Welcome to the Fashion Village_Bandung Indonesia

HOME AT WORK Welcome to the Fashion Village!

© COCOCAN 2016

HOME AT WORK Welcome to the Fashion Village!

© COCOCAN 2016

CONTENT

Home at Work | Welcome to the Fashion Village!

Introduction | 3 Visual Atlas | 30 Fashion Village Strategy | 90 Fashion Village Catalogue | 100 Fashion Village Value Case | 128

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INTRODUCTION

This series of digital publications is a combined report of Stage II Research by Design of project Home at Work, which is carried out this year in Bandung, Indonesia. The research focused on understanding the challenges & opportunities of the existing live-work environment related to the textile and garment industries in this urban region and developing strategies for the sustainable transformation of unplanned and polluted industrial kampungs into healthy Fashion Villages.

The study is a follow up of Stage I Exploration (summer of 2014) in which we explored different industrial live-work environments related to factories where Dutch multinationals produce goods. There was an “Aha!� moment to initiate this exploration when reading a background story in the newspaper about the restoration of the historic factory village (1910) of Philips in Eindhoven, The Netherlands. It was in the same period that the collapse of Rana Plaza was in the news. How would factory workers of global brands live nowadays?

This question brought us to a cosmetics factory location of Unilever in Cikarang, a light bulb factory of Philips in Surabaya and a local textile and garment factory in Bandung where C&A produces clothing. We questioned how working and living are spatially, socially, economically and ecologically related to each other.

The live-work environment of the textile and garment industries in Bandung turned out to be the most interesting case for further research. Since the 1980’s the urban periphery of Bandung has undergone tremendous economic and spatial growth by the arrival of large-scale textile and garment industries producing for the global market. In the industrial kampungs surrounding the factories a large informal economy has developed on the back of the global fashion market. Working and living are completely intertwined here, albeit not always in a beneficial way. Under influence of the industries these original rural villages have transformed into unplanned and polluted factory towns.

While global fashion brands are trying hard to develop sustainable and responsible methods to produce textiles and clothing, the time is ripe to also reinvent the live-work environment of the fashion industry.

The Design Research of Home at Work aims to do this. We believe here lies a great potential for the existing industrial kampung to be a healthy and self-sustaining live-work environment for future generations. The cooperative and circular strategies of Home at Work will help in this sustainable transition. Creating impact step by step. Putting Bandung on the map as the most sustainable fashion city of the world.

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CONTENT

Bandung fashion hub of Indonesia Indonesia and the fashion industry Employment of fashion industries on Java Fashion industry value chain Global garment export by product Bandung Metropolitan Area Urbanization and population density History of the fashion industry in Bandung Economy and ecology of a textile region Raw materials and the local eco-system Industrial water consumption Distro culture in Bandung

Case-study Cigondewah Cigondewah - facts and figures The informal workforce of Cigondewah Housing typologies of the industrial kampung The factory Green and blue typologies of the industrial kampung

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VISUAL ATLAS

In this Visual Atlas we mapped the spatial, socio-economic and ecologic aspects of the fashion industry in relation to the metropolitan region of Bandung in Indonesia. By doing this we tried to understand how the fashion industry has influenced the economic and urban development of this metropolitan region and how the specific local context and its available resources have stimulated this process.

The Visual Atlas is divided into two parts. The first part gives general insights into the impact and structure of the fashion industry, explained from the global scale to the local scale of Bandung. When talking about the fashion industry it’s useful to understand the structure of its sub-sectors and the corresponding fashion value chain.

The second part zooms in on a case-study of an industrial kampung in Cigondewah Kaler at the southern periphery of Bandung. This kampung was originally a rural village, but transformed into a polluted and unplanned factory village after the arrival of large scale textile and clothing factories in the 1980’s.

We questioned in which way the factories and the local community currently cooperate in sharing resources and facilities for working and living. To which extent are loops of necessary resources already closed on a neighbourhood scale? Together with students from Delft University of Technology and Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) we mapped different aspects of this industrial live-work environment, such as worker housing typologies, home-industries and the necessary urban resources like water, energy, waste, green and building materials. The survey consists of maps, infographics, interviews with local experts and thematic stories.

We used the results of this study to define cooperative and circular strategies for the development of unplanned and polluted factory villages into healthy and self-sustaining live-work environments, which we name Fashion Villages.

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BANDUNG FASHION HUB OF INDONESIA

The metropolitan area of Bandung is known as Indonesia’s textile and fashion hub. This extensive urban region, with over 7 million inhabitants, is known for its creative urban communities, independent distro’s and a thriving textile and garment manufacturing culture. Next to fashionista’s and weekend shoppers Bandung also welcomes masses of factory workers, flocking the city on the tides of the local and global textile market.

dyes, such as kapok and indigo. There was a very close relation between working and living in the self-sustaining Sundanese rural villages at the periphery of Bandung.

Bandung is a relatively young city, which was established by the Dutch during the colonial Dutch-Indies period. The development really started to take off around 1900 when the railroad from Batavia (Jakarta) was extended to Bandung.

The city soon became a popular place to live, because of its cool climate and beautiful settings within the Preanger Highlands.

Around 1960 the textile industry in Bandung grew rapidly under influence of new technologies to produce yarn and textiles more efficiently.

Since the 1980’s the textile industry in Bandung continued to grow on a fast rate because of an increasing global demand for cheap textiles and clothing. The labour intensive garment industries attracted thousands of workers to Bandung, who were in search for a better life. Most of them found a small rental room in the industrial kampungs surrounding the factory where they work. This market-driven mechanism has drastically changed the urban landscape and its eco-system.

Between 1920 and 1940 the Dutch further developed Bandung as a garden city, which is characterised by its green streets and lush city parks. Many luxurious villa’s, most of them in Art Deco style, were built for the well-to-do who were attracted to Bandung by the prospect

Currently Bandung has an urban eco-system which is tailored to the design, development, production and sales of fashion products. It possesses various leading universities, textile institutes, a flexible and competitive labour market, the largest textile market of Java

of being it the future capital of the colony. The famous Bragastreet in the newly developed Art Deco city center, hosted many luxurious fashion shops. Bandung got the title Paris of Java and the fashion capital of Indonesia was born.

and a hinterland for the production of natural resources, such as fibers and dyes. These are important ingredients to re-invent itself as the most sustainable and competitive urban region for fashion production in the world.

In this period Bandung also became a center for industrialised textile and garment production.

Before, textile and garment production mainly was a cottage industry, employing highly skilled craftsmen. The local landscape was used for the production of natural fibers and organic

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INDONESIA AND THE FASHION INDUSTRY

9

1 8

9% 7

2 6 5

4

3

Investment of non-oil and gas industries 2010 - 2014 1

Food, Water and Tobacco (30%)

2

Fashion - Textile, Clothing, Leather and Footwear (9%)

3

Wood Products and Forestry Industry (4%)

4

Paper and Printing (5%)

5

Fertilizer, Chemical and Rubber Industry (13%)

6

Cement and Mineral Excavating Industry (3%)

7

Iron Metal and Steel (2%)

8

Transportation and Parts (34%)

9

Other Goods (1%)

Source: Industry - Facts & Figures Ministry of Industry - Republic of Indonesia | 2012

Facts on Indonesia’s textile and clothing industry •

Population (2014): 250.585.668 people (the world’s fourth most populous country)

•

Clothing % of GDP (2012): 1.56%

•

Clothing % of export (2010): 6% (2014) 8.9%

•

Value clothing export (2011): 12.1 billion USD / 9.5 billion EUR

•

Percentage of the world market for clothing (2014): 2.9%

•

Clothing factories in Indonesia (2011): 2.980 clothing factories

•

90% of the clothing factories are located on Java.

•

There are more than 170 foreign companies active in Indonesia’s clothing industry.

source: Facts on Indonesia’s Garment Industry | Clean Clothes Campaign | Lina Stotz | 2015

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395

165 130 95

98

India

Vietnam

Cambodia

Bangladesh

China

Indonesia

70

250.000.000 inhabitants, the world’s fourth most populous country.

12%

Garment workers’ wages (US$) in Asian countries (2014) Source: Jakarta Post

1.399

44%

1.337 1.299 44% 1.234

1.176

1.191

Textile industry Garment industry (factory-based)

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

Garment industry (home-based)

Employment of fashion industry in Indonesia (2005 - 2010) Source: API (2011)

Employment in Indonesia per fashion sector Source: API (2011)

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EMPLOYMENT OF FASHION INDUSTRIES ON JAVA

222.528

105.619

87.531 46.224

Banten

Yogyakarta

Central Java

Jakarta

Bandung Region

10.370

Employment (workers) in fashion industry on Java - 2007 Source BPS: 2002-2008

Pekalongan

2

3

1 Bandung Metropolitan Region Area: 3,392 km2 Population: 8.6million Density: 2,326/km2 Source: Budan Pusat Statistik 2010 Census Indonesia

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The textile and clothing industry on Java The geographical distribution of the Indonesian textile and clothing industry is highly concentrated on the island of Java (90%), which has the following high density industrial clusters: 1. Metropolitan region of Bandung (Majalaya, Purwakarta), 2. Metropolitan region of Jakarta (Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi, Sukabumi), 3. Pekalongan 4. Semarang-Ungaran corridor

Map of Indonesia indicating Java island in black

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This map shows the employment (workers) in textile and clothing industries per district in 5 provinces (DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta and Banten) in 2007.

not included in survey low (< 85,000) medium (85,000 - 150,000) high (>150,000)

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FASHION INDUSTRY VALUE CHAIN

A divided fashion industry To understand the relationship between the fashion industry, the environment and the communities involved in its manufacturing process, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s useful to first understand the structure of its sub-sectors and the corresponding fashion supply chain. The most important thing to be aware of is that the fashion industry is a divided industry, although vertically integrated factories exist, like the factory of PT Kahatex in Bandung. Production of raw materials, yarn, fabric and clothing mostly happens in different places and countries, by different companies and communities.

The industrial sectors of the fashion supply chain consist of the textile industry, where yarn and fabric is produced, and the garment industry, where clothing is made. This division is interesting, because these two sectors have a different impact on the environment, because of their activities and processes. The textile industry is a resource intensive industry, using large amounts of raw materials, water, chemicals and energy to produce fabrics. The garment industry is a labour intensive industry which is very much reliant on skilled workers to produce clothes, which are mostly women.

Labour intensive garment industry, employing mainly women picture by Gabriela Pena Izqueirdo

Resource intensive textile industry, chemical waste water (red textile dye) in Citarum river picture by Channel Four

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Source: Facts on Indonesia’s Garment Industry Clean Clothes Campaign | Lina Stotz | 2015

2 Production of raw materials • For example: cotton • e.g. in Uzbekistan, US, Brazil, Australia 3 Production of yarn • For example: spinning mills in Indonesia

1 Design Branding • For example: H&M, Nike, C&A • The chain is a private company and not owned by any other large retailer

retail industry

retail industry

4 Production of fabric • Weaving, knitting, dyeing, printing , finishing

textile industry

garment industry

Industrial character • Capital and resource intensive • Small amount of employees • Modern technology • High energy absorption

Industrial character • Labour and capital intensive • Large amount of employees • Employees are mostly women • Technology becomes important

8 Intermediary between factory and brand • To bring the clothes from the production country to the retail country.

• Located for example in Indonesia, coordinates transport from the factory to the global brand.

5 Cutting of fabric • Local garment factories in for example Indonesia source the fabric themselves; the global brand itself is not the buyer of the fabric in the factory.

9 Logistics of the brand • In order to bring the clothes to all franchises many global brands have their own logistic system.

6 Assembly of clothes • Sewing the garments in the factory, e.g. in Indonesia

10 Marketing and retailing • Many global brands have shops all over the world.

7 Finishing work (labeling, printing, etc) • For example in factory in Indonesia • Finished by global brand’s requests.

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Norway exported 25.500 wool sweaters to the U.S. UK

Canada

Italy is the No. 1 supplier of wool suits to the US by value, but exports fewer suits in total than either China or Indonesia.

Mexico men’s cotton pants and shorts

Italy men’s wool suits

Pakistan men’s knit cotton shirts Jordan men’s wool shirts

Egypt Guatemala

Israel exported bra’s and support garments

Honduras men’s knit cotton shirts

El Salvador cotton underwear

Madagascar Lesotho

Nicaragua

Mauritius

Haïti

El Salvador exported 297 million pairs of cotton underwear and 358 million pairs of hosiery to the U.S.

