History Form 2
Stephanie Cann
History
Form 2
1. The fall of the Roman Republic In a republic, citizens can choose their leaders. The Roman republic was established in 509 B.C. and lasted nearly 500 years. One difference between the Roman republic and the Greek democracy was that in Greece all men could vote, but in Rome, only men with money and property could vote. Since the Romans did not want one man to make all of the laws, they decided to balance the power of the government between three branches: 1. The executive branch - The consuls, who were elected for just one year by the upper class and had to supervise the Senate and order the Roman army during wars. 2. The legislative branch – The Senate, which consisted of a group of about 300 male citizens. They owned land and they could tell the consuls how much money they could spend and on what.
3. The judicial branch –Which was made up of six judges who were elected every two years and were in charge of deciding punishments that criminals would receive. You might find the following website interesting: http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/special/timeline_04.html
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Who was Julius Caesar? Was born into a wealthy family and he was a well-educated child. In 59 BC, he was appointed a consul and in 58 BC he went to Gaul (France) where he served as governor. Was seen by some as a cruel man solely driven by expanding his own personal power. Who was Pompey? was one of the most powerful consuls together with Caesar. was know as Pompey the Great. What happened between them? Pompey was married to Caesar’s daughter but fought against him because they both wanted power. A. In not more than 150 words write the difference between Roman Republic and Roman Empire. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ (12 marks)
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B. Crossword 1 2 7
10
4 5
6,11 8
3
9
Down a) 1.
was one of the most powerful consuls of the Roman 2.
_____________. b) Caesar was the governor of which country? 3. c) 4.
.
was one of the most powerful consuls together with
Caesar. d) Cleopatra was the 5.
of 6.
.
Across e) The 7.__________
consisted of 300 male 8.
f) Caesar was appointed 9.
___.
because he wanted to be the only
person in power. g) Caesar's heir, later known as 10. the era of the Roman 11.
, rose to sole power, and began. (11 marks)
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2. Constantine and Christianity in Europe In the first few centuries AD, Christians were prosecuted and punished, often with death by the Emperor Nero. Moreover, some say that Nero was responsible for a colossal fire that broke out at Rome and destroyed much of the city. All this changed when Constantine became the Emperor of the Roman Empire. Constantine brought about many changes in the empire. Here are some of the good changes brought by him: 1. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________________ (2.5 marks) Constantine chose Christian men as his advisers. He provided many benefits for the clergy. The clergy did not have to pay taxes and they did not have to serve in the military. Constantine also contributed greatly to the building of great church buildings. Magnificent church
buildings
were
built
in
Jerusalem,
Bethlehem, Constantinople and other places. Constantine wanted all men everywhere to embrace the Christian faith and he wanted Christians to be united together. He thought that Christianity was the one thing that could unite his empire and make it great.
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It was during the time of Constantine the great, that the Church in Malta flourished. Saint Paul's Shipwreck on his way to Rome in AD 60, saw the beginning of Christianity in Malta. The conversation to Christianity did not happen in a blink of an eye but Saint Paul managed to convert a large number of Maltese to the Christian faith. According to tradition, Publius, the Roman Governor of Malta at the time of Saint Paul's shipwreck, became the first Bishop of Malta. A. Mark T for True and F for False in the boxes provided. 1. Constantine was known as Constantine the Great. ____ 2. Nero established Constantinople as the new capital of Rome. ____ 3. Constantine was the first Roman Emperor to recognize Christianity. ____ 4. Constantine took from the Christians all their property. ____ 5. Saint Paul's Shipwreck on his way to Rome happened in AD 400. ____ 6. Saint Paul managed to convert a large number of Maltese to the Christian faith. ____ 7. Publius was the Governor of Greece at the time of Saint Paul's shipwreck. ____ 8. Saint Paul became the first Bishop of Malta following his conversion to Christianity. ____ (4 marks) 3. The Byzantine Empire In order to improve and maintain control, the work of the Emperor was divided between different individuals. These so called co-emperors had a form of powersharing.
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The division of labour was divided between the Western and Eastern Empire and often this division created a sense of competition between the coemperors. In 330 AD, Constantine, transferred the capital from Rome to Byzantine which is located on the eastern region of the European continent. Constantinople: Istanbul today Byzantine, and its capital Constantinople, held a strategic geographical significance because it is located right between the Black Sea and the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea. One of the most famous buildings in Constantinople was the church of Hagia Sophia which was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years. This building was originally constructed as a church.
