P O L Y C E P H A L U M MOBILITY + REGENERATION
sierra johannes + hannah seppi + alexa greig
CIEE GLOBAL INSTITUTE Global Architecture + Design | Regenerative Design Studio Berlin, Germany | Spring Semester 2020 Lukas Kronawitter
00
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This semester was an unforgettable experience. Spending two and a half months in Berlin surrounded by new cultures and perspectives promoted a conducive learning environment unlike any other and provided invaluable life lessons along the way. Having my time abroad cut in half due to COVID-19 and forcing the semester to finish out online from my childhood bedroom was not the ending anyone expected, but resulted in a project I am proud of nonetheless. This project and semester would not have been what it was without some very key people; Firstly, I’d like to thank my studio professor, Lukas Kronnawitter for his constant support, encouragement, and enthusiasm towards our project. Your devotion to our studio was unwaivering and aided in all of our accomplishments. Secondly, Christian Tschersich, for his extensive Grasshopper knowledge, patience and dedication to our understanding, and investment in our success. Without your assistance, our vision for this project would not have taken shape. Lastly, thank you my partners and roommates, Alexa Greig (George Washington University) and Hannah Seppi (Cal Poly), for their work ethic, ability to coordinate across three different time zones, and willingness to go buy candy from Leo no matter the time.
C O N T E N T S
01
INTRODUCTION + RESEARCH + Background + Sustainability Objectives + Site Analysis
02
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN + Slime Mold + Minimal Path + Concept drawings
03
FINAL DESIGN + Site Drawings + Renders + Day in the Life Vignettes
04
BIBLIOGRAPHY
0 1
INTRODUCTION + RESEARCH
BACKGROUND
Located in Berlin, Germany, the Tegel Airport is scheduled to close and is planned to become the site of “Berlin TXL, The Urban Tech Republic�, a science, technology, research, and innovation hub.
01
Introduction + Research
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
“The technologies for the cities of tomorrow will be developed here – including solutions for energy, water, mobility, recycling, materials, and information and communications technology.”
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
2
EXISTING PROPOSAL
“The focus of the Urban Tech Republic is on scientific research and innovation, but Berlin is growing at an incredible rate and needs affordable housing to stem a crisis. After the closure of Tegel Airport, the airport terminals will house the Science and Technology Campus for Beuth University of Applied Sciences. A new industrial district is proposed to the north on half the runway space, with the other half dedicated as public park space. A mixed-use area will be created adjacent the former terminals. To the east of the industrial quarter a new mixed use development called the Schumacher Quartier will be developed. This Quartier will have more than 5,000 apartments for more than 10,000 people and the associated facilities such as schools, daycare centers, sports facilities, new mobility infrastructure, shopping facilities, and public green space. New development should serve a diverse socio-economic and ethnic population.�
01
Introduction + Research
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
https://www.schumacher-quartier.de
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
4
SUSTAINABILITY OBJECTIVES
[1]
[3]
Agro-Ecology
[2]
[4]
Energy
01
Introduction + Research
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
[5]
Net Zero Waste
Social Sustainability
[6]
Self-Sustaining Water Cycle
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
Transportation Systems
6
CLIMATE CHANGE Global Climate Change Humans have caused a dominant impact on the environment and climate, crossing into a new geological age called the anthropocene. Climate change is one of the largest impacts seen within the anthropocene. Globally, there is expected to be an increase in global temperature of 2ºC by 2050 and 4ºC by 2100. The impact to the economy including the destruction of the supply chain is estimated at 60 trillion USD, two times the amount currently spent on war. There is estimated to be a minimum of 150 million climate refugees across the world. Berlin Climate Change As Climate Change is fully underway, Berlin will experience increased temperatures. In 2100, Berlin might be the same temperature as Toulouse is today. There is an expected increase of 1.2ºC average daily maximum temperature in the near future and 3.2ºC in the distant future. The temperature change will be most notable in autumn and winter, as extreme temperatures will increase more than average temperatures. The summer of 2018 reached scorching temperatures and had a winter with little precipitation. Limited rainfall in the summer caused groundwater levels to decrease, which could be a pertinent problem in the future as temperatures continue to rise. Precipitation is expected to increase with changing climates. There is expected to be an increase in average annual precipitation of 3-10% in the near future and 7.5-18% in the distant future. The strongest increase is expected to be in Spring and Winter. Currently, Berlin faces 11 heavy rain events per year, which are noted to be more than 10mm of precipitation per day. This number is expected to increase to 15 in the near future and 17 in the distant future. There is expected to be increased dry periods combined with heavy rainfall at other times, causing water shortages as well as a decrease in the likelihood of snowfall. Climate Change will continue to have indirect impacts on the amount of climate refugees, foreign trade, tourism, transportation systems, power supply access, and human health. Berlin’s greenhouse gas emissions are 98% made up of carbon dioxide. This would need to be limited to 4.4 million tonnes by 2050, which is an 85% reduction in order to reach their goal of climate neutrality. Mitigation and adaptation are a necessity in design to address both local and global climate change. The principles created are to address climate change practically in order to prepare for the future using preventative measures and reduce current harm already done to the environment. All systems are related and affected by the anthropocene and climate change, and therefore systems need to be dealt with in a holistic manner. In order to reflect the best scenario for the regenerative city, these six principles were created:
01
Introduction + Research
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
Agro-Ecology: Promote spaces that encourage self-produced food embedded into ecological systems that reflect ethical and sustainable consumption, and organic waste management.
