Light Lines Jan/Feb 21

LIGHT LINES

LIGHT CYCLE

The circular economy in practice

MAINTAINING VIGILANCE

The SLL's first guide for FMs

SECRETARY

Brendan Keely FSLL bkeely@cibse.org

SLL COORDINATOR

Juliet Rennie Tel: 020 8772 3685 jrennie@cibse.org

EDITOR

Jill Entwistle jillentwistle@yahoo.com

COMMUNICATIONS

COMMITTEE:

Linda Salamoun MSLL (chair)

Iain Carlile FSLL

Jill Entwistle

Chris Fordham MSLL

Rebecca Hodge

Eliot Horsman MSLL

Stewart Langdown FSLL

Rory Marples MSLL

Bruce Weil

Gethyn Williams

All contributions are the responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the society. All contributions are personal, except where attributed to an organisation represented by the author.

COPY DATE FOR LL2 2021 IS 8 JANUARY

FROM THE EDITOR

In all things human there is often a gap between knowing and doing. We are aware of a problem, we even know how to solve it, but it takes effort and will to implement that solution, especially difficult when the effort needs to be collective and diverse. The circular economy is a case in point. The term has been around for years, and expressions of the same principle even longer. Cradle to Cradle by William McDonough and Michael Braungart was published in 2002, and threads go back further to 1976 with architect and industrial analyst William Stahel. But while anyone sane would think it's a jolly good thing, it has only been implemented around the fringes.

It seems that some sort of critical mass in thinking and attitudes needs to be achieved before such ideas gain traction. Where lighting is concerned, Mark Ridler of BDP points to his own example (A new lease on light, p8). He noted an atmospheric

change in 2019 when manufacturers began to turn serious attention to improving, and the CE in lighting became the subject of conferences, such as that organised by Recolight. He decided to make 2020 the year of the circular economy for his own design team. Serendipity gave them a workplace project that put CE at the heart of its brief so that the process could be fully researched and explored. Now central to the team's practice, it has become an example for others to follow. As Ridler says, 'When the stuff runs out, we’re going to have to do it anyway.'

CURRENT SLL LIGHTING GUIDES

SLL Lighting Guide 0: Introduction to Light and Lighting (2017)

SLL Lighting Guide 1: The Industrial Environment (2018)

SLL Lighting Guide 2: Lighting for Healthcare Premises (2019)

SLL Lighting Guide 4: Sports (2006)

SLL Lighting Guide 5: Lighting for Education (2011)

SLL Lighting Guide 6: The Exterior Environment (2016)

SLL Lighting Guide 7: Office Lighting (2015)

SLL Lighting Guide 8: Lighting for Museums and Galleries (2015)

SLL Lighting Guide 9: Lighting for Communal Residential Buildings (2013)

SLL Lighting Guide 10: Daylighting – a guide for designers (2014)

SLL Lighting Guide 11: Surface Reflectance and Colour (2001)

SLL Lighting Guide 12: Emergency Lighting Design Guide (2015)

SLL Lighting Guide 13: Places of Worship (2018)

SLL Lighting Guide 14: Control of Electric Lighting (2016)

© 2021 THE SOCIETY OF LIGHT AND LIGHTING

The

SLL Lighting Guide 15: Transport Buildings (2017)

SLL Lighting Guide 16: Lighting for Stairs (2017)

SLL Lighting Guide 17: Lighting for Retail Premises (2018)

SLL Lighting Guide 18: Lighting for Licensed Premises (2018)

SLL Lighting Guide 19: Lighting for Extreme Conditions (2019)

SLL Lighting Guide 20: Lighting and Facilities Management (2020)

Guide to Limiting Obtrusive Light (2012)

Code for Lighting (2012)

Commissioning Code L (2018)

SLL Lighting Handbook (2018)

On behalf of the society, wherever you are in the world we welcome you all back after what we hope was a restful and enjoyable break. Thanks to everyone who attended the Lighting Research and Technology Symposium: Applying Light for Human Health back at the start of November. We have had a great deal of very positive feedback following the event and would also like to thank all the speakers and chairs. A special mention goes to Juliet Rennie, SLL coordinator, for organising and delivering the event.

You should all have received your membership subscription renewals for 2021 (thank you all those who have renewed already). If you have any questions relating to your renewal please do get in touch with me.

The SLL adapted quickly to the changes enforced in 2020, delivering a great deal of knowledge and education via webinars. This will continue through 2021. LG20: Lighting and Facilities Management (see p5) should now be available for you to download from the CIBSE Knowledge Portal.

We also expect the rewrites of LG8: Museums and Art Galleries, and LG9: Lighting for Communal Residential Buildings to be published before the spring. Paying your subscription renewals and enjoying the benefits of SLL membership ensures that you are kept up to date with the latest in lighting and technology, enabling you to perform at your best. You will be hearing a lot about competency – if you are not up to date with developments you cannot expect to be competent in your activities.

We are hoping to bring you a new LightBytes series in February/March focusing on the circular economy under the header: Minimum Energy, Minimum Resource and Maximum Comfort. This event will take place online and details shall be sent soon. All being well, we will deliver face-to-face LightBytes in the autumn.

