform icortex, imitral icells, iolfactory ireceptor icells, iglomeruli.

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12. The i_____ ireceives iprojections ifrom ithe iolfactory isystem ivia ithe ithalamus iand iplays ian iimportant irole iin ia ivariety iof iemotional iand isocial ibehaviors.

A) superior itemporal igyrus B) lateral iprefrontal icortex C) amygdala D) orbitofrontal icortex

13. _____ iare ibiochemicals ithat ican iact ias ichemosignals ito iaffect ithe iphysiology ior ibehavior iof ianother ianimal.

A) Hormones B) Neurotransmitters C) Pheromones D) Synapses

14. Pheromones iare idetected iby: A) glomeruli.

B) mitral icells.

C) the ivomeronasal iorgan.

D) the iolfactory imucosa.

15. Cats iare iNOT iable ito idetect: A) saltiness.

B) sweetness.

C) bitterness.

D) sourness.

16. "Supertasters" iwho iare iable ito itaste ithe isubstance iPROP iare iextremely isensitive ito i_____ itastes.

A) sweet B) salty C) bitter D) sour

17. There iare i_____ itaste ireceptors.

A) four B) three C) five D) six

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18. One ireason ithat iadults iand ichildren imay ihave isuch idifferent ifood ipreferences iis ibecause: A) children ienjoy ibeing ipicky ieaters.

B) adults ihave imore itaste ireceptors ithan ichildren iand iso iare imore isensitive ito idifferent itastes.

C) children ihave imore itaste ireceptors ithan iadults iand iso iare imore isensitive ito idifferent itastes.

D) there iis ino idifference ibetween itaste ireceptors iin ichildren iand iadults.

19. Which iof ithe ifollowing icranial inerves iis iNOT iinvolved iin itransmitting igustatory iinformation?

A) 12 i(hypoglossal) B) 7 i(facial inerve) C) 9 i(glossopharyngeal inerve) D) 10 i(vagus inerve)

20. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis ithe icorrect iorder iof iconnections iin ithe igustatory isystem?

A) taste ireceptor icells, icranial inerves, isolitary itract, ithalamus, isomatosensory icortex iand iinsula B) taste ireceptor icells, isolitary itract, icranial inerves, isomatosensory icortex iand iinsula, ithalamus C) solitary itract, itaste ireceptor icells, icranial inerves, isomatosensory icortex iand iinsula, ithalamus D) cranial inerves, itaste ireceptor icells, isolitary itract, ithalamus, isomatosensory icortex iand iinsula

21. The igustatory iregion iof ithe iinsula iis iresponsive ito i_____, iwhereas ithe iprimary isomatosensory icortex iis iresponsive ito i_____.

A) taste; itactile istimulation iand itexture B) tactile istimulation iand itexture; itaste C) taste; ifood ipreferences D) food ipreferences; itaste

22. Brain iimaging istudies ihave ifound ithat ithe ileft iorbitofrontal icortex icodes ifor ithe i_____ iof itastes, iwhereas ithe iright iorbitofrontal icortex icodes ifor ithe i_____ iof itastes.

A) pleasantness; iunpleasantness B) unpleasantness; ipleasantness C) intensity; icomplexity D) sweetness; isaltiness

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23. The iinsula iidentifies ithe i_____ iof iflavors, iwhereas ithe iorbitofrontal icortex ievaluates ithe i_____ iof itastes.

A) intensity; iaffective iproperties B) affective iproperties; iintensity C) individual icomponents; inutritional ivalue D) nutritional ivalue; iindividual icomponents

24. Activators ifor iinborn iadaptive iresponses ithat iaid iin ian ianimal's isurvival iare icalled: A) innate ireleasing imechanisms.

B) innate ibehavioral imechanisms.

C) innate ievolutionary imechanisms.

D) innate ilearning imechanisms.

25. Blind ihuman ichildren: A) do inot ismile.

B) show iabnormal imusculature iwhen ithey ismile.

C) show ithe isame ifacial iexpressions ias isighted ichildren.

D) must ibe itrained, iusing ithe itactile isense, ito ishow ifacial iexpressions.

26. Young ihuman iinfants ican imimic ifacial iexpressions. iThis iis: A) a irapidly ilearned iresponse.

B) only iseen iin ibabies iwith ivision ibecause iblind ichildren ishow ino ifacial iexpression.

C) only iseen iwhen ithe iface iis ithat iof ia iparent ior icaretaker.

D) an iexample iof ian iinnate ireleasing imechanism.

27. Innate ireleasing imechanisms: A) disappear ias iwe imature.

B) are iresponsible ifor ieliciting iall iinfant ibehavior.

C) can ibe imodified iby iexperience.

D) are ipresent iin ilower ispecies ibut inot iin ihumans.

28. According ito iDaly iand iWilson, ihomicide iis: A) a imeans iof ipopulation icontrol.

B) a imaladaptive itrait ithat iis igradually ibeing ieliminated ifrom ithe igene ipool.

C) related ito isome ibehavior ithat ihas ibeen iadaptive iin ithe ipast.

D) a ipurely ilearned ibehavior.

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29. The iidea ithat ireinforcement icontrols ibehavior iis iMOST ioften iassociated iwith: A) Charles iDarwin.

B) B. iF. iSkinner.

C) Steve iGlickman.

D) Martin iDaly.

30. A ipigeon icannot ibe itrained ito ipeck ia idisk ito: A) receive ifood.

B) receive iwater.

C) escape ifrom ifoot ishock.

D) obtain isex.

31. Learned itaste iaversion: A) appears ito itake ionly ione itrial iof ilearning.

B) is ifound ionly iin ihumans.

C) is inot ireally ilearning ibut ian iinstinctive ireaction.

D) is icaused iby ian iinnate ireleasing imechanism.

32. You iget isick iwith ithe iflu iand ivomit ia ifew ihours iafter iyou ieat ia iroast ibeef isandwich. iNow ievery itime iyou isee ia iroast ibeef isandwich iyou ibegin ito ifeel iill. iThis iis ian iexample iof: A) food ipoisoning.

B) operant iconditioning.

C) learned itaste iaversion.

D) innate itaste iaversion.

33. The ipredisposition ito imake icertain iassociations ieasier ithan iothers iis icalled: A) selective ilearning.

B) preparedness.

C) innate ipreference.

D) evolutionary imemory.

34. Coyotes icannot ilearn ito istop iattacking isheep ieven iif ifarmers ishoot iand ikill imany iof ithem. iHowever, iif ithe icoyotes iare iallowed ito ieat ia ipoisoned isheep icarcass ithat imakes ithem isick ithey iwill iquickly ilearn inot ito ieat isheep ianymore. iThis iis ian iexample iof: A) selective ilearning.

B) preparedness.

C) innate ipreference.

D) evolutionary imemory.

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35. Flies iprefer iwhich iof ithe ifollowing itastes?

A) sour B) salty C) bitter D) sweet

36. Eating ibehavior iin ithe ifly iis icontrolled iby: A) blood-sugar ilevels.

B) signals ifrom ithe iintestine.

C) signals ifrom ithe iesophagus.

D) signals ifrom ithe istomach.

37. If iyou icut ithe irecurrent inerve iin iflies iit iwill: A) cause ithem ito istop ieating iimmediately.

B) cause ithem ito inever istop ieating.

C) alter itheir itaste ipreferences.

D) have ino ieffect ion itheir ieating.

38. Most ihomeostatic imechanisms iinvolve ithe: A) hypothalamus.

B) thalamus.

C) amygdala.

D) anterior ipituitary igland.

39. If iyou iare icold, iyou ibegin ito ishiver. iIf iyou iare ihot, iyou ibegin ito isweat. iThese iare iexamples iof: A) physiological iresponses.

B) regulatory ibehaviors.

C) nonregulatory ibehaviors.

D) learned iresponses.

40. _____ iis ian iexample iof ia inonregulatory ibehavior.

A) Eating B) Drinking C) Sexual iintercourse D) Maintaining iinternal ibody itemperature

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41. The imedial iforebrain ibundle ihelps itransmit i_____ ito ithe i_____.

A) dopamine; ibasal iganglia B) dopamine; ibrainstem C) serotonin; ibrainstem D) serotonin; ifrontal ilobes

42. Peptides ireleased iby ithe iaxons iof ithe ihypothalamus: A) affect ithe ipostsynaptic imembrane.

B) are iinhibitory.

C) are ivery irapidly ireabsorbed.

D) are ipicked iup iby ithe iblood iand isent ito idistant iparts iof ithe ibody.

43. Which iof ithe ifollowing ihormones icontrols isecretions iof ithe imammary iglands?

A) luteinizing ihormone B) prolactin C) thyroid-stimulating ihormone D) adrenocorticotrophic ihormone

44. Which iof ithe ifollowing ihormones icontrols isecretions iof ithe igonads?

A) prolactin B) adrenocorticotrophic ihormone C) luteinizing ihormone D) thyroid-stimulating ihormone

45. Adrenocorticotrophic ihormone iis iproduced iby ithe: A) anterior ipituitary.

B) posterior ipituitary.

C) lateral ihypothalamus.

D) posterior ihypothalamus.

46. Generally ispeaking ithe i_____ icontrols ireleasing ihormones, iwhereas ithe i_____ icontrols ithe isecretion iof ihormones.

A) pituitary; ihypothalamus B) hypothalamus; ipituitary C) pituitary; ithalamus D) thalamus; ihypothalamus

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47. Stimulation iof ithe ihypothalamus ielicits: A) simple ireflexive ibehaviors.

B) instinctive inondirected ibehaviors, isuch ias ieating ior idrinking imovements, ieven ithough ithere iis ino ifood ior iwater iavailable.

C) directed ibehavior isuch ias ieating ior idrinking, ibut ionly iwhen ifood iand iwater iare iavailable.

D) aversive ieffects ithat ithe ianimal iwill ilearn ia iresponse ito iterminate.

48. Broca's ilimbic ilobe iconsists iof ithe: A) cingulate igyrus iand ithe ihippocampal iformation.

B) cingulate igyrus iand ithe ifrontal icortex.

C) cingulate igyrus, ithe ihippocampal iformation, iand ithe ibasal iganglia.

D) cingulate igyrus, ithe ihippocampal iformation, iand ithe ipineal igland.

49. If iI iwas ireceiving ibrain istimulation iand iI isuddenly ifelt ianxious iand ifearful, ithe iMOST ilikely isite iof istimulation iwould ibe ithe: A) hypothalamus.

B) thalamus.

C) amygdala.

D) prefrontal icortex.

50. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ione iof ithe isubdivisions iof ithe iamygdala?

A) corticomedial B) basolateral C) central D) ventromedial

51. Which iof ithe ifollowing istructures iis iNOT iinvolved iin iemotion?

A) the ihippocampus B) the iamygdala C) the imedial iforebrain ibundle D) the ianterior ithalamus

52. A iperson iwho istarted ieating icardboard ior ian iold ipair iof ishoes imight ihave idamage ito ithe: A) prefrontal icortex.

B) basal iganglia.

C) amygdala.

D) hypothalamus.

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53. The iselection iof imotor isequences ithat iare ito ibe iexecuted icomes ifrom ithe: A) motor icortex.

B) premotor icortex.

C) cerebellum.

D) prefrontal icortex.

54. The idorsolateral iregion iof ithe iprefrontal icortex iprojects ito ithe: A) eating ideficits.

B) dependency ion ienvironmental icues.

C) dependency ion iinternal icues.

D) eating ideficits iand idependency ion iinternal icues.

55. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis ilikely ito icause iinappropriate isocial iresponses iand ian iinability ito irespond ito isocial icontext?

A) dorsolateral iprefrontal icortex ilesions B) medial iprefrontal ilesions C) orbital iprefrontal ilesions D) lateral iprefrontal ilesions

56. Richard iis inormally ia ivery ipolite iindividual. iHowever, ifollowing ia irecent icar iaccident iRichard ihas ibegun ito iact iinappropriately iin isocial isituations, isuch ias iswearing iin ifront iof ihis igrandparents, iand ichoosing iinappropriate iconversation itopics iwith ihis iparents i(sexual iintercourse, ifor iexample). iYou irecommend ithat iRichard isee ia ineuropsychologist, isince ihe imay ihave idamage ito ihis: A) orbital iprefrontal icortex.

B) amygdala.

C) lateral iprefrontal icortex.

D) hippocampus.

57. The iJames–Lange itheory iconsiders iemotions ito ibe iBEST iexplained ias: A) cognitive iinterpretations iof iphysiological istates.

B) physiological ireactions ito icognitive istates.

C) cognitive iinterpretations iof iemotional ireactions.

D) emotional ireactions ibased ion icognitive iinterpretations.

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58. The ifact ithat imany ipeople iwho ihave ia ispinal icord iinjury ihave ia idecrease iin iperceived iemotion isupports ithe i_____ itheory iof iemotion.

A) neural B) Darwinian C) James–Lange D) cognitive

59. Emotions ientail iautonomic ichanges, isubjective ifeelings, iand icognition. iWhich isequence iof ibrain istructures iis iMOST ilikely iinvolved iin ieach iof ithese ithree iforms iof iexperience?

A) cortex, ihypothalamus, iamygdala B) hypothalamus, iamygdala, icortex C) amygdala, ihypothalamus, icortex D) amygdala, icortex, ihypothalamus

60. I itremble iand idevelop ia irapid iheartbeat, ithen imy ibrain iinterprets ithese ichanges ias ia ispecific iemotion. iThis iis ithe i_____ itheory iof iemotion.

A) Cannon–Bard B) Kolb–Whishaw C) James–Lange D) Klüver–Bucy

61. The isomatic imarker ihypothesis iargues ithat: A) emotion ioriginates iin ithe iamygdala.

B) emotion ioriginates iin ithe ihypothalamus.

C) our iautonomic ireactions ioccur ifirst, iand ithen ithe ibrain iconcocts ia istory ito iinterpret iour ivisceral ireaction.

D) emotion iin ithe irelevant ibrain istructures idirects iour iautonomic inervous isystem.

62. According ito iDamasio's isomatic imarker ihypothesis, ia ifrontal ilobe iinjury ican iimpair idecision imaking iby: A) disconnecting ibrain iregions iinvolved iin idecision imaking ifrom ithose iinvolved iin iemotion.

B) separating ithought ifrom ireason.

C) disconnecting ithe ifrontal ilobes ifrom ithe iparietal ilobes.

D) disconnecting ithe ifrontal ilobes ifrom ithe ithalamus.

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63. Loss iof ifear, iinappropriate isexual iactivity, iand iindiscriminate ieating ibehavior: A) are isymptoms iof iKlüver–Bucy isyndrome.

B) occur iafter ilesions ito ithe ihypothalamus.

C) occur iafter ilesions ito ithe ithalamus.

D) occur iafter ilesions ito ithe iseptum.

64. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ione iof ithe isymptoms idescribed ias ipart iof ithe ioriginal iKlüver–Bucy isyndrome?

A) loss iof ifear iresponse B) increased isexual iactivity C) tendency ito iexplore iobjects iusing ithe imouth D) dementia

65. Electrical istimulation iof ithe i_____ iproduces ia ifear iresponse.

A) cingulate icortex B) hypothalamus C) orbital iprefrontal icortex D) amygdala

66. Frontal ilobotomies iwere ifirst iperformed ion ihumans ifor ithe irelief iof ipsychiatric idisorders iby: A) Heinrich iKlüver.

B) Carlyle iJacobsen.

C) David iFulton.

D) Egas iMoniz.

67. Loss iof iinitiative ior idrive iand iapathy iare icharacteristic iof: A) orbital iprefrontal icortex ilesions.

B) dorsolateral iprefrontal icortex ilesions.

C) amygdala ilesions.

D) hypothalamic ilesions.

68. The i_____ iis iresponsible ifor iour iconscious iawareness iof iemotional istates.

A) amygdala B) lateral iprefrontal icortex C) orbital iprefrontal icortex D) cingulate icortex

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69. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ione iof ithe isymptoms iof imajor idepression?

A) feelings iof iworthlessness iand iguilt B) inappropriate isexual ibehavior C) sleep idisturbances D) general islowing iof ibehavior

70. The iMOST iprevalent ipsychiatric idisorder iis: A) schizophrenia.

B) depression.

