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1. Progressive Procedure 2. The Judicial Process in Comparative Perspective 3. The Growing Role of the Courts and the Functions of Judicial Process

PER HENRIK LINDBLOM

PROGRESSIVE PROCEDURE Twelve Essays 1985–2015

4. The Role of the Supreme Courts in Scandinavia

6. The Protection of Diffuse, Fragmented and Collective Interests 7. The Anglo-American Class Action Suit 8. Group Litigation in Scandinavia 9. Complex Litigation 10. The Privatization of Justice

PROGRESSIVE PROCEDURE

5. Access to Justice

PROGRESSIVE PROCEDURE PER HENRIK LINDBLOM

11. ADR – The Opiate of the Legal System 12. Harmony of the Legal Spheres PER HENRIK LINDBLOM Professor Emeritus in Civil and Criminal Procedure Faculty of Law Uppsala University ISBN 978-91-7678-978-0

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Progressive Procedure The Role of Courts, Access to Justice, Group Actions, Complex Litigation and Alternative Dispute Resolution in Comparative Perspective.

Twelve Essays 1985–2015

per henrik lindblom

Overview Table of Contents 11 1 Progressive Procedure. The Courtroom Process and Societal Development 17 2 Seeing in the Dark 30 3 The Growing Role of the Courts and the New Functions of Judicial Process – Fact or Flummery? 49 4 The Role of the Supreme Courts in Scandinavia 93 5 Access to Justice and the Courts’ Role 155 6 The Protection of Diffuse, Fragmented and Collective Interests in Civil Litigation in Sweden 170 7 Summary: Group Actions. A Study of the Anglo-American Class Action Suit from a Swedish Perspective 213 8 Group Litigation in Scandinavia.

Appendix: Swedish Code of Statutes SFS 2002:599 229 9 Complex Litigation. A Comparative Perspective 291 10 The Privatization of Justice: Some Aspects of Recent Developments in American and Swedish Procedural Law 372 11 ADR – The Opiate of the Legal System? Perspectives on Alternative Dispute Resolution 393 12 Harmony of the Legal Spheres. A Swedish View on the Construction of a Unified European Procedural Law 438

Table of Contents Preface 5 Overview 9 1 Progressive Procedure. The Courtroom Process and Societal Development 17 1 17 2 18 3 19 4 22 5 22 6 25 7 26 8 28

2 Seeing in the Dark 30

1 Seeing in the Dark: Cappelletti and Comparative Procedural Law 30 2 The Growing Role and Responsibility of the Judge 35 3 Judicial Review 40 4 Social Civil Procedure and the Public Interest (“Access to Justice”) 42 5 The Judiciary’s Role in the Process of Legal Integration 45

3 The Growing Role of the Courts and the New Functions of Judicial Process – Fact or Flummery? 49 1 Flummery 50 2 The Growing Role of the Courts in Society 51 2.1 The Role of the Judiciary and Privatization, East and West 51

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Table of Contents 2.2 The Role of the Judiciary and Privatization in Sweden 58 2.3 Separation of Powers – an Olympic Zero Sum Game? 62 3 The Traditional Functions of Procedure 64 3.1 Civil Procedure 64 3.2 Criminal Procedure 68 3.3 Administrative Procedure 72 4 Functional Expansion and Renewal 76 4.1 Functional Expansion 76 4.2 Functional Renewal 79 5 Facts, Fears and Forecasts 88

4 The Role of the Supreme Courts in Scandinavia 93

1 Introduction 93 2 Similarities and Differences in Scandinavian Procedure(s) 94 2.1 The Scandinavian Legal Systems: Private Law and Procedure 94 2.2 Similarities and Differences in the Supreme Courts: a Survey 96 3 The Role and Functions (Purposes) of the Supreme Courts 100 3.1 Introduction 100 3.2 The Role of Courts in Scandinavia 100 3.3 The Functions (Purposes) of Civil and Criminal Procedure in General 103 3.4 The Supreme Courts: Private and Public Purposes, Intended and Achieved Ends 111 3.5 Some Extra Comments on Criminal Proceedings in the Supreme Court 129 3.6 Intended and Achieved Purposes: Obstacles, Critique and Reform 132 4 Summary and Conclusions 143 5 Appendix: Factual Background 145 The Supreme Court 145 The Judiciary 147 Conditions of Recourse to the Supreme Court 150 The Scope of the Supreme Court’s Consideration of a Case 152

5 Access to Justice and the Courts’ Role 155 1 2 3 4

A Nordic Family Portrait 155 The Courts’ Role 157 Access to Justice 163 Three Admonitions 169

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6 The Protection of Diffuse, Fragmented and Collective Interests in Civil Litigation in Sweden 170

I Introduction: a Lesson of Pluralism 170 II General Problems and Viewpoints 172 1. Private, public and diffuse interests; the purposes of procedure; civil and criminal proceedings 172 2. Developments in society and the Swedish code of judicial procedure; legislative techniques 180 III Party-Connected Solutions 184 1. Standing to sue 184 2. Joinder and third-party intervention 189 3. “Public attorney-general” methods 194 4. The “private attorney-general” 199 5. Legal aid, litigation expense insurance and the tendency to litigate 203 IV The Role of the Judge 206 V Special Courts and Special Proceedings, Reform Proposals 208 VI Conclusions 211