It looks like Ready Steady Light, which we organise in conjunction with Rose Bruford

• The SLL Young Lighter 2021 competition is now open for entries: www.cibse.org/society-oflight-and-lighting-sll/sllevents/sll-young-lighter

• For full details of the Jean Heap Bursary: www.cibse.org/societyof-light-and-lighting-sll/ education/the-jeanheap-bursary

College, will not be able to go ahead in March. However, we have the option of holding the event in the autumn so let’s see how things go.

Talking of competitions, congratulations go to Aluwaine Manyonga from Zimbabwe on winning the SLL Young Lighter 2020 (see p4). Aluwaine presented his paper on offgrid solar lighting alongside the other three finalists at the LuxLive Digital Festival in November. The SLL Young Lighter 2021 competition is now open for entries (see box for website). And the Jean Heap Bursary 2021 is now open. Full details can also be found on the website (see box).

Finally, we were saddened to hear of the passing of Dr John Frost, MBE. Many of you will have known John, or been taught by him, and he will be missed by us all. David Loe has kindly provided John’s obituary (see p4).

‘You will be hearing a lot about competency –if you are not up to date with developments you cannot expect to be competent in your activities’

WORKING KNOWLEDGE

Sophie Parry outlines LG20, the SLL's first guidance for facilities managers, and explains why it was needed

A NEW LEASE OF LIGHT

Mark Ridler, head of lighting at BDP, explains why 2020 was the year of the circular economy for his team

ALL INCLUDED

SLL coordinator Juliet Rennie examines CIBSE, and the society's, policy on inclusivity and diversity

ON THE SPECTRUM

In the first of what will be occasional reports, John O’Hagan, chair of CIE-UK, gives updates on the international lighting body's activities

NEITHER MYTH NOR MAGIC

Iain Carlile looks at three recently published LR&T papers exploring human-centric lighting, lighting control and light pollution

EVENTS

Aluwaine Manyonga has won the Young Lighter 2020 competition following the virtual final that formed part of the LUXLive 2020 Digital Festival in November.

Manyonga, who works for Emmanuel Consulting Engineers in Zimbabwe, looked at offgrid solar lighting in Africa, nearly 50 per cent of which does not have access to the grid, and where one in three students goes to school without any type of electricity. He focused on the Chigubhu lantern, Africa's 'education system game changer', which involves using recycled plastic containers and reuses electronic waste, as well as using solar power.

OBITUARY

It is with great sorrow that I report the death of Dr John W Frost, MBE. I met John when I joined the Illumination Laboratory of the Hirst Research Centre back in 1959. Luminaire photometry was one of the main issues of the day, alongside luminaire design.

But John’s major input to the lighting profession was in education; first at the Borough Polytechnic, later to become the London South Bank University, providing the Illumination Engineering Society (IES) with a diploma course for engineers to inform about lighting science of the day.

Later he was awarded a doctorate by South Bank University for his work in luminaire photometry, particularly resolving the minimum distance of measurement for accurate intensity values of around 3m, confirming the advice of JM Waldram.

The SLL Young Lighter 2021 competition is now open for entries: www.cibse.org/society-of-light-and-lighting-sll/sll-events/sll-young-lighter

DYNAMIC NEW APPROACH TO WORKPLACE LIGHTING

Fagerhult, iGuzzini, Tridonic and Zumtobel are among companies working with Aalborg University in Copenhagen to develop a new approach to workplace lighting. The Double Dynamic Lighting (DDL) research project focuses on illumination that combines direct and diffuse dynamic daylight with artificial light.

'The aim is to apply an innovative mix of methods to create a holistic approach to lighting planning which can then function as a seal of quality in the lighting industry,' says Prof Ellen Kathrine Hansen (above), head of lighting design in the Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology.

https://vbn.aau.dk/en/projects/double-dynamic-lighting

ON THE LIGHTER SIDE...

Glass worms, lake-dwelling midge larvae, apparently use light to regulate the depth of their immersion in the water. Large tracheal bubbles serve as swim bladders. They are covered with dark pigment cells that expand due to absorption of light, heating up and increasing in volume, reducing the weight of the larva and causing it to float up. The image was taken by Andrei Savitsky who won the

Micro category of the 2020 Close-Up Photographer Of The Year. www.cupoty.com

In addition, he provided a service to luminaire manufacturers without the necessary photometric equipment, as well as offering courses for more advanced students.

Following his retirement, he was asked to provide courses for the then Lighting Industry Federation, now the LIA, many of which were held in the lecture room at CIBSE headquarters.

It is without doubt that there will be many current senior members of the lighting industry who benefited from the courses as well as beginners. His ability and enthusiasm for the subject was of great proportions and for his work he was awarded an MBE.

