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Essays on European Criminal Law PETTER ASP & MAGNUS ULVÄNG (eds.)

PETTER ASP & MAGNUS ULVÄNG (eds.)

Essays on European Criminal Law

In June 2014 the XVIII Nordic Workshop in Criminal Law was organized in Uppsala by the universities of Stockholm, Uppsala and Örebro. The plenary sessions at the workshop were all devoted to the development of European Criminal Law. Among the speakers were scholars from the Nordic states (Helenius, Miettinen and Suominen), scholars from other European states (Kaiafa-Gbandi, Satzger and Zimmermann) as well as one representative of the EU (Nilsson). In this book the papers given at the workshop are collected.

ISBN 978-91-7678-955-1

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Essays on European Criminal Law Editors Petter Asp & Magnus Ulv채ng

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Contents

Preface 5 European Union Criminal Law – What are YOU afraid of? 11 Hans G Nilsson 1. Introduction 11 2. What has the EU done in criminal law? 14 2.1 Approximation 15 2.2 Cooperation between Member States 18 2.3 Institution building 23 2.4 Financing programmes 25 2.5 External relations 25 3. Conclusions 26 4. The future 27 5. A final word 29 The Post-Lisbon approach towards the main features of substantive criminal law: developments and challenges 31 Maria Kaiafa-Gbandi Abstract 31 1. Introductory remarks – The object of the presentation 32 2. The Commission’s Communication on an EU Criminal Policy (COM 2011, 573 final) and the relevant European Parliament resolution (2010/2310 (INI)) in light of the Manifesto of the ECPI 34 2.1 The added value of EU criminal law 35

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Contents 2.2 The function of common minimum rules: serving more than strengthening mutual trust 36 2.3 Safeguarding coherence and consistency of criminal law rules on both levels (European and national) 37 2.4 The Commission’s two step approach in EU criminal law legislation 37 2.5 EU policy fields and the possible inevitability of EU criminal law 39 3. EU-competence for the introduction of minimum rules on crimes and sanctions: testing the limits of Member States’ tolerance 42 4. The escalation of interventions in the general part of substantive criminal law 44 5. The development in the field of sanctions 48 6. Conclusions 52

Status Quo and Future of European Criminal Law 55 Helmut Satzger 1. General Introduction 55 1.1 Preconditions 55 1.2 Substantive law 57

1.3 Judicial cooperation on the basis of the principle of mutual recognition 58 2. Tendencies and Dangers 60 2.1 Harmonisation of substantive criminal law 60 2.2 Erosion of fundamental rights through judicial cooperation 62 2.3 Creation of minimum standards for suspects in criminal proceedings 64 2.4 The European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) – an institutional (r)evolution 66 2.5 Conclusion 69

European Criminal Law – What are we afraid of? 71 Annika Suominen 1. Introduction 71 2. To start with 72 2.1 The ‘us’ 72 2.2 What does this lead to? 73 8

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Contents 3. What makes the Nordic approach fearful to EU criminal law? 75 4. The relevance of other EU legislation 79 4.1 The starting point 79 4.2 Mutual trust in asylum cases 80 5. The legislative limits and possible reasons to be afraid 82 6. Some concluding remarks 84

Criminal competence and the choice of legal basis: space in the margins? 87 Samuli Miettinen 1. Introduction 87 2. Conferral 89

3. The post-Lisbon framework: Article 83 TFEU and its role 91 4. Choices of legal basis: the legal framework in outline 94 5. Three ‘choices’ under judicial scrutiny 96 5.1 Transfer of information on road traffic offences: transport policy or police cooperation? 96 5.2 Conditional Access Convention: Common Commercial Policy or implied external AFSJ competence? 107 5.3 Transfer of suspected pirates to Mauritius: External AFJS action or CFSP? 113 6. The implications of the case law: space in the margins? 115

The if, how and when of criminal jurisdiction – what is criminal jurisdiction anyway? 119 Dan Helenius 1. Introduction 119

2. Outlining the structure of criminal jurisdiction and raising the relevant questions 121 3. The ‘if ’ of criminal jurisdiction – Does the state have penal authority? 125 3.1 The national level 125 3.2 The international level 129 3.3 Principles of jurisdiction 137 4. The ‘how’ of criminal jurisdiction – How should the state exercise its penal authority? 141

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Contents 5. The ‘when’ of criminal jurisdiction – When should the state enforce its penal authority? 145 6. Conclusion 150

Conflicts of Criminal Jurisdiction in the European Union 151 Frank Zimmermann 1. Introduction 151 2. Why Are Conflicts of Criminal Jurisdiction Problematic? 152 2.1 Interests affected by “concrete” conflicts of criminal jurisdiction 153 2.1.1 Interests of the individual concerned 154 2.1.2 Interests of the Member States involved 158 2.2 Interests affected by “abstract” conflicts of criminal jurisdiction 159 2.3 Legal foundation of these interests 161 2.4 Existing EU legislation 164 3. Possible Solutions 166 3.1 Application of foreign criminal law 166 3.2 The “consultation model” 168 3.3 The “hierarchy model” 169 3.4 The author’s suggestion: a solution combining hierarchy and consultation elements 170 3.4.1 Level 1: Hierarchy of jurisdiction criteria 171 3.4.2 Level 2: Flexibility clause 173 3.4.3 Level 3: Strictly regulated consultations as a measure of last resort 174 3.4.4 Some collateral provisions 175 4. Concluding Remarks 177

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Essays on European Criminal Law PETTER ASP & MAGNUS ULVÄNG (eds.)

PETTER ASP & MAGNUS ULVÄNG (eds.)

Essays on European Criminal Law

In June 2014 the XVIII Nordic Workshop in Criminal Law was organized in Uppsala by the universities of Stockholm, Uppsala and Örebro. The plenary sessions at the workshop were all devoted to the development of European Criminal Law. Among the speakers were scholars from the Nordic states (Helenius, Miettinen and Suominen), scholars from other European states (Kaiafa-Gbandi, Satzger and Zimmermann) as well as one representative of the EU (Nilsson). In this book the papers given at the workshop are collected.

ISBN 978-91-7678-955-1

Essays_on_Nordic_Criminal_Law.5.indd 1

2015-11-19 10:29