World merchandise exports by product - 2005 Source: World Trade Organisation billion dollars Machinery / transport equipment

3.851

Fuels and mining products

1.748

Office and telecom equipment

1.275

Chemicals

1.104

Automotive products

914

Agricultural products

852

Other manufactures

848

Other semi-manufactures Iron and steel

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711 318

Clothing

276

Textiles

203

$ 1b

$ 100m

$ 10m

$ 1m

China exported 553 million pairs of women’s cotton pants and shorts - 3.5 pairs for every female in the US. China women’s cotton pants and shorts India mens’s knit cotton shirts

Japan South Korea

Bangladesh mens’s cotton pants and shorts

Sri Lanka women’s cotton pants and shorts

Taiwan

Thailand cotton underwear

Cambodia women’s knit cotton shirts

Vietnam women’s knit cotton shirts

Philippines dresses

Indonesia women’s knit cotton shirts

Australia Indonesia exported 252 million women’s knit cotton shirts Source: graphic by Bloomberg Business Week, data from Office of Textiles and Apparel, US Department of Commerce

Largest single apparel export Cotton shirts

Wool shirts

Man-made-fiber shirts

Cotton pants

Wool sweaters

Man-made-fiber pants

Cotton underwear

Wool suits

Man-made-fiber dresses

All other cotton apparel

All other wool

Other man-made-fiber apparel

Baby clothes

Silk and other

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BANDUNG METROPOLITAN AREA

Bandung Metropolitan Area Bandung is the third biggest city of Indonesia after respectively Jakarta and Surabaya. These three cities of are all located on the island of Java. The city of Jakarta comes second place on the list of highest populated mega-cities in the world, just behind Tokyo-Yokohama. However in terms of population density Jakarta does not reach the top 10 of most densely populated cities.

With population densities of around 15.000 /km2 Jakarta and Bandung are both far behind number one Dhaka with a population density of 44.000 / km2.

Banten Province

Administration Greater Bandung Bandung Metropolitan Area a.k.a. Greater Bandung or Bandung Raya consists of several regions called Kabupaten.

Greater Bandung consists of; 1.

2.

3.

4.

Bandung Regency (population: 3,4 mio) West Bandung Regency (population: 1,6 mio) Kota Bandung (â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;) (population: 2,6 mio) Cimahi City (population: 0,6 mio)

Source: Badan Pusat Statistik (2014)

50 km

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100 km

Jakarta Metropolitan Area Area: 6.392 km2 Population: 28 million Density: 4.383/km2

Bandung Metropolitan Area Area: 3.392 km2 Population: 8.2 million Density: 2.325 /km2

City of Jakarta Jakarta Metropolitan Area

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3

2 1

West Java Province

Bandung Metropolitan Area

Central Java Province

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Cikapundung River

Cimahi

1

Bandung

Old City

3

4 5

2

Saguling Reservoir

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5 km

50

10 km

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Bandung City • City: 167,67 km2 (64.74 sq mi) • Population: 2.575.478 people • Density: 15.000/km2 Source: Badan Pusat Statistik (2014) Employment in fashion industries In 2007 42.5% of the total workforce was employed in the fashion industries source: BPS 2002-2008 Textile and garment districts 1. Cimahi | textile 2. Dayeuhkolot | textile 3. Cigondewah | textile and garments 4. Binong Jati | knitting center 5. Cibaduyut | leather district 6. Majalaya | textile and garments 7. Rancaekek | textile 8. Banjaran | shoe industries

7 7

Citarum River

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URBANIZATION AND POPULATION DENSITY

Urbanization Bandung city and metropolitan area Asia is by far home to the most urbanized areas in the world. Even within Asia, Indonesia has been showing the world’s highest urban growth rates (between 1970-2010 4,1 percent) followed by China and India. Indonesia is also leading the list of most urbanized countries in the world with an urban population of 54%. However, as mentioned, cities in Indonesia are de-concentrating and sprawling and not leading in terms of population density. Although still considered as two separate urban areas the metropolitan areas of Jakarta and Bandung are sometimes considered as one large urban territory: The Western Java Urban Corridor. Bandung is close to reaching a mega-city status when it grows to a population of 10 million people in its metropolitan area.

Jakarta Metropolitan Area

Bandung Metropolitan Area

•

Area: 6.392 km2

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Area: 3.392 km2

•

Population: 28 million

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Population: 8,2 million

•

Density: 4.383/km2

•

Density: 2.325 /km

Jakarta City

Bandung City

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Area: 664 km2

•

Area: 167,67 km2

•

Population: 10 million

•

Population: 2,6 million

•

Density: 15.000 /km2

•

Density: 15.000/km2

Densit

50 km

52

100 km

Asia is leading in worldwide distribution of Large Urban Areas (2014)

Indonesia has the largest share of urban population •

Indonesia 54%

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Philippines 49%

1%

•

China 47%

•

Thailand 34%

14%

•

Vietnam 31%

•

India 30%

10% 8%

57% 11%

China (57%) Europe (11%) North America (14%)

sources : • Demographia World Urban Areas, 2015-01, 11th edition • http://www.newgeography.com/content/004280-largest-world-cities-2014) • Samad, 2012

Australasia (1%) South America (8%) Africa (10%)

Chennai Metropolitan Area

Zuid-Holland Province

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Area: 1.189 km2

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Area: 2.818 km2

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Population: 8.9 million

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Population: 3,6 million

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Density: 7.500/km2

•

Density: 1.300 /km2

Chennai City

Rotterdam City

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Area: 178,2

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Area: 325,8 km2

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Population: 4,9 million

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Population: 0,62 million

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Density: 26.600/km2

•

Density: 2.900 /km2

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Outlook Urbanization Bandung 2030 Bandung City has been showing, from its establishment, high growth rates. In recent years the city demonstrates a population growth of around 3,5% per year. Greater Bandung is growing with a rate of 2,1% per year. The rapid development and economic growth has always attracted people from all over Indonesia. In 2031, the population is projected to be 4.1 million within Bandung City. This is much more than the city and its public services are able to support. This situation generates cumulative pressure and challenges to the city to establish sustainable urban development, let alone maintain the quality of life of its citizens.

The city faces many challenges. Among those challenges and issues are: • • • • •

traffic congestion & transportation solid waste collection flood protection fresh water and clean drinking water management sanitation and waste water management

•

slum area management

Bandung City 2030 4,1 million

source: Tarigan et al. 2016 / Cities 50 (2016)

inhabitants

2.400.000 2.500.000

1.500.000

2.000.000

973.000 1.200.000

30.000 1900

95.000

1920

167.000 1930

1961

1971

1980

Growth of urban population Bandung between 1900 - 2030 sources: various

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1990

2010

2015

2030

1976

1994

1999

2001

2008

Urbanization of Bandung in the Upper Citarum River Basin Source: Narulita, 2008

slum area

Distribution of slum areas in the City of Bandung source: Departemen Pekerjaan Umum / PU Cipta Karya

Slum areas in Bandung According to UN Habitat the percentage of people living in slums in Bandung is 23 %.

UN Habitat defines a slum as “a heavily populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor”. According to UN Habitat slums can be divided into two broad types: “slums of hope” and “slums of despair”. Most Bandung slum areas are “slums of hope”. Because these settlements show an “upward trend, largely made up of newer, usually self-built structures, and that are in or have recently been through a process of development, consolidation and improvement”, and do not show signs of “declining and decay”.

Sources: • UN Habitat, State of the World’s Cities 2010-11 (national value for urban areas) • UN Habitat, 2007

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THE HISTORY OF THE FASHION INDUSTRY IN BANDUNG

The first weaving factory´s The textile and garment industries belong to the most important industries of Indonesia. Before the industrialisation textiles have been produced in the archipelago for centuries as a cottage industry, employing highly skilled craftsmen.

During the 1920’s, in the colonial Dutch-Indies, the factory sector began to emerge. Weaving mills were prominent, employing manual and later mechanized technology. The centre of this new industry became Bandung. Currently 65% of the Indonesian textile production finds its origin here.

Factory´s of Bandung 1900-30

1930- 1960

1941-1945 WO II ‘1800’- 1945 Dutch occupancy

1945 Indonesia independent

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

Cottage industries, employing highly skilled craftsmen.

The first weaving factory’s emerged

Bandung grows under dutch planning.

The first mechanised weaving machines were introduced, and the first small spinning and fibre factory’s emerged.

Stagnation and decline of the industry

Recovery of the industry, promoted by the government as supplier of basic commodity.

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Big global demand After the Asian Crisis the Indonesian textile industry continous to grow on a fast rate. Driven by a big global demand Indonesia’s textile exports reached 130 countries, the main markets being the United States and Europe, and the country currently ranks as the world’s seventh largest producer, sharing 3% of the global market for textile production.

Production in ton`s

Future To continue one of the leading positions in the Industries of textiles, indonesia should keep reinventing its position.

Production could easily relocate to a lower cost area.

Indonesia can strengthen its position by responding on a growing demand of sustainble products.

250000

Growth and Crisis Before the Asian Crisis the Indonesian textile industry had grown impressively for more than two decades, becoming one of the most important non-oil and gas sectors within the economy.

1960 - 1990

1990- 2010 100000

1999 First democratic elections 0

1997 Asian crisis

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

New technologies swept through the industry. Fast growing industry, spinning fibre and textile.

Garment industry begins to transfrom from tailorshops, to factory’s.

Period of big growth in all sectors.

Output growth Textiles: 7x Spinning fibre: 16x Garments: 2x

Growth stagnates

Current situation, what about the future?

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ECOLOGY & ECONOMY OF A TEXTILE REGION

Green & Blue drivers behind industrial and urban development The city of Bandung is located 780 meters above sea level in the Upper Citarum River Basin or Bandung River Basin on an old lake bed that was formed after volcanic eruption of Mount Sunda. The eruption blocked the course of the Citarum River and created a natural dam. Due to its volcanic soil itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s still one of the most fertile regions of Indonesia. The Citarum River runs from its source on Mount Wayang south-east from Bandung down to the Java Sea. It supports domestic, agricultural, industrial, and urban activities for about 14 million people (in 2008). The intra mountainous Bandung River Basin has the shape of a bowl. Due to this bowl-shaped topography, water always ran freely from the many artesian springs. This clean spring water and the many tributaries as streams and rivers of the Citarum River in combination with the fertile volcanic soil enabled the development of a very rich and divers eco-system.

This fertile and water rich bio region has been able to support relatively large numbers of population due to the smart irrigated rice field practices. From 395 c.e. there are records of a civilization of Sunda Kingdoms that traded throughout south-east Asia as far as China. The first traces of human settlements on the location of the city of Bandung were found on the banks of the Cikapundung River. The present Alun Alun (city square) is built on a location of ancient holy city wells. This location is called Sumur Bandung (meaning water well).

Java Sea Citarum River Basin

Saguling Reservoir

r

Citarum R.

Bandung River Basin, part of the Citarum River Basin

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Upper Citarum River Basin, projected on Greater Bandung Area

Cikapundung R.

Saguiling Reservoir

Citarum R.

Distribution of textile- and garment areas The availability of fresh water was and still is a strong driver behind the development of the water intensive textile industries. The map shows that most textile- and garment districts are located close to rivers and streams of the Upper Citarum River Basin.

The Upper Citarum or Bandung River Basin: Cikapundung River

• • • • •

covers an area of ± 13.000 km2 comes into contact with a population of ± 9 million people. irrigates rice fields that supply 5% of Indonesia’s production is a source of water for more then 2.000 factories has two hydro-electric power plants with a capacity of 700MW

Citarum River

The Saguling Reservoir and Dam with two hydro power plants Upper Citarum River Basin and the six rivers

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Land use & land cover change in the Bandung River Basin For centuries, the slopes of the Bandung River Basin have been in use as terraced wetland rice paddies, its highlands covered with jungle, combined with forest gardens. Streams and lakes full of wild and cultivated fish, up until recently the staple source of animal protein. But already before WWII it became apparent that there were limits to what the ecosystem was able to support. Before WWII the Dutch government calculated that at least 30% or 13,3 million ha. of the surface of Java should be covered with forest in order to maintain an ecological equilibrium. In 2005 there was only 1,2 million hectare of forest left. The loss of wetlands, plantation and forests in favor of the urban and industrial territory and dry crop fields, intensifies the impact of climate change. Bandung has been facing more landslides, floods, dry spells, increased temperatures and erratic rainfall patterns. Landslides upstream in the highlands cause hugh economic damage in the uplands as well as in the densely populated basin.