David Loe

ZIMBABWEAN ENGINEER WINS YOUNG LIGHTER

WORKING KNOWLEDGE

LG20: Lighting and Facilities Management will be the first guidance issued by the SLL specifically for FMs. Its author Sophie Parry outlines why the publication was needed and what areas it covers

Perhaps the first issue to address is, if you work in facilities management, why do you need LG20? I have worked with many facilities managers who at some time have to carry out work to a lighting installation. That could be repairs or remedial work or even replacing the installation because it is at the end of its useful life due to obsolescence, or the more recent trend of upgrading to LED lighting as an energy-saving initiative.

Facilities managers may or may not be experts in lighting and will therefore possibly depend on those they believe are the experts to help them with the lighting works they need to undertake for their clients.

I think it's fair to say that in all walks of life we have all at some point placed our faith in those we believe are experts, only to find that the outcome is not quite what we or the client was expecting and that a lesson has just been learned the hard way.

It is easy to fall into the trap of simply replacing existing lighting with fittings that claim the lowest energy consumption, for instance. Chasing down power consumption to cut the electricity bill and reduce the payback period is the name of the game –right? Well, not exactly. Think for a minute about the people who will have to work, study or enjoy their recreational time under this super low energy update. If the quality of light does not meet established metrics, then the experience of the people may well be less than enjoyable, an outcome unwittingly introduced by an uninformed, so-called lighting ‘upgrade’.

The direct replacement of older technology lamps (usually fluorescent) with LED direct fit lamps can also be problematic. They may fit, they may light up and the energy consumption may well be reduced. It’s doubtful, though, that the quality of light output from the luminaire will provide the required quality of light. Good energy efficiency is a valid metric, but it should never be at the expense of appropriate electric lighting quality, relevant to the application in the space concerned.

Lighting can be a complex subject, but like most complex subjects, it can be broken

down into manageable building blocks which helps the non-lighting expert understand the basic principles and therefore make informed decisions when tasked with specifying and/or project managing lighting-based works.

LG20 has been reviewed by representatives from the CIBSE FM Group to ensure as far as possible that the content has been presented in such a way that it is useful and relevant to facilities managers.

WHAT LG20 COVERS

LG20 takes the reader on a journey through the lighting activities that a facilities manager may find themselves involved with.

PART 1: THE STATUS QUO

The first section starts off with an introduction and a review of key lighting terminology and definitions that may or may not be familiar to a facilities manager or perhaps they were afraid to ask about. The beginning is a good place to bring everyone up to the same level.

Assuming the facilities manager is only required to maintain a lighting installation, the next section covers obligations under COSHH, RoSH and WEEE legislation, as well as operational requirements, periodic maintenance, spares holding and maintenance replacements.

The time may come when due to obsolescence, or because it is just not economical to continue to maintain and repair the lighting installation, it becomes necessary to inform the client that upgrade works are required.

At this point, the client is likely to ask the facilities manager to develop a business case, outline the project specification and

produce a project budget. To help with this, templates have been included that help the reader create a condition report and then a performance specification for the required works.

PART 2: THE RIGHT LIGHT

So now the reader is embarking on discussions and consultations on behalf of the client to ensure a credible update solution is developed and costed, ready for construction. The facilities manager may choose to undertake all of this solution development or decide to form a team of ‘experts’ to help them get from A to B so that they can present the client with a viable, compliant and costed solution. Part 2 explores and provides examples

of the key requirements and considerations when developing a lighting design. So what is this language of the lighter and what does it all mean? The following concepts and considerations are all defined and explained:

● Lighting levels

● Uniformity

● Glare reduction

● Colour rendering

● Colour temperature

● Colour fidelity

● Maintenance factor

● Inrush currents

● How long do lamps and in particular, LED sources/modules last ?

● External lighting and light pollution

LIGHTING CONTROLS

The lighting may be good quality, but is it operating at the right time? The lighting control system is clearly key to the success of the installation. Lighting controls can be anything from a simple one-way switch through to a fully networked, automated system with a operating screen and interfaces to other building services. Some terminology and acronyms are explained, as well as the context in which these various building blocks of lighting controls operate:

● Timed control

● Scene setting or control

● Presence detection

● Absence detection

● Motion detector operating characteristics

● Photocells

● Daylight linking

● Constant illuminance adjustment

● Dimming and regulation

PREDICTIVE MODELLING

Also addressed is the question of whether the light is going to the right place. It is common practice to model or simulate lighting proposals to confirm that the light is going where expected, and at the required illuminance levels, as part of compliance checking of proposed lighting designs.

EMERGENCY LIGHTING

This section explores the remit of the ‘responsible person’ who has legal obligations under UK law to ensure that the emergency lighting installation is fit for purpose and ready for operation at all times. Often the role of the responsible person is

either the client, informed by the facilities manager, or the role is fully delegated to the facilities manager. Also covered is the ‘as built’ information and the periodic checks/maintenance and repairs that are required for emergency lighting.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

It is a real possibility that the facilities manager is asked by the client to coordinate or even develop a significant lighting installation project in an occupied building. This section provides guidance on how to complete a successful project outcome in these more challenging conditions. The development of a successful project proposal may also include the development of the business case. LG20 includes examples relating to return on investment projections, such as carbon footprint reduction, compliance checks against Part L of the Building Regulations, Leni calculations, as well as establishing if the emergency lighting is fit for purpose.

