science for life the value of s o cie tal re se arch C S G Ce n t r e f o r S o c i e t y a n d t h e L i f e S c i e n c e s
sc ie nc e for life th e val u e o f s o cie ta l r e s e a rc h
CSG Ce n t re fo r So cie t y a n d t h e Li fe S c i enc es N o v e mb e r 2 011
i nt rod uct i on
Involving individuals and organisations in societal research creates added value Societal research can help individual citizens, professional communities and organisations to assess the societal implications of the life sciences
Enabling and empowering the CSG approach to valorisation
and their applications, as well as to anticipate future developments. Enabling those groups to deal with changes, opportunities and dilemmas that are associated with the development of new knowledge and applications in the life sciences field is an important driver for CSG’s valorisation strategy. That perspective results in a large variety of potential user groups, including citizens, patients, farmers, high school pupils, lawyers, midwives and policymakers. Involving a broad range of societal stakeholders in life sciences research is therefore a cornerstone of the CSG strategy. The same principle applies, on the other hand, to the active involvement of (life) scientists, professionals and industry in societal research and communication. Because it is as important that they are able to timely identify and address opportunities and concerns in society. At CSG, societal research interaction is at the heart of valorisation. CSG is proud to present a number of examples that show how interactive research contributes to valorisation of research outcomes. From the adaptation of guidelines in medical practice using social science results, to better ways to teaching students about the complexity of biology – valorisation of societal research is as diverse as its potential users. We hope to inspire you to take the interactive road, wherever it may lead.
3
cs g r e s e arch
CSG research results incorporated in national guidelines on cardiovascular risk management Changing the way general practitioners deal with the issue of family history relating to heart disease may seem a farstretched result for a research project on the development of
Better questions to manage risk for heart disease
training tools. But that is exactly what CSG researcher Isa Houwink achieved with her project ‘Developing training in genetics/genomics for primary health care workers’. In March 2010, CSG organised a competition asking researchers to submit plans for the implementation of research results in practice. Houwink proposed to devise a guideline for general practitioners concerning the hereditary aspects of cardiovascular disease. During interviews with this professional group, she identified the need for hands-on tools to get the right information from patients. Specifically concerning the occurrence of premature heart failure in families, it is essential that GPs approach patients in the right manner. Moreover, they should also be aware of the current possibilities for genetic testing of
The CSG-based
family members and the potential impact such test results may have.
guidelines now form The guidelines were drafted in a very short
part of these national
timeframe and offered to the Dutch College of General Practitioners (NHG), which at the
guidelines, which
time was preparing a revision of their national guidelines on Cardiovascular Risk Management.
are planned for
The CSG-based guidelines now form part of these national guidelines, which are planned for
publication at the end of 2011
5
publication at the end of 2011.
m oni t or i ng r e port
Monitoring report on $1000 genome fuels development of Dutch and European guidelines An ethical reflection on whole genome sequencing in health care by CSG principal investigator Guido de Wert was
When sequencing is cheap
welcomed by the Netherlands Health Council and the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport. This reflection has been selected as a starting document for Dutch and European professional working groups that are developing guidelines in the field of human genetics. CSG principal investigators Guido de Wert and Martina Cornel lead CSG projects concerned with possible applications of whole genome sequencing in health care. Due to rapidly developing techniques for genome sequencing, it has become possible to sequence complete genomes at relatively low costs – the $1000 genome has become proverbial. Although there is still a lot to be discovered about the interaction between genes and disease, many scientists, clinicians and policymakers expect that whole genome sequencing-based diagnosis and screening will have a huge impact on health care. In 2009, De Wert and his colleague Wybo Dondorp were invited by the Dutch Health Council to perform an ethical analysis of the
“ this monitoring
application of whole genome sequencing in health care. The resulting report, called ‘The
report will be
thousand dollar genome. An ethical exploration’, was published in October 2010 and subsequently
considered in
presented to the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport. In a written reaction, the Minister stated
future policy
that: “this monitoring report will be considered in future policy development”.
development” The report received substantial media attention, including a 2-page article in the science section of NRC Handelsblad, a leading Dutch newspaper. Following the publication of the report, the Netherlands Consortium for Personalised Genome Diagnostics formed a working group to prepare national guidelines for clinical geneticists. Both De Wert and Dondorp will participate in this working group.