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The end of the Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire feared the Turks in fact the emperor asked the leader of the Christian church—the Pope—to assist in a holy war against the Turks. In the end, the Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire. Turkish has replaced Greek as the language and more than 99% of the people in modern Turkey are Muslims. Nomisma
4. The Arabs and the rise of Mohammed In the time of 570 A.D in Mecca, Mohammed was born. At the age of forty, Mohammed felt that an angel named _________ came to visit him and told him to go and spread the word of god (Allah). In 622 A.D, Mohammed left ________ and went to Medina where he was welcomed well. This journey is known as the _______. After a few years his teachings grew and went back to Mecca. Mecca became the center of Islam and is now regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam. The Muslims were people of great tolerance and did not make people change their religion. However those who were not Muslim had to pay a tax. The people who had to pay this tax did not have all the privileges of the Muslims; however they had the right of property.
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Similarities and Differences between Christianity and Islam
History & Stats
Christianity
Islam
date founded
c. 30 AD
622 CE
place founded
Palestine
Arabian Peninsula
founders & early leaders
Jesus
major location today
Europe, North and South America
Middle East, Southeast Asia
adherents worldwide today
2 billion
1.3 billion second largest in the world
current size rank sacred text ultimate reality nature of God
one creator God Trinity - three persons
identity of Jesus
unity - one person true prophet of God
house of worship day of worship Head covered during prayer?
Friday Generally no (9 marks) 8
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5. The Vikings Civilisation The Vikings came from Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Their land was not fertile so they found it hard to grow crops. They found that England was rich with lands and treasures. The climate was much warmer so they preferred it and wanted to settle there. ‘Men of war’ is how the Vikings are thought about and indeed they brought violence to England. Vikings were skilled craftsmen making objects from stone, wood and metal. While some Vikings were establishing themselves in Britain and Ireland, another group did the same in the coastal region of France. In effect, the Vikings in this region allowed themselves to be bought off by the king of France. When the French noted the increasing number of Viking settlements along the coast, they feared
the
worst.
French
defenses
were
becoming more effective and Viking losses were increasing. So a deal was struck in 912. The Viking duke would convert to Christianity, acknowledge the French king as his overlord and, protect France against wilder Vikings. Thus was born Normandy. The Normans however did not lose their characteristics. They still were adventurous, fighters, and good sailors/navigators.
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The Vikings used long ships to raid and steal from other lands. The Long ships were powered by sails or by rowing with oars. They used their boats for transporting cargo, trading and for exploring. The Vikings even travelled to America, which they called Vineland, because grapes grew there. The Vikings seemed to get everywhere... Eric the Red founded a new settlement in Greenland. The Vikings had settlements in Iceland in the ninth century. The French king gave the province of Normandy to a Viking duke named Rollo to stop him attacking. The Vikings settled in an area called Rus. The name Russia comes from this word. The Vikings were the first Europeans to reach America. Sagas
Viking children did not go to school so instead, lessons came in the form of Sagas or long stories. They described the adventures of great Viking warriors or gods. The Sagas were an important way to teach History, Geography and navigation. The Viking alphabet was called the Futhark. The letters or runes were carved into wood or stone.
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Crossword 6
1
4
2
3,5
Across a)
The Vikings preferred to settle in 1.________ because of the 2._________.
b)
Some Vikings settled in England and Ireland while others preferred to
settle in another European country. Which country? 3.___________ Down c)
These were descendants of the Vikings. 4.___________
d)
The Vikings alphabet. 5.____________
e)
This is a long story about something dramatic or about heroic events.
6.__________ (6 marks)
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6. The Normans The Normans were formed in the ninth and tenth centuries. Despite adopting concepts
like
Christianity
from
their
neighbours, they soon developed a culture distinct from both the Vikings and the French. Norman soldiers and mercenaries quickly spread across Europe, fighting for many different nations, though often against Islamic forces. The high points of this expansion
were
the
conquests
of
England, Sicily and Antioch which came under the direct rule of Normans. The Normans in Italy A Norman presence in Italy is first recorded in 1017. Expansion continued until Normans ruled almost all of Southern Italy.
In 1060 Count Roger I invaded Sicily. At the time, Sicily was ruled by Arab Muslims and the population was mostly Byzantine Christians. The whole island was conquered by 1091. In 1101 Count Roger I died and his son Count Roger II took everything.
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7. Count Roger I and the Normans in Malta In 1091 Count Roger I, in order to avoid an attack from North Africa, set sail with a fleet to conquer Malta. His ship reached the island before the rest. The following day Roger marched to the capital Mdina. He subjected the Muslims in Malta to pay him an annual tribute but let them continue running the affairs of the island. Norman rule was, however, consolidated in 1127 by Count Roger II. With the treaty many Greek and other Christian prisoners were released. He left the islands with many who wished to join him and so many were on his ship that it nearly sank. Maltese legend has it that the Count gave the Maltese their red and white flag by cutting a part of his banner. Mass is said once a year in remembrance of the Count at
the
Cathedral
of
Mdina,
as
a
recognition for the Count's role in liberating Maltese Christians from Muslim dominance and rule.