CASE STUDIES

LG20 concludes with three project case studies that have been carried out in conjunction with facilities managers. These cover updating the lighting in a data centre hall; updating the emergency lighting in a six-storey office building, and repurposing bespoke luminaires and following the principles of the circular economy.

CONCLUSION

Beyond the periodic maintenance of lighting installations, there is always a demand on facilities managers to provide clients with proposals and updates to replace lighting systems. Currently there is an increase in refurbishment work due to obsolescence, advances in lighting technology and the desire to lower energy consumption. LG20 is written in a way to help and inform facilities managers involved in such works to arrive at informed decisions and successful lighting project outcomes.

LG20: Lighting and facilities management is now available to be downloaded (free of charge for members) from the CIBSE Knowledge Portal: www.cibse.org/knowledge

Sophie Parry, FSLL, is a qualified electrical and electronics engineer with more than 30 years’ experience in building services. She works for the Zumtobel Group as a technical applications consultant. Vice chair of the SLL technical and publications committee, she also authored LG14 on lighting controls

 Daylight linking: blending daylight and electric light

 Modelling the proposed external lighting for a sports centre for a client presentation

© Sophie Parry

A NEW LEASE OF LIGHT

Mark Ridler, head of lighting at BDP, decided that 2020 would be the year of the circular economy for his design team

The concept of the circular economy has been around for a long time, but except in the odd outlying project our clients haven’t been calling for it as a priority. Of the sustainable topics, carbon, of course, has been at the fore with the climate emergency, closely followed by wellness (incorporating circadian lighting and biophilia).

But the atmosphere changed somewhat in 2019, with some notable manufacturers putting considerable time and treasure into trying to improve unilaterally, and conferences on the subject (such as Recolight) in the spring of 2020.

It seemed that long-time advocates such as John Bullock (up until now screaming in the desert like a latterday John the Baptist) were finally being listened to.

‘While we’re about it, let’s for the planet’s sake get rid of Cat A installation.

It is an obscene waste of kit’

My conscience was pricked by these developments and, of course, the famous documentary by David Attenborough.

I girded my loins in January 2020 and declared to my team that this would be the year of the circular economy for BDP. The idea being that Q1 and Q2 would be used to research, Q3 to check with our stakeholders, and Q4 to develop and change our design process and specification to make some concrete contribution.

We were blessed by being appointed to a workplace project that put circular economy at the heart of its brief which allowed us to direct our research in a very practical fashion and to explore the issues with our client and design partners. At time of writing I am engaged with our stakeholders to check our findings (see below), and am pleased to report that the door is wide open and there seems to be a strong consensus on the approach that should be taken and what needs to be done.

Our corporate clients have been having a parallel debate, partly prompted by net zero targets and corporate social responsibility (CSR) imperatives, and stimulated by Covidgenerated strategic estate reviews. Some of our supply chain have been among the very early adopters and looking to radically modify their business models, partly out of moral conviction, but also with hopes of commercial benefit. The QS and PM community are quickly up to speed (being close to the clients as they are), and even some of the contractors get the issues and are willing to engage as long as there is an acknowledgement that the contractual environment will need to adapt if they are to play their part. I think the most vulnerable link in the circular chain is operation, not least because of the perennial

disconnect between capex and opex that is stubbornly prevalent in most institutions. But more of this later. So essentially our findings may be summarised in the accompanying diagram (overleaf).

Our process starts at the brief, progresses through design, construction and operation, to flow back into briefmaking for new projects. Collaboration is needed by all parties that broadly fall within the classes of client/designer/contractor/ supplier. Collaborative designers and/or manufacturers cannot make an impact on their own. In lighting, the circular economy debate is not being driven by embedded carbon but by resource poverty and biodiversity. (The world runs out of copper in 20501). Until a CE certification method is available, then we need to rethink value engineering, and equal and approved.

So what can the designer do? Much of the following is just good practice – and based on the European hierarchy of waste model2 – and won’t be either revolutionary or a surprise to the reader. But it's worth outlining it for the record:

DAYLIGHT

The ultimate prevention strategy. It's free, carbon neutral and life enhancing. We used to build buildings lit with it, we tend not

to now. The CE project this year was a refurbishment of a central London 1970s tower – with excellent daylight. So good that we removed a third of the daytime lighting equipment.

CONTROL

The right light, in the right place, at the right time is that well-known saying, and lighting control is the last part. But it is still much too hard to implement and maintain. I’m still hearing of clients – even, unbelievably, tech clients – turning controls off because they can’t, or don’t have the will, to make them do what they want. The advent of wireless meshed control I think promises a muchimproved situation. However it will have to deliver on its promise of plug and play, as well as intuitive user control to improve on the existing nightmare. It also promises much in the way of big data (see below).

CODE INTELLIGENCE

A fancy phrase for 'avoid blanket provision'. The codes don’t actually ask for an ocean of 400 lux slopping over the entire building, but clients need to understand this, and have a will to employ consultants that aren’t going to do it. Oh, and while we’re about it, let’s for the planet’s sake get rid of Cat A installation.