Lack of green and water in the city The Dutch colonial town was planned as a garden city, well known and praised for its carefully landscaped parks and gardens. Due to rapid urbanization the percentage of green open space in Bandung has declined rapidly. Ideally a city needs to allocate 20 percent of its area for public green space and 10 percent for private green space. Indonesia’s cities fall far short of those numbers. Bandung has a total of 8,76% green space. While the city expands with a fast rate, green space and room for water bodies are not taken into account and/or not well integrated within the urban tissue. Also the traditional green garden typologies of the cultural landscape of the Bandung River Basin as the pekarangan (home gardens) and kebun tatangkalan or bojong (agro-forest gardens) and wet rice paddy fields are disappearing at a fast rate when the urban territory expands. Green structures of significant cultural, ecological and economic importance are disappearing without valuable green and blue structures to replace them.

Sources: • Palte & Tempelman, 1981 • Prasetyo, Kartodihardjo, Adiwibowo, Okarda and Setiawan, 2009 • http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/15/sustainable-green-cities.html#sthash.Ar89NUnC.dpuf

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1971

2008

1971

2008

increase of urban territory

decrease of forest cover

1971

1971

Sunda Phase 2008

decrease of rice paddy wetlands

2008

increase of dry crop field

Source: Narulita, 2008

Changing eco-system and cultural landscape These maps show the decline of the traditional landscape and eco-system of the Bandung River Basin.

The only green cover that has increased are the dry crop fields. These fields replace the traditional wetlands, (agro-)forests and plantations. They are cultivated by poor farmers, who lack knowledge and resources to cultivate more profitable wetlands or plantations. The dry crop land is subject to and causes landslides and floods.

jungle

Samida man made forest Kebon Tatangkalan agro-forest garden

Pekerangan home forest gardens

plantation

s

lake wetlands

fishponds

artesian spring artesian spring

river

groundwater recharge

ditch artesian dug well

river

The traditional Sunda green and blue typologies of the Citarum River Basin

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RAW MATERIALS AND THE LOCAL ECOSYSTEM | THE SUNDA PHASE

Water, Cotton, Rice & Indigo The water rich and vertile landscape of the Bandung or Citarum River Basin is deeply interwoven with the tradition of textile making. The Bandung bio region, with its rivers, streams and springs, enabled the development of a strong textile tradition and industry. The name of its main river, the Citarum, is even derived from a natural dyeing plant the ‘tarum’ or indigo plant and ‘ci’ meaning water. According to historians already during the Tarum Kingdom the region was famous forMetabolism its indigo dye China.

The inin the Sunda Phase landscape provided the resources and raw materials like water, fibres and dyes for a flourishing industry.

The availability of fresh water has always been and still is a strong driver behind the development of textile industry regions because it’s one of the most water intensive industries in the world. Almost all steps in the proces from fibre crop to textile dying requires large quantities of water. Therefor it is not by coincidence that textile factories from small to large businesses are concentrated around rivers and streams. In the Bandung area some industrial complexes are even built over streams, literally on top of their source. Well known other historical examples of water as a driver for textile industries are the wool and cotton mills in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. These industries have long disappeared because large scale textile industry and manufacturing shifted to other countries with cheaper labour, less stringent environmental laws and usually already a strong tradition in textile production and lots of ready available fresh water like for instance Indonesia and India.

Renewable resources Until the industrialisation of the textile production there was a very strong connection between the local ecology and economy. The cultivation of crops for fibres, dyes and building materials was completely interwoven in the agricultural practices. Cotton and indigofera were grown on the rice fields during the dry season. Many dyes were grown in the Pekarangan (home forest gardens) or samida forests. These cultivated forests supplied local industries.

Indi Kapo

Traditional local fibres like Ramie, Kapok & Cotton Pekerangan home forest gardens

w

artesian du well river

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From traditional to modern production The Indonesian fashion industry can be divided by two different sub-sectors (EKONID, 2001). One is traditional, the other one uses modern technology and knowledge. Traditional production provides textiles mainly for the domestic market and traditional ceremonies, which are made out of traditional raw materials. Many yarns and dyes are obtained from local tropical plants, often by processes unique to the archipelago. Although the methods used to obtain indigenous textile materials are often labourintensive and therefore not viable in terms of modern economics, they have the advantage of being renewable, an important consideration in an increasingly resource-depleted world. In less than two decades, Indonesia has become an important source for modern textiles and textile products. This trade sector, one of the largest in East Asia, offers a large variety of products, from synthetic fibers to made-up textiles. The development of Indonesiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s textile industry has branched out into a large number of sub-sections, from synthetic fiber manufacturing, yarn, spinning, fabric forming and finishing, to manufacturing of made-up goods (Mudrajad 2013).

Traditional textile dyes Indigofera , Mango and Guave grown in the home forest gardens and Samida forests

Resources: Djati / Bamboo Timber Fish/Firewood Water cycle

jungle Resources: Timber/Taching material/Fruit/Vegetables/Herbs/ Sugar/Wax/Dyes/

Samida man made forest

Resources: igo/Cotton/Rice/ ok / Flood Capacity

wetlands

Resources: Fish/Water/Bricks/ Flood Planes

Kebon Tatangkalan agro-forest garden

Pekerangan home forest gardens

plantation

lake fishponds

artesian spring artesian spring ditch artesian dug well

river

Typical section of the landscape in the Sunda Phase untill +/- 1900

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RAW MATERIALS AND THE LOCAL ECOSYSTEM | THE INDUSTRIAL PHASE

The modern industrial textile landscape Around 1900 the textile production changed from a cottage industry with highly skilled craftsmen into a highly industrialised global industry.

Initially embedded in the local eco-system it later obtained its, mostly non-renewable, resources from outside the bio region of the Bandung River Basin. The indigofera cultivation and indigo production collapsed in the 1920â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s when chemical dyes entered the market. Much to the enjoyment of the local textile craftsmen, because these modern dyes were much stronger and less labour intensive to produce. Also the cultivation of inland fibre crops like cotton and ramie collapsed.

Nowadays the Indonesian textile industries relies on import of cotton and synthetic fibres.

The growing of tropical plants for dyes and fibres in (home) forest gardens and fields provided an important income for farmer communities yielding higher prices then food crops. With agricultural land economically and ecologically devaluated, due to pollution of the water system with waste water from the textile industries, changing industry and growing urban population, farmers sold their land to textile entrepeneurs, and started working in the textile business themselves.

The Sunda rural villages transformed into the overcrowded and polluted industrial kampungs as we know them today.

Water, the only local resource Nowadays the textile and garment industry is almost completely disconnected from the local ecology and agricultural practices. The only local resource it still consumes is water. Because of the pollution of the surface water and lack of urban water supply infrastructure, factories extract huge quantities of groundwater from deep acquifers. Without sufficient recharge, these non-renewable water sources will become depleted causing water stress, landsubidence and floodings.

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Agricultural phase Sufficient recharge groundwater through riverbeds and permeable surfaces Agricultural phase Use of surface water and groundwater through Sufficient recharge artesian springs and groundwater through wellsAgricultural phase riverbeds and permeable surfaces LittleSufficient pollution recharge surface watergroundwater through Use of surface water and riverbeds and permeable groundwater through Low risk flooding through surfaces artesian springs and and permeable surfaces wells elevated buildings Use of surface water and through Littlegroundwater pollution surface waterartesian springs and wells Low risk flooding through Little pollution permeable surfaces surface and water elevated buildings Low risk flooding Early industrial phasethrough permeable surfaces and elevated buildings Declining recharge groundwater through landuse change Seasonal drying up artesian Early phase wellsindustrial and springs

fishponds river artesian spring

artesian dug well fishponds

unconfined shallow acquifer

river fishponds

impermeable layer artesian spring

artesian dug well

1900) Cultivation of renewable resources, economy and ecology are connected deep acquifer impermeable layer

deep acquifer

Declining recharge groundIncrease substraction water throughfor landuse groundwater industrial Early industrial phase change and domestic purposes Declining groundSeasonal dryingrecharge up artesian Increase pollution water throughsurface landuse wells and springs waterchange through change upstream agricultural pracIncrease ticesSeasonal andsubstraction industrialisation drying up artesian groundwater for industrial and urbanisation downwells andpurposes springs and domestic stream Increase substraction Increase pollution surface Increased risk flooding groundwater for industrial water through change through of permeable anddecline domestic purposes upstream agricultural surfaces downstream pracand tices andchange industrialisation landuse upstream Increase pollution and urbanisation down-surface water through change stream upstream agricultural practices risk andflooding industrialisation Increased anddecline urbanisation downthrough of permeable stream surfaces downstream Late industrial phase and landuse change upstream Increased risk flooding Insufficient recharge of through decline of permeable groundwater through ongoing surfaces downstream and urbanisation landuse change upstream Depletion groundwater Late industrial shallow aquiferphase through overpumping Insufficient recharge of groundwater through ongoing Seasonal drying up riverbeds Late industrial phase urbanisation

river

Reduced use phase of groundwater Circular Sufficient recharge rainwater of through integrated Renewable watersource and groundwater through harvesting and reuse of grey re-userainwater water integrated harvestwater ing and injection through Sufficient recharge of recharge pits Reduced pollutionthrough surface groundwater water due to on rainwater site treat-harvestintegrated Reduced use ofdomestic groundwater menting enand reuse and injection through through integrated rainwater industrial waste water recharge harvesting andpits reuse of grey water Low risk flooding Reduced usethrough of groundwater integrated floodbasements, through integrated rainwater Reduced pollution surface constructed wetlands, and on

dry dug well

insufficient recharge through riverbed

shallow groundwell pump

shallow groundwell pump

river

impermeable layer river insufficient recharge through riverbed deep acquifer shallow groundwell pump impermeable layer

dry dug well shallow groundwell pump dry dug well

insufficient recharge through riverbed

shallow groundwell pump

shallow groundwell pump deep acquifer impermeable layer

Earlydeep industrial acquifer phase (1920 - 1970) Urbanization and industrialization, use of renewable resources decreases, devaluation of green and blue production landscape

river

Increase substraction Insufficient recharge of Depletion groundwater groundwater fromthrough deep ongoing groundwater shallow aquifer through acquifer urbanisation overpumping Excessive pollution surface Depletion groundwater Seasonal up riverbeds water duedrying to aquifer industrialisation shallow through and urbanisation overpumpingdownIncrease stream substraction groundwater from deep Seasonal drying up riverbeds acquifer High risk flooding through landsubsidence caused by Increase substraction Excessive pollution surface declined groundwatertables groundwater from deep water due to industrialisation due to overpumping downacquifer and urbanisation downstream and erratic rain stream patterns caused by landuse Excessive pollution surface change upstream water due to through industrialisation High risk flooding and urbanisation landsubsidence causeddownby stream declined groundwatertables due to overpumping downHigh risk flooding stream and erratic rain through Circular phase landsubsidence caused patterns caused by landuse Renewable watersource and by declined groundwatertables change upstream re-use water due to overpumping downstream and erratic Sufficient recharge of rain patternsthrough caused by landuse groundwater changerainwater upstreamharvestintegrated Circular ing and phase injection through Renewable watersource and recharge pits re-use water

artesian dug well

river

deep acquifer unconfined shallow acquifer artesian spring impermeable layer unconfined Sunda phaseshallow (around acquifer

dry dug well

shallow groundwell pumps

shallow groundwell pumps

subsidence due to low groundwater table river

impermeable layer

dry dug well river

deep acquifer shallow groundwell pumps

shallow drygroundwell dug well pumps

subsidence due to low groundwater table

deep groundwell pump

impermeable layer shallow groundwell pumps

subsidence due to low groundwater table

shallow groundwell pumps

deep acquifer impermeable layer deep groundwell pump

deep acquifer

deep groundwell pump rainwater harvestin &

recharge basement embankments Higly industrialized phasegreen (1970 - now) as constructed wetlands Economy and ecology are disconnected, chemical waste discharge in surface water, rainwater harvestin & ASR recharge basement overexploitation of groundwater with landsubsidence, water stress and flooding as a result rainwater harvestin & rainwater harvestin & recharge basement rainwater harvestin & recharge recharge pits basement impermeable layer

recharge basement

green embankments as riverwetlands constructed

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ASR green embankments as constructed wetlands harvesting, injecting and storing rainwater underground river

rainwater harvestin & recharge basement recharge pits ASR

INDUSTRIAL WATER CONSUMPTION

25%

2000 ltr industrial processing one pair of jeans

75% 6000 ltr to grow cotton for one pair of jeans 8000 ltr to produce one pair of yeans (source: waterfootprint.org)

10.000 ltr p/y for one Indonesian villager Domestic water demand of one dweller rural villager per year (source: Ministry of Public Works 1989)

400

300

200

100

Polyester

Rayon

Nylon

Wool

Cotton

0

Waterconsumption (l/kg of fabric)

9%

Bleaching, Finishing

9% 38%

Dyeing Printing

6%

Boiler house Humidification - spinning

14%

Humidification - weaving Sanitary, domestic, etc 8%

16%

Processing and water consumption (% of total)

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Thirsty industry The textile industry is one of the most water intensive industries in the world.