Net-Zero Waste: We are going to create systems that adhere to closed loop cycles as well as the application of zerowaste materials.
Social Sustainability: Promote public spaces for social involvement, to increase dynamism and equitable participation of people from local and surrounding communities, through creative place-making, and multi-use spaces that allow demographics to mix with each other.
Energy: To ensure net-zero carbon per person through the use of 100% Renewable Energy onsite and the implementation of carbon sequestration.
Self-Sustainable Water Cycle: Promote sustainable initiatives to encourage better water management practices, creating a closed water cycle that connects humans and their water systems. Water used will continue to be diverted to relevant systems for recycling purposes.
Transportation systems: Promote efficient transport for optimal way-finding and equitable accessibility within and beyond the neighborhood.
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
8
AGRO-ECOLOGY Promote 100% self-produced food embedded into ecological systems that reflect ethical and sustainable consumption. What is Agro-Ecology? Agroecology is the study of ecological processes applied to agricultural production systems. By analyzing, testing, and creating systems that prioritize ecological principles, new management approaches in agrosystems can be utilized to encourage micro actions and behaviors to be implemented on a macro level. Exploring agroecology in small scale laboratories With the expansion of cities, food production is no longer reflecting sustainability or equity. Based on both profit and demand, companies have become monopolies, that control food production, in a way that is not always sustainable. Mass production is slowly deteriorating the environment. Our connection with the earth is no longer based on respect, which is now creating self-dependence on industries. In addition, the effect that resource extraction, and mass production is having on the environment has created many natural disasters around the world, related to both flooding and droughts. In order to re-establish the connection between food production practices, and sustainability we will be designing spaces in which people can interact with nature and matter, in a way that brings innovation for techniques like composting, and closed waste cycles. Permaculture practices will be encouraged in those small laboratory spaces, in order to explore vertical gardening techniques, mushroom farming, and even insect farming. We are looking forward towards establishing a connection between people and organic matter, in a way that is innovative and interactive. When it comes to agroecology, it can be seen as a practice that might encourage mass production, but in this particular case we will be focusing on site testing. What this means is that we will try to create different environments and techniques by which people can explore the field of agroecology, one being in schools, through communal gardens, or in underground spaces near to communal kitchens. The laboratories for exploration could be advertised for certain groups of people, based on the location of the building.
[7]
01
Introduction + Research
[7]
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
Permaculture and the use of space We will be exploring different permaculture techniques, in order to create interior innovations in the local ecosystem. Technology will play a big part in the design of those spaces, since we are envisioning on creating a system that follows a closed loop food economy. What this means is that food consumption will not be completely decentralized but rather it will create its own sustainable mechanism, of preserving energy, and managing waste through different network opportunities with the surrounding communities. The idea of self-produced food will be elaborated so that the site itself also has its own production and consumption cycle, but we do want to focus on the idea of urban living in which food is produced locally and nothing is wasted. Any waste is made into something for recycling through composting, or by serving businesses in the surrounding areas. Mainly, the different laboratories, where there will be exploration of testing and prototyping the type of workshops, and systems that could be created, for both permaculture, and waste management will be the main focus of the project. So that the public is exposed towards looking and expanding sustainable and innovative practices. Each building should be able to participate in the process of growing and producing, in addition to the process of agricultural footprint awareness. The estimated amount of space that would be used for the following should be incorporated in the necessity and participation that different age groups reflect. Permaculture could take place on rooftops, underground levels, or even daycare facilities. Our goal is to have one station of some kind in each building, and then keep on expanding based on the participation and practices. In addition, there should be a minimum of two public spaces, either indoors or outdoors, for food laboratories in which neighboring communities should be able to participate. Lastly, techniques like hydroponics will serve as a tool for exploration on water management and agricultural production. In order to address the topic of food sustainability the techniques and systems that would be implemented will need to take into consideration water usage, which will be mainly be produced and stored on site.