 Code intelligence: 'codes don’t actually ask for an ocean of 400 lux slopping over the entire building, but clients need to understand this'

‘Just as in cars – if you know the provenance and can estimate future life there is value in an object that disincentivises disposal’

It is an obscene waste of kit.

Encouragingly I’m seeing an increasing use of the 'show floor' model of enticing letting agents and tenant clients, demonstrating what they want and need, rather than equipping an entire building and then immediately skipping it.

SUPPLY CHAIN

So much can be written on this, but here are some headlines:

● Use of recycled materials

● Use of recyclable materials

● Light miles – shorten the supply chain and generate less carbon in transport. It also creates closer collaboration in manufacture and can optimise design through marginal gains

● Packaging – non-toxic, intelligent boxing. We’re hearing tales of how this not only reduces onsite theft but helps contractors sort and order equipment ready for installation

● Factory renewable energy sources

● End-of-life take-back schemes

● THE BIG ONE – modular design (repairable on site) demanded by the Eco Directive and the upcoming UK Environment Bill. Return of the lamp/ luminaire paradigm

DEMOUNTABLE DESIGN

This is about driving a new aesthetic – having spent my entire career trying to integrate light invisibly into architecture, 'light without light fittings', and having been blessed with

LEDs that allow us to do that safely, we now need to ask ourselves whether this is a sustainable route when within 10-20 years this stuff is all going to be ripped out and dumped in the ground.

Increasingly our design is being based around a copper/aluminium infrastructure (unpainted) that allows units to be plugged in and out easily by users (FMs), giving flexibility to the workspace over a longer design life and, if required, an opportunity to be reused.

Also there must be continued advocacy for floor-mounted and table-mounted task/decorative options. Far more adaptable, flexible, low energy and efficient. And when you move you can simply put it in a box and take it with you.

THE REST OF THE CHAIN

But even if we get it all right and specify lights made of mung beans that are powered by their own methane and grown on site, none of this will make a jot of difference if the rest of the construction industry (and clients) don’t play the same game.

VALUE ENGINEERING –EQUAL AND APPROVED

Having gone to the trouble of finding the best manufacturers adhering to all the principles above (and more in some cases), none of these are defendable against the 'cheapest minimally compliant solution'. If clients want CE to be central to their project, they need to understand that a complex specification, some of which is not objectively measurable, or verifiable, means imposing the specification on the contractor. To do that, however, we need to bring cost certainty into the design process at a much earlier stage. This might mean designers running mini tenders. It will certainly mean very diligent project estimates and possibly creating bills of materials.

And to an extent that understanding is emerging, and we are finding that we are beginning to have open and honest debate. There are non-financial performance targets being devised and implemented, and some of the very largest clients are devising their own prequalification certification schemes.

CONTRACT GOVERNANCE

Similarly, if we have specified a project

packaging protocol, the contractor (and their subcontractors) needs to impose this upon its supply chain, and the client (through their PMs) needs to ensure that the project governance somehow monitors this and imposes it. Again, not an impossible dream. We have worked with clients where they have done just that. The key we have observed is where sustainability and engineering champions in the client bodies are close to or one and the same thing (for example, Crown Estates, Land Securities).

IN OPERATION

Having delivered a project that has the potential to be maintained sustainably, and at end of life, dismantled and reused, then someone at the end of the project needs to dismantle it and reuse it. There is no point having done all the spade work for it to be eventually binned. And this is a non-trivial problem. There needs to be institutional will, not only in capital projects but in operation too. The operations team needs to be given the training and tools to take the project, understand it and then be rewarded for

BOB BOHANNON: FORTHCOMING SLL FACTFILE

We will most likely be facing pressures to minimise lighting energy consumption to enable net zero carbon buildings. We are facing government policy to double resource efficiency by 2050 and indeed legislation requiring some circular economy principles comes into effect next year. And we are increasingly understanding the role lighting plays in health, performance and interest.

This drove a need for advice to manufacturers, designers and users alike on how to apply CE principles in their lighting. A team was created, headed by myself, to author a Factfile. The broad range of issues could only really be made sense of via a checklist and by consulting extensively. Mark Ridler and the team at BDP were ahead of the SLL’s work at this stage, but he commented on an early draft as follows:

'As a specifier we need a checklist that you can tick or mark a number in so that minimum standards can be negotiated with clients and then defended in ‘equal and approved’ scenarios. It will be excellent if this paper could agree this for general adoption by consultants. Also it should be revised as the industry improves.'

Thus the SLL’s Circular Economy Checklist has grown into an Assessment Method which will be included with the Factfile. Both will change and adapt as we learn more and gain experience. The aim is that this will be available in the first quarter of 2021. The new LightBytes series will also focus on the circular economy under the heading Minimum Energy, Minimum Resource and Maximum Comfort.

delivering the sustainable ends. And don’t forget that a building has at least a 20-year life. This knowledge, will and training will not be held by an individual but a series of employees. So both the knowledge and the will needs to be embedded institutionally. But we can help here.