Waterfootprint.org calculated that to produce 1 pair of jeans around 8000 liter water is needed. That’s about the same as the yearly water use of 4 people in Mozambique (UNDP, 2006). About 25% of the water footprint of a jeans is consumed during the industrial proces. The remaining majority of the water is consumed during growing of the cotton fibre crops (flax end hemp are less water intensive fibre crops).

So from the raw fibre to produce the yarn, bleach, wash and dye the textile for a pair of jeans you need 2000 liters water. Still more water than 1 Mozambican would use in a year.

Water intensive industry Because water is hardly reused in the industrial process factories need enormous amounts of fresh and clean water every day again and again. Certain steps in the production proces from fibre to a piece of clothing are more water intensive than others. And some factories are specialised in one step of the process, like spinning the yarn or dyeing and bleaching the fabrics, but there are also factories that are ‘vertically integrated’. Meaning they can do it all. In Bandung there are factories that are vertically integrated, they are to process the raw fibre from yarn to jeans. Some of these cover an area of 150 ha. Because of the water intensive character of the textile industry it is not suprising that factory plants are usually located in regions where fresh water supply is or was abundant like in the Bandung River Basin. You will often find the factories located next to, or even on top of rivers, streams or (dried up) springs.

Dirty industry: water pollution and the textile industries The rapid urbanization of the Bandung Metropolitan Region, fueled by the growing textile industry since the 1980’s, causes increasing environmental problems. Contamination of the surface water and shallow groundwater have become a serious threat to the public health, disruptive to the (aquatic) eco-system and put a strain on the urban water supply. The pollution is mainly caused by domestic sewerage waste and industrial waste dumping in the regions many rivers and streams. The majority of the urban territory, its residents and businesses are not connected to sewers and/or sewage treatment plants. Most of the thousands of mainly textile factories release their waste water untreated to unlined channels, streams or irrigated fields slowly but steadily contaminating the shallow groundwater reserves. As most dwellers are not connected to piped water they still rely on shallow wells with contaminated water. Dwellers nowadays are forced to buying drinking water from commercial vendors which puts a financial strain on the population in general and particularly on the urban poor. Although there is a public outrage against the water pollution of the Citarum river in the Bandung River Basin, dwellers of the industrial kampungs themselves do not often join the protests. Mainly because they are economically direct or indirect dependent on the textile factories, but also because there is a lack of trust in governmental institutions as the pollution is also caused by inadequate public facilities and a lack of law enforcement against the pollution. However the protests against the pollution have become more and more intense.

Contamination Citarum River A range of contaminants are present in the river, from both industrial and domestic sources:

• • •

•

Levels of lead at more than 1,000 times the USEPA standard in drinking water.

Cocentrations of aluminum, manganese, and iron concentrations in the river are all significantly higher than the world averages Concentrations are also well above the recommended level’s of heavy metals in drinking water set by theEPA to minimize adverse health effects.

Concentrations of manganese are nearly four times those of recommended levels

(Wagner and Sukristino, 1998) (UNESCO, 2012) Local activist and clean water expert Dennis Riswandi

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INDUSTRIAL WATER CONSUMPTION

Groundwater extraction and landsubsidence Most textile producing regions in emerging economies, like Indonesia, still lack adequate basic urban infrastructure like piped water, sewersystems and water treatment plants.

Especially in the peri-urban context, where most factories are located this infrastructure is usually completely absent. Industries, but also dwellers, are therefore ‘forced’ to resort to usually illegal extraction of groundwater to meet their water demand. The amounts of water extracted by the textile industry is becoming increasingly becoming problematic. More and more they put a strain on the urban water supply.

For instance in the city of Cimahi in the Bandung River Basin, with a very high concentration of textile factories, groundwater tables have declined with 100 meters from 1980 (when the textile boom really took of) till 2005. From 1920 till 1980 the watertable ‘only’ declined with 4 meters.

Several studies have shown a strong correlation between excessive groundwater extraction, declining watertables and landsubsidence in the textile industry area’s. Some location in the Bandung Basin have experienced land subsidence, with an average rate of about –7.6 cm/year and can go up to about –23 cm/year in certain locations. Landuse change, the conversion of prime agricultural areas into residential and industrial areas, and also significant disturbance to the main ecological functions of the upland around Bandung Basin, also significantly disturb the groundwater recharging system in the basin; which in turn intensify subsidence problems.

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

1900

1970

1985

1995

2004

Growth volume of groundwater abstraction in millions m3 Registered groundwater extraction in Greater Bandung from deep acquifers (-40-250 m. below surface)

1920

1980

1985

1995

2004

20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100

Cimahi declining groundwater tables Cimahi is a city in Greater Bandung with a high concentration of textile factories

1000,000 900,000 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0

surface water m3/d

groundwater m3/d

total m3/d

Domestic-municipal demand Industrial demand

Water demand per sector per water source Lack of drinking water and waste water infrastructure leads to severe pressure on groundwater resources from deep acquifers

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Textile and garment districts 1. Cimahi 2. Dayeuhkolot 3. Cigondewah 4. Binong Jati 5. Cibaduyut 6. Majalaya 7. Rancaekek 8. Banjaran

1

3

4 5 7 2

8

6

Majalaya

Dayeuhkolot

Rancaekek

Banjaran

0

Cimahi

Economic impact land subsidence and floods risk in textile area’s Studies suggest that there is a relation in between excessive groundwater extraction, landsubsidence and an extension of flood prone area’s in the area’s with a concentration of textile industry. An Asian Development Bank (2011) study for Java puts economic damages at US$800 million per year. If allocated to the Upper Citarum River Basin the study resulted in an estimate of US $90 million flood damages per year.

1900

1970

1985

1995

2004

-5 -8,7

-10 -10,5 -15 -20 -25

-18,8

-18,0

-22,8

Landsubsidence in textile districts (2000-2001) Research shows a strong correlation between excessive groundwater extraction, declining watertables and landsubsidence in the Bandung River Basin. Source Hasanuddin Z. Abidin et al., 2009

Water demand Bandung • 43% of the drinking water demand is supplied by the drinking water company • The remaing water demand is met by (often illegal) extraction of groundwater • 80 milj. m3/y groundwater is pumped up yearly by Textile industries alone (estimated) from deep aquifers • The non revenue water is decreased, from 50.6% in year 2006 into 38% in year 2010; However, that number is still higher than PDAM target (20%).

• (Soestrisino, 2012) (Moursidik, Hartono, Latif, & Arifin)

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DISTRO CULTURE IN BANDUNG

Collectivism and creativity Distro is a shortening of the Indonesian word distribusi, or distribution. Generally a distro differs from other youth fashion outlets by their links to the independent music industry, the age of those involved, and collective ownership styles.

A distro provides a vehicle for creative collective members to market and disseminate their talents. Promoting artistic licence over profit margins. A distro does not source stock from factories. Instead most distroâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s have their own in-house labels with all goods made in small runs.

Originality and scarcity are selling points.

Cooperation marked the birth of distro, and to a certain extent it is still evident today. Lined up alongside the distroâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own merchandise are products made by friends also in the clothing game.

Staffing is usually a collegiate arrangement with members working in shifts to keep overheads down. Profits are split in proportion to capital investment in the store. Clothes may make the man, they also make the economy.

Text from Insideindonesia.org.

UNKL347 store in Bandung, a distro that developed into a known local brand

70

71

72

CASE-STUDY CIGONDEWAH

Cigondewah Kaler is a city district at the southern periphery of Bandung, which is famous for its textile and garment production and wholesale markets. For our case study we selected two neighbouring industrial kampungs (RW2 and RW12) that informally developed from a rice producing rural settlement into a factory

workshops at home. They simultaneously take orders from the big factories and produce for their own small independent fashion brands.

village under influence of large scale textile and garment industries that arrived here in the 1980â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. Companies like PT Kahatex, PT Sansan and PT Ipatama employ thousands of workers, who flocked the city on the tides of the local and global fashion market.

industrial live-work environment, such as worker housing typologies, shophouses & homeindustries and urban resources for working and living such as water, energy, waste, green and building materials. The survey consists of maps, infographics, interviews with local villagers, experts and thematic stories.

In our case-study we witnessed that the industrial kampungs of Cigondewah have to deal with big spatial and environmental challenges like inadequate (worker) housing, extreme water pollution, over exploitation of groundwater resources, land subsidence and floodings, lack of garbage collection services, degenerated agricultural land and outdated energy systems.

Together with students from Delft University of Technology and Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) we mapped different aspects of this

The research results illustrate in which way industries and local community currently cooperate in sharing resources and facilities.

They show to which extent loops of necessary resources are already closed and create value on a neighbourhood scale.

Despite its environmental problems and lack of adequate housing, public facilities and services, the industrial kampung environment is home to a socially and economically tight knit community.

People are used to take care of themselves and each other. Here, local community and textile & garment industries are completely interwoven and interdependent.

Driven by economic factors original kampung inhabitants and migrant factory workers live side by side. Former farmers and fishermen nowadays make a living by sorting and trading factory textile waste or have started their own small garment

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CIGONDEWAH | FACTS & FIGURES

• Employees > 13.000 • Vertically integrated company > produces yarn, textiles, garments PT Kahatex Textile and garment factory

• RW 2 > 382 families • RW 12 > 360 families

Number of kampung families

• RW 2 > 800 people • RW 12 > 700 people

Number of migrant factory workers

• RW 2 > 50% • RW 12 > 40% Percentage of worker housing (kos-kosan) in comparison to total housing stock

RW2

RW12

Kampung area

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• RW 2 > 8,1 Ha • RW 12 > 3,9 Ha

RW 2

RW 12

Map of RW 2 and RW 12 of Cigondewah Kaler - Katja Rossen, graduation student AE Studio

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THE INFORMAL WORKFORCE OF CIGONDEWAH

26

THE theTAILORS tailors THE ENTREPRENEUR the entrepreneur

theSEAMSTRESS seamstress &+ THE printman PRINTMAN

THE SALES the sales man ENTREPRENEUR

THE TRANSPORTERS the transporters

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THE INDEPENDENT 27 KAMPUNG WORKFORCE

THE TAILOR the tailor

THE SORTERS the sorters

The independent workforce of Cigondewah forms a community-based fashion production network, living on waste coming out of the big factories.

Image by Gabriela PeĂąa Izquierdo graduate student Architectural Engineering Graduation project: The Traditional Future Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment Delft University of Technology

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THE INFORMAL WORKFORCE OF CIGONDEWAH

Since the arrival of the large scale textile and garment factories in the 1980’s the area of Cigondewah has changed from an agricultural environment into an industrial environment dedicated to the production of textiles and garments. Former farmers and fishermen lost their jobs because they sold their land to the factories. Over time an informal community of waste pickers, waste traders, tailors and seamstresses has grown inside the kampungs surrounding the factories, forming a new independent workforce.

“Independent sewing, cutting, sorting, weighing, printing, happens inside of people’s homes and allows for a flexible production that permits household members to remain close and help in the production process. This way the informal economy has influenced the housing typologies within the industrial kampung of Cigondewah.” 1

1 Graduation report The Traditional Future of student Gabriela Pena Izqueirdo Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, department of Architectural Engineering, Delft University of Technology

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79

HOUSING TYPOLOGIES OF THE INDUSTRIAL KAMPUNG

Housing Related To Migrant Worker

A House 3

rkers who lived in the rental house mostly worked at Kahatex Factory; The workers’ ndewah (Center Java, East Java; West Java, etc.); Rental price Rp. 150.000/ month ved in the rental house since 2000.

Housing Related To Migrant Worker There are a total of 7 rental units (2 units on the 1st floor and 5 rooms on the 2nd floor); Majority of the workers worked at the factory and trades; 10 years ago the house was originally serves as private house (1st floor), then it changed it’s function to rental house; The rental price was Rp 200.000/ month; Renovation was conducted (1 month ago) by installing a plywood to repair a damaged wall.

A House 5

atex Factory; The rental house was built since 20 years ago; The workers and building wah area; The rental house was originally a private house.