7
8
mon ito ring report
The impact of the report has travelled
The impact of the report has travelled beyond national borders. The Professional and Public
beyond national
Policy Committee (PPPC) of the European Society of Human Genetics will use the report as input for
borders
their guideline development. The PPPC, chaired by CSG PI Martina Cornel, will also present the report to the European Journal of Human Genetics for integral publication.
Again on a national level, the Netherlands Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) has invited De Wert to contribute an ethical perspective on whole genome sequencing-based screening in the context of a RIVM conference on neonatal screening planned for April 2012.
Informing the professional community of human geneticists
Anticipating the arrival of the $1000 genome and its implications for health care, De Wert and Cornel convinced the European Society of
Human Genetics (ESHG) to organise a satellite meeting during their annual conference to inform professionals in clinical genetics on the potential of the $1000 genome and its possible implications for their daily practice. This led to two well-attended and highly appreciated satellite symposia in 2010 (Gothenburg) and 2011 (Amsterdam).
a d i f f e r e nt approach
CSG takes a different approach At the request of the Dutch Committee on Genetic Modification (COGEM), CSG has prepared an inventory of the potential contributions – positive or negative – of biotechnology developments to important societal issues. The resulting report, called ‘The societal relevance of trends in biotechnology’, accompanied the COGEM’s ‘Trend analysis Biotechnology 2020’. The reports were jointly presented to the Dutch Cabinet, which stated that:
Mapping biotechnology trends to societal issues
“the reported observations will be taken into account in future policy development”. Studies that aim to predict the broader societal impact of technological developments generally take the expected effects or outcomes of the technology as the starting point. Here, authors and CSG researchers Yrrah Stol and Annemiek Nelis have opted for a different approach. They focused on the potential contributions rather than the effects of new technologies. This change to the starting point of the analysis resulted in a new way to map trends in technology to societal themes; a way that also allows comparing and prioritizing technological trends based on the expected contribution. This in turn offers valuable input for policy development. The analysis by Stol and Nelis led to a number of interesting observations. According to the societal experts, stakeholders and citizens that participated in the study, genetically modified organisms in agriculture present the most socially relevant trend in biotechnology. The respondents identified several areas of promise and opportunities for agricultural GMOs, especially for world food supply and biofuels. Biotechnological trends in medicine (like genetic screening, biobanks and personalized medicine) were framed in terms of medical-ethical concerns rather than opportunities. The authors state that discussions on the societal relevance of biotechnological trends exemplify a broader clash of the challenges of the risk-oriented society on the one hand, and the knowledge-oriented society on the other. Their analysis zooms in on this confrontation and offers a detailed description of the arguments and considerations used in the interpretation of societal opportunities and risks of developments in biotechnology. The report helps politicians and policymakers to deal with difficult, but unavoidable choices that come with technological developments in a multiform society.
9
Patients’ and patient organisations’ input on ethical and organisational aspects can be very valuable
bi obanks and pati e nt r e gi s t r i e s
Symposium connects patients and patient organisations to researchers and policymakers CSG participated in the organisation of a symposium by the Dutch Association of Patient Organisations (VSOP) for their members.
Biobanks and Patient Registries
Biobanks and patient registries are increasingly important in medical research aiming to identify the genetic and environmental causes of disease and to develop new therapies. With this symposium in June 2011, the Dutch Association of Patient Organisations (VSOP) intended to promote collaboration and information exchange between all relevant parties. Particular emphasis was put on the role that patient organisation can play towards improving the effectiveness and success of biobanks and patient registries. Especially where rare diseases are concerned, it is often a patient organisation that takes the lead in setting up a biobank or a patient registry together with physicians and researchers. Patients’ and patient organisations’ input on ethical and organisational aspects can be very valuable, as is their involvement in raising awareness among their members, providing samples and information as well as securing funding. Several CSG projects address the governance of biobanks and their ethical and legal aspects. That is why the VSOP contacted CSG right from the start to collaborate on the symposium programme. CSG’s Maud Radstake together with Tessa van der Valk of the VSOP selected the topics and speakers, including CSG researchers Sara van Teeffelen and Eric Vermeulen (VUMC). The involvement of CSG is a perfect example of how valorisation is achieved: working together with other parties, building on knowledge from current projects and using results to stimulate both practical action and fuel further research. “ The fact that we collaborate with CSG enhances our visibility with other parties and can hopefully inspire those parties to incorporate the interest of patients in their research and use the knowledge available within our community. It also provides insight into the workings of academic research. Sometimes I get the feeling that societal research is too theoretical and too far removed from the reality as experienced by patients. Researchers come up with perceived obstacles that according to patients do not exist. On the other hand, patients sometimes have an unrealistic view of the possibilities and are unaware of ethical and legal aspects. That is why I think collaboration is important, we can learn from each other and advance our mutual interests.” – Cor Oosterwijk, director VSOP Dutch Association of Patients Organisations
11
12
csg pu blic ations
csg publications
A platform for presenting ideas, a means to stimulate discussion, a source of information – books can be all that, and more. CSG has over the past years taken the initiative to publish a number of compact volumes to explain complicated concepts to various audiences or to present explorations of new themes and questions for research. Here, we highlight two CSG publications.