With wireless controls, lighting installations can/will be able to generate automatic inventories so that operators know what they have in their building. Also, with LEDs as electronics, it is possible for each light source to report its condition history (one leading LED source/smart controls manufacturer does this already). Together, this creates value. A user knows what they have, where it is and how much life it has got left. This allows them to reuse it with confidence and/or sell it on.

A simpler, lower-tech approach is to have labelling that alerts users that they can return the luminaire to point of origin at end of life and allow the manufacturer to reassemble/reuse/repurpose.

Essentially, we are talking about brokering and the creation of a second-hand market. Just as in cars – if you know the provenance and can estimate future life there is value in an object that disincentivises disposal.

AND WE CAN START NOW

The good news is that action is being taken all around us already. I’m happy to report that Lighting Europe and the SLL among others are on the case and there are ad hoc collaborations between designers and manufacturers springing up, such as the GreenLight Alliance.

So in conclusion, let’s be curious and work together. It’s not going to be easy but it’s entirely possible. When the stuff runs out, we’re going to have to do it anyway.

References

1 www.visualcapitalist.com/ forecast-when-well-run-out-ofeach-metal/

2 https://epthinktank. eu/2017/05/29/circulareconomy-package-fourlegislative-proposals-on-wasteeu-legislation-in-progress/ waste_hierarchy/

ALL INCLUDED

SLL coordinator Juliet Rennie examines CIBSE, and the society's, policy on inclusivity and diversity

Within its inclusivity statement, CIBSE identifies the role its members, affiliates and staff play in advancing the art of the possible. It highlights that an inclusive culture brings resilience, creativity and innovation. The statement lays out the institution's collective goal to ensure that the organisation, together with the building services engineering profession and community, are welcoming to all, for the benefit of all.

As a division of CIBSE, this goal is also central to the SLL’s development. In promoting the value of a quality lit environment, it is also working to ensure that the society and the wider lighting industry reflect this policy. The SLL has sought guidance and advice from the CIBSE inclusivity panel, to increase the diversity of its membership so that it can better support and represent the lighting industry and the public.

The inclusivity and diversity panel, comprising 10 volunteers from across the membership, including from the institution’s board and the executive, was set up in 2017 with a view to shaping the future of the institution and the building services profession for improved business performance. Its aim was to ‘advise and support the institution on all elements of diversity,’ recognising that some groups are underrepresented within the membership and in the profession as a whole.

Its key aims, which the SLL is pursuing,

 SLL Light Grafitti event in 2019: the SLL aims to include a diverse selection of gender, ethnicity and age when selecting speakers and chairs for panel discussions and events

Krishna Mistry/Photo Linda Salamoun

‘It is not enough to say that the SLL is open to everyone with an interest in light, lighting and its applications’

involve looking inward and identifying where specific improvements relating to the society’s performance in this respect are required. This means a commitment to providing necessary training and support to develop appropriate cultures, strategies and recruitment processes for all its committees.

The first step in understanding and addressing the imbalance within its membership and committees is to identify what might be acting as a barrier to people joining or engaging with the society. It is not enough to say that the SLL is open to everyone with an interest in light, lighting and its applications. To best serve the wide range of disciplines that interact and are related to light and lighting, the SLL must offer active, tailored support through networking, the development of role models, and in providing educational opportunities.

In 2019, the inclusivity panel conducted a survey to gain a better understanding of the views of those working and studying in the engineering and construction sector. The survey looked at education, careers and company policies; membership and chartership, and career breaks and retention. It identified that the top three ways that professional engineering institutions (PEIs) can help to improve diversity and inclusivity within the construction sector were as follows:

● Promoting good practice in organisations

● Providing positive role models

● Providing mentoring schemes

The SLL recognises that its members represent a number of disciplines, not exclusive to engineering and construction. However, supported by recent online

events, webinars and feedback received, these practices are highly valued by the lighting community. In sharing and celebrating the experiences of its members and those working within lighting and related disciplines, the SLL hopes to create an open forum for education, discussion and mentorship.

In August 2019, CIBSE published its Inclusivity Guidelines for members and staff. The document covers key areas for consideration, including the use of inclusive language and images; meetings and events, and recruitment and governance.

In June 2020, CIBSE sought to reach out to black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) members of the building services community to seek suggestions on how to improve the institution and the sector. It acknowledged that it is at the beginning of a journey, with a goal of providing diverse and inclusive opportunities for people from BAME groups within the engineering and construction community.

While there is a long way to go, the SLL aims to include a diverse selection of gender, ethnicity and age when selecting speakers and chairs for panel discussions and events. Due to the spread of the coronavirus, the majority of the society’s

Resources

events in 2020 were held online. Although this type of event does not provide the same networking opportunities as a faceto-face meeting, it has enabled the SLL to provide CPD content to an international audience. This is an ongoing learning process, but the response from SLL and CIBSE members, as well as the wider lighting and building services engineering community, has been extremely positive. The accessible nature of online events has meant that the society has been able to hold more events than it normally would each year. It has provided the opportunity to encourage new voices, including speakers who have not taken part in previous SLL events. The society has also found that the Q&A format, which generally follows a webinar presentation, acts to increase audience participation.