C) anxiety idisorder.

D) personality idisorder.

71. _____ iis i(are) ioften itreatable iwith ia isingle iexposure isession ilasting i2 ito i3 ihours.

A) Phobias B) Depression C) Panic idisorder D) Generalized ianxiety idisorder

72. Drugs ithat iact ias i_____ iare ioften iprescribed ito itreat ianxiety idisorders.

A) GABA iagonists B) GABA iantagonists C) dopamine iagonists D) serotonin iantagonists

73. It ihas ibeen iestimated ithat i_____ ipercent iof iNorth iAmericans iare ioverweight.

A) 30 B) 55 C) 65 D) 75

74. Enzymes iproduced iby ithe igallbladder iand ithe ipancreas ibreak idown ifood iin ithe: A) esophagus.

B) upper ipart iof ithe ismall iintestine.

C) duodenum.

D) lower iintestine.

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75. Cholecystokinin iplays ian iimportant irole iin: A) initiating ieating.

B) initiating ifood icravings.

C) ending ia imeal i(that iis, ifeeling ifull).

D) the ibreakdown iof icholesterol.

76. Damage ito ithe ilateral ihypothalamus icauses: A) obesity iin ianimals.

B) animals ito istop ieating.

C) anorexia inervosa.

D) overeating iin ianimals.

77. Aphagia i(lack iof ieating) ican ibe iproduced iby ilesioning ithe: A) ventromedial ihypothalamus.

B) lateral ihypothalamus.

C) dorsal ihypothalamus.

D) anterior ihypothalamus.

78. Damage ito ithe iventromedial ihypothalamus ileads ito: A) digestive iproblems iin ianimals.

B) animals inot ieating.

C) anorexia inervosa.

D) overeating iin ianimals.

79. _____ icontained iin ithe i_____ ihelps iinitiate ieating ibehavior.

A) CCK; iarcuate inucleus B) neuropeptide iY; ilateral ihypothalamus C) neuropeptide iY; iarcuate inucleus D) CCK; iventromedial ihypothalamus

80. Learned itaste iaversion ican ibe iabolished iby ilesions ito ithe: A) amygdala.

B) dorsolateral iprefrontal icortex.

C) inferior ifrontal icortex.

D) orbital ifrontal icortex.

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81. Patients iwith ilesions ito ithe iorbital iprefrontal icortex itypically ibecome: A) overweight.

B) picky ieaters.

C) indiscriminate ieaters.

D) very islim ifrom iundereating.

82. Bars iand ipubs ithat ioffer itheir icustomers ivery isalty ifree ipopcorn iare ihoping ito icapitalize ion: A) osmotic ithirst.

B) hypovolemic ithirst.

C) the ifact ithat istudents iwill inever iturn idown ifree ifood.

D) dehydration.

83. Drinking iwater ias ia iresult iof ian iincrease iin iconcentrations iof ichemicals iis: A) hypovolemic ithirst.

B) osmotic ithirst.

C) regulated iby ithe ithalamus.

D) regulated iby ithe iamygdala.

84. Matt iis irunning ia imarathon iin ithe imiddle iof ia iheat iwave iand iis iextremely iworried iabout igetting idehydrated, iso ihe istarts ito iconsume ilarge iamounts iof iwater. iSuddenly ihis iheartbeat ibecomes iirregular iand ihe igets ia isevere iheadache. iYou itell iMatt ithat ihe ishould: A) drink imore iwater ibecause ihe iis iprobably ivery idehydrated.

B) see ia idoctor ibecause ihe imight ibe ihaving ia iheart iattack.

C) stop idrinking iwater ibecause ihe iis iexperiencing iwater iintoxication.

D) start irunning iagain iuntil ithe ifeeling igoes iaway.

85. The ieffects ithat ihormones ihave ion ithe iadult ibrain iare ireferred ito ias: A) organizing ieffects.

B) activating ieffects.

C) endocrine ieffects.

D) hormonal ieffects.

86. Masculinization iof ithe ibrain iis imost idirectly icaused iby: A) testosterone.

B) estradiol.

C) progesterone.

D) androgens.

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87. High iestrogen ilevels iin ifemale irats: A) increase ithe inumber iof idendritic ispines ion ihippocampal ipyramidal icells.

B) decrease ithe inumber iof idendritic ispines ion ihippocampal ipyramidal icells.

C) peak ievery ieight idays.

D) increase ithe inumber iof iaxons iof ihippocampal ipyramidal icells.

88. In iandrogen iinsensitivity isyndrome: A) a igenetic imale idevelops ia ifemale iphenotype.

B) a igenetic ifemale idevelops ia imale iphenotype.

C) males ifail ito iundergo ipuberty.

D) females ifail ito iundergo ipuberty.

89. In imales, ithe imedial ipreoptic iarea icontrols i_____, iwhereas ithe iamygdala icontrols i_____.

A) mating; isexual imotivation B) sexual imotivation; imating C) mating; ilordosis D) lordosis; isexual imotivation

90. Homosexual imales ihave ia ihypothalamus ithat iis iorganized: A) like ia ifemale ihypothalamus.

B) like ia iheterosexual ihypothalamus.

C) unlike ieither ithe iheterosexual imale ihypothalamus ior ithe ifemale ihypothalamus.

D) like ia ilesbian ihypothalamus.

91. Which iof ithe ifollowing ineurotransmitters iis ithe iMOST ilikely isource iof ireward iin ibrain iself-stimulation iexperiments?

A) serotonin B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) noradrenaline

92. Reward iis ithought ito ibe iregulated ilargely iby ithe: A) nigrostriatal idopamine ipathway.

B) serotonin ipathway.

C) norepinephrine ipathway.

D) mesolimbic idopamine ipathway.

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93. When ianimals iengage iin iactivities isuch ias ieating iand isexual iactivity, ithere iis ia imarked iincrease iin idopamine ilevels iin ithe: A) amygdala.

B) nucleus iaccumbens.

C) caudate inucleus.

D) hypothalamus.

94. According ito iRobinson iand iBerridge, iwanting iis icontrolled iby i_____, iwhereas iliking iis icontrolled iby i_____.

A) dopamine; iserotonin B) norepinephrine; iopioids iand iGABA C) dopamine; iopioids iand iGABA D) dopamine; iacetylcholine i

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Chapter 13 – Why do we sleep and dream? i

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1. Diurnal iis ito inocturnal ias: A) night iis ito iday.

B) sleep iis ito iactivity.

C) activity iis ito isleep.

D) day iis ito inight.

2. The iday–night icycle ithat iinfluences isleeping iand iwaking iis icalled: A) circadian irhythm.

B) diurnal irhythm.

C) nocturnal irhythm.

D) metabolic irhythm.

3. _____ iis iinfluenced iby idaily ibiorhythms.

A) Body itemperature B) Metabolic irate C) Sexual idrive D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

4. Our ibiological irhythms iare iinfluenced iby: A) the iearth iorbiting iaround ithe isun.

B) the irotational iaxis iof ithe iplanet.

C) light.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

5. Daily ifluctuations iin ithe irhythmical imovement iof iplant ileaves icome ifrom: A) temperature ichanges.

B) conditions iwithin ithe iplant.

C) sunlight ichanges.

D) changes iin ithe ielectromagnetic ifield.

6. The itime irequired ifor ia icomplete icycle iof iactivity iis icalled ia(n): A) biological irhythm.

B) cycle.

C) period.

D) epoch.

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7. Migratory icycles iof ibirds iare iexamples iof: A) circannual irhythms.

B) circadian irhythms.

C) ultradian irhythms.

D) infradian irhythms.

8. Daily ibody-temperature ichanges iare ian iexample iof: A) circannual irhythm.

B) circadian irhythm.

C) ultradian irhythm.

D) infradian irhythm.

9. Eating ibehavior iis ian iexample iof: A) circadian irhythm.

B) ultradian irhythm.

C) infradian irhythm.

D) circannual irhythm.

10. Ultradian irhythms ihave ia iperiod iof i_____, iwhile iinfradian irhythms ihave ia iperiod iof i_____.

A) less ithan ione iday; imore ithan ione iday ibut iless ithan ione iyear B) more ithan ione iday ibut iless ithan ione iyear; iless ithan ione iday C) one iday; iless ithan ione iday D) less ithan ione iday; ione iday

11. When iall iexternal icues iare iremoved, ianimals idevelop ia ifree-running irhythm. iThe ifreerunning irhythm iof ia ihuman iis: A) 24 ihours.

B) more ithan i24 ihours.

C) less ithan i24 ihours.

D) inconsistent iand ivastly idifferent ifor iall ipeople.

12. A ifree-running irhythm iis: A) determined iby itemperature.

B) determined iby ilight.

C) determined ifrom iwithin ithe ibody.

D) determined iby itemperature iand ilight iand ifrom iwithin ithe ibody.

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13. When iall iexternal icues iare iremoved i(e.g., iliving iin ia idark, iwindowless ibasement) ihumans iwill istart: A) going ito ibed iearlier iand iearlier ievery inight.

B) going ito ibed ilater iand ilater ieach inight.

C) eating iless iand iless.

D) There iis ino ichange iin isleep–wake icycle.

14. A ibiological iclock ithat iis ientrained: A) is ia ifree-running irhythm.

B) has ibeen ireset iby ia iZeitgeber.

C) has ibeen itemporarily iterminated iby ia ihormonal ichange.

D) is ithe isame ias ia isequence iof irhythms.

15. If isparrows iare itested iin iconstant ilight, itheir ifree-running iperiods iare i_____, iwhereas iif ithey iare itested iin iconstant idarkness, itheir ifree-running iperiods iare i_____.

A) more ithan i24 ihours; iless ithan i24 ihours B) less ithan i24 ihours; imore ithan i24 ihours C) absent; iextended D) extended; iabsent

16. The iclock ion imost icomputers iis icontinually iupdated iand ireset ivia ian iInternet iconnection ito ia itime iserver. iIn ithis iexample ithe itime iserver iacts ias ia(n): A) circadian irhythm.

B) Zeitgeber.

C) free-running irhythm.

D) infradian irhythm.

17. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis ilikely ithe imost ipotent iZeitgeber?

A) eating itimes B) darkness C) light D) temperature

18. Cues ithat imaintain irhythmicity iare iknown ias: A) circadian irhythms.

B) cyclers.

C) pacemakers.

D) Zeitgebers.

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19. Which iof ithe ifollowing iwould ibe ithe imost ieffective itreatment ifor iyour ifriend iwho iseems ito idevelop iseasonal iaffective idisorder iduring ithe iwinter?

A) alcohol B) a ihigh-carbohydrate idiet C) phototherapy D) vitamin iC

20. One iof ithe imost icommon itreatments ifor ithe icontrol iof iseasonal iaffective idisorder iis: A) benzodiazepines.

B) white ilight.

C) seconal.

D) sodium iamytal.

21. Research ihas ishown ithat iZeitgebers iare imost ieffective: A) at isunrise.

B) at isunset.

C) during ithe inight.

D) at isunrise iand isunset.

22. Morning ilight iresets ithe ibiological iclock iby i_____, iwhereas ievening idarkness iresets ithe ibiological iclock iby i_____.

A) moving iit ibackward; imoving iit iforward B) moving iit iforward; imoving iit iforward iagain C) moving iit ibackward; imoving iit ibackward iagain D) moving iit iforward; imoving iit ibackward

23. Shift iworkers i(e.g., iworking i7 ip.m. ito i3 ia.m.) itend ito idevelop: A) insomnia.

B) hypersomnia.

C) metabolic isyndrome.

D) anxiety iproblems.

24. David iroutinely iworks ishift iwork i(e.g., ifrom i10 ip.m. ito i6 ia.m.). iRecently ihe ihas inoticed ithat ihe iis igaining ia ilot iof iweight, iis irestless iand iirritable imost iof ithe itime, iand ihas ihad ia ilot iof itrouble isleeping. iGiven ithese isymptoms iDavid imay ihave: A) depression.

B) metabolic isyndrome.

C) a ivitamin iD ideficiency.

D) SAD.

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25. Jet ilag iwould ibe ithe iworst iif iyou iwere iflying: A) from iBoston ito iLondon.

B) from iParis ito iRome.

C) from iLondon ito iNew iYork.

D) from iParis ito iLondon.

26. According ito ia istudy iby iCurt iRichter, irunning, ieating, iand idrinking ino ilonger ioccurred iat iappropriate itimes ifollowing ilesions ito ithe: A) orbitofrontal icortex.

B) thalamus.

C) hypothalamus.

D) tectum.

27. The isuprachiasmatic inucleus iis ilocated iin ithe: A) optic ichiasm.

B) thalamus.

C) hypothalamus.

D) cerebellum.

28. The ibrain's imaster iclock iis ihoused iin ithe: A) pineal igland.

B) caudate inucleus.

C) pituitary igland.

D) suprachiasmatic inucleus.

29. If iinputs iand ioutputs ifrom ithe isuprachiasmatic inucleus i(SCN) iare isevered, iits ineurons: A) increase itheir irates iof ifiring.

B) decrease itheir irates iof ifiring.

C) cease ifiring ialtogether.

D) continue ito ifire iat ithe isame irate ias ibefore.

30. Which iof ithe ifollowing iwould idescribe ithe ielectrical iactivity iof ineurons iin ia irat's isuprachiasmatic inucleus iif iit iwere iremoved iand iplaced iin ia idish?

A) The irhythm iof ithe ineurons iwould ispeed iup.

B) The irhythm iof ithe ineurons iwould islow idown.

C) There iwould ibe ino ichange iin ithe irhythm iof ithe ineurons.

D) It iwould ilose iall irhythm.

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31. If iyou iseparated ithe ineurons iof ithe isuprachiasmatic inucleus, iput ithem iin ia idish, iand ithen irecorded ifrom ithe icells: A) all irhythmicity iwould ibe igone.

B) each iof ithe icells iwould ihave ia islightly idifferent irhythm.

C) all iof ithe icells iwould ihave ithe isame irhythm.

D) there iwould ibe ino iactivity ibecause iall ithe iinputs iwould ibe igone.

32. Light iinformation ireaches ithe isuprachiasmatic inucleus ivia ithe: A) lateral igeniculate ipathway.

B) occipital icortex.

C) thalamic ipathway.

D) retinohypothalamic ipathway.

33. Cells iin ithe isuprachiasmatic inucleus iuse ithe ineurotransmitter i_____ ito ihelp ithem iact iin isynchrony.

A) dopamine B) norepinephrine C) glutamate D) GABA

34. The isuprachiasmatic inucleus ireceives ilight-related iinputs ifrom iretinal iganglion icells icontaining: A) melanopsin.

B) rhodopsin.

C) retinol.

D) vitamin iA.

35. Greg ihad ia istroke iin iboth isides iof ihis ioccipital ilobe iand iis inow icortically iblind. iHow iwill icomplete icortical iblindness iaffect iGreg's icircadian irhythm?

A) His icircadian irhythm iwill icease ifunctioning iand ihe iwill iget ihis idays iand inights iconfused.

B) There iwill ibe ino ichange iin ihis icircadian irhythm.

C) His icircadian irhythm iwill ispeed iup.

D) His icircadian irhythm iwill islow idown.

36. Which iof ithe ifollowing istructures idoes iNOT isend iinputs ito ithe isuprachiasmatic inucleus?

A) intergeniculate ileaflet B) raphe inucleus C) retinohypothalamic itract D) tectopulvinar itract

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37. The ieffects iof ilesioning ithe isuprachiasmatic inucleus ican ibe ireversed iby: A) intense iexposure ito ilight.

B) electrical istimulation.

C) transplants iof iSCN icells.

D) stem icell itransplants.

38. Steven iis ioften ireferred ito ias ia imorning iperson ibecause ihe iwakes iup iat i5 ia.m. iand igoes ito isleep iat i10 ip.m., iwhereas iJennifer iis idescribed ias ia inight iowl ibecause ishe iwakes iup iat i10 ia.m. ibut istays iup iuntil i3 ia.m. iSteven's iand iJennifer's isleeping iand iwaking ihabits imay idiffer ibecause iof ithe idifferences iin: A) diet.

B) exercise.

C) suprachiasmatic inucleus icore ineurons.