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
[2]
10
ENERGY 100% Renewable Energy Why net-zero carbon per person? Why 100% renewable energy? Currently, carbon dioxide is the main form of greenhouse gas emissions in Berlin. In this changing climate, in order to reach climate neutrality and reduce the stress on our climate, greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced. 47% of the carbon dioxide emissions are from buildings. Through sustainable technology infrastructure, each building and transportation system could be net-zero, and the area could have a zero carbon footprint. Carbon sequestration involves removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it below the ground in order to reduce global climate change.
CO2 Emissions in Berlin by fields of action 2010 47% Buildings 23% Traffic 21% Economy 9% Households + Consumption
Reducing Energy Consumption In order to achieve net-zero carbon and 100% renewable energy, highly efficient technology is needed. These high efficiency technologies include temperature regulation systems, building integrated solar energy, and greening systems.
https://www.berlin.de/sen/uvk/klimaschutz/
01
Introduction + Research
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
Temperature Regulation & Building Integrated Solar Energy Regulating temperature is an incredibly effective way of reducing energy consumption. Solar energy has both passive and active applications in building technology. Passive systems such as thermal mass collect heat energy throughout the day and then release it into the building at night. Volumes of water, usually in a black tower or black piping, can be heated with the sun for both tap water and light HVAC applications. Solar panels have been the staple of actively gathering energy from the sun. In recent times there have been some advancements in solar energy harvesting. Companies like Spheral Power have developed spheres that are impregnated into glass panels. These spheres are always perpendicular to sunrays, making them more efficient than ordinary paneling, and they also act as fritting. Tesla’s Solarglass Roof turns ordinary solar panels into tiling like you would see on houses in California and Arizona. This advancement removes any personal grievances against traditional solar panels. Greening Systems Urban greening systems such as vertical greening and green roofs offer many benefits to the reduction of energy consumption. Green roofs provide temporary water storage, absorb precipitation, reduce runoff and delay peak in discharge. These green roofs, as well as green walls, provide insulative cooling for the building through the evapotranspiration process, the shade which reduces direct heat, and habitat for species. They ultimately can help reduce heat island effect and retain water in the system. Green roofs can be turned into spaces to be used for edible gardening, making use of limited space within a city.
https://www.archdaily.com/215765/green-building-and-climate-resilience-a-report-by-the-u-s-green-building-council-university-of-michigan
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
12
NET-ZERO WASTE Opting to create systems that adhere to closed loop cycles as well as the application of zero-waste materials. What is Net-Zero Waste? Architecture that uses the natural world as the foundation for its creation is architecture that employs net-zero waste principles. It incorporates what already exists on the site and harmonizes with it. This is as opposed to trying to supplant or antagonize the pre-existing landscape. Systems that are net-zero waste essentially offset their carbon footprints while adhering to zero waste principles. One example is using enough trees to sequester the carbon emitted into the atmosphere. Using zero waste is exactly as it sounds: you employ products and materials that do not contribute any plastic or other type of waste into the environment. Why is this important? Plastic pollution is a double-edged sword. First, you need to extract fossil fuels in order to create them, thus emitting carbon into the atmosphere, which contributes greatly to climate change. Second, once used and discarded, plastics end up in our waterways and oceans, contributing to oceanic microplastic pollution where they can climb up the food chain and onto our plates, disrupting both marine and human health. Most contemporary urban economies are linear. Meaning, there is a substantial amount of production and a substantial amount of waste in the making. One-third of all global food production goes to waste. A single item of clothing has worn an average of seven times before being disposed of. Global construction waste currently sits at 1.3 billion tons and is projected to double at 2.2 billion tons by 2025, as people will continue to move into cities. The three biggest generators of waste are the Asia Pacific, the USA, and Europe, respectively. The average urban dweller produces 2.6lbs of waste daily. These practices are detrimental to the environment and the human population alike. Major industries would currently be producing significant net losses if they took environmental externalities into account; this is not in practice amongst most today, unfortunately. A circular economy promises positive environmental and social impacts. In a circular economy, production is minimized and waste generated is recycled toward further production. In short, very little to nothing is wasted. The circular economy is inspired by natural ecosystems with an emphasis on resilience and longevity, as waste does not exist in nature. The idea is that every material can be transformed into something else. Every process is designed as a closed-loop. Products are designed and built to last or they are built so that they can be reused, refurbished, or repurposed after consumption. https://regenvillages.com/
