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Engelska 5, 6 och 7 (gymnasiet)

nouns

Libers

övningar i ENGELSKA Jörgen Gustafsson

grammar

Lennart Peterson

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

Libers ISBN 978-91-47-90647-5

övningar i ENGELSKA

grammar

Kopieringsförbud Detta verk är skyddat av upphovsrättslagen. Kopiering, utöver lärares och elevers rätt att kopiera för undervisningsbruk enligt BONUS-avtal, är förbjuden. BONUSavtal tecknas mellan upphovsrättsorganisationer och huvudman för utbildningssamordnare, t.ex. kommuner och universitet. Intrång i upphovsmannens rättigheter enligt upphovsrättslagen kan medföra straff (böter eller fängelse), skadestånd och beslag/förstöring av olovligt framställt material. Såväl analog som digital kopiering regleras i BONUS-avtalet. Läs mer på www.bonuspresskopia.se. Undantag Kopiering är tillåten av de sidor som är markerade med Kopiering tillåten. Kopiering får dock endast ske till eleverna på den egna skolan, och kopiorna får inte på något sätt spridas utanför den egna skolans verksamhet.

Liber AB, 113 98 Stockholm Tfn 08-690 92 00 www.liber.se Kundservice: tfn 08-690 93 30, fax 08-690 93 01 e-post: kundservice.liber@liber.se

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

Förord

Förord Libers övningar i engelska: Grammar är ett övningsmaterial i engelsk grammatik för gymnasieskolans samtliga program och kurser samt för motsvarande kurser på komvux och andra utbildningar. Materialet får kopieras fritt. Varje moment inleds med en kort grammatisk förklaring. Därefter följer övningar av olika slag – både bundna övningar som tränar språkets former men också mer öppna och kreativa övningar som ställer högre krav. En del övningar är lämpliga för enskilt arbete, andra i par eller i smågrupper. Stor vikt läggs på sådana moment som svenska elever ofta gör fel på, t.ex. oregelbundna verb, kongruens, tempus, ing-former, pluralbildning, skillnaden it/there, much/many, usually/used to, prepositioner, linking words och mycket, mycket mer. Ett modernt språkbruk har eftersträvats i samtliga övningar. Materialet är mycket omfattande med övningar på allt ifrån grundläggande färdighetsträning till allt mer krävande uppgifter. Svårighetsnivån är markerad med asterisk – en asterisk för de lättare och två asterisker för de mer avancerade övningarna. Anpassning måste självfallet göras till såväl klass som enskilda elever. Materialet är i första hand avsett för elever i gymnasiets steg 5 och 6, men kan även användas som repetition i steg 7. För anpassning till de nya kurskraven i Läroplanen 2011 är alla förklaringar, instruktioner och exempel på engelska. Facit finns allra sist i materialet. Enjoy learning! Författarna

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

Contents Nouns 7

Singular and Plural

The Genitive ’s (s’)

with the preposition ‘of’

Countable and Uncountable Nouns (räknebara och oräknebara substantiv)

indefinite article in Swedish but not in English

uncountable in English but not in Swedish

plural in English, singular in Swedish

logical plurals (We changed places)

Pronouns Possessive Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns: this/that/these/those

Relative Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns (frågande pronomen)

Other Pronouns

some, any

it, there

the Swedish word ‘man’

much, many, a little, a few, a lot of

Verbs The Present Tense

be and have

simple form and continuous form (enkel och pågående form)

the -s/-es form

Past Tenses regular verbs (-ed)

82 82

was/were 86 irregular verbs The Future

88 109

will/shall 109 be going to

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

109

present continuous

116

the future continuous

116

be about to + the infinitive

117

The Future Perfect

122

The Do-construction

124

Modals

130

Question Tags (påhängsfrågor)

135

question tags 1

135

question tags 2

139

Usually–Used to (brukar–brukade)

141

The Passive

145

The -Ing Form after Prepositions, Verbs and Other Expressions

150

preposition + -ing form

150

verbs + -ing form

151

verb + preposition + -ing form

152

expressions + -ing form

153 165

To Want Somebody to Do Something

Linking words: Conjunctions and sentence connectors Linking Words 1

169

Linking Words 2

173

contrasts 173 reasons/purposes 173

Prepositions 178

Prepositions

Word order Word Order (subject + verb)

183

Word Order (adverbials)

186

adverbials expressing time

186

adverbials expressing degree

186

Key

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

189

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

nouns

Countable and Uncountable Nouns (räknebara och oräknebara substantiv)

Countable nouns have both singular and plural forms.

one boy

three boys

one problem

many problems

Uncountable nouns … • have no indefinite article (a, an) • cannot be preceded by numerals (räkneord) e x e r c i s e s 1 –2

• have no plural form • cannot be preceded by words of quantity, like many or several, but the word some may be used.

some butter some milk some water some music some money

Indefinite article in Swedish but not in English In most cases, Swedish follows the same rules as English. But in Swedish, we sometimes use the indefinite article (en, ett) before uncountable nouns and in the expression ‘(en/ ett) sådan(t)/sånt.’ In English there is no article. exercise 3

(Ett) sånt förfärligt väder vi hade igår! What terrible weather we had yesterday! Jag hörde du förlorade. (En) sån/sådan otur! I heard you lost. What bad luck! Jag har aldrig sett (en) sådan trafik. I’ve never seen such traffic.