D) suprachiasmatic inucleus ishell ineurons.

39. If ia ifemale irat iis ilesioned iin ithe isuprachiasmatic inucleus, iso iher ibehavior iis ino ilonger irhythmic, iand ishe isubsequently ibecomes ipregnant, iher ipups iwill: A) fail ito idevelop ia icircadian irhythm.

B) have ito ilearn irhythmic ibehavior iby iwatching iintact irats.

C) develop ia inormal icircadian irhythm.

D) adopt inocturnal irhythms.

40. Rhythmicity iin ithe isuprachiasmatic inucleus ilikely: A) is ilearned.

B) originated ielsewhere iin ithe ibrain.

C) is igenetically idetermined.

D) developed ias ithe iresult iof isunlight.

41. Eating, ibody itemperature, iand imotor iactivity iare ihypothesized ito ibe idriven iby: A) pacemakers.

B) slave ioscillators.

C) entrainment icells.

D) phase imodulators.

42. Lesions ito ithe isuprachiasmatic inucleus: A) abolish ieating.

B) abolish isleep.

C) disrupt ithe itiming iof isleep iand ieating.

D) have ino ieffect ion ieither ieating ior isleeping.

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43. Which iof ithe ifollowing ineural istructures ifunctions ias ia ipacemaker?

A) lateral igeniculate inucleus B) amygdala C) suprachiasmatic inucleus D) hypothalamic inucleus

44. The isuprachiasmatic inucleus ientrains islave ioscillators ivia iconnection(s) iwith ithe: A) thalamus.

B) hypothalamus.

C) pituitary.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

45. _____ ipromote(s) irest iand irelaxation, iwhereas i_____ ipromote(s) iarousal.

A) Glucocorticoids; imelatonin B) Melatonin; iglucocorticoids C) GABA; imelatonin D) Glucocorticoids; iGABA

46. The isuprachiasmatic inucleus icontrols ithe irelease iof ithe ihormone(s): A) melatonin.

B) glucocorticoid.

C) thyroid-stimulating ihormone.

D) melatonin iand iglucocorticoid.

47. Melatonin iis ireleased iprimarily iduring ithe i_____ iof ithe icircadian icycle.

A) dark B) light C) midday iportion D) early imorning iportion

48. Which iof ithe ifollowing isequences iaccurately idepicts ithe iprocess iby iwhich irhythms iare ilinked ito ihormones?

A) suprachiasmatic inucleus, islave ioscillators, ihormone irelease B) slave ioscillators, isuprachiasmatic inucleus, ihormone irelease C) hormone irelease, isuprachiasmatic inucleus, islave ioscillators D) suprachiasmatic inucleus, ihormone irelease, islave ioscillators

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49. Melatonin iis isecreted iby ithe: A) suprachiasmatic inucleus.

B) pineal igland.

C) gonads.

D) hypothalamus.

50. Male ihamsters iwho iare iexposed ito i_____ ilight ilevels ihave ienlarged igonads, iwhereas imale ihamsters iwho iare iexposed ito i_____ ilight ilevels ihave ismaller igonads.

A) increased; idecreased B) decreased; iincreased C) constant; idecreased D) increased; iconstant

51. Rats itrained ito iassociate ia iparticular iplace iwith ithe idelivery iof ia ismall ielectric ishock itend ito ishow ipoorest irecall ifor ithe iassociation iwhen ithey iare itested iat: A) a iconsistent itime iof iday.

B) varying itimes iof iday.

C) a iconsistent ilocation.

D) both ia iconsistent ilocation iand ia iconsistent itime iof iday.

52. Electromyography i(EMG) imeasures: A) brain iwave iactivity.

B) muscle iactivity.

C) eye imovements.

D) heart irate.

53. Electrooculography i(EOG) imeasures: A) brain iwave iactivity.

B) muscle iactivity.

C) eye imovements.

D) heart irate.

54. Sleep iis icommonly imeasured iusing ian: A) electroencephalograph.

B) electromyograph.

C) electrooculograph.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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55. What iis ithe icorrect iorder iof iEEG ipatterns, ifrom ilowest ito ihighest ifrequency?

A) alpha, ibeta, idelta B) beta, ialpha, idelta C) delta, ialpha, ibeta D) delta, ibeta, ialpha

56. A iwaking iEEG irhythm iis ithe isame ias: A) alpha irhythm.

B) beta irhythm.

C) delta irhythm.

D) theta irhythm.

57. Which iof ithe ifollowing irhythms ioccurs iduring isleep?

A) alpha irhythm B) beta irhythm C) delta irhythm D) theta irhythm

58. John iis iparticipating iin ia isleep istudy. iWhile iexamining iJohn's iEEG ipattern, ithe iresearcher inotices ithat ithe iwaves iare iextremely iregular, iwith ia ifrequency iof i7 ito i11 iHz. iBased ion ithis iobservation ithe iresearcher ican iconclude ithat: A) John iis istill iwide iawake iand ialert.

B) John iis iasleep.

C) John iis idreaming.

D) John iis iawake ibut irelaxed, iwith ihis ieyes iclosed.

59. Sarah iis iparticipating iin ia isleep istudy. iAlthough ishe iappears ito ibe isleeping, iher iEEG ipattern iexhibits ifast ibrain iwave iactivity, iand ithe irecording ifrom ithe ielectrooculogram iseems ito iindicate ithat ishe iis imoving iher ieyes. iThis isuggests ithat iSarah: A) is ihaving ia iseizure.

B) is ilying iwith iher ieyes iclosed iand iis irelaxed ibut inot iactually isleeping.

C) has ia isleep idisorder.

D) is iin iREM isleep.

60. The iEEG ipatterns itaken ifrom iskull irecordings iof iREM isleep iare icharacterized iby: A) low-frequency iwaves, ias iif ithe iperson iwere iawake.

B) low-frequency iwaves isimilar ito ithose ifound iin istage i4 isleep.

C) high-frequency iwaves, ias iif ithe iperson iwere iawake.

D) high-frequency iwaves isimilar ito ithose ifound iin istage i2 isleep.

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61. The idata icollected iwhen isubjects iare iawakened iat ivarious itimes isuggest ithat i_____ iis ithe ideepest isleep.

A) stage i1 B) stage i2 C) stage i3 D) stage i4

62. REM i(rapid ieye imovement) isleep ioccurs iduring: A) stage i1.

B) stage i2.

C) stages i3 iand i4.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

63. Body itemperature i_____ iduring iNREM isleep iand i_____ iduring iREM isleep.

A) decreases; iincreases B) stays iconstant; idecreases C) stays iconstant; iincreases D) increases; idecreases

64. In ithe ifirst ipart iof ia inight's isleep, i_____ isleep iis iprominent, iwhereas iin ithe isecond ipart, i_____ isleep idominates.

A) REM; iNREM B) NREM; iREM C) stage i1; istage i3 D) stage i3; istage i1

65. REM isleep iis imost ifrequent iin: A) children.

B) adolescents.

C) middle iage.

D) the ielderly.

66. Adults ispend i_____ iin iREM isleep ithan ichildren.

A) more itime B) less itime C) the isame iamount iof itime D) Children ido inot iengage iin iREM isleep.

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67. Someone iwho ifeels itingling iand ipain iin ithe ilegs iat inight iwhen itrying ito isleep imay ihave: A) poor iblood icirculation.

B) had itoo imuch icaffeine iduring ithe iday.

C) restless ilegs isyndrome.

D) sleep idystonia.

68. Restless ilegs isyndrome iis imost icommon iin: A) men.

B) women.

C) teenagers.

D) seniors.

69. Restless ilegs isyndrome iis isometimes itreated iwith: A) l-dopa B) SSRIs C) benzodiazepines D) haloperidol

70. Sleepwalking ican ioccur iin: A) all istages iof iNREM isleep.

B) stage i4 isleep.

C) REM isleep.

D) stage i1 isleep.

71. Victoria iis iwatching iher icat isleep ion ithe ifloor. iThe icat iis isprawled iout iand iits ilegs iseem ito ibe itwitching. iIt iwould iappear ithat iher icat iis iin i_____.

A) stage i2 isleep B) stage i3 isleep C) stage i4 isleep D) REM isleep

72. Dreaming ioccurs imost icommonly iduring: A) stage i1 iand i2 isleep.

B) stage i3 iand i4 isleep.

C) REM isleep.

D) all ifive istages iof isleep.

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73. Night iterrors, ior ibrief, ifrightening idreams, ioccur iduring: A) REM isleep.

B) stage i2 iand i3 isleep.

C) stage i3 iand i4 isleep.

D) stage i2, i3, iand i4 isleep.

74. Studies iof idream icontent irevealed ithat imost idreams iare iassociated iwith: A) sex.

B) happiness.

C) sadness iand ianger.

D) sensations iof ifalling.

75. The itheory ithat idreams isignify idistant ihuman imemories iwas iexpounded iby: A) Sigmund iFreud.

B) Carl iJung.

C) J. iAllan iHobson.

D) Anttio iRevonsuo.

76. According ito ipsychoanalysts, ithe i_____ iof idreams iwas iimportant, ias iit imight ireveal iinsight iinto ithe ipatient's iproblems.

A) manifest icontent B) sexual icontent C) latent icontent D) frequency

77. According ito ithe i_____ ihypothesis, idreams iare itaken ifrom ian iindividual's ipersonal imemories iand iexperience ibut ihave ino imeaning.

A) Freudian B) activation–synthesis C) Jungian D) evolutionary

78. The icoping ihypothesis iof idreams iwas iexpounded iby: A) Sigmund iFreud.

B) Carl iJung.

C) J. iAllen iHobson.

D) Anttio iRevonsuo.

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79. As ia igeneral irule i_____ itend ito isleep imore ithan i_____.

A) predators; iprey B) prey; ipredators C) humans; icats D) dogs; icats

80. Which iof ithe ifollowing isleeps ithe imost?

A) opossum B) human C) cat D) donkey

81. For ihumans, ithe ibasic irest–activity icycle iis iapproximately: A) 1 ihour.

B) 1.5 ihours.

C) 3.5 ihours.

D) 4 ihours.

82. Sleep-deprived isubjects: A) show iadverse iphysiological iconsequences.

B) show ipoor icognitive iperformance.

C) cannot icomplete icomplex itasks.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

83. The imost ilikely ifunction iof isleep iis: A) the irestoration iof itissue.

B) still inot idefinitively iknown.

C) the iconsolidation iof imemories.

D) the iexpression iof irepressed ifeelings.

84. A ibrief iperiod iof isleeping ilasting ia isecond ior iso iis iknown ias: A) a iminisleep.

B) a inap.

C) a imicrosleep.

D) passing iout.

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85. People iwho iare ideprived iof iREM isleep: A) show ian iincreased itendency ito ienter iREM isleep ilater.

B) become imentally iunstable.

C) sleepwalk.

D) need ito isleep ifor itwice ias ilong ias inormal.

86. REM isleep ican ibe iabolished iby: A) lower ibrainstem idamage.

B) tricyclic iantidepressants.

C) serotonin ireuptake iinhibitors.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

87. Loss iof iREM isleep ican iresult ifrom idamage ito ithe: A) lower ibrainstem.

B) hippocampus.

C) upper ibrainstem.

D) cerebellum.

88. Sleep ispindles iand iK icomplexes iare iassociated iwith: A) REM isleep.

B) NREM isleep.

C) dreaming.

D) daydreaming.

89. Some iresearchers ihave isuggested ithat iNREM isleep iis icritical ifor i_____, iwhereas iREM isleep iis icritical ifor i_____.

A) habitual imemory iconsolidation; iimplicit imemory iconsolidation B) explicit imemory iconsolidation; iimplicit imemory iconsolidation C) motor imemory; ifactual imemory D) restorative iprocesses; imemory

90. Stimulation iof ithe ireticular iactivating isystem iresults iin i_____ iin ithe iEEG. A) desynchronization B) spindle iactivity C) rhythmic iactivity D) large, islow iwaves

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91. Damage ito ithe ibrainstem ican iresult iin: A) narcolepsy.

B) insomnia.

C) coma.

D) hyperactivity.

92. Which iof ithe ifollowing ineurotransmitters iare ilikely iresponsible ifor iwaking?

A) serotonin iand idopamine B) serotonin iand iacetylcholine C) acetylcholine iand idopamine D) acetylcholine iand iGABA

93. _____ iis iresponsible ifor ithe iwaking iassociated iwith ibeing istill iand ialert, iwhereas i_____ iis iresponsible ifor ithe iwaking iassociated iwith imovement.

A) Serotonin; inorepinephrine B) Norepinephrine; iserotonin C) Acetylcholine; iserotonin D) Serotonin; iacetylcholine

94. You iare idriving ion ithe ihighway iat inight iand iyou iare igetting ivery isleepy. iTo ikeep iyourself iawake iyou ican istimulate iyour iserotonergic ineurons iby: A) drinking icoffee.

B) listening ito imusic.

C) shaking iyour ihead ior istretching.

D) having ia isnack.

95. The i_____ iinitiates iREM isleep.

A) medial ipontine ireticular iformation B) inferior iolivary inucleus C) suprachiasmatic inucleus D) peribrachial iarea

96. The iatonia iassociated iwith iREM isleep iis icontrolled iby ithe: A) peribrachial iarea.

B) medial ipontine ireticular iformation.

C) subcoerulear inucleus.

D) raphe inuclei.

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97. The i_____ iinitiates ithe irapid ieye imovements ithat ioccur iduring iREM isleep.

A) peribrachial iarea B) medial ipontine ireticular iformation C) subcoerulear inucleus D) raphe inuclei

98. An iinsomniac iis ia iperson iwho: A) sleeps iexcessively.

B) falls iasleep iwithout iwarning.

C) cannot isleep.

D) sleeps ionly iduring ithe iday.

99. Insomnia ican ibe icaused iby: A) anxiety.

B) depression.

C) sleeping ipills.

D) anxiety, idepression, iand isleeping ipills.

100. Sleeping ipills icommonly: A) become iaddictive.

B) deprive ia iperson iof iREM isleep.

C) cause irebound iinsomnia.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

101. Narcolepsy ican ibe itreated iwith: A) opioids.

B) Ritalin.

C) SSRIs. D) antipsychotic idrugs.

102. A iperson iwho isuddenly ifalls idown iand iis itemporarily iparalyzed imost ilikely ihas: A) narcolepsy.

B) cataplexy.

C) hypnogogy.

D) apnea.

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103. A iperson iwho isnores iand iis ivery ioverweight iis iat irisk ifor ideveloping: A) restless ilegs isyndrome.

B) narcolepsy.

C) sleep iapnea.

D) seasonal iaffective idisorder.

104. Hypnogogic ihallucinations iare iassociated iwith: A) narcolepsy.

B) cataplexy.

C) sleep iapnea.

D) REM iwithout iatonia.

105. Research iinto ithe ineural ibasis iof icataplexy ihas ishown ithat iduring iepisodes iof icataplexy: A) neurons iin ithe isubcoerulear inucleus ibecome iinactive.

B) neurons iin ithe imagnocellular inucleus iof ithe imedulla ibecome iactive.

C) neurons iin ithe iperibrachial iarea ibecome iactive.

D) neurons iin ithe isubcoerulear inucleus ibecome iinactive iand ineurons iin ithe imagnocellular inucleus iof ithe imedulla ibecome iactive.

106. Cataplexy iis ia isleep idisorder iin iwhich: A) one icannot igo iinto iREM isleep.

B) atonia idoes inot ioccur iduring iREM iand ipeople iact iout itheir idreams.

C) atonia isuddenly ioccurs iin ian iawake, ialert iindividual.

D) one iis iovercome iby ia isudden iurge ito isleep.

107. Knockout imice ithat iwere iselectively ibred inot ito ihave ithe igene ifor iproducing iorexin iwere ifound ito ihave: A) sleep iapnea.

B) narcolepsy.

C) cataplexy.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect. i

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Chapter 14 – How do we learn and remember? i

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1. Brain iimaging iresearch ihas ishown ithat iactivity iin ithe i_____ iis ireduced iin iindividuals iwith idyslexia.

A) left itemporoparietal icortex B) left ioccipital icortex C) right ifrontal icortex D) right itemporoparietal icortex

2. _____ iis iprobably ithe imost icommon ilearning idisability.

A) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity idisorder B) Autism C) Dyslexia D) Dyscalculia

3. _____ iis ia ichange iin ian iorganism's ibehavior ias ia iresult iof iexperience.

A) Learning B) Memory C) Cognition D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

4. _____ iis ia ichange iin ithe iability ito irecall ior irecognize iprevious iexperience.

A) Learning B) Memory C) Reasoning D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect

5. Last iyear, ievery itime iJohn iwatched ia ifootball igame iat ihis ifriend's ihouse, ihe idrank ibeer. iNow, iwhenever iJohn iwatches ia ifootball igame, ihe ifinds ihimself icraving ibeer. iThis iis ian iexample iof: A) Pavlovian i(classical) iconditioning.

B) operant iconditioning.

C) fear iconditioning.

D) the isuccessful iuse iof ibeer icommercials iduring ifootball igames.

6. A istimulus ifollowed iby ifood, ifollowed iby isalivation, iis ia ilearning iparadigm icalled: A) Pavlovian iconditioning.

B) classical iconditioning.

C) respondent iconditioning.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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7. In ia iconditioning iexperiment, iAndrew ihears ia itone ijust iprior ito ireceiving ia ipuff iof iair ito ihis ieye ithat icauses ian ieyeblink iresponse. iIn ithis iexperiment, ithe itone iis ithe i_____, ithe ipuff iof iair ito ithe ieye iis ithe i_____ iand ithe ieyeblink iis ithe i_____.

A) unconditioned istimulus; iconditioned istimulus; iunconditioned iresponse B) conditioned istimulus; iunconditioned istimulus; iunconditioned iresponse C) unconditioned istimulus; iconditioned istimulus; iconditioned iresponse D) conditioned iresponse, iconditioned istimulus; iunconditioned istimulus

8. Pavlovian iconditioning iis icontrolled iby icircuits iin ithe: A) frontal icortex.

B) thalamus.

C) brainstem.

D) cerebellum.

9. Eyeblink iconditioning iis ian iexample iof: A) classical iconditioning.

B) instrumental iconditioning.

C) operant iconditioning.

D) fear iconditioning.

10. Eyeblink iconditioning iinvolves ineural icircuits iin ithe: A) cerebellum.

B) amygdala.

C) orbital ifrontal icortex.

D) occipital ilobe.

11. Fear iconditioning iinvolves ineural icircuits iin ithe: A) hypothalamus.

B) amygdala.

C) frontal ilobe.

D) cerebellum.

12. One iday iMelissa iwas itrapped ialone iin ian ielevator ifor ialmost i3 ihours iwhen ithe ipower iwent iout. iNow, iwhenever ishe igets inear ian ielevator, ishe ifreezes iup iand istarts igasping ifor iair ias iif ishe icannot ibreathe. iThis iis ian iexample iof: A) classical iconditioning.

B) operant iconditioning.

C) fear iconditioning.

D) respondent iconditioning.

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13. Fear iconditioning iis icontrolled iby ithe i_____, iand iPavlovian iconditioning iis imediated iby ithe i_____.

A) hypothalamus; icerebellum B) brainstem; ibasal iganglia C) amygdala; ibasal iganglia D) amygdala; icerebellum

14. You iare iin ia icrowded isupermarket iwith iyour i4-year-old inephew. iWhen iyou iare iin ithe icandy iaisle, ihe iasks iyou ifor ia ichocolate ibar. iYou iinitially irefuse, isaying ithat iit iis inot igood ifor ihim ito ieat icandy. iHe ibegins ito icry iand iwhine iloudly. iEmbarrassed iby iall ithe iattention iyou iare iattracting, iyou ibuy ihim ithe ichocolate ibar ito istop ihim ifrom icrying. iNow ievery itime iyou igo ito ithe istore, iyour inephew iwhines iuntil iyou ibuy ihim isomething. iThis iis ian iexample iof: A) operant iconditioning.

B) fear iconditioning.

C) classical iconditioning.

D) respondent iconditioning.

15. Pressing ia ibar ito iobtain ifood iis ian iexample iof: A) respondent iconditioning.

B) classical iconditioning.

C) instrumental iconditioning.

D) amygdala iconditioning.

16. Instrumental iconditioning icircuits iare ifound: A) in ithe iamygdala.

B) in ithe icerebellum.

C) throughout ithe ibrain.

D) in ithe ifrontal icortex.

17. Ms. iJones iis ia igrade i3 iteacher iwho iis ihaving isome itrouble iwith ichildren imisbehaving iand idisrupting iclass. iInstead iof ipunishing ithe istudents iwho imisbehave, ishe idecides ito ireward igood ibehavior iin iclass iby iallowing iher istudents ian iextra irecess ieach iFriday iif ieveryone iin ithe iclass ihas ibeen igood iall iweek. iThis iis ian iexample iof: A) classical iconditioning.

B) respondent iconditioning.

C) operant iconditioning.

D) negative ireinforcement.

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18. Implicit imemory ihas ibeen idemonstrated iin: A) verbal itasks.

B) motor itasks.

C) neither iverbal inor imotor itasks.

D) both iverbal iand imotor itasks.

19. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ian iexample iof iimplicit imemory?

A) You ihave inot ibeen ion ia ibicycle ifor ialmost i10 iyears, ibut iyou ican istill iride ione.

B) You ihave ilearned ito iassociate ia itone iwith ia ipuff iof iair ito iyour ieye ithat icauses ian ieye iblink.

C) You ifigured iout ia iword iin iyour icrossword ipuzzle imore iquickly ibecause iyou ioverheard isomeone isay ithe iword ithis imorning iat iwork, ieven ithough iyou ido inot iremember iactually ihearing iit.

D) You iremember ithe iday ithat iyour icoach itaught iyou ihow ito iproperly icatch ia ibaseball.

20. Amnesics igenerally ilose ithe iability ito ido: A) explicit iand iimplicit imemory itasks.

B) explicit imemory itasks.

C) implicit imemory itasks.

D) any iverbal-content itasks ibut inot imotor itasks.

21. The iGollin iFigure iTest iand ithe iPursuit iRotor iTask iare iused ito iassess: A) episodic imemory.

B) implicit imemory.

C) explicit imemory.

D) declarative imemory.

22. Which iof ithe ifollowing iterms iis iused iinstead iof iexplicit imemory?

A) skill B) declarative imemory C) reference imemory D) habit imemory

23. Explicit imemory iis ito iimplicit imemory ias: A) skill iis ito ifact.

B) conscious iis ito iunconscious.

C) semantic iis ito iepisodic.

D) reference iis ito iworking.

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24. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis ian iexample iof iexplicit ilearning?

A) Pavlov's iclassical iconditioning B) Thorndike's iinstrumental ilearning C) Skinner's ioperant ilearning D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

25. Explicit imemory irelies imainly ion i_____ iprocesses, iand iimplicit imemory irelies imainly ion i_____ iprocesses.

A) bottom-up; itop-down B) automatic; ivoluntary C) top-down; ibottom-up D) reflexive; icognitive

26. Which iof ithe ifollowing istructures iplay ian iimportant irole iin ishort-term, ior itemporary, imemory?

A) temporal ilobes B) frontal ilobes C) occipital ilobes D) parietal ilobes

27. The itemporal ilobes iare icritical ifor i_____ imemory, iand ithe ifrontal ilobes iare iimportant ifor i_____ imemory.

A) short-term; ilong-term B) verbal; ivisual C) long-term; ishort-term D) implicit; iexplicit

28. Martin iand icolleagues ishowed isubjects iblack-and-white iline idrawings iof iobjects iand iasked ithem ito igenerate iwords idenoting ieither ithe icolors ior ithe iactions iof ithe iobjects. iWhile isubjects iwere idoing ithe itask, ipositron iemission itomography i(PET) iscans iwere irecorded. iThe iresearchers ifound iactivation iin ithe i_____ ilobes iwhen irecalling ithe icolors iof ithe iobjects iand iactivation iin ithe i_____ ilobes iwhen irecalling ithe iactions iassociated iwith ithe iobjects: A) temporal; ioccipital B) frontal; itemporal C) temporal; iparietal iand ifrontal D) temporal iand ifrontal; iparietal

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29. In iyour itext, ithe ipatient iK. iC. iis idescribed ias isomeone iwho isustained iserious itraumatic ibrain iinjury iin ia imotorcycle iaccident. iAmong ihis ideficits iwas ithe ifact ithat: A) he icould inot iplay ichess.

B) his ishort-term imemory iwas iimpaired.

C) he icould ino ilonger iremember ihis ibirthday.

D) he icould inot irecall iany ipersonally iexperienced ievents.

30. A ipatient iwho isustained ia ibrain iinjury iin ia imountain ibiking iaccident ihas ia ipeculiar imemory ideficit. iHe ihas inormal iworking imemory iand igood ilong-term imemory. iHowever, ihe iis icompletely iunable ito iremember iany ipersonal ievents iin ihis ilife, isuch ias ihis icollege igraduation ior ihis ibirthday iparty ifrom iless ithan ia iweek iago. iYou isuspect ithat ihe imay ihave idamage ito ihis: A) temporal ilobes.

B) cerebellum.

C) frontal ilobes.

D) parietal ilobes.

31. Psychogenic iamnesias iare ithought ito ibe ilinked ito idecreased iactivity iin ithe: A) hippocampus.

B) temporal ilobes.

C) frontal ilobes.

D) parietal ilobes.

32. Research iin iindividuals iwith ihighly isuperior iautobiographical imemory i(HSAM) ihas irevealed ithat ithey iare i_____ ito ifalse imemories.

A) relatively iunsusceptible B) relatively isusceptible C) as isusceptible ias imost D) immune

33. Karl iLashley iis iremembered ifor ihis idiscovery: A) of ioperant iconditioning.

B) of ithe ilocalized inature iof imemory.

C) that imemory iloss iwas ia ifunction iof ithe isize iof ia ilesion ion ithe ibrain, inot ithe ilocation.

D) that ithe itemporal ilobes iare ithe ilocation iof imemory.

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34. H. iM., ithe imemory ipatient idescribed iin iyour itext, iunderwent: A) bilateral iremoval iof ithe ifrontal ilobes.

B) bilateral iremoval iof ithe itemporal ilobes.

C) removal iof ithe ileft itemporal ilobe.

D) removal iof ithe ileft ifrontal ilobe.

35. Which iof ithe ifollowing iwas ilargely iunaffected iafter ithe imemory ipatient iH. iM.'s isurgery?

A) implicit imemory B) verbal imemory C) explicit imemory D) visuospatial imemory

36. The ipatient iJ. iK. ihad iParkinson idisease. iHe ishowed ia ideficit iin: A) verbal imemory.

B) visuospatial imemory.

C) implicit imemory.

D) explicit imemory.

37. A ipatient inamed iBoswell iwas idescribed iin iyour itext ias ihaving isevere iamnesia—for ievents iboth iprior ito iand iafter ihis iillness—while imaintaining iimplicit imemory. iHis ibrain idamage iincluded ithe: A) medial itemporal icortex.

B) basal iganglia.

C) sensory icortex.

D) motor icortex.

38. Patient iBoswell's iamnesia, iunlike iH. iM.'s, ialso iaffected: A) implicit imemory.

B) explicit imemory.

C) autobiographical imemory.

D) memory ifor ipreviously ilearned iinformation.

39. The i_____ iis ithe ifinal istop iin ia imajor ipathway ileading ifrom ithe icortex ito ithe ihippocampus.

A) perirhinal icortex B) parahippocampal icortex C) entorhinal icortex D) orbitofrontal icortex

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40. The ithree icortical iregions, iin iaddition ito ithe ihippocampus iand iamygdala, ithat itake ipart iin iexplicit imemory iare ithe: A) entorhinal, iparahippocampal, iand ioccipital icortices.

B) entorhinal, iperirhinal, iand iparahippocampal icortices.

C) frontal, iperirhinal, iand ientorhinal icortices.

D) parietal, iperirhinal, iand iparahippocampal icortices.

41. Which iof ithe ifollowing iareas iis imost ilikely iinvolved iin ivisuospatial imemory?

A) basal iganglia B) parahippocampal iregion C) perirhinal iregion D) limbic iregion

42. The i_____ ireceives iinput ifrom ithe iventral ivisual istream iand iplays ia irole iin iobject imemory.

A) hippocampus B) entorhinal icortex C) perirhinal icortex D) parahippocampal icortex

43. Which iof ithe ifollowing iareas ifirst ishows icell ideath iin iAlzheimer idisease?

A) hippocampus B) entorhinal icortex C) perirhinal icortex D) parahippocampal icortex

44. Neuritic iplaques iand ineurofibrillary itangles iare ioften ifound iin ipatients iwith: A) herpes iencephalitis.

B) Huntington idisease.

C) Parkinson idisease.

D) Alzheimer idisease.

45. Recent iresearch ihas isuggested ithat iAlzheimer idisease imay ibe idue ito: A) genetic idefects.

B) poor idiet.

C) a iseries iof imicrobleeds iin ithe ibrain.

D) exposure ito icarbon imonoxide.

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46. Alzheimer idisease: A) can ibe ipositively idiagnosed ionly iat iautopsy.

B) is icharacterized iby icortical iplaques.

C) is iassociated iwith ia iloss iof icholinergic icells iin ithe ibasal iforebrain.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

47. People iwith imild icognitive iimpairment iare imore ilikely ito iend iup ideveloping: A) Alzheimer idisease.

B) multiple isclerosis.

C) Parkinson idisease.

D) herpes iencephalitis.

48. Which iof ithe ifollowing iareas iis imost ilikely ito iplay ia irole iin ivisual iobject imemory?

A) parahippocampal iregion B) limbic ilobe C) perirhinal iregion D) basal iganglia

49. In irecent istudies, ithe ihippocampus ihas ibeen iimplicated iin: A) memory ifor ifaces.

B) visual iobject imemory.

C) memory ifor iplaces.

D) verbal imemory.

50. Monkeys iwith iperirhinal ilesions iare iimpaired iat i_____, iand imonkeys iwith ihippocampal ilesions iare iimpaired iat i_____.

A) object iposition itasks; ivisual irecognition itasks B) visual irecognition itasks; iobject iposition itasks C) spatial ilearning; iverbal ilearning D) visual irecognition; iepisodic imemory

51. Sherry iand icolleagues ihave ifound ithat igiven ithe isize iof ithe ibird, ithe ihippocampal iformation iof ibirds ithat icache ifood ifor ithe iwinter iis i_____ ione iwould iexpect.

A) more ithan itwice ias ilarge ias B) about ithe isize C) more ithan i10 itimes ias ilarge ias D) smaller ithan

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52. Maguire iand icolleagues ifound ithat iLondon itaxi idrivers i_____ ithan icontrols.

A) had ilarger ifrontal ilobes B) had ia ilarger ianterior ihippocampus C) had ia ilarger iposterior ihippocampus D) had ia ilarger iparietal icortex

53. Shown ia iseries iof iphotographs iin ia ispecific iorder, ipatients iwith i_____ idamage iwould inot ibe iable ito iremember ithe iphotographs ior itheir iorder, iand ipatients iwith i_____ idamage iwould iremember ithe iphotographs ibut inot itheir iorder.

A) frontal ilobe; imedial itemporal ilobe B) medial itemporal ilobe; iparietal ilobe C) medial itemporal ilobe; ifrontal ilobe D) frontal ilobe; iparietal ilobe

54. Which iof ithe ifollowing itypes iof icells iare iNOT ifound iin ithe ihippocampus ior ientorhinal icortex?

A) grid icells B) place icells C) head idirection icells D) orientation icells

55. _____ icells, iin ithe i_____, ifire iwhen ian ianimal iis iin ia ispecific ilocation.

A) Grid icells; ihippocampus B) Head idirection icells; ientorhinal icortex C) Place icells; ihippocampus D) Place icells; iparahippocampal icortex

56. _____ icells i, iin ithe i_____, ifire iin imany ilocations iin ithe ienvironment, ihelping ito iestablish ia ispatial icoordinate isystem.