01
Introduction + Research
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
How can materials be net-zero? Materials that are net-zero waste are those that are free of plastic materiality and packaging. They are made of organic materials, available in nature, and can either degrade overtime (e.g. a hemp scarf) or can be resilient over time without causing harm to the environment (e.g. a stone floor). The integration of biology in design will be implemented in order to generate new materials, passive systems, and technologies to create resilient products. This is done through both research and implementation of natural and biological systems - by borrowing systems from organisms to mimic behaviors, cycles and even organic composition. While bioinspiration is used towards creating environments that resemble nature’s organic beauty and composition, bio-design will result in mimicking materials, structures, and systems that can be observed from biological entities and processes. Biomimicry will be used to reduce the impact that a building has on the environment by designing infrastructures and spaces that interact with factors like sunlight, humidity, temperature, and water in an organic manner. Mycelium is one example of a net-zero waste material that is noteworthy. It is a type of fungus that can grow into macro-size structures. It can break food waste down into digestible pieces that allow fungi to form a network of long, microscopic fibers that can be trained to build predictable structures by controlling environmental factors; for example, placing corn flakes down as nodes on a surface for them to travel to as a food source. Mycelium moves quickly. Meaning, the fibers can accumulate into an 18”x2”x12” sheet weighing a couple of pounds within a week. Mycelium shows promise: we can use it to assemble products that may eliminate the need for plastics. This can be applied to new architectural designs, thus enabling the creation of a circular economy. Mycelium is inherently regenerative: it grows on dead organic waste, disassembles it, and recycles it back into the environment. The advantage of mycelium is that it is 100% biodegradable; it also contains material properties that make it conceivable for architectural construction. Mycelium tissue can capture more heat than fiberglass insulation; it’s fireproof, non-toxic, and stronger pound for pound than concrete. Mycelium is very adaptive and can, therefore, grow in a wide range of environments; it is fast, easy, and cost-effective to produce. It has excellent insulative properties due to its ratio of the porosity to density. All this said the disadvantage of mycelium is that its water resistance will weaken over time, making it vulnerable to humidity and, by extension, mold. Another drawback of mycelium is that it has a compressive strength of only 30psi, whereas the compressive strength of concrete is 4,000psi; one firm in Seoul has found a solution for this, however, by growing mycelium using geometric patterns to enforce stability and this proved successful.
[3]
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
14
SELF-SUSTAINING WATER CYCLE Promote sustainable initiatives to encourage better water management practices, creating a closed water cycle that connects humans and their water systems. Water used will continue to be diverted to relevant systems for recycling purposes. Why Self-Sustainable Water Cycle? Water is vital for multiple aspects within a community, including agriculture and public enjoyment. Through this principal, the design would have a balance of ecology and public amenity. Using as much potable water on site that is available and keeping it there to create a self-sustaining system, despite the impossibility of a closed system. The water stored onsite could be used to ensure it is accessible to all through public amenities such as rooftop water storage, rainwater gardens, and water plazas, implementing water sensitive urban design.
Water Table Berlin is a city highly connected to its water table. The majority of the city population lives within the high water table areas. In the Spree Valley, the water table has risen to almost 2.5 meters below ground level. There is a delicate balance that needs to be maintained, as moving too little water could cause flooding whereas moving too much could have the opposite effect and cause sinking. https://www.bwb.de/content/en/downloads/WFB_EN_2014_web.pdf
Berlin Sewage Systems The Berlin sewage system is a honeycomb-like drainage area that follows the course of rivers and canals. The system is 9,600 km long, ¼ combined and ¾ separated. The combined system has overflow facilities fixed along with the sewer network. It has a capacity of ¼ million cubic meters of water during a storm. The combined system needs less space, which is more beneficial in inner cities and is ultimately cheaper. However, if stormwater exceeds storage volume, untreated overflow can be discharged into water bodies. In the separated system, wastewater and stormwater are collected separately. Only wastewater flows to treatment plants and stormwater can flow directly to water bodies, with no chance of contamination during storms.