Going forward, the society is committed to identifying barriers within its own practice and that of the lighting community and, alongside CIBSE and the inclusivity panel, developing strategies to improve inclusivity and diversity.

If you have any feedback or if you would like to contribute to this process, please contact sll@cibse.org

Find out more about the CIBSE inclusivity and diversity panel: www.cibse.org/inclusivity

See the results from the 2019 CIBSE inclusivity panel survey:

www.cibse.org/about-cibse/governance/committees/cibse-inclusivityand-diversity-panel/cibse-inclusivity-panel-survey-results

Inclusivity Guidelines for CIBSE members and staff:

www.cibse.org/getmedia/b33e0679-0f6c-4132-a47e-ff98c07c369e/ CIBSE-inclusivity-guidance-Aug2019-spreads.pdf.aspx

See a list of SLL past events and catch up on recordings:

www.cibse.org/society-of-light-and-lighting-sll/sll-events/past-presentations

CIBSE Journal – Call for Renewed Focus on Diversity:

www.cibsejournal.com/archive/PDFs/CIBSE-Journal-2020-04.pdf

CIBSE Journal – How CIBSE’s inclusivity panel aims to improve diversity:

www.cibsejournal.com/cibse-news/aims-of-the-cibse-inclusivity-panel/

CIBSE Journal – Flexible working key to retaining female engineers:

www.cibsejournal.com/news/flexible-working-key-to-retainingwomen-engineers/

CIBSE Journal – CIBSE’s inclusivity benchmarking:

www.cibsejournal.com/cibse-news/cibses-inclusivity-benchmarking/ IALD Impacts of Racism in the Lighting Industry:

www.iald.org/News/In-the-News/Impacts-of-Racism-in-the-Lighting-Industry

ON THE SPECTRUM

In the first of what will be occasional reports, John O’Hagan, chair of CIE-UK, will give updates on the international lighting body's recent activities

Around one in 20 of the male population are not 'colour normal observers'. This means they sometimes cannot distinguish colours that the rest of us take for granted. Often, it is the inability to pick out red – a colour often used to highlight our presentations, including the beam from laser pointers.

Enhancement of Images for ColourDeficient Observers, Technical Report CIE 240:2020, summarises the methods used to enhance images in order to be easily recognised by colour-deficient observers.

The methods are classified into three major categories: recolouring, edge enhancement and pattern superposition. The pros and cons of each are discussed. The document provides recommendations on how to choose an enhancement method for a specific application with the proviso that there is no unique technique covering all cases. It also describes some evaluation methods of the enhancement techniques to be proposed in the future.

Three types of test images (a natural scene, a scientific visualisation and an office document) are provided for the evaluations. A short video about the new publication is available (https://youtu.be/ NZyrzSxkDUo), presented by Po-Chieh Hung, chair of the technical committee that prepared the report.

The latest publication from CIE is Recommended Reference Solar Spectra for Industrial Applications, Technical Report CIE 241:2020. Reference solar spectra are needed for many applications, including the assessment of solar radiation

on materials. The document contains a large selection of simulation benchmarks for total, direct and diffuse components of solar spectra under various atmospheric conditions and solar geometries (defined by the air mass).

To generate these, a freely available solar spectral irradiance model has been used to produce tables and figures of the irradiance under several different atmospheric conditions, in the form of explicit meteorological input parameters. The data in this document are to a large extent comparable to those in the earlier publication, CIE 085-1989, but presented with a higher spectral sampling. The respective solar spectra are the basis for national and international standard reference spectra for various applications. They have been extensively validated against measured spectra. Again, a short video about the new publication is available (https://vimeo.com/468892809), presented by the chair of the CIE technical committee responsible, Dr Shigeo Suga.

Finally, two new technical committees have been formed:

● TC 1-98: A Roadmap Toward Basing CIE Colorimetry on Cone Fundamentals will give explicit consideration of the impacts of normal variations in cone fundamentals due to the factors of age, field of view and individual diversity.

● JTC 19 (D6/D2): Terms and Definitions for Horticultural Lighting is an international standard that will take into account terms from existing national or regional publications.

About CIE-UK

The UK national committee of the International Commission on Illumination or CIE (Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage), CIE-UK was founded along with the CIE in 1913, though each evolved from earlier organisations. The SLL is one of the Sponsor Members.

It is a charity, with five trustees, supported by an executive secretary (Allan Howard).

All roles are carried out by volunteers. Members come from professional bodies, academia, industry and government organisations, plus a small number of individual members.

The CIE publishes international standards, technical reports, technical notes and position statements. These are prepared by experts from around the world, including 25 from the UK who are currently contributing to the development of new publications. CIE-UK also has three members on the CIE's board of administration.

UK members of the SLL are eligible for the CIE-UK members’ discount for CIE publications, which represents a two-thirds reduction on the list price. A discount is also available for some CIE events.