Moulding, adjusting, improving
Exploring the future human In 2009, members of ‘De Jonge Akademie’ (‘The Young Academy’, associated with the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and CSG researchers explored the future human in all its aspects in a collection of essays titled ‘De Maakbare Mens - tussen fictie en fascinatie’ (The makeable human - between fiction and fascination). Bringing together the views from social sciences, natural sciences and humanities, De
Maakbare Mens tackles the issue of ‘manipulability’ on different levels. Above all, the book demonstrates the fascination of a group of young, but already renowned academics with this enticing topic.
De Maakbare Mens tackles the issue of ‘manipulability’ on different levels
cs g publi cat i ons
Explaining genetic aspects of mental illness to patients and their families As part of the CSG research project ‘Mental illness, genomics and society’, CSG researcher Ingrid Baart talked extensively with researchers involved in the GROUP
Going crazy ...
and NESDA projects (large-scale research efforts into psychosis and anxiety disorders, respectively), as well as with patients and their close relatives. The input and feedback Baart received inspired her to write, together with journalist Veronique Huijbregts, a paper called ‘Going crazy... The complex connection between psyche and genes’. The publication is aimed at patients and their families and is highly welcomed by patient associations Anoiksis and Ypsilon. It explains current knowledge about the relationship between genes and psychiatric diseases and shows how such knowledge may affect patients. “ My impression is that this publication addresses a need. I took a couple of copies to the activity centre for people affected by psychiatric diseases where I work, and they were picked up in no time. I can recommend reading it. It gives a clear overview of current research into genetic aspects of psychosis and schizophrenia and of the changing attitudes among researchers. The biological information is well explained and I can see myself using it as a reference in the future.” – Hannie Boumans, mother of a patient and member of Ypsilon (association of family members of patients with schizophrenia or psychosis)
13
d na-labs on the road
DNA-labs on the Road introduce genomics in the classroom Genomics unfit for high school students? The DNA-labs on the Road prove otherwise. In six years, a staggering 100,000 Dutch high school students have participated in one of these highly successful hands-on workshops. CSG
Student participation about to top 100,000!
acts as central coordinator of the Labs and runs a number of targeted research projects into the didactic aspects of this educational method. DNA. Genes. Biotechnology. In a very short timeframe, these terms have become part of everyday life. TV shows track down unknown family members through DNA testing. The debate on GMOs, genetically modified organisms, is still ongoing. Companies sell all kinds of genetic tests that allow customers to determine disease risks at home. And of course, there is Crime Scene Investigation, which has made forensic science incredibly popular among the viewing public. To prepare children and youngsters for life in the ‘DNA society’, it is increasingly important to offer education on genes, proteins, cells and biotechnological. Proper education enables them to deal with questions and choices associated with ‘DNA’ later on in life. As consumers, citizens, professionals, parents... or perhaps patients. The set-up of the DNA-labs is simple. A school selects one of six DNA-labs and makes a reservation. The teacher receives a preparatory module for use in his/her class. Two trained university students visit the school bringing all the necessary equipment and materials with them. The students run the 2-hour practical in the classroom, where the students work hands-on with the latest genomics techniques, isolating DNA or performing bioinformatics analyses, for example. In a closing lesson, the class discusses possible societal implications of the specific genomics topic. Building on extensive lab experience and incorporating the latest scientific developments, the DNA-labs are continuously adapted to keep them up to date. What’s more, the DNA-labs are also highly popular among teachers. The figures speak for themselves: December 2011 will see the 100,000th student participating in a DNA-lab.