01
Introduction + Research
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
Permeability and Runoff Runoff is reduced in many ways such as water holding systems, greening systems, rainwater gardens, and wet and dry retention basins. These different methods help slow down the process of water entering the soil and reduce the peak flow within storms. Permeable surfaces are also important in providing ways for water to enter the groundwater rather than running off into nearby open water systems. Many permeable surfaces can be implemented such as porous asphalt, permeable interlocking concrete pavers, and porous turf. ‘Sponge City’ Berlin The idea of Berlin as a ‘Sponge City’ involves looking at the city in terms of its connection to water. Adapting the city is needed to increase the permeability of the city surfaces to reduce runoff and relieve sewage systems. This involves dealing with trough-trench systems and creating defined road sections, park areas or city courts to buffer precipitation peaks and protect sensitive buildings and infrastructure against urban flooding. Evaporation rate must be significantly increased, which will increase the cooling of urban climate, especially in the warmer months. There would be an implementation of small oases and wellness places to enhance the amenity of public spaces and have climatic and hydrologic functions. This would increase the resilience of the city to heat and heavy rainfall and reduce the cost of needed public infrastructure. Water Sensitive Urban Design Water Sensitive Urban Design is a land planning & engineering design approach that integrates the urban water cycle to minimize environmental degradation and improve aesthetic and recreational appeal. It makes use of Best Planning Practices (BPPs) and Best Management Practices (BMPs) for stormwater, groundwater, wastewater management, and water supply. Ex. Rotterdam Water Plaza The Rotterdam Water Plaza protects against flooding, creates clear and plant-rich water, establishes a new rainwater runoff system, and creates an attractive city using innovative water solutions. This is possible through implementing Water Plazas, Multifunctional Car Parks, Green Roofs, Dykes, and Canals.
[4]
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
16
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Promote public spaces for social involvement, to increase dynamism and equitable participation of people from local and surrounding communities, through creative place-making, and multi-use spaces that allow demographics to mix with each other. What is social sustainability? Social Sustainability involves practices that promote internal social infrastructures that reduce inequalities, provide dynamic environments and opportunities for continuous adaptability of socio-economic diversity and enhance human health. What are public spaces for social involvement? Initiatives like the Million Trees Program NYC reflect a macro example of the impact that design and bioinspiration can have on streets, parks, private and public land. By creating more urban forests around New York there has been an increase in the quality of life in the city, by encouraging spaces for outdoor recreation, lowering crime rates, reducing noise pollution and increasing public health. We are aiming towards creating public spaces, in which people will feel welcomed to participate and be part of. This will be done through the access to sunlight, water, and interactive structure, like movable chairs and tables. Social involvement is reflecting the presence of others, in a town like setting, in which people from all ages can interact in a casual manner. There is a division of different activities that will be taking place on the site, but in order to make sure that public places have green areas that are welcoming, we want to be able to promote large open areas, and tertiary intimate spaces, in the shape of courtyards. There will be a balance between private and public space. The main goal is to give people agency of the way they use their public space, and increase dynamism. This will be done by having green court pockets, that will be connected within pedestrian routes to open areas, creating a connection pattern, between buildings and central open spaces. Street Landscape and Safety The inclusion and impact of surrounding communities is essential for the planning of neighborhoods. In order to create vibrant spaces in which all members from surrounding communities are welcomed, street space should be transformed into public space. One way of doing this is by allowing pedestrians to claim their space and offering designs that allow people to sit and interact in a space, either on fountains, stairs, or benches. In addition, access to the sun should be protected, water should be accessible and touchable, and street characters should be welcomed. Social involvement will take place through occupation and interaction of people with the mixed use objects placed around the streets, like chairs, tables and structures, that allow the public to sit down and interact with them. In addition, several water bodies will be placed around key areas, in patios and central spaces.
[5]
01
Introduction + Research
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
How could this be implemented? Superblocks One of the main factors that prevents public space from being equitable to all demographics is the obsessive presence of car dependency. In order to create environments in which car culture is not dominant, local organizations like the local department of transportation should be able to support the adaptations required for a pedestrian dominated area. A dynamic landscape can be created by adapting the streets towards a pedestrian dominated area. Based on examples of street building and behavior from Barcelona, Spain - the example of superblocks is meant to build a structure for streets dominated by pedestrian traffic rules. By using the model of superblocks for street division and planning, there will be a flow of exterior residential traffic and interior streets that will be dominated by diverse modes of transportation including, bikes, scooters, and diverse mobility hubs that connect areas in a strategic manner. This will not only create organization and harmony, but will allow constant human interactions to take place, both in formal and informal contexts. Therefore the flow of people will