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

nouns Uncountable in English but not in Swedish Some nouns are uncountable in English, but not in Swedish. Here are some of the most important ones:

advice råd

exercise 4

business

affärer (t.ex. ‘göra affärer’)

furniture

möbler, möblemang

homework

läxa, läxor

information

upplysningar, information

knowledge

kunskap, kunskaper

money pengar news nyheter pollution föroreningar progress framsteg work

arbete (but ‘a work of art’: ett konstverk)

If you want to say ‘ett råd’, ‘en möbel’, ‘en nyhet’, you must say, for example, a piece of advice/furniture/news.

Plural in English, singular in Swedish Some English nouns are plural when we use the singular in Swedish.

ashes aska binoculars kikare contents innehåll customs tull looks utseende e x e r c i s e s 5 –6

pliers [plaəz] avbitartång pools tips premises [premzz] lokal, fastighet scales våg scissors sax stairs innertrappa steps yttertrappa wages veckolön/timlön (sometimes singular: a weekly wage, a living wage – minimilön)

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

nouns

Words that consist of two parts (pliers, scissors):

en tång/sax

a pair of pliers/scissors

In Swedish, a noun is sometimes singular even if you are talking about more than one. In English you must use the plural. In the sentences below, the English is logical; we are, for example, talking about two seats.

Let’s change places/seats.

Låt oss byta plats.

Where do we change trains (buses etc.)?

Var byter vi tåg (buss)?

They shook their heads.

De skakade på huvudet.

Shake hands with him.

Skaka hand med honom.

I want to make friends with her.

Jag vill bli vän med henne.

Everybody lost their lives.

Alla förlorade livet (omkom).

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

nouns

Exercise 3 ✶✶ Put a or an in these sentences – but only when necessary.

Examples I had to help her so I could have … peace of mind. I had to help her so I could have peace of mind. (No a before peace of mind.) He’s looking for … work, but he hasn’t found … job yet. He’s looking for work, but he hasn’t found a job yet. 1 Please give me _____________________ cloth to clean up this mess. 2 Tailors make suits with _____________________ cloth. 3 Car tyres are made of _____________________ rubber. 4 You can press your trousers with _____________________ iron. 5 Waiter! There’s _____________________ hair in my soup. 6 Masons work with _____________________ stone. 7 This statue is _____________________ work of art. 8 A large group of trees is called _____________________ wood. 9 _____________________ iron is a metal. 10 Carpenters work with _____________________ wood.

Exercise 4 ✶✶ Translate the sentences. 1 Låt mig ge dig ett gott råd.

_________________________________________________________________________ 2 Higgins gör mycket affärer i Japan.

_________________________________________________________________________ 3 Är de här möblerna nya?

_________________________________________________________________________ 4 Jag har inga läxor till i morgon.

_________________________________________________________________________ 5 Jag skulle vilja ha lite upplysningar om tågtider.

_________________________________________________________________________ 6 Kunskaper är alltid nyttiga.

_________________________________________________________________________

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

Other Pronouns

pronouns

it, there It is used about something you have already talked about.

Tom’s bought a new house. It (= the house) wasn’t expensive. I left my iPod here. Where is it (= my iPod)? It is also used about time, weather, temperature and distance.

It’s five o’clock. (time) It’s raining. (weather) It’s 20 degrees. (temperature) It’s about two km from here. (distance)

NB It is also used in a number of phrases:

It’s no use. It’s no good waiting for David – he won’t come. It’s (great) fun seeing new places. It’s a pity you can’t come to my party. It’s true that my brother’s getting married. There is used when you can say ‘det finns/det fanns’ in Swedish.

There’s someone waiting for you outside my house. Det är (Det finns) någon som väntar på dig utanför mitt hus. There are not many tourists here this year. Det är (Det finns) inte många turister här i år. Was there anyone you knew at the concert? Var det (Fanns det) någon du kände på konserten? There were lots of things I didn’t understand. Det var (Det fanns) massor av saker jag inte förstod.

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

Other Pronouns

pronouns

Exercise 1 ✶ Complete the sentences with it or there.

Exa mple … is someone outside who’d like to talk to you. There is someone outside who’d like to talk to you. 1 I’ve lost my wallet somewhere. Have you seen _____________________? 2 _______________________________ is a beautiful day today. 3 Today is a holiday, so _______________________________ is no school. 4 _______________________________ was 25 degrees Celsius yesterday. 5 _______________________________ were 20,000 people at the match. 6 _______________________________ was fun seeing my friends again. 7 Is _______________________________ true that Ted’s getting married? 8 I think _______________________________ is about 100 miles from Birmingham

to Liverpool. 9 _______________________________ is something I’ve got to tell you. 10 Do you think _______________________________ is life after death?