Did you know...... The Bayeux Tapestry is an embroidered cloth nearly 70 metres (230 ft) long, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England.
Answer the following questions.
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History
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Answer the following questions: 1. Who were the Vikings? ___________________________________________________________________________ (1mark) 1. What did they wear? ___________________________________________________________________________ (1mark) 2. How did they travel from one country to another? ___________________________________________________________________________ (1mark) 3. How did the Vikings learn new things? ___________________________________________________________________________ (1mark) 4. Who were the Normans? ___________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark) 5. What makes them different from the Vikings? ___________________________________________________________________________ (1.5 marks) 6. Who was Count Roger I? ___________________________________________________________________________ (1mark) 9. Feudalism The Feudal System was introduced to England following the invasion and conquest of the country by William I (The Conqueror).
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Who was William I (The Conqueror)? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ (2 marks) During the period of history known as the Middle Ages, feudalism was the law of the land. The system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. It was the basis by which the upper class maintained control over the lower classes. This structure of government consisted of:
The king:
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
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The barons:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
The peasants:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________ (9 marks) The church leaders often also held a great power over the people, much like the lords of the manor. Many church leaders were active in politics and government. In fact the church was really the only universal European governing force.
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10. Medieval Europe and Medieval life Use the following website to answer the questions: http://www.medieval-life.net/life_main.htm
a. Write FIVE differences that describe the clothing worn in the Middle Ages in contrast to Modern clothing. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ (5 marks) b. Write FIVE points that give a realistic account of Medieval life. _____________________________________ ____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (5 marks) 17
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c. Understand the plan of a medieval village and compare it to a village of today.
___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ (6 marks) 11.
The Crusaders
The Crusades were a series of ______ _______ launched by the Christian states of Europe against the Saracens. The term 'Saracen' was the word used to describe a _________ during the time of the Crusades.
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The word Crusade comes from the Latin word crux, meaning a '________'. It referred to the cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified and to go on a crusade meant going to fight for _________. The cross that appears on the shield was common during the Crusades as it represented God.
12.
Causes and consequences of the Crusades
There were numerous crusades over the three _______ ___________ period, the majority of which involved journeys to the ______ ________. This map shows five different crusade routes.
In AD _______, the Muslims captured the city of ____________, which was a holy city to Christians because Christ had lived and died in that area.
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For a long time, the Muslims allowed Christian to visit Jerusalem as pilgrims, and many thousands made the journey from Europe. Then, in _________, a group of fanatical Turkish Muslims captured Jerusalem. They would not tolerate Christians. In
1095,
_______
________
_____
delivered a speech in front of a large crowd at the Council of Clermont, urging them to engage in a Christian “holy war� to liberate Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Despite many attempts, this goal was never reached. Small Christian states were established for a time in and around Jerusalem, but they soon returned to Muslim control. The _______ ____ _______ took place in 1291 and resulted in the loss of the Crusader controlled city of Acre to the Muslims. It is considered one of the most important battles of the time period. When Acre fell, the Crusaders
lost
their
last
major
stronghold of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. (6 marks)
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Crossword 3
4
2
1
5
6
Down a) The word Crusade comes from the latin word 1.____________. b) The Crusades were a series of Holy wars between the 2. _________________ and the 3. ______________. Across c) The majority of the Crusades involved journeys to the 4. __________ land. d) The city of 5. __________________________ is considered the centre of the Christian world and a magnet to Christian 6. ___________. (11 marks) 21
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13. Black Death (1347-1351) Coming out of the East, the Black Death reached the shores of Italy in the spring of 1347 causing death across Europe. The Black Death is thought to have started in China or Central Asia, it had reached the trade city of Caffa by 1346 and from there, black rats carried it onto merchant ships. It then spread throughout the Mediterranean and invaded Europe. How Did It Spread? In towns and cities people lived very close together. The filth littered streets gave rats the perfect environment to breed and increase their numbers. Also the disposal of bodies was very crude and helped to spread the disease still further as those who handled the dead bodies did not protect themselves in any way. In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as fifty percent of the population to die. Although governments had medical workers try to prevent the plague, the plague persisted. Most medical workers quit and journeyed away because they feared getting the plague themselves. There were; however, methods that did work. For example, in Milan, city officials immediately walled up houses found to have the plague, isolating
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everyone (even the healthy along with the sick) inside of them. Venice took sophisticated and stringent quarantine and health measures, including isolating all incoming ships on a separate island. A plague doctor's duties were often limited to visiting victims to verify whether they had been afflicted or not. Surviving records of contracts drawn up between cities and plague doctors often gave the plague doctor enormous latitude and heavy financial compensation, given the risk of death involved for the plague doctor himself. Its path of death was generally from south to north and east to west passing through Italy, France, England, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Finland, and eventually reaching as far as Greenland. If the plague had just stayed in one city, the containment might have spared Europe. Unfortunately, the plague spread when people fled to other cities. It is difficult to accurately estimate the number of people killed by the Black Death. Many times, the Church and monks kept records of the census and populations, but as the sick poured into their monasteries, monks themselves were infected and their records were also lost or destroyed. At best, it can be estimated that between 1/3 and 2/3 of European population were destroyed by the disease. (25-50 million people out of 75 million). Consequences of the Black Death a. Fields went unploughed as the men who usually did this were victims of the disease. Harvests would not have been brought in as the manpower did not exist.