Housing Related To Textile Waste (Attached)

B House 4

The rental house’s owner lived in Kopo; The rental house was taken care by Cigondewah villager who’s related to the owner; The house consist of 2 floors, each has 6 units. 2 communal bathroom on each floor.

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rker

) communal bathroom; Some tenants worked at the factory, some had a family; The rental wned Bapak Haji Andi from RW 12 ; Buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s age was about 5 years.

rker

one factory in Karawang, West Java ; Textile partially exported (Korea, China, ; The home is occupied by 2 families (10 residents) ; The house was originally workers are supplied by the ownerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relative from RW 03 ; The house was built

Housing in the industrial kampung is informal and mostly built by local kampung families or entrepreneurs. Many homes are extended with rental rooms for factory workers, shops or workplaces. Various mixed-use housing typologies exist. Over time renting rooms to migrant workers has become an important source of income for the local community.

Drawings by students from the Built Environment Analysis Class, Institut Teknologi Bandung

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The extended farmhouse Ibu Yen (55 years) lives together with her husband Pak Iwan in the industrial kampung of Cigondewah since 1983. They donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have children. Ibu Yen is originally a farmer who used to work on the rice fields in the area. Pak Iwan used to run a textile business in Cigondewah. Both of them donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t do this work anymore. Their extended home currently is their money machine. By renting rooms to factory workers they are able to make a modest living. They built their own home in 1983 and extended it in 2005. In total there are four rental rooms of 6m2 each. Ibu Afru (19 years) lives alone in one the rooms. Each room costs 250.000 IDR per month, including electricity and water for washing and electricity. The inhabitants of the rooms share a kitchen, toilet and bathroom in between the original kampung home and the rental rooms.

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• • • • • • •

Surface of one rental room: ±6m2 (2m x 3m) Number of inhabitants in room: 1 person Room rent per month: 250.000 IDR / ± €17,Rent includes charges for water to wash, electricity, communal garbage collection The rental complex ( kosan) consist of 4 rooms, 1 toilet and a shared kitchen with the host family Washing water comes from sibel Ibu Afri uses 2 tanks (19l/tank) of bottled water per month, costing 40.000 IDR per tank

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Mini worker housing complex connected to modern kampung home Pak Leugiman (43 years) lives for 4 years in this rental room. He is originally from Klaten, Central Java and came to Bandung more than 18 years ago and started working for the textile company PT Kahatex.

He has a permanent employment status and currently works as a mechanic in the socks department (8 hours per day / 6 days per week). His salary is 2.4 million Indonesian Rupiah / Âą â&#x201A;Ź165,- per month.

The mini worker housing complex is connected to a modern home of a village family, who developed it to earn extra money. The building consists of 2 floors and contains 7 separate rooms of 9m2 each. Every floor has a communal bathroom (incl. toilet) and a simple kitchen. The upper rooms are given access by an outdoor gallery.

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• • • • • • •

Surface of one rental room: 9m2 (3m x 3m) Number of inhabitants in room: 1 person Room rent per month: 300.000 IDR / ± €21,Rent includes charges for water to wash, electricity, communal garbage collection The rental complex ( kosan) consist of 7 rooms, 2 bathroom, 2 kitchens Washing water comes from sibel Garbage is collected by kampung chief (RT)

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THE FACTORY

Textile and garment factory PT Kahatex Along the road of Jalan Gempol Sari, which forms the border between the city of Bandung and the city of Cimahi, lies the factory complex of PT Kahatex.

A high barbed wired wall is surrounding the total complex, as if this were a fortress or a penitentiary.

This company produces textiles and clothing for big global brands like Nike, H&M and C&A. The factory is vertically integrated, which means that it produces from yarn to finished clothing. PT Kahatex employs around 26.000 workers, of which 13.000 work at the Cigondewah location. Most of the employees work in the labour intensive garment manufacturing department and are female. The factory complex, covering an area of about 15 ha, is characterised by a configuration of large halls that are developed over time along the Cigondewah river. This way the industry could make optimal use of fresh water for its textile manufacturing process and in the same time use it as a sewer for the dumping of industrial waste.

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wetlands GREEN AND BLUE TYPOLOGIES OF THE INDUSTRIAL KAMPUNG

Pekarangan Riverbank

Open Sewage River

Left -over Wetlands

shallow groundwell pumps impermeable layer

deep acquifer

88

Deep well pumps

Samida Man made Pekarangan Cementary

Sewage Gutters & Channels

old dug wells

shallow groundwell pumps

Deep well pumps

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Cigondewah Open Sewage River The Cigondewah River, a tributary to the Citarum River shows the strong relation between water and industry. Once a valuable source of fresh water for both industrial as well as domestic purposes this stream has now become an open sewer. Although the river is heavily polluted by the industry it still generates spatial quality. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s easy to imagine what the river looked like before the industrialisation and urbanization arrived here.

The channeling of the river and urbanization of its banks cause problems during the wet season that shows more and more erratic patterns due to landuse and climate change. The river needs more room and its banks need stabilisation.

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Sewage Channels and Gutters The Cigondewah area is built in the basin of a intra mountain bowl of the Upper Citarum Basin. These low wetlands are prone to floodings. Channels and gutters are therefore an important framework to catch and drain rainwater and urban run-off. In the Sunda era the surface of the public realm was permeable and fishponds and wetlands functioned as stormwater catchments. Due to ongoing land conversion and clogged with waste, the gutters and channels are no longer fit for their purpose of draining stormwater.

Lacking sewer system, the community also discharges their sewer waste into these gutters. Public and private toilets are directly built over these framework.

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Pekarangan Cemetery Due to the pressure of industralization and urbanisation, former home forest gardens or pekarangan were sacrified. Private gardens within the urban tissue are now very scarce or very small. Only the function as a cemetery has saved this garden from becoming built.

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Pekarangan Riverbank Lack of space has forced kampung dwellers to build closer to the river. Due to landuse change upstream and downstream and climate change, floodings are increasing every year, with collapsing riverbanks and flooded homes as a result. This could explain why the riverbank is in use as a Pekarangan. Nobody dares to built on the critical land of the riverbanks.

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CONTENT

Fashion Village strategy Challenges and opportunities Objectives and approach Circular strategy Cooperative strategy

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FASHION VILLAGE STRATEGIES

In this chapter we bring forward our development strategy to turn unplanned and polluted industrial kampungs related to the fashion industry into healthy and self-sustaining Fashion Villages. This strategy is threefold and consists of an urban, a cooperative and a circular strategy. Knowledge and ideas that came out of the meetings, workshops and events that we organised, are integrated in this approach.

From the survey that resulted in the Visual Atlas we learned that industrial kampungs have to deal with big spatial and environmental challenges like inadequate (worker) housing, extreme water pollution, over exploitation of groundwater resources, land subsidence and floodings, lack of garbage collection services, degenerated agricultural land and outdated energy systems.

We also learned that the industrial kampung is home to a socially and economically tight knit community.

People are used to take care of themselves and each other. Community and fashion industry are completely interwoven and interdependent. Driven by economic factors original kampung inhabitants and migrant factory workers live side by side. Worker housing is informal and mostly built by local kampung families or entrepreneurs. Former farmers and fishermen nowadays make a living by sorting and trading factory textile waste or have started their own small garment workshops at home. They simultaneously take orders from the big factories and produce for their own small independent fashion brands.

Our development strategy builds as much as possible on these existing community structures. By providing decent worker homes and collective workspace for local entrepreneurs in Fashion Shophouses & Production Gardens, fashion producing communities are empowered to improve their quality of life and health. A replicable cooperative business model enables different stakeholders to invest in the development. Jointly building a Fashion Village step by step.

The Fashion Shophouses & Production Gardens use the global mother factory and the local landscape as a reliable circular backbone. Together creating green jobs, boosting the eco-system and economy.

Fashion as a driving force behind sustainable development.

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CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Challenges

Opportunities

In Bandung we witnessed that the fashion industry still exhausts people and the environment involved in its supply chain. Workers live in informal and polluted industrial kampungs surrounding the factories, many of them lacking decent homes and proper sanitation. Local villagers lost their job as a farmer or fisherman because the eco-system got disrupted.

The industrial kampung is home to a socially and economically tight knit community. Driven by economic factors original kampung inhabitants and migrant factory workers live side by side.

Community and textile & garment industries are completely interwoven and interdependent, forming an informally established network for fashion production. Former farmers and fishermen nowadays make a living by sorting and trading factory textile waste or have started their own small garment workshops at home.

We distinguished the following challenges in the industrial live-work environment: Socio-economic • Economic dependency and vulnerabilty • Weak cultural identity • Devaluation of agricultural activities Ecologic • Extreme water and land pollution caused by the dumping of industrial and household waste • Over exploitation of groundwater resources • Land subsidence and floodings Spatial / facilities • Poor (worker) housing • Unrepresentative work spaces • Lack of qualitative (green) public space • Unsustainable textile factories • Dysfunctional urban utility networks for garbage collection, energy, water supply and sewage.

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We distinguished the following opportunities in the industrial live-work environment: Socio-economic • Economic resilience through diversification • Fashion Village as a strong cultural identity • Integrating agriculture activities in the fashion value chain (a biobased economy) Ecologic • Using the local landscape as a regenerative filter for waste water treatment •

Integrating rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge solutions in the built environment.

Spatial / facilities • Cooperative housing, combining resources from industries and community.

• Clean Mother Factory • Circular off grid urban utility networks

Lack of waste disposal facilities and services

Sorted textile waste, ready for export

The river often turns red, yellow or blue from textile dyes.

Rental rooms for factory workers

Poor worker housing

Home-industries, garment making

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OBJECTIVE AND APPROACH

New Lanark Cotton Mills and Village (1784) Pioneering corporate social responsible development (Robert Owen)

Impression of the Fashion Village - Fashion Shophouses & Production Gardens using the global mother factory and the local landscape as a reliable circular backbone

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Objective

Approach

Our main objective is to upgrade unplanned and polluted industrial kampungs related to the textile and garment industry into healthy and thriving Fashion Villages.

To transform existing industrial live-work environments into Fashion Villages we use a cooperative and circular development approach.

This approach builds as much as possible on existing community and neighbourhood structures and starts on small scale. By providing decent worker homes and collective workspace

Important aspects of this objective are: • • • • • •

Re-connecting ecology and economy: closing loops in a benefical way Rediscovering the potential for local production of biobased materials Good homes and public facilities Improving the spatial and environmental quality of the live-work environment Strengthening community resilience and health Strengthening the sustainable fashion identity of the community

The idea of a factory village is not new. More than 100 years ago it was a popular model for factory owners to optimise their workflow and do something good for society. New Lanark, developed around 1800 by Robert Owen, is a known example of a textile factory village.

However, top-down developed factory villages formed separated islands from society and proofed vulnerable to global economic changes.

We feel the time is right to radically reinvent the concept of the factory village for massproduction into a resilient community-based circular production network for masscustomisation: The Fashion Village.

for local entrepreneurs in Fashion Shophouses & Production Gardens, fashion producing communities are empowered to improve their quality of life and health.

The Fashion Shophouses & Production Gardens fit within the existing informal urban context and feature integrated circular design solutions. The global mother factory and the local landscape function as a reliable and sustainable backbone.

The Fashion Shophouses & Production Gardens function as 1) stepping stones towards healthy and self-sustaining neighbourhoods, 2) community activators and 3) value creators for the cooperative by generating revenue from rents, crops and fashion products.

A replicable cooperative business model enables different stakeholders to invest in the development. Building a Fashion Village step by step. Together creating green jobs, boosting the eco-system and economy. Fashion as a driving force behind sustainable development.

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CIRCULAR STRATEGY

Scales of the circular poly-centric approach

Scales of t poly-cent

The overexploitation of water, energy, materials and people in the fashion industry has a disruptive impact on the quality of life in and Scales of the circular around industrial villages. This has to do with the poly-centric approach resource intensive character of the industry itself, but also with the lack of adequate urban utility networks for drinking water, sewage, garbage collection and energy.

Scales of the circular poly-centric approach

Trying to build networks on an urban scale will proof very difficult because of the informal and tightly knit urban tissue within the peri-urban context.

household

food

energy

biopore waste pit

household

Therefor the circular strategy starts from the smallest scale of the unit, be it a home, a workshop for local entrepreneurs or a factory.