15
16
h o o fdstu kaa nduiding – pa ra g ra a f
d na-labs on the road
100,000 secondary school students have worked with state-of-the-art genomics technologies over the past six years. As soon as registration is opened for the coming term, the labs are booked at high speed. And most importantly: students and teachers are highly enthusiastic about these workshops! The practical arrangements of each DNA-lab are made by the respective Genomics Centre running the Lab. CSG acts as central coordinating and funding party of the DNA-labs and is responsible for all communication and PR activities. Ongoing interaction with the genomics scientists ensures that the labs are kept up to date both scientifically and technologically. CSG’s involvement goes beyond organisation and communication. The DNA-labs are also studied by CSG education researchers. And CSG stimulates the development of materials and topics that outline the societal context of the research experienced in the DNA-labs. This context is presented in the closing lessons. Students are stimulated to take a broader view of the applications of the technology and are confronted with questions they could encounter later on in life. Would they consider being tested for the presence of a disease gene? Who should be allowed access to their genetic information? What to do with the storage of forensic data?
Students are
New activities initiated to contribute to the overall quality and impact of the
confronted with
DNA-labs, such as teacher training, have been enthusiastically received.
questions they could encounter later on in life
17
18
dn a- labs on the roa d
Studying how students learn
CSG also supports DNA-labs through academic research The DNA-labs are the subject of several CSG educational research projects that focus on how to create understanding of the complexity of the genome and genomics technologies. The results of these projects are applied to improve the DNA-labs.
Molecular mechanistic reasoning Experiences with the DNA-labs and the module ‘Molecules in life’, developed by the Cancer Genomics Centre has demonstrated a missing link in student reasoning. Students in upper secondary education have reasonable knowledge on DNA and cells, but lack an image of how molecular interactions produce cellular phenomena. CSG researcher Marc van Mil studies how experts in molecular biology explain cellular phenomena and what strategies they use to generate new knowledge. These research strategies are translated in an educational strategy, ‘molecular mechanistic reasoning’. In this strategy, the visualization of molecular interactions plays an important role.
Preparing for decision making on genetic testing New technologies in genomics generate new testing practices and at the same time new personal and societal choices. Genetic testing seems at first sight to have only positive impacts; the prevention of disease and death by early diagnosis of risk factors. However, many other consequences of genetic testing complicate decisions whether to test or not, such as being excluded from a career or an insurance. Educational designs have been tested in which students are confronted with conflicting perspectives. For CSG researcher Dirk Jan Boerwinkel the focus of the research is now on the kind of genetic knowledge that is needed for genomics education that prepares also for future applications of genetic testing. His findings are processed in new didactic strategies and educational materials that allow for the incorporation of new scientific insights.
d na-labs on the road
The DNA-labs are reaching out to a broader audience. Several Labs have become part of the regular exhibition of science museums. And the Forensic Genomics DNA-lab is also part of refreshment courses for technical detectives and other professionals in law enforcement. The best possible feedback is probably that some
School’s out: DNA-labs explore other roads
of the DNA-labs or elements thereof now form part of the regular curriculum at junior colleges in Utrecht and Rotterdam, for example. The bioinformatics and cancer genomics DNA-labs have been incorporated in the so-called Advanced Science, Mathematics and Technology classes (‘NLT’), a facultative course in high schools.
“ The DNA-labs are very useful. They provide insight into abstract matter and because of their hands-on nature the students become really involved. And we simply don’t have all this advanced equipment available at school.” – Frans Olofsen, biology teacher, Amsterdam
Teachers on the DNA-labs
“ These workshops require much more precision than the experiments we usually do in class. It is therefore also a reality check for our students. They can find out whether a career in a lab suits them.” – Vivienne Aalders, biology and NLT teacher, Alphen aan den Rijn “ In my view, all students should be introduced to genomics. For future biologists, the practical side is relevant, but a future judge should be aware of the ethical issues associated with genomics.” – Gaswin de Boer, ANW teacher, Dokkum
19
20
dna- labs on the roa d
Six DNA-labs on the Road
In 2005, five NGI genomics centres, working together with five universities and university medical centres, decided to create the so-called DNA-labs on the Road to support high schools in introducing genomics in the classroom. In 2010, the sixth Lab on forensic science was added.