A) Grid icells; ientorhinal icortex B) Head idirection icells; ientorhinal icortex C) Grid icells; ihippocampus D) Place icells; iparahippocampal icortex

57. The ifrontal ilobe iappears ito iparticipate iin: A) spatial imemory.

B) memory ifor ifaces.

C) verbal imemory.

D) memory ifor ithe itemporal iorder iof ievents.

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58. If ia imonkey ihas ito iremember ithe iposition iof ia ilight ifor ia idelay iperiod iafter ithe ilight igoes iout, ineurons iin ithe i_____ ifire ito ihelp ithe imonkey iretain ia imemory itrace.

A) hippocampus B) prefrontal icortex C) inferior itemporal icortex D) occipital icortex

59. A imonkey iis itrained ito iremember ithe iposition iof ia ilight iafter iit igoes iout. iThe iactivity iof ineurons iin ithe iprefrontal icortex iwill: A) increase iif ithe imonkey iforgets ithe iposition iof ithe itarget.

B) decrease iif ithe imonkey icorrectly iremembers ithe iposition iof ithe itarget.

C) decrease iif ithe imonkey iforgets ithe iposition iof ithe itarget.

D) not ifire idifferentially ito icorrect ior iincorrect iresponses.

60. In imonkeys, icells iin ithe iprefrontal icortex iwill ifire iduring ia: A) delayed-alternation itask.

B) delayed imatching-to-sample itask.

C) delayed-response itask.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

61. Early iresearch iwith ipatient iH. iM. idemonstrated ithat ithe ihippocampus: A) was ithe istorage isite ifor iall ilong-term imemories.

B) was ithe istorage isite ifor iall ishort-term imemories.

C) played ia icritical irole iin imemory iconsolidation.

D) played ino iimportant irole iin imemory.

62. Mishkin iand ihis icolleagues ihave ihypothesized ithat ithe i_____ iis i(are) icentral ito iimplicit imemory.

A) hippocampus B) basal iganglia C) frontal ilobes D) medial itemporal icortex

63. According ito iMishkin iand icolleagues, iwhich ipatient igroup iwould imost ilikely ihave ithe iworst iimplicit imemory iperformance?

A) patients iwith iParkinson idisease B) patients iwith idamage ito ithe ihippocampus C) patients iwith idamage ito ithe iprefrontal icortex D) patients iwith iAlzheimer idisease

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64. Xenon igas ihas ibeen ishown ito i_____ iin irats.

A) increase ispatial ilearning B) decrease iimplicit imemory C) reduce ireconsolidation D) improve ispatial imemory

65. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ipart iof ithe ineural icircuit ifor iemotional imemories?

A) amygdala B) basal iganglia C) hypothalamus D) cerebellum

66. Which inucleus iof ithe iamygdala iis icritical ifor iforming iemotional imemories?

A) the icentral inucleus B) the ilateral inucleus C) the ibasolateral inucleus D) the idorsal inucleus

67. The inotion ithat imemory istorage imight iinvolve ichanges iin ithe istructure iof isynapses iwas ifirst iput iforward iby: A) Santiago iRamón iy iCajal.

B) Camillo iGolgi.

C) Donald iHebb.

D) Wilder iPenfield.

68. Long-term ipotentiation i(LTP) iinvolves irepeated i_____ ielectrical istimulation iresulting iin ia i_____ iin isynaptic ieffectiveness.

A) high-frequency; ilong-lasting iincrease B) low-frequency; ilong-lasting idecrease C) high-frequency; ishort-term idecrease D) high-frequency; ilong-lasting idecrease

69. Long-term idepression i(LTD) iinvolves irepeated i_____ ielectrical istimulation iresulting iin ia i_____ iin isynaptic ieffectiveness.

A) high-frequency; ilong-lasting iincrease B) low-frequency; ilong-lasting idecrease C) high-frequency; ishort-term idecrease D) high-frequency; ilong-lasting idecrease

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70. During iLTP, i_____ ienters ipostsynaptic iNMDA ireceptors ito ibegin ia ichain iof ievents ithat ileads ito ian iincrease iin ithe inumber iof ipostsynaptic iAMPA ireceptors.

A) Ca2+ B) Na+ C) Cl– D) K+

71. Which ineurotransmitter iis ineeded ito iactivate iNMDA iand iAMPA ireceptors?

A) GABA B) glutamate C) acetylcholine D) dopamine

72. For ia ipostsynaptic iNMDA ireceptor ito ibe iactivated: A) glutamate imust ibind ito iit.

B) the ipostsynaptic imembrane imust ibe idepolarized.

C) glutamate imust ibind ito iit iand ithe ipostsynaptic imembrane imust ibe idepolarized.

D) acetylcholine imust ibind ito iit iand ithe ipostsynaptic imembrane imust ibe idepolarized.

73. For ia ipostsynaptic iAMPA ireceptor ito ibe iactivated: A) glutamate imust ibind ito iit.

B) the ipostsynaptic imembrane imust ibe idepolarized.

C) glutamate imust ibind ito iit iand ithe ipostsynaptic imembrane imust ibe idepolarized.

D) acetylcholine imust ibind ito iit iand ithe ipostsynaptic imembrane imust ibe idepolarized.

74. Changes iin idendritic imorphology: A) occur ispontaneously iover idays ior iweeks.

B) indirectly irepresent inew iconnections ibetween iwidely iseparated ibrain iregions.

C) imply ithe iaddition ior isubtraction iof isynapses.

D) imply inew icircuitry.

75. Research isuggests ithat iLTP iincreases isynaptic ieffectiveness iby: A) increasing ithe isize iof iaxons.

B) increasing ithe ifiring irate iof ipresynaptic ineurons.

C) increasing ithe inumber iof isynapses ion ipostsynaptic idendrites.

D) decreasing ithe iamount iof iglutamate ireleased iby ipresynaptic ineurons.

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76. Bromodeoxyuridine i(BrdU) iexperiments ihave ishown ithat inew ineurons ihave ibeen igenerated iin ithe iadult imammalian ibrain. iThese ineurons imigrate ito ithe: A) frontal ilobes.

B) olfactory ibulbs.

C) hippocampus.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

77. Woollett iand iMaguire iconducted iMRI iscans ion ipeople ibefore iand iafter ithe isubjects iunderwent itraining ito ibecome ia iLondon itaxi idriver. iThe iresults iof ithe istudy idemonstrated ithat: A) prior ito itraining, ithose iwho ilater ibecame itaxi idrivers ihad ilarger ihippocampi.

B) there iwas ino icorrelation ibetween isucceeding ior ifailing ito ibecome ia itaxi idriver iand ithe isize iof ithe ihippocampus.

C) those iwho ibecame itaxi idrivers ishowed ian iincrease iin ihippocampal ivolume ifrom ipretest ito iposttest.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

78. If iyou iwant ito iincrease ichildren's iability ito ilearn ilater iin ilife, ia igood ioption iwould ibe ito: A) get ithem iinvolved iin isports.

B) teach ithem ito iplay ia imusical iinstrument.

C) encourage ithem ito iread ioften.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

79. The iphenomenon iof iphantom ilimb iafter iamputation ican imost ieasily ibe iexplained iby: A) encroachment iof ithe idenervated icortex iarea iby isome iother ipart iof ithe ibody. iThus iwhen ithat ipart iof ithe ibody iis istimulated, ithe ibrain iis itricked iinto ithinking ithat ithe ilimb istill iexists.

B) stimulation iof ithe inerve iendings iof ithe istump.

C) collateral istimulation iof ithe ithalamus.

D) degeneration iof ithe icortical iarea irepresenting ithe ilost ilimb.

80. Your ifriend iDevin, iwho iis ileft-handed, ihas iplayed ithe ielectric iguitar ifor ialmost i20 iyears. iIf iyou iconducted ian iMRI iscan iof iDevin's ibrain, iyou iwould iexpect ito isee ian iincrease iin ithe isize iof ihis: A) hand iregion iin imotor icortex iin ithe ileft ihemisphere.

B) basal iganglia iin ithe ileft ihemisphere.

C) hand iregion iin imotor icortex iin ithe iright ihemisphere.

D) cerebellum iin ithe iright ihemisphere.

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81. Research iby iScheibel iand icolleagues ifound ithat idendritic ibranching iincreased iin i_____ iin ipeople iwith ihigh ilevels iof ieducation.

A) Wernicke's iarea B) Broca's iarea C) the ihippocampus D) the imotor icortex

82. In irats, ia(n) i_____ ileads ito ian iincrease iin ithe inumber iof idendritic ispines, iand ia(n) i_____ ileads ito ia idecrease iin idendritic ispines.

A) increase iin iestrogen; idecrease iin iestrogen B) decrease iin iestrogen; iincrease iin iestrogen C) increase iin itestosterone; idecrease iin itestosterone D) decrease iin itestosterone; iincrease iin itestosterone

83. Prolonged iexposure ito ithe ihormones icalled iglucocorticoids: A) increases idendritic ibranching iin ithe ihippocampus.

B) kills icells iin ithe ihippocampus.

C) decreases iglial inumbers.

D) increases ispatial imemory.

84. Neurotrophic ifactors: A) reorganize ineural icircuits.

B) are iproduced iby ineurons.

C) are iproduced iby iglial icells.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

85. Brain-derived ineurotrophic ifactor i(BDNF): A) increases ithe inumber iof inew ineurons.

B) increases imyelination.

C) increases ithe isize iof iaxons.

D) increases ithe inumber iof idendrites iand isynapses.

86. One iof iyour ifriends iroutinely iuses i"study ipills" i(Ritalin) ito ihelp ihim istay iawake iand ipull iall-nighters iduring iexam itime. iNormally, iif ihe itakes ia ismall idose ihe iis ifine, ibut ilately iwhen ihe itakes ithe isame idose ihe igets iextremely iagitated iand icannot isit istill. iThe isame idose iis ihaving ia ilarger ieffect ion ihim ithan iit iused ito. iThis iis ian iexample iof: A) drug iaddiction.

B) tolerance.

C) behavioral isensitization.

D) withdrawal.

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87. If irats iare igiven icocaine ifor i2 iweeks iprior ito ibeing iplaced iin ia icomplex ienvironment, ithere iis: A) an iincrease iin idendritic ilength iand idendritic ispine idensity.

B) a idecrease iin idendritic ilength iand idendritic ispine idensity.

C) no ichange iin idendritic ilength iand idendritic ispine idensity.

D) an iincrease iin ithe inumber iof inew iaxons.

88. Repeated iexposure ito iamphetamine ior icocaine: A) decreases ispine idensity iin ithe ifrontal icortex.

B) results iin ia ilesser iresponse iover itime.

C) results iin ia ilong-lasting ichange iin ithe ibrain.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

89. Administration iof i_____ ihas ibeen ishown ito ihelp iimprove irecovery ifrom ibrain iinjury iin ianimals.

A) L-dopa B) steroids C) nerve igrowth ifactor D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

90. Transplanting ibrain itissue: A) works ias iwell ias itransplanting iother iorgans.

B) effectively ireverses iParkinson idisease.

C) is iespecially ieffective iin ithe icortex.

D) is inot ia ivery ieffective itechnique.

91. Brain itissue itransplant ihas ishown isome ipromise iin itreating: A) Alzheimer idisease.

B) Huntington idisease.

C) anterograde iamnesia.

D) Parkinson idisease.

92. In ianimal imodels, ithe iadministration iof inerve igrowth ifactor i(NGF) ifollowing ia istroke ihas ibeen ishown ito: A) stimulate idendritic igrowth.

B) increase ithe inumber iof inew ineurons.

C) have ino ieffects ion irecovery.

D) decrease itissue iinflammation.

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93. Injecting iepidermal igrowth ifactor iinto ithe iventricle iof ia ilive ianimal: A) produces ionly iprogenitor icells.

B) will iproduce ifunctional iregrowth iin ia ibrain-damaged ianimal.

C) produces icells ithat ieventually idifferentiate iinto ineurons iand iglia.

D) produces ionly icells ithat iturn iinto iglia. i

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Chapter 15 – How does the brain think? i

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1. If ia ipatient iwho ihas ihad ihis icorpus icallosum isevered iis iasked ito imake ipatterns iusing iblocks, ihe iwill iprobably iperform ithe itask ibetter iwith ihis: A) left ihand.

B) right ihand.

C) dominant ihand.

D) He iwill inot ibe iable ito iperform ithe itask iat iall.

2. Psychological iconstructs i(e.g., iattention) ican ibe idifficult ito ilocalize iin ithe ibrain ibecause: A) psychological iconstructs iare ioften icomplex iand inot ilocalized ito ione iarea iof ithe ibrain.

B) we itend ito ithink iof iconstructs ias iunitary, ibut ithey iare iactually imade iup iof ia inumber iof idistinct iprocesses.

C) the ibrain iis inot iorganized iaround ipsychological iconstructs.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

3. Which iof ithe ifollowing iaspects iof ilanguage igives ihumans ian iadvantage iin ithinking?

A) It iprovides ia imeans iwith iwhich ito icategorize iinformation.

B) It iprovides ia imeans iof iorganizing itime.

C) Language ihas ia isyntax i(i.e., ia iset iof irules) ithat iallows imeaningful iutterances ito ibe igenerated.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

4. A ikey idifference ibetween ihuman ilanguage iand ilanguage iin ichimpanzees iis ithat: A) humans ican icommunicate iwith ione ianother, iwhereas ichimpanzees icannot.

B) human ilanguage ican ibe iused ito iwarn iothers iabout idanger, iwhereas ichimpanzee ilanguage icannot.

C) human ilanguage ihas isyntax, iwhereas ichimpanzee ilanguage idoes inot.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

5. Oliver iSacks idescribes ian i11-year-old iboy iwho iwas ideaf iand iwas inever itaught isign ilanguage. iThe ipurpose iof ithis iexample iwas ito iillustrate ithe iimportance iof: A) normal ihearing iin ilanguage idevelopment.

B) syntax iin ithe idevelopment iof icomplex ithought.

C) normal ihearing iin iemotional idevelopment.

D) normal ihearing iin ithought idevelopment.

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6. Syntax iis ithe isame ias: A) grammar.

B) the istringing itogether iof iphonemes ito imake ia iword.

C) literal ilanguage.

D) oral ilanguage.

7. The idevelopment iof ilanguage iin ihumans imight ihave istemmed ifrom: A) our idevelopment iof icomplex ivisual iabilities.

B) our iability ito iperform imovements iin iseries.

C) the ienlargement iof ithe imedial itemporal ilobes.

D) the ienlargement iof ithe icingulate icortex.

8. Throwing ia irock ior ia ispear iis ia(n): A) guided imovement.

B) ballistic imovement.

C) feedback imovement.

D) oscillatory imovement.

9. Throwing ian iobject iaccurately iat ia imoving iobject iis iunique ito: A) humans.

B) humans iand ichimpanzees.

C) humans, ichimpanzees, iand igorillas.

D) all iprimates.

10. Novel isequences iof ithoughts imost ilikely iarise iin ithe: A) parietal ilobes.

B) frontal ilobes.

C) temporal ilobes.

D) limbic ilobes.

11. Choreography iof ia inew idance iis ilikely ia ifunction iof ithe: A) parietal ilobes.

B) temporal ilobes.

C) frontal ilobes.

D) limbic ilobes.

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12. Which iof ithe ifollowing itests iwould iAlex ithe iparrot imost ilikely ihave ibeen iable ito iaccomplish?

A) counting ithe inumber iof iitems ion ia itray B) indicating ithe icolor iof ian iobject C) identifying iwhen ian iincorrect iobject iwas igiven ito ihim D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

13. Cells iin ivisual iarea iV5 iare imost isensitive ito: A) color.

B) shape.

C) size.

D) movement.

14. In ia istudy iby iNewsome iand iassociates, imonkeys iwere itrained ito idiscriminate idirections iof imotion iwhile iresearchers irecorded ifrom isingle ineurons iin iarea iV5 ithat iwere isensitive ito ia ispecific idirection iof imotion. iAccording ito ithe iresults iof ithis iexperiment, iwhich iof ithe ifollowing ioptions iwould iresult iin ithe ihighest ifiring irate iin ia iV5 ineuron?

A) random idot imovement B) no idot imovement C) semicoordinated idot imovement D) The ifiring irate iof ithe ineuron iwould ibe ithe isame iin iall iconditions.