On the scale of the unit loops for water, energy and waste are closed and/or jointly closed by cooperation between different units.

biogas

rainwater collector

biopore waste pit

rainwater collector food feacal waste food biogas garden biopore waste pit

factory

waste water treatment

solarpower

watercollector

rainwater collector food garden feacal waste biogas

water treatment

watercollector

enterprise

solarpower waste water treatment

waste water treatment at exit to Citarum

Circular approach on the scale of the neighbourhood

feacal waste biogas

waste water treatment

waste water treatment at exit to Citarum

Circular approach on the scale of the city

floodings

Waterstre biogas

energy

s

Scalp poly

solarpower

food food

This off grid circular approach can be scaled up and replicated from the scale of the unit, via neighborhood and kampung scale to the urban and regional scale. Smart connections between different neighborhoods and urban areas eventually lead to a clean city where thewaste water treatment at exit to Citarum kampungs become â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;filtersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; instead of contributing to pollution and degradation.

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factory

enterprise

Circular approach on the scale of the unit

garden

pollution

water treatment

watercollector

scarcity

Sc po

factory

enterprise

household

A circular strategy has to fit the physical and cultural context of the industrial kampung and should lead to both economic and ecological resilience and well-being and spatial quality for the communities.

biogas

energy

water treatment

sca

fl

po

Wa

flo

Wate

clean water

clean water

Citarum river

waste out

flows in

flows in (negative) spatial impact

A polycentric approach is used to cooperatively transform individual industrial textile kampungs into healthy and self-sustaining Fashion Villages.

By re-using resources and closing their loops, different communities are re-connected while regenerating the local eco-system.

renewable resources

flows in

renewable sources regional ecosystems

flows in

renewable sources regional ecosystems

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COOPERATIVE STRATEGY

community cooperative model

sustainable urban development

sustainable fashion development

$ $

urban sustainable development development experts experts

sustainable development housing fund fund community Fashion Village cooperative Cooperative

$ • • • • •

The cooperative development strategy of the Fashion Village consists of an organisational and a financial model. With this combined strategy the industrial community is empowered to develop their own environment with the assistance of experts in the field of sustainable urban development and to get access to development funds.

Organisational model: Fashion Village Lab We propose to develop the world’s first Fashion Village in a real-life testing ground, the Fashion Village Lab. This environment enables communities, governments, businesses, knowledge institutes and consultants & designers to jointly realise the Fashion Village in a feasible and tangible way.

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development banks local government local textile factories crowdfunding ngo’s

Financial model: Fashion Village Cooperative The cooperative development concept of the Fashion Village, is based on a self-sustaining business model and consists of three pillars: a Fashion Shophouse Co-op, a Production Garden Co-op and a Fashion Products Co-op. They generate revenues from housing & workspace rent and from sales of crops & fashion products.

A combined Fashion Village fund, with a longterm investment plan, guarantees the financial sustainability of the project.

See The Fashion Village Value Case for a more elaborate explanation of the cooperative model.

communities

industries & businesses

governments

knowledge institutes & NGOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

designers & consultants

local skills & expertise

industrial flows & resources

natural resources

factory owner Pak Lee

local entrepreneurs Dani, Asep & Agung rental room owners Ibu Aida & Pak Uya

local builders Pak Tatang

factory workers Susi & Wati

local farmer Ibu Iin

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CONTENT

Fashion Village Catalogue Stepping stones of the Fashion Village Catalogue Fashion Shophouses Regenerative Production Gardens The local landscape as a backbone for sustainable materials Student projects (TU Delft - Intecture | aE Studio)

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FASHION VILLAGE CATALOGUE

The Fashion Village Catalogue is based on the spatial, cooperative and circular strategies as brought forward in the previous chapter. The catalogue for the transition of polluted industrial kampungs into healthy Fashion Villages consists of two main elements: 1) Local Fashion Shophouses that provide better homes and collective workplaces for local fashion entrepreneurs and 2) Regenerative Production Gardens which offer new jobs and provide green public space. Both of them use the global mother factory and the local landscape as a reliable and circular backbone.

Together they improve the livelihoods of people working in the fashion industry and give a boost to the local eco-system. Here, fashion is the driving force behind sustainable development and innovation.

The Fashion Village Catalogue explains how the two main elements of the Fashion Villages function, what they are composed of and which stakeholders should be involved in its development.

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STEPPING STONES OF THE FASHION VILLAGE CATALOGUE

The Fashion Village targets the overexploitation of water, energy, materials and people by creating a community-based circular production network.

Local entrepreneurs become important coproducers within the fashion supply chain, using the mother factory as a reliable backbone. The local landscape provides resources for fashion production processes while regenerating the ecosystem.

1

Clean Mother Factory Electricity is the only urban network provided, but the instability of the network poses a threat to the local economy and energy intensive textile and garment industry. By using the roofs of the large factory complexes for solar harvesting they are turned into independent powerstations for both the industries as well as the local communities.

2

Fashion Shophouses A Fashion Shophouse is a self-sustaining building for working and living. It doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need external resources to operate. The ecologically and economically integrated ensemble of building and public green space works like a flywheel that instigates the sustainable and inclusive development of existing informal neighborhoods.

3

Fashion Production Gardens Wetlands, fishponds and forest gardens were essential for the former selfsufficient agricultural communities.

They provided food, building materials, textiles, dyes and medicines. By connecting this practice with the current needs, bamboo timber & textile gardens, dye orchards and water purifying wetlands become spatially, economically and ecologically valuable again.

The Fashion Village Catalogue consists of three important stepping stones:

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3

1c

2

1

109

FASHION SHOPHOUSES

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The Fashion Shophouse is a self-sustaining building for working and living. Locally rooted, innovative building solutions are integrated and tested within the design of the Fashion Shophouse, such as: bricks made of textile waste, a structural framework made of laminated bamboo beams, the use of a CNC-milled casting system for concrete elements, smart lighting and a circular water, waste and energy management system.

A first Fashion Shophouse As part of the Fashion Village Lab Bandung, a first Fashion Shophouse is planned in Cigondewah Kaler, a district located in south-east Bandung.

This industrial live-work environment is known for its textile and garment industries. The area is home to many informal textile entrepreneurs and factory workers and lacks representative facilities for local businesses and adequate worker housing.

The circular design of the Fashion Shophouse keeps necessary resources for living and

Cooperative ownership The cooperative development concept of the Fashion Shophouse, is based on a self-sustaining business model and consists of two separate elements: a housing cooperative and a fashion cooperative. The Local Fashion Shophouses & Production Gardens generate revenues from workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; housing rent and from sales of fashion products. A combined Fashion Village fund, with a long-term investment plan, guarantees the financial sustainability of the project.

working in a closed loop. The ecologically and economically integrated ensemble of building and public green space works like a flywheel that instigates the sustainable and inclusive development of existing informal neighborhoods.

The ground floor of the Fashion Shophouse consists of a collective business space, which is used by the cooperative local fashion company.

This company employs economic activities and facilitates the neighbourhood with clean drinking water, renewable energy and WIFI. The upper floors of the Fashion Shophouse contain affordable worker homes that generate a steady income for the housing cooperative.

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REGENERATIVE PRODUCTION GARDENS

Green & Blue Fashion village strategy Since the industrialization of the fashion industry the former connection between ecology and economy got lost. Farmers en fishermen lost their jobs due to the industrialization but also because the pollution and disruption of the water cycle.

The Industrial Phase

Wetland typologies: Lotus lemon fibre watergarden

These production gardens target the following problems Socio-economic • Creating jobs for farmers by supplying renewable resources for the fashion industries Ecologic • Wetlands both function as production landscape and waste water garden restoring the aquatic ecosystem • The gradens are used to store rainwater and direct water underground to recharge the groundwater sources preventing landsubsidence and flooding

Urban Plantation Typologies: Bamboo Fibre FLood Forest

Spatial / facilities • The gardens provide different kinds of public space to either, play, meet or relax • The gardens play a vital role in waste water and urban water supply as water treatment and water harvesting facility

shallow groundwell pumps impermeable layer

deep acquifer

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Pekarangan Typologies: Pekarangan Playground

Samida Typlogies: Banana Ginger dye and fibre Garden

lake artesian spring

old dug wells

shallow groundwell pumps

Deep well pumps Deep well pumps

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REGENERATIVE PRODUCTION GARDENS

Wetland Typologies Lotus Lemon Fibre Water Garden

Samida Typolog Banana Ginger D

Plants Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Lemongrass Vertiver Reed

Plants Banana Musa acum Ginger & Turmeric

Social Value Swimming pond / Leisure Resources: Textile Fibres Building Vetiver blocks Food Roots & shoots Fish / horti Ecosystem services Rainwater harvesting Water purification Groundwater recharge Flood risk reduction Aquatic biodiversity

Social Value Communal Edible Ga Resources:

Textile Banana Fibre from leaves/sh Natural wax for bati

Building Tatched roofing mat form leaves Food fruits / flowers Leaves for packing

Ecosystem services Water purification h with powder from ba

Playground Typologies Pekarangan Playground

Urban Plantatio Bamboo Fibre F

Plants Mango/Guave/Magosteen/Djati

Plants Bambusa Blumeana Cephalostachyum Schizostachyum Br

Social Value Playgarden & Meeting Resources:

Social Value Play forest and leisu Resources:

Textile Dye from Mango, Mangosteen and Djati

Textile Fibre from stems

Building Timber from Mango/Djati tree

Building Construction

Food Fruits & Fish

Food stems /shoots

Ecosystem services Rainwater harvesting Groundwater recharge Runn off water storage Flood risk reduction

Ecosystem services Water purification Air purification River bank stabiliza

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Green & Blue Fashion Village Typologies The new typologies are based on the green and blue typologies of the local landscape in the Sunda Phase. They strenghten the local identity and spatial quality while providing ecosystem services to improve health and quality of life in the kampung.

Samida Typologies Banana Ginger Dye and Fibre Garden Plants Banana Musa acuminata Ginger & Turmeric Social Value Communal Edible Garden Resources: Textile Banana Fibre from leaves/shoots/trunk Natural wax for batik dye Building Tatched roofing material form leaves Food fruits / flowers Leaves for packing Ecosystem services Water purification heavy metals with powder from banana peel

Urban Plantation Typologies Bamboo Fibre Flood Forest Plants Bambusa Blumeana Cephalostachyum Schizostachyum Brachycladum Social Value Play forest and leisure Resources: Textile Fibre from stems Building Construction Food stems /shoots Ecosystem services Water purification Air purification River bank stabilization

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THE LOCAL LANDSCAPE AS A BACKBONE FOR SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS

Renewable Fibres & Ecosystem services

Kapok

critical land

Lotus

Banana / Musa Textilis

waste water treatment

heavy metal waste water treatment

Renewable building materials

Rotan

Bambusa Oldhamii

construction, river bank stabilization air purification

Djati

furniture, facade or wall panels

Re-sourcing

Re-connecting

Re-creating

textile sludge

116

brick making technique

construction, river bank stabilization

architectural design

Ramie

critical land, anti-erosion, biomass

Bambusa Textilis

Jute

river bank stabilization, air purification

wetland construction

Mango

Mango

Renewable organic dye plants

Indigofera

erosion prevention, soil improving greencover

timber / furniture, shade tree

timber / furniture

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STUDENT PROJECTS

The Intecture | Architectural Engineering Studio is working on the Home at Work - Fashion Village assignment since November 2014. Students can define their own graduation assignment and technical assignment related to the bigger ambition to turn a polluted industrial neighbourhood into a healthy and self-sustaining Fashion Village. Dealing with topics such as off-the-grid housing, safe self-build methods, building with local materials, industrial metabolism and waste upcycling using circular economy principles, the studio aims to invigorate industrial kampung life through innovative interventions and responsible design.

Two excursions have already been organised by the Intecture | AE Studio. The first group visited Bandung in November 2014 and the second group followed in May 2015. During the excursion, students have conducted field research for their technical research paper within industrial kampungs surrounding the textile and garment factories in Cigondewah, a heavily polluted industrial district at the southern periphery of Bandung. In addition AE students have also investigated the spatial, socio-economic and ecological character of this context. They exchanged knowledge and ideas with Indonesian students of the Built Environment Analysis Class of Institut Teknologi Bandung. This research group also contributed to the Home at Work Fashion Village assignment with a typological study of workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; housing and research into the metabolism of the industrial live-work environment and the potential circularity of resources, like water, energy and materials.

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Excursion of Intecture | AE Studio 13 to Indonesia (Jakarta and Bandung): Elmar Cleijnenbreugel, Nadia Remmerswaal, Gabriela Pena Izquierdo, Mo Smit (tutor), Matteo Biella and Yusuf Cekic.