increase, and the streets will become a share, organized and safe public space in which people from all ages are welcomed. Intimate courtyard pockets will set some boundaries between the different activities that will take place, but regardless of this, everyone will have access to circulate among intersections, and big open areas. Small courts, will contribute to the idea of creating community hubs, both in the streets, and in wide open public space. They will allow people to gather, interact, and take agency over the environment. We want to make sure that these areas are mixed used, which is the reason why it is important to pair up with artists, designers and architects to place structures around these green pocket courts, the connecting pedestrian streets, and the big open areas, so that all people from different demographics can interact and experiment with it. Not space should be static, on the other hand small courts should contribute to the purpose of dynamism and evolution of activities through the year, and even the day. Here particular activities take place in each location, mainly influenced by the residents and neighbors who will be exploring the street space, with the help of some mixed use furniture or structures, in order to welcome street performers, formal gatherings, or kids playgrounds. Why? Street Culture In order to promote equal accessibility that does not rely on profit, the streets will need to be shaped by the dynamism present on the site and the surrounding neighborhoods. One way of creating a decentralized hub for interaction is by encouraging human connection and interactions among different demographics through interactive public space. Ownership, of a sitting area, a garden, or a fountain can bring people together. In order to analyze different case scenarios of what this would look like, we decided to observe and reflect on the example of the Kounkuey Design Initiative from Los Angeles. These NGO decided to create a “Play Box� card with movable parks structures that served as multipurpose tools for kids to play and occupy the street space. Dynamism was added into the neighborhood of Boyle Heights, by creating a park in the middle of the street for a low income community. The main goal was to bring civis life into the streets and create a gathering public space, in a place where public parks were scarce. The concept of a regenerative city should be based on encouraging and recreating opportunities, for all through space, time, and movement, in a way that is sustainable and equitable. The street landscape should welcome people to use the space with both flexibility and adaptability and not trying to program spaces, but rather allow people to gain agency on how to interact and use them. By doing so an environment can be dynamic through the presence and occupancy of different generations. Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
18
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Promote efficient transport for optimal wayfinding and equitable accessibility within and beyond the neighborhood. What is sustainable transportation? Sustainable transportation involves transportation methods that use renewable resources to have a low impact on the environment. There is an emphasis on social interaction, accessibility, and carbon dioxide reduction. This can be implemented on the large scale of public transportation options and at the personal level of individual choices. https://sbahn.berlin/en/route-map/
Mobility Hubs Mobility Hubs are integrated hubs that converge all of the city’s public transport. The hub in Den Haag Centraal in the Netherlands has heavy and light rail, trams, and buses. It is located in the central area of The Hague, to provide optimal access. Hubs like these can be implemented in order to ensure efficiency and optimal access and connectivity. These areas can be important for shared mobility and can also be spaces to interact and share with the rest of the community. Designing Streets for People When designing streets for people, pedestrianized areas are the priority over vehicles. Walkable cities are easy to navigate and are safe. Safe designs include having medians focused on protecting people from biking lanes and other vehicles, and ensuring that infrastructure is accessible to the most vulnerable, the elderly and young.
Cycling in Berlin Currently, Germans own 0.93 bicycles per capita, more than other transportation means. Bicycling provides significant relief from environmental strain and helps promote human health. The reduction of cars on the roads reduces the carbon dioxide pollutants which could ultimately reduce the number of air pollutants and its health implications.
01
Introduction + Research
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
300
# of journeys by million per day
250
270 24
-5
45
-20
200 150
Bike
111
+4
Car
0
257 25 35
+/-0
111
25
+13
28
64
-13
56
MiD 2002
Bus
Train
3.50
100 50
Rideshare
MiD 2017
passenger kilometers in millions per day
by foot
3.00 2.50 2.00
+18 +92 +36
2.717 142 245 665
3.214 273 332
-2
650
+17
1.754
1.50 1.00
1.496
0.50 0.00
82 88
+37
MiD 2002
+6
112 93
MiD 2017
Changes in transportation methods in Germany from 2002 to 2017. There has been a positive increase in more sustainable methods. https://nationaler-radverkehrsplan.de/en/notices/news/special-report-analyses-cycling-and-walking
The Butterfly Model makes better use of existing infrastructure within urban areas. Created in Noord-Holland, the model uses previous studies, existing knowledge, and data to visualize and demonstrate opportunities for public transportation nodes throughout the city. The Butterfly Model has helped the Netherlands determine the locations of their mobility hubs.
https://www.dutchrailsector.com/rail/butterfly-planning/
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
20
SITE ANALYSIS
proposed site plan
01
Introduction + Research
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
proposed landscape plan
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
22
ZONING AND TYPOLOGY
Area Distribution .61%
Small Shops 55,941.62 M3
7.45%
Community 155,920.35 M3
2
11.84% Mobility Hubs 260,098.07 M3
13.04% Office
883,163.02 M3
3
15.38%
1
Commercial 317,166.01 M3
51.69%
4
Living
1,029,812.29 M3
62% Open
1
North Side Border This area is mixed as both residential and commercial. The bungalows here are single stories and have their own garden spaces.