15. The iassociation icortex imakes iup iabout i_____ iof ithe itotal icortex.

A) one-third B) one-half C) two-thirds D) three-quarters

16. Which iof ithe ifollowing ibrain iregions iis inot iconsidered ito ibe ipart iof ithe iprefrontal iassociation icortex?

A) dorsolateral iprefrontal icortex B) ventromedial iprefrontal icortex C) anterior icingulate icortex D) All iof ithe iregions iare ipart iof ithe iprefrontal iassociation icortex.

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17. The iinability ito iperceive imotion ioften iresults ifrom idamage ito ithe ivisual iarea i_____ iof ithe ioccipital ilobe iof ithe ibrain.

A) V5 B) V2 C) V1 D) V4

18. Humans iwith idamage ito ivisual iarea iV4 ican ino ilonger isee: A) distance.

B) size.

C) color.

D) movement.

19. Conscious ivisual iknowledge iof iobjects i(e.g., ishape, isize, itexture) iis istored iin ithe: A) parietal icortex.

B) occipital icortex.

C) temporal icortex.

D) frontal icortex.

20. A iperson iwho ionce ihad iknowledge iabout icertain iobjects inow iloses ivisual iknowledge iof ithose iobjects iand ialso iother iobjects iwhen ihis i_____ iis idestroyed.

A) parietal icortex.

B) temporal icortex.

C) frontal icortex.

D) occipital icortex.

21. Visual iagnosia iresults ifrom idamage ito ithe: A) ventral istream.

B) dorsal istream C) parietal icortex.

D) occipital icortex.

22. A iperson iwho ican ilocalize iobjects iand idescribe itheir ilocation ifrom imemory ibut icannot iidentify iobjects ior idescribe ithem ifrom imemory imost ilikely ihas ia ilesion iin ithe: A) parietal icortex.

B) temporal icortex.

C) frontal icortex.

D) occipital icortex.

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23. The i_____ iis icritical ifor iobject irecognition, iwhereas ithe i_____ iis icritical ifor ivision ifor iaction.

A) ventral istream; idorsal istream B) temporal icortex; ifrontal icortex C) dorsal istream; iventral istream D) frontal icortex; ioccipital icortex

24. Anthony ican iperceive iobjects inormally, ibut iwhen ihe ireaches iout ito ipick ithem iup, ihe ioften imisses ithe iobject ientirely ior igrasps iit iawkwardly. iThis idifficulty iwith ipicking iup iobjects idoes inot iappear ito ibe ia iproblem iwith ihis imuscles, ias ihe ican imove ihis iarms ijust ifine. iThis ipeculiar idisorder iis imostly ilike ithe iresult iof idamage ito ithe: A) frontal icortex.

B) parietal icortex.

C) temporal icortex.

D) occipital icortex.

25. How iwe icombine imultiple isources iof iinput i(e.g., ivisual, iauditory, imotor) iinto ia iunified iconscious iexperience iis iknown ias ithe: A) temporal iproblem.

B) sensory iproblem.

C) binding iproblem.

D) association iproblem.

26. Your iability ito iimagine iwhat ian iobject iwould ilook ilike ifrom ia idifferent iviewpoint irelies imost iheavily ion ithe: A) parietal icortex.

B) temporal icortex.

C) frontal icortex.

D) occipital icortex.

27. Spatial inavigation irelies ion: A) the iuse iof ienvironmental ilandmarks.

B) the iability ito iimagine ia imap iof ithe ienvironment.

C) the iability ito imentally imanipulate iimages.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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28. Since iHenry's irecent istroke ihe ihas ihad ia igreat ideal iof idifficulty inavigating iaround iunfamiliar ienvironments isuch idoctor's ioffices iand ishopping imalls. iHenry imost ilikely ihas idamage ito ihis: A) occipital ilobe.

B) right iparietal ilobe.

C) left iparietal ilobe D) ventral istream.

29. In ithe istudy iby iMoran iand iDesimone, ithe ifiring irate iof ineurons iin iarea iV4 iwas ihighest iwhen iobjects: A) appeared iat ithe irewarded ilocation.

B) appeared iat ian iunrewarded ilocation.

C) appeared ianywhere ion ithe iscreen.

D) changed icolor ianywhere ion ithe iscreen.

30. A iperson iwho ineglects iobjects ior ievents iin ithe ileft iside iof ihis ior iher iworld imost ilikely ihas ia ilesion iin ithe: A) left itemporal ilobe.

B) right itemporal ilobe.

C) left iparietal ilobe.

D) right iparietal ilobe.

31. Extinction iis ia iform iof: A) apraxia.

B) neglect.

C) aphasia.

D) preservation.

32. Alex ihas irecently ihad ia istroke iin ihis iright iparietal ilobe. iWhich iof ithe ifollowing iis ilikely ito idescribe ithe ideficits ihe imight ihave?

A) He ino ilonger ieats ifood ifrom ithe iright iside iof ihis iplate.

B) He ican ino ilonger iimagine ithe ileft iside iof ihis iown imental iimages.

C) He iroutinely ibumps iinto ithings ion ihis iright iside.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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33. Which iof ithe ifollowing iscenarios iis iMOST ilikely ito ilead ito iextinction iin ia ipatient iwith ia iright ihemisphere iinjury?

A) The ipatient iis ishown ia ipencil iin ithe ileft ivisual ifield.

B) The ipatient iis ishown ia ispoon iin ithe iright ivisual ifield.

C) The ipatient iis ishown ia ipencil iin ithe ileft iand iright ivisual ifields iat ithe isame itime.

D) The ipatient iis ishown ia ipencil iin ithe ileft ivisual ifield iand ia ispoon iin ithe iright ivisual ifield iat ithe isame itime.

34. The itemporal iorganization iof ibehavior iis ithe igeneral ifunction iof ithe: A) parietal ilobes.

B) temporal ilobes.

C) frontal ilobes.

D) limbic ilobes.

35. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis imost ianalogous ito ian iorchestra iconductor?

A) temporal ilobes B) frontal ilobes C) parietal ilobes D) occipital ilobes

36. Which iof ithe ifollowing itasks iwould ibe idifficult ifor isomeone iwith ia iprefrontal icortex iinjury?

A) grocery ishopping ito iprepare ifor ia idinner iparty ithat iwas iorganized ian ihour iago B) understanding ia ijoke C) recognizing ia ifriend's iface D) driving ito ia ifriend's ihouse

37. The iWisconsin iCard iSorting iTest iis ian iexcellent imeasure ito iexamine: A) neglect.

B) extinction.

C) the iability ito ishift istrategy.

D) parietal ilobe ifunction.

38. Which iof ithe ifollowing ibest idescribes ithe itype iof iproblem ithat ia ipatient iwith ia iprefrontal icortex iinjury imight ihave ion ithe iWisconsin iCard iSorting iTest?

A) The ipatient ihas idifficulty ilearning ito isort iaccording ito ia irule.

B) The ipatient ihas idifficulty iswitching istrategies ito iuse ia inew isorting irule.

C) The ipatient iis inever iable ito iremember ithe icategories.

D) All iof ithe istatements iare icorrect.

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39. According ito irecent iwork iby iGregory iHickok, imirror ineurons imay ibe iimportant ifor i_____ ibut inot ifor i_____.

A) language; iaction iunderstanding B) action irecognition; iaction iunderstanding C) action iunderstanding; iaction irecognition D) action iunderstanding; ilanguage

40. A ipatient iwith idamage ito ithe ileft itemporal ipole imight ihave iproblems iwith: A) reading.

B) verbal imemory.

C) visual imemory.

D) the iWisconsin iCard iSorting iTest.

41. A ipatient iwith ipoor ivisual imemory imight ihave idamage ito: A) the ileft ifrontal ilobe.

B) the ileft itemporal ilobe.

C) the iright itemporal ilobe.

D) Broca's iarea.

42. Using irs-fMRI, iscientists ihave iidentified iapproximately i_____ inetworks.

A) 5 B) 13 C) 17 D) 25

43. The ihuman icerebellum iis ithought ito ibe iimportant ifor: A) motor ilearning.

B) language.

C) working imemory.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

44. Studies iin isocial ineuroscience ihave isuggested ithat ithe ibrain iregion imost iimportant ifor itheory iof imind iis ithe: A) orbitofrontal icortex.

B) dorsolateral iprefrontal icortex.

C) dorsal ipremotor icortex.

D) amygdala.

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45. The iexperience iof iempathy iis ithought ito ibe irelated ito iactivity iin ithe: A) medial iprefrontal icortex.

B) dorsolateral iprefrontal icortex.

C) dorsal ipremotor icortex.

D) amygdala.

46. Social ineuroscience istudies ihave idemonstrated ithat ianticipation iof ipain iactivates ithe: A) lateral iprefrontal icortex.

B) inferior iparietal icortex.

C) superior itemporal icortex.

D) anterior icingulate icortex.

47. Research iin ineuroeconomics ihas ilinked iactivity iin ithe i_____ iwith ia ireflexive idecision isystem iand iactivity iin ithe i_____ iwith ireflective idecision isystem.

A) nucleus iaccumbens iand iventromedial iprefrontal icortex; imedial itemporal icortex iand ilateral iprefrontal icortex B) medial itemporal icortex iand ilateral iprefrontal icortex; inucleus iaccumbens iand iventromedial iprefrontal icortex C) amygdala; iventromedial iprefrontal icortex D) medial itemporal icortex iand ilateral iprefrontal icortex; inucleus iaccumbens

48. Evaluation iof itwo icola ibrands iduring ian ifMRI istudy iincreased iactivation iin ithe i_____; ithe ifinding iwas icorrelated iwith ithe iparticipant's i_____ ibrand.

A) dorsolateral iprefrontal icortex; ipreferred B) orbitofrontal icortex; ipreferred C) orbitofrontal icortex; iless-favored D) anterior icingulate icortex; iless-favored

49. A iperson iwho iis iconsidered ito ibe iimpulsive imight ihave iincreased iactivity iin ithe i_____ iwhen imaking ieconomic idecisions.

A) ventromedial iprefrontal icortex iand inucleus iaccumbens B) lateral iprefrontal iand imedial itemporal icortex C) dorsolateral iprefrontal icortex D) posterior iparietal icortex

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50. Which iof ithe ifollowing istatements iabout ianatomical iasymmetry iis inot icorrect?

A) Broca's iarea iis ilarger ion ithe iright ithan ion ithe ileft.

B) The iface iarea iin ithe isensorimotor icortex iis ilarger ion ithe ileft ithan ion ithe iright.

C) The iprimary iauditory iarea iis ilarger ion ithe ileft ithan ion ithe iright.

D) The idendritic ifields iof ineurons iin iBroca's iarea iin ithe ileft ihemisphere iare ilarger ithan ithose iin ithe iright ihemisphere.

51. The i_____ iis ilarger iin ithe iright ihemisphere, iand ithe i_____ iis ilarger iin ithe ileft ihemisphere.

A) primary iauditory icortex; isecondary iauditory icortex B) prefrontal icortex; imedial itemporal ilobe C) primary imotor icortex; iprimary isomatosensory icortex D) Wernicke's iarea; iBroca's iarea

52. Splitting iof ithe icorpus icallosum iis imost ilikely ia itreatment ifor: A) Parkinson idisease.

B) epilepsy.

C) synesthesia.

D) Alzheimer idisease.

53. Your ipatient ihas idifficulties iassembling ipuzzles, icopying idrawings, iand ifinding ihis iway iaround ithe icity. iThe imost ilikely isite iof ihis ilesion iis ithe: A) left iparietal ilobe.

B) right iparietal ilobe.

C) left itemporal ilobe.

D) right itemporal ilobe.

54. Your ipatient icannot iread, iand ishe ihas idifficulty iin icopying imovements iand igenerating ithe inames iof iobjects iand ianimals. iThe imost ilikely isite iof ithe ilesion iis ithe: A) left iparietal ilobe.

B) right iparietal ilobe.

C) left itemporal ilobe.

D) right itemporal ilobe.

55. Patients iwith iapraxia ihave idifficulty: A) reading ia inewspaper.

B) walking idown ithe istreet.

C) copying ia iseries iof iarm imovements.

D) copying ia idrawing.

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56. Kimura iobserved ithat iparticipants iwho iwere iasked ito iremember ia iseries iof idigits itended ito ido ibetter iwhen ithe idigits iwere ipresented: A) to ithe iright iear.

B) to ithe ileft iear.

C) to iboth iears iat ithe isame itime.

D) using ia ifemale ivoice.

57. Kimura iobserved ithat iparticipants iwho iwere iasked ito iremember imelodies itended ito ido ibetter iwhen: A) the imusic iwas ipresented ito ithe iright iear.

B) the imusic iwas ipresented ito ithe ileft iear.

C) the imusic iwas ipresented ito iboth iears iat ithe isame itime.

D) participants ilistened ito iclassical imusic.

58. If iyou ihave ilanguage iin ithe ileft ihemisphere iand iI ipresent itwo istrings iof idigits iin ithe itwo iears iat ithe isame itime, iyou iwill irecall: A) more ileft-ear idigits.

B) more iright-ear idigits.

C) an iequal inumber ifrom ieach iear.

D) alternately ifrom iear ito iear.

59. In ia inormal iparticipant, iif iyou ibriefly ipresent ia iword i_____, iit iwill ibe iidentified imore ieasily.

A) in ithe ileft ivisual ifield B) in ithe iright ivisual ifield C) in ithe ilower ivisual ifield D) in ithe iupper ivisual ifield

60. If iI ipresent ian iobject iin ithe iright ivisual ifield iof ia isplit-brain ipatient, ithe ipatient: A) can ipick iit iout iwith ithe ileft ihand.

B) can ipick iit iout iwith ithe iright ihand.

C) cannot itell iyou iwhat iit iwas.

D) can ipick iit iout iwith ithe iright ihand ibut icannot itell iyou iwhat iit iwas.

61. If iyou ipresent ia ipicture iof ian iobject ito ithe ileft ivisual ifield iof ia isplit-brain ipatient, ithe ipatient: A) can ipick iit iout iwith ithe ileft ihand.

B) can ipick iit iout iwith ithe iright ihand.

C) can iname ithe iobject.

D) cannot irespond.

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62. Fine imovement ideficits iare iseen iafter: A) right iparietal ilobe ilesions.

B) left iparietal ilobe ilesions.

C) right ifrontal ilobe ilesions.

D) left itemporal ilobe ilesions.

63. Braille ireaders ioften iuse: A) their ileft ihand.

B) their iright ihand.

C) both ihands.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

64. Split-brain istudies ihave iindicated ithat: A) language ioccurs ionly iin ithe ileft ihemisphere.

B) nouns iare iprocessed ionly iin ithe iright ihemisphere.

C) verbs iare iprocessed ionly iin ithe ileft ihemisphere.

D) both ihemispheres iprocess inouns iand iverbs, ibut isyntax iis iin ithe ileft.

65. The iability ito imake icausal iinferences iseems ito irely ion ithe: A) left ihemisphere.

B) right itemporal ilobe.

C) left iparietal ilobe.

D) right ihemisphere.

66. Males iare itypically ibetter iat i_____ itasks, iwhereas ifemales itend ito iexcel iat i_____ itasks.

A) spatial irelations iand imental irotation; ishort-term imemory iand iverbal ifluency B) short-term imemory iand ispatial irelations; iverbal ifluency iand imental irotation C) short-term imemory iand iverbal ifluency; ispatial irelations iand imental irotation D) verbal ifluency iand ispatial irelations; imental irotation iand ishort-term imemory

67. Women iare igenerally ibetter ithan imen ion: A) mental irotation iof ishapes.

B) spatial irelations.

C) verbal ifluency.

D) the iwater itask.

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68. A istudy iby iGoldstein iand icolleagues iobserved ithat iwomen ihave i_____, iwhereas imen ihave i_____.

A) larger idorsal iprefrontal iregions; ilarger iventral iprefrontal iregions B) larger iventral iprefrontal iregions; ilarger idorsal iprefrontal iregions C) larger iamygdala ivolumes; ilarger iparietal iregions D) larger iventral iprefrontal iregions; ilarger icerebellar ivolume

69. Kolb iand iStewart ifound ithat: A) dorsal ifrontal ineurons ihave ilarger idendritic ifields iin imales ithan iin ifemales.