7 Summary: Group Actions. A Study of the AngloAmerican Class Action Suit from a Swedish Perspective 213 1 Background 213 2 Chapters 2–14 217 3 Evaluation and the Possibility of a Swedish Adoption (Chapter 15) 225

8 Group Litigation in Scandinavia 229 Appendix: Swedish Code of Statutes SFS 2002:599

1 Civil Procedure in Scandinavia 230 1.1 The Role of Courts 230 1.2 Civil or Common Law? 232 1.3 Developments 232 2 The Swedish Group Proceedings Act of 2002 235 2.1 Legislative Background 235 2.2 Character of the Act 237 2.3 Structure and Main Content of the Act 238 2.4 Costs and Funding of Group Actions 243 2.5 Practice under the New Swedish Act 248 3 The Scandinavian Experience – Summary and Conclusions 260

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Table of Contents 4 References 273 Appendix: Group Proceedings Act, issued on 30 May 2002 275

9 Complex Litigation. A Comparative Perspective 291

I Introduction 291 II The Global Perspective 293 A. Defining “Complex Litigation” 293 B. Identifying “Complex Litigation” 296 C. Factors Giving Rise to Complex Litigation 301 D. Coping with, or Responding to, Complex Litigation 310 III The United States Perspective 322 A. Defining Complex Litigation 325 B. Causes of Complex Litigation 326 C. U.S. Responses to Complex Litigation 330 IV Group Actions and Test Cases 343 A. Group Actions 345 B. Test Cases 353 V Summary, Conclusions and Suggestions 360 A. Background 360 B. Measures 365 C. Suggestions for the Future—and for the Present 369

10 The Privatization of Justice: Some Aspects of Recent Developments in American and Swedish Procedural Law 372 1 Introduction 372 2 Privatization 375 2.1 The American Perspective 375 2.2 The Swedish Perspective 381 3 Deregulation and Decentralization 390

11 ADR – The Opiate of the Legal System? Perspectives on Alternative Dispute Resolution Generally and in Sweden 393 1 AtJ and ADR 395 1.1 The Background 395 1.2 Warnings and Apprehensions 397 1.3 Terms, Concepts and Definitions 400 1.4 Privatization and Politicization 402 2 The Functions, Pros and Cons of ADR 405 2.1 ADR and the Functions of Civil Procedure 405 2.2 The Pros and Cons of ADR 410

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3 ADR in Sweden Today and Tomorrow 418 3.1 Background 418 3.2 Arbitration 418 3.3 Boards 420 3.4 Ombudsmen and Organizations, etc. 420 3.5 Mediation 421 3.6 Settlement 424 3.7 Simplified Civil Litigation (SCL) – New Forms of ADR in Court? 425 4 Conclusions: ADR – Opiate or Antidote? 431

12 Harmony of the Legal Spheres. A Swedish View on the Construction of a Unified European Procedural Law 438 1 Community Law and Procedural Law 440 2 Complete Legislative Harmonisation of Procedural Law Within the EU – a First Proposal 443 3 Background, Present State, and Trends of Development 446 4 The Competence of the EU in the Procedural Field 454 5 Benefits and Disadvantages of Legislative Procedural Approximation 456 6 The Working Group Proposal: the Scope of Application and the Exemptions 464 7 The Proposed Rules 469 Chapter 1: Conciliation 470 Chapter 2: Commencement of the Proceedings 471 Chapter 3: Subject Matter of Litigation 473 Chapter 4: Discovery 475 Chapter 5: Evidence 478 Chapter 6: Technology and Proof 479 Chapter 7: Discontinuance 479 Chapter 8: Default 480 Chapter 9: Costs 481 Chapter 10: Provisional Remedies 483 Chapter 11: Order for Payment 484 Chapter 12: Execution of Judgements or Orders for the Payment of Money 485 Chapter 13: Astreinte 486 Chapter 14: Miscellaneous Provisions 486 8 Summary, Evaluation and Prognosis 488

1. Progressive Procedure 2. The Judicial Process in Comparative Perspective 3. The Growing Role of the Courts and the Functions of Judicial Process

PER HENRIK LINDBLOM

PROGRESSIVE PROCEDURE Twelve Essays 1985–2015

4. The Role of the Supreme Courts in Scandinavia

6. The Protection of Diffuse, Fragmented and Collective Interests 7. The Anglo-American Class Action Suit 8. Group Litigation in Scandinavia 9. Complex Litigation 10. The Privatization of Justice

PROGRESSIVE PROCEDURE

5. Access to Justice

PROGRESSIVE PROCEDURE PER HENRIK LINDBLOM

11. ADR – The Opiate of the Legal System 12. Harmony of the Legal Spheres PER HENRIK LINDBLOM Professor Emeritus in Civil and Criminal Procedure Faculty of Law Uppsala University ISBN 978-91-7678-978-0

ProgressiveProcedure_6.1.indd 1

2016-12-05 11:08