4
3 2
ScharnweberstraĂ&#x;e This area is primarily residential. On the Eastside, there is a complex of single-family homes with two stories. On the Westside, there are different styles of apartment housing that appear to be six stories tall. 01
Introduction + Research
North West Residential There is one restaurant and one gas station in this area. The rest of is residential and a four-story housing complex. The residences have parking lots in the center of their buildings. In addition, this is a high traffic area as it borders two major bridge connections for highways.
Wedding and the Military District The following area crosses into the neighborhood of Wedding in the Mitte district, where the Julius Leber barracks are located. Currently stationed at the site are the guard battalion and Feldjägerregiment 1. The Berlin Bundeswehr Service Center is also housed in the barracks, as is the guest house of the Federal Defense Minister. The residential buildings each share a green space in between them. The houses are three stories high. This area has gardens and a landscape used to play sports. CIEE Global Architecture + Design
TRANSPORTATION |
M21|X21|122 125|221|N6 125|128 H
U6 MH
Accesibility On the site, there are six proposed modes of transportation. Almost all paths are usable for pedestrian footpath as well as bicycle travel, as non-motorized travel is highly encouraged. The site itself is accesible to and from the U-Bahn at three different locations and boardered by multiple tram stops. Within our boundaries there is also an aboundant amount of H-Bus stops as well as SQ-Stops, a new form of ‘micro-bus’ transportation. All of these modes of transport can be easily accessed and transferable through the five mobility hubs dispersed around the campus. Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
24
01
SOLAR + ENERGY From analyzing the where shadows fall on the site throughout the year we are able to distinguish where photovoltaics should be placed to absorb maximum sunlight. Even with the most efficient PV system, it is important to note that it will not produce enough energy to sustain the needs of the site. Therefore, allowing some rooftops to be dedicated to green roofs and water collection instead of solar aims towards net-zero through multiple methods.
Summer Solstice
Equinox
Winter Solstice
rooftops account for 34% of the total site area [182,975.76 m2] and could be covered in PV panels
01
Introduction + Research
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
WATER
sharp stone coarse, fine, loamy sand
15%
Blue-Green Roofs These are roofs that are used for water storage through direct storage or within vegetation such as rainwater gardens. These storage areas hold greywater used for future purposes such as household or agricultural use. Vegetation and water storage on roofs and facades insulate buildings and reduce excess energy consumption.
35%
Semi-Permeable Surfaces All remaining surfaces on the site which are not covered by buildings or permeable surfaces.These semi-permeable surfaces are pathways that bicycles or pedestrians are able to use. They can use interlocking pavers or other means of semi-permeability to ensure there is stable ground to hold weight while allowing water to infiltrate for household or agricultural use.
50%
Permeable Surfaces & Soil Properties These are areas in which water can penetrate into the ground easily. The topsoil and subsoil layers within the site are made up of medium sand, fine sand, and medium loamy sand. The available water capacity throughout the site has a range from 0.25 - 1.2 inches per foot of depth, depending on the type of sediment. There is a small amount of coarse soil type within the site, made up of sharp stones that are predominantly medium proportion in parts of the top and subsoil. These areas have less permeability.
soil properties Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
26
0 2
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
SLIME MOLD
Physarum polycephalum, also known as slime mold, is an organic material that grows in the most efficient network towards its food sources. This growth method can be understood and implemented to compute transportation systems between places of interest. As an initial study, we set up an experiment to utilize slime mold growth over our site with oats placed in locations for mobility hubs. Unfortunately, due to COVID-19, the experiment was unable to be completed.
https://www.physicscentral.com/explore/pictures/slime-mold.cfm
02
Conceptual Design
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
M I N I M A L PAT H
In order to convey a similar network that would have been created by the slime mold, we used computational design strategies such as wooly thread and minimal path scripts in Grasshopper. Creating multiple scenarios with key entry points within and around the site, a hierarchy of paths was created. The network was established and later programmed for efficient transportation methods.
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
30
CONCEPT
02
Conceptual Design
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
raised paths
buildings
plots
ground paths
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
32
SURROUNDING CONTEXT
3
2
1
02
Conceptual Design
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
1
North Side Border Residential
2
ScharnweberstraĂ&#x;e Residential
3 4
North West Residential
4
Wedding and the Military District Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
34
TYPOLOGY
02
Conceptual Design
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
agro-towers
industry
residential
commercial
community
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
36
SOLAR ANALYSIS
summer solstice
fall equinox
02
Conceptual Design
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
winter solstice
spring equinox
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
38
FLYWHEEL
The flywheel was designed by Studio Schwitalla for the Audi Urban Future Award, to blur the divide between private-individual and public transportation.
https://studioschwitalla.com/Audi-Urban-Futures-Award 02
Conceptual Design
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
F LY WAY
We implemented their idea and their network system but reproduced the representationthanks Max!