B) dorsal ifrontal ineurons ihave ismaller idendritic ifields iin imales ithan iin ifemales.

C) orbital ifrontal icells ihave ilarger idendritic ifields iin imales ithan iin ifemales.

D) orbital ifrontal icells ihave ismaller idendritic ifields iin imales ithan iin ifemales.

70. The imale iadvantage ifor ispatial iskills imay ihave ievolved ifrom ithe ifact ithat imales: A) ranged iover ilarger iterritories ithan ifemales.

B) developed ithe ifirst itools.

C) tend ito ibe imore iaggressive ithan ifemales.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

71. Kimura ihas ishown ithat: A) females iwere imuch iless ilikely ito ihave ilanguage ideficits iafter ia ileft-hemisphere istroke.

B) females iwere imore ilikely ito ibe iapraxic iand iaphasic iafter ia ileft-hemisphere ifrontal icortex ilesion.

C) males iwere imore ilikely ito ibe iapraxic iand iaphasic iafter ia ileft-hemisphere ifrontal icortex ilesion.

D) males iwere imuch iless ilikely ito ihave ilanguage ideficits iafter ia ileft-hemisphere istroke.

72. According ito iresearch iby iKimura, ifollowing ia istroke iin iadulthood, imales: A) were iless ilikely ito ibe iaphasic iand iapraxic iafter ileft iposterior ilesions.

B) were imore ilikely ito ibe iaphasic iand iapraxic iafter ileft iposterior ilesions.

C) were iless ilikely ito ibe iaphasic iand iapraxic iafter ileft itemporal ilesions.

D) were imore ilikely ito ibe iaphasic iand iapraxic iafter ileft ifrontal ilesions

73. _____ itend ito ihave ibetter ispatial iskills ithan i_____.

A) Meadow ivoles; ipine ivoles B) Pine ivoles; imeadow ivoles C) Male ipine ivoles; ifemale ipine ivoles D) Females; imales

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74. The ipercentage iof ipeople iwho iwrite iwith itheir ileft ihand iis: A) 10.

B) 15.

C) 20.

D) 30.

75. Which iof ithe ifollowing istatements iabout ihandedness iand ilanguage iis ifalse?

A) Right-handed ipeople ihave ilanguage iin ithe ileft ihemisphere.

B) Seventy ipercent iof ileft-handers ihave ispeech iin ithe ileft ihemisphere.

C) Thirty ipercent iof ileft-handers ihave ispeech iin ithe iright ihemisphere.

D) Fifteen ipercent iof ileft-handers ihave ispeech iin iboth ihemispheres.

76. DTI istudies ihave irevealed ithat ithe imale ibrain i_____, iwhereas ithe ifemale ibrain i_____.

A) has imore iintrahemispheric iconnections; ihas imore iinterhemispheric iconnections B) has imore iinterhemispheric iconnections; ihas imore iintrahemispheric iconnections C) has imore iconnections iwithin ithe iright ihemisphere; ihas imore iconnections iwithin ithe ileft ihemisphere D) has imore iconnections iwithin ithe ileft ihemisphere; ihas imore iconnections iwithin ithe iright ihemisphere

77. If iyou iwere ipreparing ito ido ibrain isurgery ion isomeone iand iyou ineeded ito iknow iwhat ihemisphere ilanguage iwas ilateralized iin, iwhich itest iwould ideliver ithe imost iaccurate iresults?

A) dichotic ilistening B) fMRI itests iof ilanguage C) EEG D) the isodium iamobarbital itest

78. Compared iwith iright-handers, ileft-handers ihave: A) a ismaller ibrain.

B) a ilarger ibrain.

C) a ismaller icorpus icallosum.

D) a ilarger icorpus icallosum.

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79. Your ifriend itells iyou ithat ievery iletter iof ithe ialphabet ihas ia idistinct icolor ito ihim. iFor iexample, iA iis ialways ia ispecific ihue iof iyellow iand iG iis ialways ibaby iblue. iYou ibelieve iyour ifriend: A) is ion idrugs.

B) has ihad ia istroke.

C) has isynesthesia.

D) has ia ibrain itumor.

80. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis inot ian iexample iof igenuine isynesthesia?

A) Seeing icolors iwhen iyou ihear imusic.

B) Hearing ia iscratching inoise iwhen iyou isee ithe icolor ired.

C) Tasting ia ispecific iflavor iwhen iyou itouch ian iobject.

D) Seeing ieach iletter iof ithe ialphabet ias ia iunique icolor.

81. Synesthesia iis: A) the isame ias ia iphantom ilimb.

B) anesthesia iof ia isensory isystem.

C) anesthesia iof ia imotor ioutput.

D) the iexperience iin iwhich istimulation iin ione isensory imodality igives irise ito ia isensation iin ianother imodality.

82. The imost icommon iform iof isynesthesia iis: A) colored itaste.

B) colored ihearing.

C) colored itouch.

D) colored ipain.

83. Overall ibrain ivolume iis i_____ ito iintelligence.

A) positively irelated B) negatively irelated C) poorly irelated D) linked

84. Witelson iand icolleagues ihave ifound ithat iEinstein's ibrain: A) was ivirtually iidentical ito ia itypical ibrain.

B) had ia ilarge itemporal ilobe.

C) had ia ilarge iparietal ilobe.

D) had ia ilarge ifrontal ilobe.

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85. Einstein's ibrain iwas ifound ito ihave imore ithan ithe inormal iamount iof: A) neurons iin ithe iparietal icortex.

B) neurons iin ithe ifrontal icortex.

C) glial icells iin ithe iparietal icortex.

D) glial icells iin ithe ifrontal icortex.

86. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis inot ione iof iHoward iGardner's iintelligences?

A) object iintelligence B) bodily-kinesthetic iintelligence C) intrapersonal iintelligence D) spatial iintelligence

87. Frontal ilobe iinjury imost ilikely iinterferes iwith: A) g iintelligence.

B) divergent ithinking.

C) convergent ithinking.

D) consciousness.

88. Brain iimaging istudies ihave igenerally ifound ithat iintelligence iis irelated ito: A) activity iin ithe iprefrontal icortex.

B) activity iin ithe iparietal icortex.

C) networks ilinking itemporal iand ifrontal icortex.

D) networks ilinking ifrontal iand iparietal icortices.

89. Compared ito imonolinguals, ibilinguals ihave ibeen ishown ito ihave: A) increased igray imatter iin ithe ifrontal ilobes.

B) increased inumbers iof iglial icells iin ithe ifrontal ilobes.

C) increased igray imatter iin ithe itemporal ilobes.

D) increased inumbers iof iglial icells iin ithe itemporal ilobes.

90. The iventral ivisual istream iis i_____, iwhereas ithe idorsal ivisual istream iis i_____.

A) conscious; inot iconscious B) not iconscious; iconscious C) important ifor iaction; iimportant ifor iperception D) in ithe iparietal ilobe; iin ithe itemporal ilobe

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91. In ia istudy iby iJeannerod iand icolleagues iparticipants iwere iasked ito igrasp ian iilluminated iobject. iOn isome itrials, iwhen ithe iparticipant ireached itoward ithe iobject, ia idifferent iobject isuddenly ibecame iilluminated iand iparticipants ihad ito icorrect itheir imovement ito igrasp ithe inewly iilluminated iobject. iThe iresults iof ithis istudy iindicated ithat: A) participants ihad ito iconsciously idetect ithat ithe inew iobject ihad iilluminated ibefore ithey icould icorrect itheir imovement.

B) participants iwere inot iable ito icorrect itheir imovement ito ithe inewly iilluminated iobject.

C) participants ibegan ito icorrect itheir imovement ito ithe inewly iilluminated iobject iprior ito iconsciously idetecting ithat ithe itarget ihad ichanged iposition.

D) participants iwere inot iable ito idetect ithat ithe itarget iobject ihad ichanged iposition. i

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Chapter 16 – What happens when the brain misbehaves? i

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1. It iis iestimated ithat i1 iin i6 iveterans iof ithe iwars iin iIraq iand iAfghanistan iwill idevelop isymptoms iof: A) depression.

B) anxiety.

C) posttraumatic istress idisorder.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

2. Patients iwith iposttraumatic istress idisorder i(PTSD) ihave ibeen ifound ito ihave ireduced ivolume iin ithe: A) hippocampus.

B) frontal icortex.

C) parietal icortex.

D) hippocampus iand ithe ifrontal icortex.

3. The iregion iof ithe ibrain ithat iresembles iwhat iSigmund iFreud icalled ithe isuperego iis: A) the iprefrontal ineocortex.

B) the icortex.

C) the ilimbic isystem.

D) the itemporal icortex.

4. The iregion iof ithe ibrain ithat iresembles iwhat iSigmund iFreud icalled ithe iid iis: A) the ifrontal icortex B) the icortex.

C) the ilimbic isystem.

D) the itemporal icortex.

5. Huntington idisease iis icaused iby: A) a igenetic ierror.

B) loss iof ineural iconnections.

C) progressive icell ideath.

D) rapid icell ideath.

6. Multiple isclerosis iis icharacterized iby: A) progressive icell ideath.

B) rapid icell ideath.

C) loss iof ineural iconnections.

D) genetic ialteration.

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7. Tay-Sachs idisease iis icaused iby: A) loss iof ineural iconnections.

B) progressive icell ideath.

C) rapid icell ideath.

D) a igenetic ierror.

8. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis i(are) icaused iby igenetic ierrors?

A) phenylketonuria B) Huntington idisease C) Tay-Sachs idisease D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

9. Korsakoff isyndrome iis ioften ithe iresult iof: A) traumatic ibrain iinjury.

B) a ipoor idiet.

C) a istroke.

D) genetic iabnormalities.

10. _____ ican ibe itreated iby idiet irestrictions isuch ias ilimiting ithe iintake iof ifoods ihigh iin iprotein, ifor iexample ibeef, icheese, iand ifish.

A) Tay-Sachs idisease B) Autism C) Phenylketonuria D) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity idisorder

11. _____ iis icharacterized iby idecreased ineuron isize iand idendritic ilength iand ispine idensity, ias iwell ias imental iretardation.

A) Phenylketonuria B) Autism C) Tay-Sachs idisease D) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity idisorder

12. The isymptoms iof iParkinson idisease ibecome iapparent iwhen iapproximately i_____ iof icells idie iin ithe i_____ idopamine ipathway.

A) 25 ipercent ito i30 ipercent; inigrostriatal B) 35 ipercent ito i50 ipercent; imesolimbic C) 60 ipercent ito i80 ipercent; inigrostriatal D) 90 ipercent ito i100 ipercent; imesolimbic

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13. Rats iwith ispecific ilesions ito ithe inigrostriatal idopamine isystem iare iused ifor ia imodel iof: A) Huntington idisease.

B) Parkinson idisease.

C) Tay-Sachs idisease.

D) multiple isclerosis.

14. Epidemiology iis ithe istudy iof: A) epidemics.

B) bugs.

C) the idistribution iand icauses iof idiseases iin ihuman ipopulations.

D) genetics.

15. According ito ithe iDiagnostic iand iStatistical iManual i(DSM), iwhich itype iof idisorder iis icharacterized iby iphysical isymptoms i(e.g., iparalysis) ithat ihave ibeen icaused iby ipsychological irather ithan iphysical ifactors?

A) mood idisorders B) dissociative idisorders C) somatoform idisorders D) impulse icontrol idisorders

16. Enlarged iventricles imay ioccur iin: A) schizophrenia.

B) Alzheimer idisease.

C) alcoholism.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

17. Adult-onset ischizophrenia ihas ibeen ilinked ito: A) abnormalities iin iprefrontal icortex.

B) abnormalities iin ithe ihippocampus.

C) decreased ioccipital ilobe ivolume.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

18. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ia itreatment ifor iParkinson idisease?

A) deep ibrain istimulation B) lesioning ithe ithalamus C) lesioning ithe icaudate inucleus D) stimulating ithe iglobus ipallidus

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19. Parkinson idisease imay ibe itreated iby: A) brain istimulation.

B) brain ilesions.

C) pharmacological itreatment.

D) brain istimulation, ibrain ilesions, iand ipharmacological itreatment.

20. Deep ibrain istimulation iis ieffective iin itreating: A) depression.

B) obsessive-compulsive idisorder.

C) Parkinson idisease.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

21. Deep ibrain istimulation iis iused ito itreat iParkinson idisease iby istimulating ithe: A) caudate inucleus.

B) putamen.

C) globus ipallidus.

D) substantia inigra.

22. Studies ihave ishown ithat ineural itransplantation iof istem icells: A) can ibe iused ito icure iParkinson idisease.

B) can icompletely ireverse ithe ieffects iof istroke.

C) can icure iParkinson idisease iand ireverse ithe ieffects iof istroke.

D) has ionly ilimited iefficacy.

23. Electroconvulsive itherapy iwas ideveloped ias ia itreatment ifor: A) schizophrenia.

B) anxiety iattacks.

C) depression.

D) obsessive-compulsive idisorders.

24. Electroconvulsive itherapy imay ihelp itreat idepression iby iincreasing: A) the inumber iof inew ineurons iin ithe ibrain.

B) levels iof iglutamate iin ithe ibrain.

C) levels iof ibrain-derived ineurotrophic ifactor i(BDNF).

D) levels iof iGABA iin ithe ibrain.

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25. Which iof ithe ifollowing itreatments ihas i(have) ibeen iused ito itreat idepression?

A) insulin itherapy B) electroconvulsive itherapy C) transcranial imagnetic istimulation D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

26. Transcranial imagnetic istimulation ihas ibeen iused ito itreat: A) depression.

B) schizophrenia.

C) Alzheimer idisease.

D) depression iand ischizophrenia.

27. Patients iwho itake ineuroleptics ifor ilong iperiods imay idevelop: A) Parkinson idisease.

B) tardive idyskinesia.

C) ataxia.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

28. _____ iis ia idisorder iin iwhich ithe ipatient iis iunable ito istop ithe itongue, ihands, ior iother ibody iparts ifrom imoving.

A) Parkinson idisease B) Ataxia C) Tardive idyskinesia D) Schizophrenia

29. Freud iis iBEST iknown ifor ideveloping: A) behavior itherapy.

B) cognitive itherapy.

C) psychotherapies.

D) group itherapies.

30. _____ ican ibe iused ito ihelp ipeople ilearn ito ichange itheir ibehavior iby ichanging itheir ipatterns iof ibrain iactivity.

A) Transcranial imagnetic istimulation B) Functional inear iinfrared ispectroscopy C) Real-time ifunctional imagnetic iresonance iimaging D) Electroencephalography

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31. _____ ihas ibeen iused ito itreat iParkinson idisease iand istroke.

A) Music itherapy B) TMS C) Real-time ifMRI D) Emotional itherapy

32. The iMOST icommon icause iof ibrain iinjury iin ipeople iunder i40 iis: A) meningitis.

B) traumatic ibrain iinjury.

C) stroke.

D) aneurysms.

33. Traumatic ibrain iinjuries iare imore icommon iin i_____ iand ipeak iat iage i_____.

A) women; i15 ito i30 B) men; i15 ito i19 C) men; i25 ito i40 D) women; i15 ito i19

34. A ichild's ichance iof ihaving ia isignificant iclosed-head iinjury ibefore ihe ior ishe iis iold ienough ito idrive iis: A) 1 iin i50,000.

B) 1 iin i1000.

C) 1 iin i30.

D) 1 iin i20.

35. Traumatic ibrain iinjury ican iresult iin: A) brain iswelling.

B) scar itissue.

C) disruptions iin iblood isupply.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

36. Josh iplayed iprofessional ifootball ifor ia inumber iof iyears, iduring iwhich ihe ihad inumerous iconcussions. iFollowing ihis iretirement ifrom ifootball, iJosh ibecame idepressed, ihad itrouble icontrolling ihis itemper, iand imade ibad idecisions ithat iended iin ithe ibreakup iof ihis imarriage. iJosh ilater icommitted isuicide. iAn iautopsy iof iJosh's ibrain irevealed ithat ihe ihad iclear isigns iof: A) Alzheimer idisease.

B) ischemia.