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b. Those lords, who lost their manpower to the disease, turned to sheep farming as this required less people to work on the land. Grain farming became less popular – this, again, kept towns and cities short of such basics as bread. c. Inflation – the price of food went up creating more hardship for the poor. In some parts of England, food prices went up by four times. d. Many people turned their back on the Church. As a result of death in the church, written language was almost lost and whole churches were abandoned. Imagine you are a doctor living in London at the time of the plague (1348 – 1350).Write a reply to this letter from John Smith, a friend living in a nearby village. Remember that a medieval doctor would not give the same kind of advice as a modern day doctor. Dear Sir, I am writing to you to beg you for advice. A terrible curse has come to our village. It began with a few people complaining of pain in the head and the stomach. Now, just two short weeks later, the streets are full of corpses, shops and houses lie empty, and animals are running wild in the street. Some of the animals are even feeding on the dead. I believe this sickness has been sent by God to punish us for our sins. I have been praying for forgiveness day and night but I have been sickening these last days and I fear that I shall not be spared. I had thought to go to London to seek help from a man of medicine. What should I do? Yours, John T. Smith 24
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___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ (8 marks) 14. The Maltese Islands under the Angevin rule and later under the Aragonese rule. Fill in the blanks below with the words provided. All words must be used. Words may only be used once. Monroy Aragonese Charles of Anjou
Feudal 1090 Angevins
French Sicilian Maltese
Universita’ Frederick Sicily
In ________________, Count Roger the Norman, with a small force, landed in Malta. The Maltese Islands were formally incorporated with the Sicilian Crown about the year 1123 when Sicily was governed by Roger II (1105-1154), the Son of Roger the Norman. After the death of King William II of Sicily his aunt Constance who was married to the Emperor Henry VI of the German royal family of Hohenstaufen
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inherited the ________________ Crown. As a consequence, both Sicily and Malta fell under the German rule. The heir to the kingdom of Henry VI and his wife Constance was their son ________________, who later became known as Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen. In 1250, his kingdom was divided between his two sons, Manfred and Conradino. Conradino ruled over the Hohenstaufen lands in Germany and Italy while Manfred became king of Sicily and the Maltese Islands in 1258. Manfred married off his daughter Constance to Peter, the king of the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon. This marriage had the effect of forging an alliance between the ________________ and Hohenstaufen royal families. However, one of Manfred’s bitterest enemies was King Charles of the French kingdom of Anjou. King Charles of Anjou was determined to conquer Sicily from Manfred and add this island, together with the Maltese Islands to his kingdom. King Charles of Anjou gathered his armies and marched them down the Italian peninsula towards Sicily. Henry's descendants ruled Malta and Sicily till 1266 when they were defeated by the French Prince, ________________, at the Battle of Benevento (1266) and Tagliacozzo (1268). The Angevins proved to be harsh rulers, especially in Sicily. Under the ________________ the people of Sicily lost most of their rights and liberties and were also made to pay heavy taxes to their Angevin rulers. Angevin rule did not last long. In March 1282 the Sicilians rose against the French and by September the ________________ had left the Island. King Peter of Aragon now became King of Sicily, and by December 1282 the great majority of the Maltese had adhered to the new ruler of ________________.