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
40
TRANSPORTATION
02
Conceptual Design
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
42
LANDSCAPE
02
Conceptual Design
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
water
unprogrammed
landscaped
farming
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
44
WAT E R S Y S T E M S summer
winter
02
Conceptual Design
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
green roofs Residential roofs are used for water storage and vegetation which makes up 15% of the site. The storage ares hold grey water that can be used for future purposes such as household use or agriculture. Vegetation and water on roofs + facades insulate buildings and reduce excess energy consumption.
water retention Designated water retention areas also store the site’s runoff for household uses as well as vertical farming on the residential facades. In addition, they double as water features and can be used to the public for multiple activities depending on the time of year.
surfaces Permeable surfaces classified as landscaping and green space make up 50% of the site. Semi-Permeable surfaces are the secondary pathways connecting each building and make up 35% of the site. Different modes of transportation are able to use these paths.
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
46
0 3
FINAL DESIGN
SITE PLAN
03
Final Design
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
50
SITE SECTION
03
Final Design
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
52
AERIAL VIEW
03
Final Design
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
54
VIEWS
03
Final Design
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
56
DAY IN THE LIFE
commute
03
Final Design
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
farming
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
community
58
0 4
BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES Bertram, Christine, and Katrin Rehdanz. “The Role of Urban Green Space for Human Well-Being.” Ecological Economics, vol. 120, Dec. 2015, pp. 139–152. Brown, Patricia Leigh. “Los Angeles Tests the Power of ‘Play Streets’.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 29 Apr. 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/04/29/arts/design/play-streets-los-angeles-boyle-heights.html. Hall, Melanie. “Feeding the World of the Future: Is Hydroponics the Answer?: DW: 18.05.2018.” Deutsche Welle, www.dw.com/en/feeding-the-world-of-the-future-is-hydroponics-the-answer/g-43838731. Hoyer, Jacqueline, et al. “Water Sensitive Urban Design Principles and Inspiration for Sustainable Stormwater Management in the City of the Future.” SWITCH - Managing Water for the City of the Future, Jovis Jovis Verlag GmbH, 2011, www.switchurbanwater.eu/. “Klimaschutz.” Link Führt Zur Startseite Von Berlin.de, 2020, www.berlin.de/sen/uvk/klimaschutz/. Lee, Iara. “Food Issues: Food & Sustainability.” Cultures of Resistance, culturesofresistance.org/foodissues-food-and-sustainability/. Nobis, Claudia (2019): Mobilität in Deutschland - MiD Analysen zum Radverkehr und Fußverkehr.Studie von infas, DLR, IVT und infas 360 im Auftrag des BMVI FE-Nr. 70.905/15). Bonn, Berlin. www.mobilitaet-indeutschland.de Vinnitskaya, Irina. “Green Building and Climate Resilience: A Report by the U.S. Green Building Council + University of Michigan.” ArchDaily, ArchDaily, 17 Mar. 2012, www.archdaily.com/215765/green-buildingand-climate-resilience-a-report-by-the-u-s-green-building-council-university-of-michigan.
04
Bibliography
CIEE Global Architecture + Design
IMAGES [1]
Hall, Melanie. “Feeding the World of the Future: Is Hydroponics the Answer?: DW: 18.05.2018.” Deutsche Welle, www.dw.com/en/feeding-the-world-of-the-future-is-hydroponics-the-answer/g-43838731.
[2]
Pickard, Jim. “Johnson Revives Onshore Wind Farms after 4-Year Ban.” Subscribe to Read | Financial Times, Financial Times, 2 Mar. 2020, www.ft.com/content/b8ddb2f4-5c83-11ea-8033-fa40a0d65a98.
[3]
Hy-Fi. The Living, www.thelivingnewyork.com/.
[4]
“Water Squares.” DE URBANISTEN, www.urbanisten.nl/wp/?portfolio=waterpleinen.
[5]
Boß, Erik. “Foto-Serien.” FOTO-TOUR: Ein Sommertag - Berlin Shots, 12 Aug. 2012, www.berlin-shots. de/index.php/artikel/foto-tour-ein-sommertag.html.
[6]
Birbrair, Lana. “A Map of the US...Made of Slime Mold.” Popular Science, 18 May 2010, www.popsci. com/science/article/2010-05/slimeography/.
[7]
“CRICKET SHELTER.” Terreform ONE, 2017, terreform.com/cricket-shelter.
Kronawitter | Greig, Johannes, Seppi
62
danke shรถn
das Ende