‘Prenatal’ research in plants Centre for Biosystems Genomics DNA fingerprinting on potato to study the presence of certain desired properties Healthy or ill: just a single wrong fold Centre for Medical Systems Biology Examining how distortions in protein folding affect protein structure and activity Tumour talk Cancer Genomics Centre Comparing DNA of tumour cells and their healthy counterparts and formulating a treatment advise Bioinformatics: a bit of life Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre Using databases and computational tools to identify a mysterious protein Racing on toilet paper Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation Preparing fuel from toilet paper and yeast and studying enzyme activity to increase production rates Forensic DNA: a peaks puzzle Forensic Genomics Consortium Netherlands Studying samples from a crime scene to reveal clues for law enforcement www.dnalabs.eu
alle s ov e r d na. nl
AllesoverDNA.nl: Online hub and treasure trove for students and teachers
Alles over DNA
The website AllesoverDNA.nl (‘Everything about DNA’), designed and maintained by CSG, is not only the online hub for the DNA-labs, it is also an important source of information on genomics and life sciences in its own right. The website, which specifically targets secondary school students and their teachers, offers a wealth of background information on basic technologies and concepts in genomics research as well as ready-made teaching modules, news and recent dossiers on specific themes.
The website attracts
The website attracts more than 10,000 visitors monthly.
more than 10,000 visitors monthly
21
i m agi ne . . .
Imagine ... Bringing biotechnology to developing countries Imagine... is an annual school competition in which life scientists submit proposals for the application of an affordable technology in a developing country. High school students focus on a proposal of their choice and elaborate it into a business plan. The winning business plan is executed and the scientists and students visit the country to see their project in practice. The programme challenges life scientists to think about applications of their technologies in developing countries and increases interest in the practical applications of life sciences among schools and students. Imagine... is an independent initiative supported by the Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation and CSG. Since its start in 2003,
600 students from
600 students from 60 high schools have participated in the competition. Winning
60 high schools have
proposals have meanwhile been realised in Mozambique, Kenya, Surinam, Tanzania and
participated in the
Ghana.
competition
www.foundation-imagine.org
23
a m aj or t r ans i ti on
New fault lines emerge in the transition from genetics to genomics
A major transition
In 2008, CSG published “Genetics, genomics and health care. A vision for the future”. The report by CSG researchers Erwin van Rijswoud, Dirk Stemerding and Tsjalling Swierstra presented the results of a scenario study into future contributions of genetics and genomics to different areas of health care. The authors point out how the transition from genetics to genomics not only affects scientific research, but also induces fundamental changes in the way our health care system is organised. In the genomics era, we can no longer rely on the societal and normative order that has become self-evident in discussions on genetics. With the increasing importance of genomics, new ‘fault lines’ emerge, for example, between internationally active health care providers and nationally oriented health care policies and between well-informed and prosperous citizens and less privileged groups in society. A new normative framework is needed that is better suited to address the scientific, normative and governance-related uncertainties that come with genomics. Because publication of this study coincided with reports on related issues released by both the Dutch Health Council (GR) and the Council for Public Health and Health Care (RVZ), CSG took
A new normative
the opportunity to organise a symposium to discuss the three reports with all parties involved.
framework
The CSG report was formally presented during the symposium to Ms Edith Schippers – then
is needed
25
Member of Parliament and current Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport – and the Forum Biotechnology and Genetics, the Netherlands’ leading consultative body on medical genetics.
cr ack t he cod e !
CSG introduces ‘genome’ to the public at large
Crack the code!
Every year in October the so-called Oktober Kennismaand (October Month of Knowledge) is organised in the Netherlands. The programme comprises a collection of activities throughout the country that share a common objective: to introduce a wide variety of audiences to the latest in science and technology. In 2008, the overall theme – suggested by CSG - was ‘Crack the code!’ This theme provided a great opportunity to put the spotlight on genomics and raise awareness of the ‘genome’ among a wider audience.