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During this period, Malta was sold and resold to various ________________ lords and barons. After widespread discontent between 1393 and 1397 the Aragonese King once again ordered that the ________________ islands were not to be given away as a fief but his promise was broken once again in 1420. A new feudal lord made the Maltese pay heavy taxes and by 1425 under yet another count, Gonsalvo Monroy, the Maltese were reduced to poverty. It was finally agreed that the Maltese were to pay back ________________ the 30,000 but up to 1428 the Maltese were unable to raise that amount. Destiny resolved the situation when on his deathbed Monroy decided he would accept just 10,000 florins with another 10,000 going to the King of Aragon, while 10,000 would be pardoned. Thus the Maltese only needed to provide 20,000 florins. In the following century there were no Feudal Lords in the Maltese Islands and there was very little interference from Sicily. The Maltese Islands had a local government, the ________________, made up of the government officials who carried on the day to day administration, and the Consiglio Popolare, or local Council, which although it could deliberate local affairs had no legislative power. (6 marks) 14. Piracy in Malta During the Middle Ages, the Maltese Islands suffered frequent attacks by pirates. These pirates would carry out surprise attacks on Maltese villages, killing innocent people and carrying off Maltese men, women and children into slavery.
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History
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Corsairing was a legalized form of piracy, undertaken with the official sanction of the authorities in return for a share of the spoils. At the same time, it was also an important aspect
of
naval
warfare
in
the
Mediterranean, and the Aragonese rulers were particularly skilled in the use of the guerra di corso to promote their political interests. To guard the coast against enemy ships, the Maltese set up a standing army of Maltese men. This local militia was called the Dejma. All able-bodied farmers between the ages of 18 and 65 were obliged to form part of these regiments. Each regiment was commanded by a knight. A number of soldiers of the Dejma formed the cavalry and fought on horseback. Wealthy families were obliged to keep horses to be used by the cavalrymen of the Dejma, or, if they were wealthy enough to pay for the upkeep of a sailing ship and crew to attack the pirates at sea before they could land on Maltese shores. As soon as any pirate ships were sighted sailing towards these islands, the Dejma soldiers on guard along the shores would light a bonfire to give the signal that pirates were approaching. One of the Dejma soldiers in each group on watch duty would be on horseback and he would ride as fast as his horse could carry him to the nearest villages to warn the villagers of the imminent pirate attack. 15. Life of the Maltese under the Arabs and the change to Christian rule in Medieval Malta In 60A.D, Christianity was brought to Malta by St.Paul and lasted until the Arabs conquered the islands in 870 A.D. The 220 years of Arab rule has left a
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lasting effect on the country's way of life. In this period of Malta's history the islands, known under three names: Malitah - the island's Roman name Ghawdex and Chemmuna, enjoyed an unparalleled age of economic affluence, becoming a veritable land of plenty. Highly skilled in farming, the Arabs introduced new crops, including cotton and citrus fruits, and innovative agricultural systems, such as irrigation, to Malta. Moreover, the distinctive landscape of terraced fields is the result of ancient Arab methods. Many delicacies of today's Maltese cooking, like that of its neighbour Sicily, owe their origins to Arabic imports - figs, almond, sweet pastries and spices. During their occupation, the Arabs tolerated the Christian beliefs of the Islanders. Under the Muslims, known to the Europeans at that time as Moors, the Maltese had their own assembly called gemgha (Arabic jam’iya - an association)
composed
of
both
Christians
and
Muslims
Arab hakim or
under
an
governor.
The Arabs ruled Malta until 1090 when the Normans defeated them. For over a hundred years after the Norman Conquest Arabic remained a dominant factor in Maltese society. Under these Germanic conquerors the Christian and Muslims, at first, lived in harmony. However, later, between 1224 and 1250 the Muslims were totally expelled from the country. The only Arab testimonials are to be found in the walls of Fort St. Angelo in the Grand Harbour and in the walls of the city of Mdina (Arabic madina or city) re-named from Melita, the capital of Malta during Roman times.
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Crowning all the visible remains is the beautiful Majmuna tombstone found while excavating a cemetery at the gates to the town of Rabat. A large marble stone inscribed with Arabic-Kufic-style letters it carries a sad lament of a grieving Muslim father for the death of his 12 year-old daughter. However, Arab influenced architectural styles, to be found in all parts of the islands, are the most important of the perceivable Arab-Muslim legacy. The entire interior of St. John's Co-Cathedral of Mdina is decorated with Arabesque motifs and village churches are usually built in the shape of cubes - an echo of the Kaaba. The Arabs also left their imprint on the Maltese language and in the names
of
many towns
and
villages in Malta and Gozo, such as
Marsa,
Mqabba,
Mdina,
Għajnsielem,
Mġarr, Rabat,
Xagħra, Żejtun and Żurrieq.
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