• Publications can be purchased via the relevant link at http://cie.co.at/ Email sll@cibse.org for the discount code

• If you are interested in joining CIE-UK, contact Allan Howard, FSLL: allan. howard@wspgroup.com

NEITHER MYTH NOR MAGIC

Iain Carlile looks at three recently published Lighting Research and Technology papers exploring humancentric lighting, lighting control and light pollution

With regards to the terminology 'human-centric lighting' (HCL), Houser et al summarise the many known beneficial effects of lighting on humans, demonstrating that HCL has sound benefits, despite the term being tainted by some misleading marketing claims. The authors propose using the term 'integrative lighting' to avoid hype while encapsulating what lighting aspires to be, embodying concepts both old and some new. The old includes good design (and equipment), visibility, visual comfort and visual amenity. Complementing the old concepts is the newer awareness of how light and lighting influence non-visual responses in humans. From their study the authors make recommendations for future development including:

● Agreed method for quantifying potency of a light stimulus

● Logistic functions that relate the biological potency of a lighting stimulus to different responses

● Greater understanding of both short-term (minutes) and long-term (hours to days and longer) adaptation of light responses, to better design biologically effective lighting

● Lighting recommendations, metrics and design procedures that make it easy to ensure enough light is received at the eye for common directions of view, without visual discomfort

In conclusion, the authors note that 'Human-centric lighting is neither a myth nor magic, but a metaphor for what good lighting has always done: support human outcomes.'

Rondelez et al present a compact lighting system designed to allow the direction and divergence of a light beam to be varied electronically. The method employed to achieve this beam adjustment uses a focus tunable lens and rotatable mirror combined with two custom aplanatic lenses in front of a high-output LED light source. A prototype of the proposed system was tested under experimental conditions, and then this performance was compared with optical simulations using the Light Tools ray-tracing software.

While the adaptive functionality of the system was proved, large differences were identified in the simulations and measurements, with beam divergence being greater in the physical prototype. Colour and illuminance uniformity were also identified to be a problem in the physical prototype. Although these problems can be improved with a diffuser, this results in a decrease in system efficacy and an increase in the beam spread. Higher quality lenses are proposed to correct these issues, but the authors note a diffuser may still be required.

Meanwhile Kyba et al have looked at light pollution, undertaking a study measuring light emissions from the city of Tucson, USA. The aim was to calculate the contribution to light pollution from the city’s street lighting. Tucson has a smart-city public street lighting system that allows the lighting output of the city’s system to be varied. By varying the output by a known amount over a period of 10 days it was possible to measure the contribution that street lighting made to light pollution. It was found that the actual value was 13 per cent of the total radiance recorded from Tucson from space after midnight. If Tucson did not use the smart-city system dimming capability, this value would raise to 18 per cent. Given these figures are a relatively small percentage of the overall emitted light from Tucson, it suggests that other lighting installations are contributing heavily to light pollution from the city and the need to consider other light sources in energy and light pollution management.

Iain Carlile, FSLL, is a past president of the SLL and a senior associate at dpa lighting consultants

Lighting Research and Technology: OnlineFirst

In advance of being published in the print version of Lighting Research and Technology (LR&T), all papers accepted for publishing are available online. SLL members can gain access to these papers via the SLL website (www.sll.org.uk)

Human-centric lighting: Myth, magic or metaphor?

KW Houser, PR Boyce, JM Zeitzer and M Herf

Compact illumination system with variable beam direction and beam divergence

N Rondelez, WR Ryckaert and Y Meuret

Direct measurement of the contribution of street lighting to satellite observations of night-time light emissions from urban areas

CCM Kyba, A Ruby, HU Kuechly, B Kinzey, N Miller, J Sanders, J Barentine, R Kleinodt and B Espey

Events

2020-21

For details of all upcoming webinars, go to: www.cibse.org/society-of-light-and-lightingsll/sll-events/upcoming-webinars-andonline-content

For previously recorded CPD webinars (including regional webinars), go to: www.cibse.org/society-of-light-andlighting-sll/sll-events/past-presentations

AVAILABLE WEBINARS INCLUDE

LIGHTING FOR MUSEUMS AND GALLERIES

Chair: Juliet Rennie, SLL Coordinator

Speaker: Mark Sutton-Vane, FSLL, founder of Sutton Vane Associates and author of the newly updated SLL LG8: Lighting for Museums and Galleries

A SNAPSHOT OF OUR INDUSTRY

Examining the implications of the Building Safety Bill on lighting and building services engineering; the potential impact of Brexit on lighting guidance and standards; and the impact of COVID-19 and future uncertainty on UK and international lighting manufacturers

Chair: Peter Phillipson MSLL

Speakers: Dr Hywel Davies, CIBSE technical director; Peter Raynham, professor of the Lit Environment, Bartlett, UCL; Terry Dean, CEO and group chair of DW Windsor Group; Sophie Parry FSLL, education and technical applications consultant for Zumtobel Group

ARE WE STILL LIGHTING DESIGNERS?

In a shifting landscape, does the definition of lighting designer need to be expanded? Jonathan Rush outlines future challenges, highlighting an opportunity for lighting designers to embrace and lead change

Chair: Juliet Rennie, SLL coordinator

Speaker: Jonathan Rush, FSLL, partner at Hoare Lea