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STUDENT PROJECTS | GABRIELA PENA IZQUIERDO | THE TRADITIONAL FUTURE

“The Traditional Future” is the Architectural Engineering (Delft University of Technology) graduation project of Gabriela Peña Izquierdo, who graduated with honours June 2015.

This project seeks to re-imagine materiality in the industrial kampung, re-stimulate technical knowledge, and integrate local know-how into an inclusive space that empowers knowledge and self-production. By creating architecture that acknowledges the skills and capacities of the local population and that stimulates community involvement in creating sustainable communities by inputing strategies for the recycle and upcycle of textile waste in a smart, economic way.

By centralising the existing know-how into one central “think-hub” where people could get together and teach each other in an open stage what they teach each other at home, how to cut, design and utilize textiles we can give way to the socalled Second Life Hub that allows for an open, hygienic place for work and cooperation between peers and encourages learning through the built environment.

By reducing commuting distances and offering the possibility of community self-employment urban problems on a multi-scalar level can be adressed.

The project now serves a double function, that of an environmental buffer that contrasts the industrial surroundings and that of a producer of local products (building elements and textile products).

120

121

1

LANDSCAPE

LANDSCAPE 2

2

4 1

3

122

1

THE PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

2

THE SOCIAL ALLEY

3

THE FUNCTIONAL LANDSCAPE

4

THE LONGHOUSE

THE SOCIAL ALLEY

4

3 19.70

+9.60

+3.90

+0.65 +0.40 +0.00

+0.30

SECTION CC

43

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STUDENT PROJECTS | ELMAR CLEIJNENBREUGEL | THE GREEN AND BLUE SCHOOL

“The Green and Blue School” is the Architectural Engineering (AE Studio / Intecture – Delft University of Technology) graduation project of Elmar van Cleijnenbreugel, who graduated with honours June 2015.

Located between textile factories and kampung housing exist the remnants from an agricultural era. Urbanization and waterpollution form a threat for these green areas. The research focussed on how to give new value to those areas with the help of plants in waterpurification, as a resource and as a spatial element. From the research a strategy for peri-urban Bandung is derived that is used as a guideline for the design of a primary school and a multi-functional community center.

The school forms a backbone for the change within the kampung. Through an educational landscape experience, integrated support

124

for the urban agriculture and gardening, and economic opportunities for bamboo plantation the community is involved in the project. This way they feel compelled to maintain the water system, the school and the community center.

Water purification is established by using phytoremediation to purify the polluted water from upstream. The purification process is established by the use of phytoremediation.

Plants like bamboo, reed and rice have excellent qualities for this purpose.

The materials used are related to the landscape and can, in parts, be harvested on site. The domes form a new architectural expression in the kampung, which is needed if bamboo wants to get rid of its image of a ‘poor man’s timber‘.

Plants for the community Primary school and community building Water treatment with constructed wetlands Education

WT

Wa

Communal urban agriculture Fishpond

BM

Bu

Fd

Fo

Bamboo

KG

Bio

SE

Sp

$

Inc

Community facility 400m² 600m² outside

4300m²

Water treatment Bamboo shoot production Biomass Public bamboo park Bamboo park management

4500m²

Agroforestry Fruit production Timber production Biomass Public Park Park management Reed filters

1400m²

Watertreatment: Helophyte filters with subsurface flow Thatching materials Biomass Visual fields of reed System management and harvesting

Rice fields

2000m²

Watertreatment: Free surfacewater flow 3000kg rice/ year (1500$/ year net.)

Biomass from husks Cultural landscape Rice farmers

Community gardens

Use of cleaned water

1500m²

$

Bamboo and food sales

Vegetable and fruit production Biomass Urban gardens

Kampung community Workforce Teachers Volunteers Partners

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126

Ø 100mm Bamboo culm

Ø 80mm Wooden dowel Glue Ø 100mm Bamboo culm

Ø 80mm Wooden dowel Glue

Jubilee Clip

Jubilee Clip

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STUDENT PROJECTS | NADIA REMMERSWAAL | TRADIGITAL HYBRIDS

“Tradigital Hybrids” is the Architectural Engineering (AE Studio / Intecture – Delft University of Technology) graduation project of Nadia Remmerswaal, who graduated with honours June 2015 and was the best student of the faculty the same year.

Tra-Digital Hybrids (TDH) is a concrete formworksystem based on CNC milling technology. It enables self-construction in informal areas to build up safe, incremental housing up to four storeys high. Ordinary formwork systems are complex to use, often too expensive for the lowto mid-low income group and only suited to one shape of buil­­­ding plot. The TDH-system is not only cheaper, it can be customized to all shapes of building-plots and is both safe and easier in use.

The objective is to provide a safe building method in the informal areas of Indonesian cities. These informal areas are called ‘kampung’ and are an excellent example of self-build areas. 80% of Indonesian cities consist of these kampungs. They are more than just places to sleep, these kampung thrive on a very close knit community and are full of economic activities. A governmental top-bottom approach in handling these areas often consists of tearing down the whole kampung and build high rises in its place. This ‘block attack’ destroys not only the community but also denies the city inhabitants their economic opportunities. Tra-Digital Hybrids proposes a bottom up approach where the inhabitants can independently build up safe housing in accordance with local practice.

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129

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STUDENT PROJECTS | COEN KAMPINGA | ALL BAMBOO BUILDING SYSTEM

> PROTOTYPING

22 // 101

“All Bamboo Building System” is the Architectural Engineering (AE Studio / Intecture – Delft University of Technology) graduation project of Coen Kampinga, who graduated January 2016 with an Honorable Mention.

Bamboo, one of the most sustainable materials we know today. In Western countries bamboo became appreciated as a valuable and fashionable material to make (building) products, while in countries where the bamboo originally comes from the material is often considered as poor men’s timber. Poor in the sense of “poor quality” on the one hand and “affordable for the poor” on the other.

In this project the challenge was to find ways to let lower income communities re-appreciate and reinvent bamboo as a structural and valuable building material. The All Bamboo Building System consists of structural glueless laminated bamboo beams and a collection of different bamboo infill elements, such as window frames, roof covering and stairs. The system is based on a smart connection knot, that enables incremental expansion of the structure in all directions.

During the research a community-based do-it-yourself method and business model was developed to produce glueless laminated bamboo beams that could be used by Indonesian kampung communities to build their own homes and workplaces.

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> CULM TO STRIP > BAMBOO SPLITTING (KNIVES)

> THICKNESS PLANER 12-15 mm

15-20 mm

> STRIP TO PIN > RADIAL STRIP

> FLATTENED STRIP

BY THICKNESS PLANER

> CUT TO SIZE

> RECTANGULAR PINS

BY CIRCULAR SAW

> SWALLOWTAIL PINS

BY MILLING OR 4 SIDE SHAVING

27 // 101

DEFINITION GRADUATION PROJECT | CONCEPT | GRADUATION PROCESS | RESEARCH RESULT | DESIGN RESULT

> STRIPS TO BEAM

4

1

STACKING STRIPS

2

HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL CLAMPING

3

SWALLOWTAIL DRILLING

4

PIN INSERTION

> NOTICE HORIZONTAL CLAMPS REMOVED

DECLAMPING RESULT

5

CUTTING TO SIZE

RESEARCH RESULT

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5

RESULT

35 // 101

> CULM TO STRIPS

> STRIP TO PIN

> STRIPS TO BEAM

> STRIP TO PIN

26 // 101

> STRIP TO PIN 31 // 101

> STRIPS TO BEAM 36 // 101

30 // 101

34 // 101

38 // 101

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STUDENT PROJECTS | JORDY WILDERS | REFLOW THE KAMPUNG

“Reflow the Kampung” is the Architectural Engineering (AE Studio / Intecture – Delft University of Technology) graduation project of Jordy Wilders, who graduated January 2016.

This project is about “re-flowing” the water and waste cycles of an industrial kampung into a closed circular system. A community building integrates a water purification and waste management system, hereby improving the quality of the water and public space. A community-based value model was designed that enables kampung residents to exchange household waste for clean drinking water.

LANDSCAPE PLAN

140

Intro

I

Context

I

Research

I

Design

The community building consists of radiating bamboo structures that harvest enough rain to supply the whole kampung with drinking water. A collection of cylindrical buildings made of bricks from recycled materials, contain the community programme, such as public toilets, bathing facilities, waste storage, biogas production unit, etc. Water purifying plants, like bamboo and reed, are used as spatial elements in the design. The community building and the landscape form an integrated closed system.

FLOW PRINCIPAL

REFLOW THE KAMPUNG

Others

Organic

Biogas

DRINKWATER

SANITATION

Entrepreneurs

Recycleable

PROGRAM

WATER TREATMENT

HOUSEHOLD WASTE

Rainwater collection

SHOWER

TRASH SKIMMER

WASTE COLLECTION POINT

2500mm/year 6,85mm/day 1,2L drinking water * 3146 people= 3775L /day roof 3775/6,85= 550m2

showers for max. 1890 people 4 showers men/4 women total space= 14m2

trashs skimmer for all the river water mechine 7 meters long width of the river

colection area for the household waste.

20m2 needed It will inmideatly be processed and bring to the waste separtion

Ƥ

WASHING BINS

ANAEROBIC TREATMENT

WASTE SEPARTION

Filtering 3775L/day 3,8m3/day 2,5m x 2m = 5m2 height 2m retention time 24hours

maximum 1890 residents washing bins men5, women 5 totaal 18m2 area cobined with showers

ƫ ͙͛͠ ͛Ȁ 4,6m x 10m retention time 24 hours Ƥ 42m2 (6m x 7m) retention time

waste separte in three categories: organic, recycables and others. storage space.

18m2 for all catagroies total 54m2

Distribute

TOILETS

PLANT/FISH POND

BIOGAS REACTOR

In gallons 5L or 10L distrubion/collection space

toilets for 1260 people 10 toilets: 5men, 5women total 20m2

Ƥ depth 10-45cm above grond 15m x 21m = 315m2 Ƥ depth 1meter 10m x 14m = 140m2

organic waste=772kg/day 300kg/m3 total 18m3

12m2

WATER COLLECTION water collection for 1week closed system 54m3 = 54.000L

18m2

Intro

I

Conclusion

42 | 70

I

Context

I

Research

I

Design

I

Conclusion

33 | 70

141

15,000

900

+8200

180mm

+8200

D1

1,000

200mm

vertical

200mm

1100

+7200

D4

220mm

1200

horizontal

220mm

1,300

+4900

250mm

1,400

+3600

+2200

D2 vertical

D3

1,500

250mm

horizontal

+700

D5 vertical

+0

5000

-2350

168mÂł water storage

-5000

ROOF DETAIL MEMBRANE NODE

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MODULES

STONE PATTERN sanitation facilities

PRESSED WASTE BRICKS waste facilities

Intro

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Context

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PLASTIC BOTTLES IN CEMENT WALL waste facilities

Research

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Design

STONE PATTERN drinking water facilities

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Conclusion

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CONTENT

Cooperative fashion value chain Fashion Village cooperative Cooperative value triangle Example of the Shophouse Cooperative

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FASHION VILLAGE VALUE CASE

In the Fashion Village Value Case we want to bring forward the value created within the Fashion Village on an economic, ecologic and social level. To structure this complex ambition we will focus on the revenues and value creation of the two main Fashion Village activators, the Fashion Shophouses and the Production Gardens. At this stage only the worker housing as part of the Shophouse Cooperative is calculated and illustrated in more detail. In the next stage we would like to calculate and quantify the potential value creation and revenue streams of the both the Fashion Shophouse(s) and Production Garden(s), such as: Fashion Shophouse(s):

• • • • • •

Rents of cooperative worker housing Rents of cooperative work spaces Cooperative profit on Fashion products (yarn, fabrics, clothing) crafted in Fashion Shophouse Savings on energy and water because of circular design approach Creation of fashion businesses Creation of jobs (maintenance, construction, education, operation)

Production Garden(s):

• • • •

Sales of fibres (bamboo silk, soybean silk, ramie, kapok, etc) Sales of organic dyes (indigofera, mangosteen, etc) Sales of building materials (bamboo, textile bricks, etc) Creation of green jobs (farmers, education, etc)

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COOPERATIVE FASHION VALUE CHAIN

Cooperative Fashion Value Chain The Cooperative Fashion Value Chain illustrates how fashion innovation can be an economic flywheel for the development of the Fashion Village.

Our goal is to reconnect economy and ecology by using local resources, like bamboo, for the circular production of innovative fabrics and building materials. This will offer huge opportunities to lift industrial kampung communities in Indonesia out of poverty and to create a healthy live-work environment for all.