Raise awareness of CSG acted as frontrunner and central coordinator
the ‘genome’ among
for the NGI community and initiated eight science festivals organised by NGI Genomics Centres,
a wider audience
universities, science centres, museums and libraries. In addition, CSG organised a national event in Leiden, where the ‘Genome of the Netherlands’ was presented. CSG also published DNA etcetera, a popular-science book on DNA. Overall, the October Month of Knowledge generated a lot of media attention and attracted
Around 250,000
around 250,000 participants.
participants
‘The “Genome of the Netherlands”, depicting the stone age ancestry of school children’
27
a fr e s h v i e w
Societal Interface Group provides outside-in perspective on plant genomics
A fresh view
Consulting people who are not active in your particular area to check your ideas and obtain feedback is not a common mechanism in science. The Centre for BioSystems Genomics, one of the NGI Genomics Centres that works on plant genomics, assumed a pioneering role in this respect by installing a so-called Societal Interface Group (SIG). The set-up of the SIG is part of the CSG research project ‘Public voices in plant genomics’. The SIG consists of people who, in one way or another, are professionally connected to food, including farmers, chefs and taste experts. Societal experts such as journalists, trend watchers and innovation experts, are also among the SIG members. The SIG communicates directly with the CBSG management on a variety of plans and strategies, making it more than just a ‘token societal interaction’. “ The Societal Interface Group is a very interesting way to interact with external stakeholders. The members are all well-educated professionals working in a variety of fields. We have for example, a chef, a journalist and an architect as members. They are all open-minded and do not shy from giving their opinion. And we value their opinions greatly. The SIG offers insight into what professionals know about our type of research and what they don’t know. For scientists, it is often hard to estimate the level of technical knowledge of outsiders, so in that sense the SIG acts as a sounding board. On other issues, they can assume an advisory role, for example relating to communication activities and what type of audiences we should target. My experiences with the SIG are very positive. The meetings are intense and demanding, but always hugely informative and rewarding.” – Robert Hall, Managing Director Centre for BioSystems Genomics
29
30
th e fir st date
The first date Speed-dating as a new tool to stimulate dialogue between patient and medical expert In 2007, the Cancer Genomics Centre (CGC) organised the Cancer Genomics Market Plaza, a large-scale event (1,500 participants) for cancer patients to inform them, through workshops and lectures, on cancer genomics research and to stimulate interaction between patients, physicians and medical researchers. Based on interviews with participants, CSG/CGC research Roald Verhoeff and his colleagues concluded that many patients would like scientists and oncologists to pay more attention to their individual problems. To study how patients could be supported in getting their message across, Verhoeff organised a so-called speed-dating session between patients and researchers. First, six couples of patients and representatives of patient organisations worked on articulating their questions and concerns. Next, each couple had four 20-minute meetings with different physician/researcher couples, who were not briefed beforehand. These sessions resulted in a number of topics that would be worthwhile for the Dutch Federation of Cancer Patient Organisations (NFK) to promote among researchers and funding agencies. Patient organisations can use the outcomes to help their members in making the most of their contacts with physicians. The speed-date results also served as the starting point of a well-attended workshop on ‘Patients and the research agenda’ during the second edition of the Cancer Genomics Market Plaza in 2009.
s oci al r e s e arch i n bus i ne s s
CSG spins off social research consultancy
Social research in business
CSG has over the years created a sizeable body of knowledge and expertise on social research into the life sciences, advancing academic research as well as implementing new frameworks and communication strategies. Noting an increasing demand for expert advice in addressing issues on technology and society, CSG has funded a feasibility study proposed by researchers Maud Radstake and Daan Schuurbiers for a commercial organisation: ‘De Proeffabriek’ (The Pilot Plant). Intent on turning his CSG expertise into business, Schuurbiers aims to support public and private organisations with socially responsible innovation. Addressing the social dynamics of technological innovation presents new business opportunities. In a recent pilot study with the Top Institute for Food and Nutrition, social research methods were applied to strengthen collaboration in nutrition science and open up new research horizons. De Proeffabriek will be in business as of January 1 2012. As one of its launching customers, CSG intends to work with De Proeffabriek in the development and training of young scientists.
31
CSG Centre for Society and the Life Sciences PO-box 9010 6500GL Nijmegen The Netherlands www.society-lifesciences.nl
Text: Esther Thole Editors: Frans van Dam, Maud Radstake (CSG) & Esther Thole Photography: CBSG, (p6), Claudi de Cleen (p13) Digidaan (p2), Imagine‌ (p22) Sascha Schalkwijk (cover, p14, p16, p26) Lay-out: Atelier van Wageningen Print: Veenman Drukkers
ecneics rof efil