Exercise 2 ✶ Complete the sentences. Choose between there and it and add a verb + the word in brackets.

Exa mples … Jill is sick today. (a pity) It’s a pity Jill is sick today. … here I’d like you to meet. (someone) There’s someone here I’d like you to meet. 1 ____________________________________ you can’t come to my party. (pity) 2 ____________________________________ to worry. Everything will be all right.

(no need) 3 ____________________________________ for coffee now? – No, it's too early.

(time) 4 ____________________________________ for a few more people at this table.

(room)

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

Other Pronouns

pronouns

much, many, a little, a few, a lot of

much (mycket) is used in the singular, normally after not and in questions.

We haven’t got much time. I don’t drink much coffee. Was there much traffic this morning? many (många, mycket) is used in the plural, normally after not and in questions.

I haven’t seen him for many years. He hasn’t got many friends. Were there many people at the match? In English, many is always used in the plural! e x e r c i s e s 1 –4

A problem for Swedish speakers is that the word ‘mycket’ is sometimes used in the plural.

mycket folk (many people) mycket kläder (many clothes) mycket problem (many problems) etc.

a lot of/lots of is used in informal English, both in the singular and the plural. Much and many are often replaced by a lot of or lots of.

He has much money. He has a lot of (lots of) money.

little (lite, lite grand, en del) is used in the singular.

a little milk a little noise e x e r c i s e s 5 –7

a little time a few (några, några stycken) is used in the plural.

a few friends a few cities a few problems

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

Other Pronouns

pronouns

Exercise 1 ✶ Complete the dialogue, using much or many. A: – I haven’t got _______________________________ (1) money. Could you lend me some? B: – No, I’m sorry. I haven’t got _______________________________ (2) money either. A: – I must go. I haven’t got _______________________________ (3) time. My train leaves at two o’clock. Are there _______________________________ (4) people on the train at that time? B: – No, not _______________________________ (5). What do you do on the journey? A: – Oh, there isn’t _______________________________ (6) to do. I usually read. It isn’t _______________________________ (7) fun.

Exercise 2 ✶ Make the following sentences negative and replace a lot of with much or many.

Exa mple Andrew watches a lot of television. Emma doesn’t watch much television. 1 Andrew knows a lot of people.

Emma ________________________________________________________________ 2 Andrew drinks a lot of Coke.

Emma ________________________________________________________________ 3 Andrew writes a lot of emails.

Emma ________________________________________________________________ 4 Andrew buys a lot of apps.

Emma ________________________________________________________________ 5 Andrew has a lot of free time.

Emma ________________________________________________________________

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

The Present Tense

verbs

Simple form and continuous form (enkel och pågående form) Compare these two sentences:

Nigel talks a lot. Nigel pratar mycket. Nigel is talking to someone on the phone. Nigel pratar med någon i telefon. The verb in the first sentence above is in the simple form (Nigel talks a lot. = Nigel usually talks a lot.) This form is used: • to talk about things in general

The sun rises in the east. Time flies. • to describe a habit

I get up at 6.30 every morning. Kim usually plays golf at weekends. I work in a coffee shop. The verb in the second sentence above is in the continuous form (Nigel is talking … = At this very moment Nigel is talking …). This form (am/are/is + -ing) is used: • to talk about something that is happening exactly at the time of speaking

Be quiet! I’m trying to concentrate. • to talk about something that is happening around the time of speaking

My mum is not at home because she is learning Spanish at an evening school. • to talk about the future

We are going to Scotland next summer.

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

The Present Tense

verbs

Exercise 1 ✶ Choose between the simple form (do) or the continuous form (am/are/is doing) in these sentences.

Exa mple Don’t forget your umbrella. It … (rains/is raining). Don’t forget your umbrella. It is raining. 1 Look! It _______________________________. (snows/is snowing) 2 I usually _______________________________ hundreds of text messages every

week. (send/am sending) 3 Please listen! I _______________________________ to you. (talk/am talking) 4 Listen to those people. What language _______________________________? (do

they speak/are they speaking) 5 Diana _______________________________ very well. She’s usually a lot better

than this. (doesn’t play/isn’t playing) 6 My parents _______________________________ to work by train. (usually go/are

usually going) 7 Water _______________________________ at 100 degrees Celsius. (boils/is

boiling) 8 Any idea what Susan _______________________________ right now? (does/is

doing) 9 The moon _______________________________ round the earth and not the

other way round. (goes/is going) 10 Please stop that noise! I _______________________________. (study/am

studying)

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR

The Present Tense

verbs

Exercise 2 ✶ Translate into English. 1 Vi spelar badminton tillsammans varje måndag.

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2 En del barn lär sig att läsa och skriva väldigt tidigt.

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3 Vad gör du ikväll?

_________________________________________________________________________ 4 Karen bor inte här längre.

_________________________________________________________________________ 5 Titta! Katten hoppar från taket.

_________________________________________________________________________ 6 Skynda dig! Bussen kommer.

_________________________________________________________________________

libers övningar i engelska GRAMMAR