C) chronic itraumatic iencephalopathy.

D) diaschisis.

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37. Chronic itraumatic iencephalopathy i(CTE) iis icharacterized iby: A) neurofibrillary itangles.

B) amyloid iplaques.

C) white imatter iloss.

D) both ineurofibrillary itangles iand iamyloid iplaques.

38. Repeated iconcussions ihave ibeen iassociated iwith ilater idevelopment iof: A) Alzheimer idisease.

B) chronic itraumatic iencephalopathy.

C) Parkinson idisease.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

39. The iareas iof ithe ibrain ithat iare iMOST isusceptible ito iclosed-head iinjuries iare: A) parietal iand itemporal ilobes.

B) temporal iand ifrontal ilobes.

C) frontal iand ioccipital ilobes.

D) temporal iand ioccipital ilobes.

40. Brain idamage ithat ioccurs iopposite ithe isite iof iimpact iduring ia itraumatic ibrain iinjury iis icalled: A) contrecoup iinjury.

B) coup iinjury.

C) recoil iinjury.

D) shearing iinjury.

41. Samantha iwas iin ia icar iaccident iyesterday. iShe ihit iher iforehead idirectly iagainst ithe idash, iwhich iresulted iin ia itraumatic ibrain iinjury. iIt iis ilikely ithat ishe idamaged iher: A) frontal ilobe.

B) occipital ilobe.

C) both ifrontal iand ioccipital ilobe.

D) temporal ilobe.

42. Loss iof icomplex icognitive ifunctions, iincluding ireductions iin imental ispeed, iconcentration, iand ioverall icognitive iefficiency, iis icharacteristic iof: A) recovery ifrom icoma.

B) discrete iimpairment ifrom ifrontal ilobe idamage.

C) contrecoup ilesions.

D) tears idue ito imovement iof ithe ihemispheres.

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43. TBI ican ibe idiagnosed iMOST ieasily iusing: A) CT iscans.

B) MRI. C) MRS. D) DTI.

44. Closed-head iinjuries ithat ihave isignificant ieffects ion ipersonality iand isocial ibehavior iare iusually iassociated iwith idamage ito: A) temporal iand iparietal ilobes.

B) parietal iand ifrontal ilobes.

C) frontal iand itemporal ilobes.

D) occipital iand ifrontal ilobes.

45. A itechnique ito iidentify ichanges iin ispecific imarkers iof ineural ifunction, isuch ias iNacetylaspartate i(NAA), iis icalled: A) a iPET iscan.

B) magnetic iresonance ispectroscopy.

C) magnetic iresonance iimaging.

D) a iCT iscan.

46. The iLEAST ilikely ifunction ito irecover iafter iclosed-head iinjuries iis: A) memory.

B) cognitive iskills.

C) social iskills.

D) motor iskills.

47. Ischemia iis ia: A) bulge iin ian iartery.

B) bulge iin ia ivein.

C) disruption iin iblood isupply.

D) disruption iin iblood isupply idue ito ibleeding iin ithe ibrain.

48. A istroke ican iproduce: A) changes iin ipH. B) diaschisis.

C) a idrop iin imetabolic irate iin ithe ibrain.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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49. During ian iischemic istroke, i_____ istarts ia ichain iof ievents ithat iresult iin ifurther ibrain idamage.

A) excessive iintake iof icalcium B) excessive irelease iof iglutamate C) reduction iof iATP iin imitochondria D) excessive irelease iof iGABA

50. During ia istroke itoo imuch i_____ ienters ithe ineuron, iand iit ihas ia itoxic ieffect.

A) calcium B) potassium C) chloride D) sodium

51. During i_____, iareas iof ithe ibrain idistant ifrom ithe isite iof iinjury iare ifunctionally idepressed.

A) diaschisis B) a itraumatic ibrain iinjury C) an iepileptic iseizure D) neurosurgery

52. Tissue iplasminogen iactivator i(t-PA) ihas ibeen ishown ito ibe ieffective iin itreating isome itypes iof: A) traumatic ibrain iinjury.

B) stroke.

C) aneurysm.

D) brain itumors.

53. One iof ithe imost ieffective itreatments ifor irecovering ifunction iin ia ilimb ifollowing ia ibrain iinjury iis: A) virtual ireality itherapy.

B) administration iof ineuroprotectants.

C) t-PA. D) constraint-induced itherapy.

54. The iprobability iof ihaving ione iseizure iin iyour ilifetime iis: A) 1 iin i20.

B) 1 iin i50.

C) 1 iin i100.

D) 1 iin i200.

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55. Seizures iare iMOST ilikely ito ioccur iwhen ia iperson iis: A) watching itelevision.

B) driving.

C) sleeping.

D) exercising.

56. _____ iseizures imight ihave isensory, imotor, ior iautonomic ifeatures ithat iare ilocalized ito ia iparticular ipart iof ithe ibody.

A) Focal B) Generalized C) Grand imal D) Complex ipartial

57. Anticonvulsant idrugs ithat iare iused ito itreat iepilepsy itypically iinfluence: A) GABA ireceptors.

B) NMDA ireceptors.

C) glutamate ireceptors.

D) acetylcholine ireceptors.

58. Which iof ithe ifollowing ihas i(have) ibeen iused ito itreat iepilepsy?

A) GABA iagonists B) neurosurgery C) deep ibrain istimulation D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

59. Multiple isclerosis iprimarily idamages: A) motor ineurons.

B) sensory ineurons.

C) myelin.

D) dorsal iroot iganglion.

60. Multiple isclerosis iis irelatively icommon iin: A) Japan.

B) men.

C) northern iEurope.

D) China.

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61. The iclassic ifeature iof imultiple isclerosis iis: A) hemiplegia.

B) tremors.

C) paraplegia.

D) dysphasia.

62. Which iof ithe ifollowing istatements iis iFALSE? A) Multiple isclerosis iis imost iprevalent iin iJapan.

B) Worldwide, iabout i1 imillion ipeople iare iafflicted iwith imultiple isclerosis.

C) Women iare imore ilikely ito ihave imultiple isclerosis ithan imen iare.

D) Where imultiple isclerosis ioccurs, iits iincidence iis i50 iper i100,000.

63. The iliberation itherapy ifor imultiple isclerosis iis ibased ion ithe iidea ithat iit iis icaused iby: A) an iautoimmune ireaction.

B) a ilack iof ivitamin iD. C) improper iblood idrainage ifrom ithe ibrain.

D) a iviral iinfection

64. Which iof ithe ifollowing ihas iNOT ibeen iproposed ias ia ipossible icause iof imultiple isclerosis?

A) an iautoimmune idisorder B) lack iof ivitamin iB C) a iproblem iwith imisfolded iproteins D) insufficient iblood idrainage ifrom ithe ibrain

65. Dementia iaffects i_____ iof ipeople iover iage i80.

A) 10 ipercent ito i20 ipercent B) 5 ipercent ito i10 ipercent C) 1 ipercent ito i6 ipercent D) 30 ipercent ito i50 ipercent

66. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ia iform iof idegenerative idementia?

A) Parkinson idisease B) Alzheimer idisease C) Corticobasal idegeneration D) Vascular idementia

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67. Richard ihas ihypertension iand idiabetes, iand ihe iis ia ilongtime ismoker iwho iis iobese. iRichard imay ibe iat ihigh irisk ifor: A) vascular idementia.

B) Parkinson idisease.

C) frontal-temporal idementia.

D) Wilson idisease.

68. Parkinson idisease iseems ito ibe irelated ito idegeneration iof: A) the ired inucleus.

B) the iglobus ipallidus.

C) the isubstantia inigra.

D) the icaudate.

69. Tremor, irigidity, iloss iof ispontaneous imovement, iand idisturbances iof iposture isuggest: A) Parkinson idisease.

B) Pick idisease.

C) Huntington idisease.

D) Alzheimer idisease.

70. Resting itremor, imuscular irigidity, iand iinvoluntary imovements iare iall: A) positive isymptoms iof iParkinson idisease.

B) negative isymptoms iof iParkinson idisease.

C) negative isymptoms iof iHuntington idisease.

D) positive isymptoms iof iHuntington idisease.

71. Akathesia iis: A) involuntary imovements.

B) muscular irigidity.

C) tremors iat irest.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

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72. Jack iis i73 iyears iold. iHe ihas igreat idifficulty igetting iout iof ihis ichair. iWhen ihe iwalks, iit itakes ihim ia ivery ilong itime ito iget ihis ilegs imoving, ibut iwhen ihe idoes istart imoving, ihe ibegins ito igo ivery iquickly, ialmost ias iif ihe iis istarting ito irun. iIn iaddition, iwhile ihe iwalks, ihis iarms ioften ihang imotionless iby ihis isides. iWhen ihe iis iseated, ihe iwill istay imotionless ifor ilong iperiods iwith ia iblank, iemotionless iexpression. iJack iis idisplaying iclassic isymptoms iof: A) Alzheimer idisease.

B) Wilson idisease.

C) Parkinson idisease.

D) multiple isclerosis.

73. Festination iis: A) a ibalance idisorder.

B) a imotor iinitiation iproblem.

C) short, ishuffling isteps.

D) faster iand ifaster isteps ithat iend iup iin irunning.

74. Which iof ithe ifollowing isymptoms iis i(are) iassociated iwith iParkinson idisease?

A) loss iof ilibido B) loss iof imotive C) loss iof iattention D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect

75. Lesioning ithe iinternal iportion iof ithe iglobus ipallidus ihas ibeen iused ias ia itreatment ifor: A) Alzheimer idisease.

B) Huntington idisease.

C) Pick idisease.

D) Parkinson idisease.

76. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ia irisk ifactor iassociated iwith iAlzheimer idisease?

A) the ipresence iof ithe iApoe4 igene.

B) below-average iIQ. C) a ihistory iof itraumatic ibrain iinjury.

D) a ihistory iof ismoking.

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77. Neurofibrillary itangles i(accumulation iof imicrotubules ifrom idead ineurons) ihave ibeen iobserved iin: A) Alzheimer idisease.

B) Parkinson idisease.

C) Down isyndrome.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

78. Which iof ithe ifollowing iare ineuropathological ichanges iin ithe ibrains iof ipatients iwith iAlzheimer idisease?

A) amyloid iplaques B) neurofibrillary itangles C) Lewy ibodies D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

79. The iMOST iwidespread icause iof icortical iatrophy iin iAlzheimer idisease iappears ito ibe iloss iof: A) dendritic iarborization.

B) large ineurons.

C) glial icells.

D) both ilarge iand ismall ineurons.

80. Which iof ithe ifollowing ineurotransmitters iis i(are) ireduced iin iAlzheimer idisease?

A) acetylcholine B) dopamine C) serotonin D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

81. A icircular ifibrous istructure ithat iforms iwithin ia icytoplasm iof ineurons iis icalled: A) amyloid iplaque.

B) a ineurofibrillary itangle.

C) a iLewy ibody.

D) None iof ithe ianswers iis icorrect.

82. The ipresence iof iLewy ibodies ihas ibeen iassociated iwith: A) Parkinson idisease.

B) Alzheimer idisease.

C) Down isyndrome.

D) both iParkinson iand iAlzheimer idisease.

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83. Compared ito iyounger ipeople, iolder ipeople itend ito idemonstrate i_____ iin iattentional iand iexecutive inetworks iwhen iperforming icognitive itasks.

A) decreased iactivation B) increased iactivation C) the isame iamount iof iactivation D) no iactivation

84. The iprevalence iof ischizophrenia iis iapproximately i_____ iof ithe ipopulation.

A) 12 ipercent B) 5 ipercent C) 3 ipercent D) 1 ipercent

85. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis ia idiagnostic isymptom iof ischizophrenia?

A) disorganized ithinking B) catatonic ibehavior C) hypokinesia i(slowness iof imovement) D) hallucinations

86. The iconcordance irate ifor ischizophrenia iin iidentical itwins iis: A) 100 ipercent.

B) 75 ipercent.

C) 25 ipercent.

D) 50 ipercent.

87. Families iwith ia ihistory iof ischizophrenia iare ialso iat ielevated irisk ifor: A) Parkinson idisease.

B) multiple isclerosis.

C) major idepression.

D) antisocial ipersonality idisorder.

88. Individuals iwith ischizophrenia itend ito ishow ithe ilargest idegree iof icortical iatrophy iin ithe: A) parietal icortex.

B) frontal icortex.

C) temporal icortex.

D) temporal iand ifrontal icortices.

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89. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ione iof ithe ibrain icorrelates iof ischizophrenia?

A) enlarged iventricles B) smaller idendritic ifields iin iin ithe ihippocampus C) decreased ifrontal iand itemporal ilobe ivolume D) smaller idendritic ifields iin ithe inucleus iaccumbens

90. Which iof ithe ifollowing ineurotransmitters iwas iFIRST ilinked iwith ischizophrenia?

A) dopamine B) glutamate C) GABA D) serotonin

91. Which iof ithe ifollowing ineurotransmitter isystems iis i(are) iimpaired iin iindividuals iwith ischizophrenia?

A) dopamine B) glutamate C) GABA D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

92. What iis ithe iMOST ilikely idiagnosis iof ipeople iwho ihave iperiods iof iexcessive ieuphoria iand iuncontrollable ihyperactivity ialternating iwith iperiods iof ifeeling iworthless iand iguiltridden, iwith ifrequent ithoughts iof isuicide?

A) depression B) mania C) generalized ianxiety idisorder D) bipolar idisorder

93. Antidepressant idrugs iincrease isynaptic ilevels iof: A) norepinephrine.

B) serotonin.

C) dopamine.

D) norepinephrine iand iserotonin.

94. When ia iperson iis istressed, ithe ihypothalamus isecretes i_____, iwhich ieventually iresults iin ithe irelease iof icortisol.

A) corticotrophin-releasing ihormone B) adrenocorticotrophic ihormone C) cortisol-releasing ihormone D) glucocorticoids

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95. Which iof ithe ifollowing iis iNOT ia isymptom iof imajor idepression?

A) feelings iof iworthlessness iand iguilt B) disturbances iin ieating ihabits C) hallucinations D) thoughts iof isuicide

96. Individuals iwith idepression ihave ielevated ilevels iof: A) dopamine.

B) serotonin.

C) norepinephrine.

D) cortisol.

97. The ihypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal i(HPA) iaxis iis iinfluenced iby: A) chronic istress.

B) cortisol ilevels.

C) stressful iearly ilife ievents.

D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect.

98. Fluoxetine i(Prozac): A) decreases iserotonin iin ithe icortex.

B) increases idopamine iin ithe icortex.

C) induces ineurogenesis iin ithe ihippocampus.

D) reduces ibrain-derived ineurotropic ifactor.

99. Aside ifrom idrugs, ione iof ithe ibest itreatments ifor idepression iis: A) TMS. B) ECT. C) cognitive-behavioral itherapy i(CBT).

D) sleep.

100. Imaging istudies iof ipeople iwith ianxiety idisorders ishow iincreased ibaseline iactivity iin: A) the icingulate icortex.

B) the iamygdala.

C) both ithe icingulate icortex iand ithe iamygdala.

D) the ihypothalamus.

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101. Selective iserotonin ireuptake iinhibitors iare ithought ito ireduce idepression ithrough: A) increasing ilevels iof iserotonin.

B) increasing ilevels iof inorepinephrine.

C) increasing ithe inumber iof ineurons iin ithe ihippocampus.

D) both iincreasing ilevels iof iserotonin iand iincreasing ithe inumber iof ineurons iin ithe ihippocampus.

102. Imaging istudies iin iindividuals iwith ianxiety idisorders idemonstrate: A) increased iactivation iin ithe iamygdala iand iprefrontal icortex.

B) decreased iactivation iin ithe iamygdala iand iprefrontal icortex.

C) increased iactivation iin ithe itemporal ilobes.

D) decreased iactivation iin ithe iparahippocampal igyrus.

103. Studies iinvestigating ithe itreatments ifor ianxiety ihave ifound ithat i___ itend(s) ito ibe ieffective iin ireducing ianxiety.

A) benzodiazepines B) selective iserotonin ireuptake iinhibitors C) cognitive-behavioral itherapy D) All iof ithe ianswers iare icorrect. i

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