In the Fashion Shophouses t-shirts are made from organic bamboo fabric that is produced from locally grown bamboo. A new installation of the clean mother factory produces energy and water neutral bamboo fabric using an innovative circular production method (e.g. Lyocell).

The Fashion Village is connected with the distribution facilities of global brands and the corresponding market place. This empowers Fashion Village entrepreneurs to scale up their sustainable businesses.

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Factory roof as solar energy and water harvesting fields.

harvested energy: 196755 kWh per 1000m2 roof per year

a Clean Mother Factory (circular production)

investments

Regenerative Production Gardens (organic fibres and dyes) and water management system

costs to be researched

Production Garden per hectare ± €1.500,-

1 Fashion Shophouse €100.000,(excl. land, prototyping)

circular yields harvested water: 2 million liter per 1000m2 roof per year

Self-sufficiency will make the Fashion Village more resilient and competitive.

A community-based circular production network using the global mother factory and the local landscape as a reliable backbone.

30 ton of bamboo fibres per year per hectare

100 kg of organic dyes per year Fashion Shophouses provide collective workspace for local entrepreneurs and decent homes for (factory) workers and their families:

The long-term horizon enables lower income communities to pay back the loans obtained as monthly rents and decrease the amount they have to pay back to the Fashion Village Fund once they decide to sell their share in the Fashion Village Cooperative.

Limited fashion editions crafted by Fashion Village Cooperative

fabrics

A healthy and productive workforce living close to work.

factory fabric

sales of crops per hectare per year ± €2.500,-

rent of homes and workspace per year per shophouse €3.600,-

revenues

sales of 20.000 t-shirts per year per shophouse €100.000,-

raw materials

locally rooted fabrics The clean mother factory produces locally rooted fabrics (i.e. bamboo, ramie, soybean) using circular production methods (e.g.

The sales of Fashion Products is used as an economic flywheel for the development of the Fashion Village: €5,- per t-shirt is reinvested in the sustainable development of the Fashion Village.

Fashion Village Fund

Fashion Village Cooperative

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FASHION VILLAGE COOPERATIVE

Long-term strategy From housing co-operatives in Europe and the US, that were started from the mid 19th century, we learned that a long-term perspective mostly leads to a higher quality of housing projects. For example in The Netherlands the investment horizon of co-operatives and housing associations was 30 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 50 years. Many of the housing projects realised this way are still very popular and in high demand of modern dwellers.

The ambition to cooperatively realise a Fashion Village asks for a long-term perspective from all stakeholders: community, industries and government. Together it needs to be discussed what is a realistic investment horizon, this differs from project to project.

Fashion Village Fund The Fashion Village model unites lower-income communities into a co-operative that enables them to invest with a longer investment horizon into their homes, (green) workspaces and businesses, say 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 25 years in stead of the 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 5 years that is currently common common practice in Indonesia. This way the transition towards a healthy and equitable live-work environment related to the fashion industries is enabled and catalyzed.

A Fashion Village Fund, set-up and funded by for example the fashion industries (global brands, local manufacturers), the city of Bandung , philanthropists and NGOs, can provide long-term, low interest loans to individuals who want to join the co-operative. In this way, communities become owner of the co-operative (shareholder) and can invest in a Maintenance Fund for their property. The Fashion Village Fund is set-up with a long-term horizon. Funders aim to provide funding for homes, (green) workspaces and businesses that will benefit communities for many years, for example at least 25 years. The long-term horizon also makes it possible for communities to pay back the loans obtained as monthly rents and decrease the amount they have to pay back once they decide to sell their share.

Cooperative worker housing, Rochdale Amsterdam

To protect the social value of this co-operative system over the long run, the value increase of shares will follow a clear set of rules, for example inflation and economic growth. Shareholders that want to sell their share can only sell to the Fashion Village Fund. The Fund will then provide a loan to a new shareholder that meets the criteria of the co-operative.

Corporate worker housing, Philipsdorp Eindoven

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Fashion industry

City of Bandung Businesses Criteria & rules

Fashion Village Fund

Shop houses

Philanthropists & NGOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s loans

Social Security Fund (BPJS)

Gardens

repayment & interest

Kampung community members

different cooperatives for the development of shophouses, production gardens & fashion businesses

payment

shares & votes

Fashion Village Cooperatives

manage

value of shares & jobs

payment maintenance jobs

Maintenance Fund

Fashion Village Cooperative The Fashion Village Cooperative functions as a collective neighbourhood company, which has lowerincome communities related to textile and garment manufacturing, as its members and shareholders.

These communities form a blend of informal entrepreneurs and migrant factory workers. This diverse target group has a need for better facilities to live and work. Decent housing positively contributes to their quality of life, self-esteem and productivity, as will access to clean water and energy. Better workspaces & facilities and valuable production gardens increase opportunities for community entrepreneurs to improve and scale up their businesses in connection and collaboration with global fashion industries.

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COOPERATIVE VALUE TRIANGLE

Cooperative value triangle The development model of the Fashion Village is structured by a cooperative value triangle that consists of three pillars generating different revenue flows: 1. A Fashion Shophouse cooperative

revenues from housing / workspace rent 2. A Production Garden cooperative

revenues from crops as raw materials 3. A Fashion Products Cooperative

revenues from sales of fashion products

3

Fashion Village Cooperative 1

2

Every single cooperative has a relative share in the main Fashion Village Cooperative, which enables communities to invest in sustainable neighbourhood improvements while incorporating circular design principles, such as a solar harvesting field, a waste to energy installation, an organic dye garden, a bamboo fibre forest or any other business aimed at improving their quality of living within the neighbourhood.

Next to direct revenues the Fashion Village Cooperative adds more value for its shareholders and the communities than can be financially captured. The economical, ecological, spatial and social value created within the Fashion Village is the most important reason for stakeholders like the City of Bandung, fashion industries, the Indonesian Social Security Fund (BPJS), NGOs and philanthropists to get involved.

By connecting local entrepreneurs with global brands and the corresponding market place the cooperative value triangle accelerates and leverages the sustainable transition of the livework environment of the fashion industries.

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Organisation of the cooperative The Fashion Village Cooperative is run by members of the community themselves.

By uniting themselves in a cooperative the community forms an attractive target group for NGO’s and other organizations who can offer technical and financial assistance to successfully set-up and run the co-operative. Together medium and long-term strategies and plans can be developed. Enhanced knowledge and skills of communities will help to implement these plans and to organize themselves in a structural and responsible way.

Maintenance Fund A Maintenance Fund will foresee in good maintenance of the houses, open space and other facilities (cooperative property). With this, the Maintenance Fund ensures the assets will remain its value over the long term. Finally, the cooperative ownership gained by communities that currently don’t have that opportunity, is an important driver for economic growth. Ownership will increase communities’ ability to get loans to start new economic activities and directly benefit from the growing value of their property.

Investing in neighbourhood circularity The cooperative approach will allow communities to invest in sustainable neighbourhood improvements while incorporating circular design principles.

Circularity creates value and revenues by reusing waste, energy, water and other materials, by closing the loop. Investments needed to accomplish circularity will be higher than investments in the business as usual scenario that does not foresee to structurally improve living conditions and the environment. The longer investment horizon of the Fashion Village makes such investments possible.

Communities’ health and happiness will improve with reliable access to clean water for drinking and washing, reliable access to clean energy for cooking and lighting, better facilities for waste disposal and more quality open space. This will improve their productivity and their ability to initiate successful own ventures to improve their economic situation and those of others seeking employment in such ventures.

Co-operatives that aim to create houses, work places, public space and other assets or facilities that are sustainable in the long term stand-out in comparison to approaches that are commercially driven and for that reason have a short term investment perspective.

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EXAMPLE OF THE SHOPHOUSE COOPERATIVE

Fashion Shophouse The Fashion Shophouses will consist of worker homes and workspaces. The working spaces are specifically meant for innovative entrepreneurs who provide products and services that have a link with the fashion industry or with sustainable kampung development.

Fashion Village Cooperative When we apply the cooperative approach to the Fashion Shophouse, the question arises how to deal with the workspaces. For the workspaces, we propose to slightly divert from the approach taken with worker homes. The shares of the workspaces will initially stay with the Fashion Village Fund (see page 93 for explanation). Users of a workspace can rent it on a yearly, monthly or daily basis. The Fashion Village Fund will appoint a person or organisation to manage the workspace. A yearly budget will be available to organize events and activities aimed at stimulating entrepreneurship and innovation. It is envisaged that the organisation of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Fashion Village Labâ&#x20AC;? will also rent part of the space and holds office in the first Fashion Shophouse.

This approach is not cast in stone. In case entrepreneurs express they want to become shareholder in the workspaces, this option will be explored at that time.

Financial feasibility A financial model in Excel is built to simulate the way the co-operative would work based on the Fashion Shophouse: 6 worker homes of 27 m2 and 1 workspace of 110 m2. The assumptions can be viewed in the Annex of this report. The calculations confirm the challenge to create a financially sustainable set-up.

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For example, if we assume: A total grant of IDR 14,6 billion (over USD 100k): The Fashion Village Cooperative will only invest in the bare construction cost of the Fashion Shophouse and basic design costs. Set-up of the cooperative and part of the design costs for innovation are funded from other sources, just as the cost of land.

The Fashion Village Cooperative will only pay for maintenance of the Fashion Shophouse and public space. Management costs will be funded from other sources. Members of the Fashion Village Cooperative will pay 20% of their shares from own savings, so the Fashion Village Fund loan is only 80% of the total CAPEX of the Fashion Village Cooperative.

With these assumptions the potential interest for the Fashion Village Fund over 25 years is 0.8% and over 30 years 2.5%, after repayment of the loans. The financials of the Fashion Village Cooperative and the Fashion Village Fund could improve if investments for the Fashion Shophouse and other facilities can be lowered and/ or if itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concluded that Fashion Village Cooperative members can afford higher monthly payments.

Not only does a new part of urban communities gain ownership. The share value in the Fashion Village Cooperative has the potential to increase significantly and more than other developments that are not built with circular principles and maintained over time. This is a driver for economic growth.

Extra jobs are created for constructing and maintaining the facilities and open space.

The Fashion Village Cooperative stimulates and helps Indonesian entrepreneurs to improve and innovate their businesses, products and services.

This will result in economic growth and extra businesses and jobs. For example businesses that make use of textile waste, that provide smart kampung technologies such as clean drinking water equipment, solar powered lamps or stoves, building materials made from waste, etc.

Last but not least, the cooperative approach and Fashion Village Fund can be scaled and replicated in Bandung and Indonesia applying the same design principles. With this the added value can be multiplied many times. This is an opportunity for stakeholders to create a sustainable approach that is budget neutral for its funders (Fashion Village Fund) and creates value added in many ways.

Value case The Fashion Shophouse and Fashion Village Cooperative add more value for its shareholders and the communities than can be captured in the financial feasibility. The extra value created is the most important reason for stakeholders like the City of Bandung, textile and garment industries, fashion brands, the Indonesian Social Security Fund (BPJS), NGOs and philanthropists to get involved.

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COLOFON

Concept and initiative of Home at Work | Fashion Village by COCOCAN Research Mo Smit (COCOCAN), Suzanne Loen (SL Studio), Gideon van Toledo, Paramitha Yanindraputri, Cederick Ingen-Housz Involved universities Delft University of Technology Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment | Intecture - aE graduation studio Prof. Thijs Asselbergs Involved students: Gabriela Pena Izquierdo, Elmar van Cleijnenbreugel, Nadia Remmerswaal, Yusuf Cekic, Jordy Wilders, Coen Kampinga en Katja Rossen Institut Teknologi Bandung School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development | Built Environment Analysis Class Dr. Allis Nurdini Involved students: Housing typologies: Bunga Sakina, Tamiya MS Kasman, Feni Kurniati, Imaniar Sofia, Vika Haristianti Waste & green: A. Saiful, I. Nurhijrah, R. Dewi, T. Saraswati, H. Dadang Energy & water: Boyke M.A, Devi H, Md. Anggita, N.S. Stefani Strategy development Community-based urban strategies and architecture: Mo Smit (COCOCAN) Landscape design and ecology: Suzanne Loen (SL Studio) Cooperative business case: Gideon van Toledo, Mo Smit (COCOCAN) Photo credits: Meike Koster, Mo Smit, Suzanne Loen, Elmar van Cleijnenbreugel, Gabriela Pena Izquierdo, Nadia Remmerswaal, Annebregje Snijders

This project was made possible by:

COCOCAN 155