Magpayo (BSED 1-1) Teaching-Learning Material

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

VOL. I | WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY - PHILIPPINES

A Teaching-Learning Material for Morphology Study

linguistics lin·guis·tics | \ liŋ-ˈgwi-stiks

Defined as the study of human speech including the units, nature, structure, and modification of language.

did you know?

English is the language with the most words: 490,000. The language with the fewest words is Sranan Tongo (also known as “taki”, a name that derives from the English “talk talk”), a Creole language with just 340 words. It is spoken in the Republic of Suriname, a former Dutch colony in South America. This language derives from a blend of Dutch, English, Portuguese and central and western African languages.

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table of contents 04 05 06 08 10 11 17

what is morphology? morphemes types of morphemes bound morphology: inflection and derivation test your knowledge forming or coining words test your knowledge

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what is ✧ Morphology came from the Greek word "Morphos", which means "shape or form." ✧ Morphology is the study of formation or construction of words. ✧ Morphology includes the grammatical processes of inflection and derivation.

August Schleicher (February 19, 1821 - December 06, 1868)

✧ August Schleicher is a German Linguist who coined the term "Morphology" and used it to refer to the study of the form of words in 1859.

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✧ Morphemes is defined as the smallest meaningful unit in a language. It is commonly classified as either Free Morphemes or Bound Morphemes. ✧ A Morpheme is a grammatical unit of language that cannot be divided without changing its original meaning.

To make it more clear, look at this:

hope The word "Hope" is a morpheme (an example of Free Morpheme). If we will remove a letter from the word, like the letter "e" in the end, it will be meaningless.

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A Free Morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as a word with a specific meaning.

A Bound Morpheme is a morpheme that have no meaning, unless it becomes a part of other words. It cannot stand alone.

Examples:

Examples:

Trainer

Talented

Dogs

Papers

United

Replay

Puncher

Cheaper

Eraser

Brighter

Books

Closer

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We also have But what is it?

A Compound Word are two words that are formed together to create a new word with a new meaning. Compound Word is also considered as a Free Morpheme.

Grand + Mother = Grandmother Snow + Ball = Snowball Moon + Light = Moonlight After + Glow = Afterglow Book + Case = Bookcase Book + Worm = Bookworm Fire + Fly = Firefly 7

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bound ✧ Bound Morphology is divided into two classes: Inflectional Morphology and Derivational Morphology. ✧ Inflectional Morphology refers to a word formation wherein we modify a word to express grammatical change without changing the original meaning of the word.

English Inflectional Morphology

Added to

Examples

Nouns

Annaliese have two rings.

— 's (Possessive)

Nouns

Annaliese’s phone is missing.

— er (Comparative)

Adjectives

I have a higher score than her.

— est (Superlative)

Adjectives

She got the highest score.

— s (3rd person Singular Present Tense)

Verbs

Annaliese plays the piano.

— ed (Past Tense)

Verbs

Annaliese played the piano yesterday.

— ing (Progressive)

Verbs

Annaliese is playing the piano.

— en (Past Participle)

Verbs

Annaliese has taken the 4 exam last week.

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— s (Plural)

✧ Derivational Morphology refers to the process of forming a new word from an existing word. ✧ In order to form a new word, an affix is added to an existing word, which is a Bound Morpheme.

Examples: ✧ Adjective to Noun — ness (Slow + Ness = Slowness ✧ Adjective to Verb — ise (Modern + Ise = Modernise ✧ Adjective to Adverb — ly (Personal + Ly = Personally ✧ Noun to Adjective — ful (Hope + Ful = Hopeful ✧ Verb to Noun — ance (Deliver + Ance = Deliverance ✧ Verb to Noun — ion (Protect + Ion = Protection

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Test your

Knowledge Fill in the Blanks: Using the words in the bracket, form a new word by adding affixes that would be appropriate for the statement.

1. I am ________ that I will have a college degree someday. (Hope) 2. She got a better _______ than everyone else because she's from a rich family. (Treat) 3. The government offered _______ for the witness of the controversial crime. (Protect) 4. Lucianna loved ______ since she was a child. (Sing) 5. Their family is ________ in Luzon because her father is the a famous businessman. (Power) 6. Her _______ for the engagement created a huge mess. (Refuse) 7. That part of the forest is ________. (Danger) 8. At this kind of situation, being _____ is a must. (Care) 9. The birthday celebration was_____. (Joy) 10. She had her _______ signed by the teachers and principal. (Clear) 10

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Acronym

✧ An Acronym is an abbreviation made by putting together the initials of one or more words.

SWAT YOLO

Special Weapons and Tactics

PIN

Love of my Life

Personal Identification Number

You Only Live Once

✧ Affixing/Adding is a way of forming or coining a new word by adding affixes to a root word.

Dis + Like =

Dislike

LOML

Affixing / adding

De + Code = Un + Real =

Unreal

Decode

Dis + Connect =

Disconnect 12

✧ Blending / Cannibalizing is a way of forming new word by joining parts of two words after clipping it.

blending / cannibalizing

Sitcom

Spork

Situation and Comedy

Spoon and Fork

Brunch Breakfast and Lunch

borrowing

Emotion and Icon

✧ Borrowing is simply using words from another language with or without retaining the original meaning of the word.

Et cetera

Regret

From Latin

Mosquito From Spain

Emoticon

From France

Alarm

From Italian

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clipping / chipping / truncating

✧ Clipping / Chipping / Truncating is a way of forming a new word by removing a part of a word.

Exam

Memo

Examination

Memorandum

Gator

Flu

Alligator

Influenza

✧ Compounding is a way of forming or coining a new word by putting together two or more words.

Fire + Place =

Note + Book =

Notebook

compounding

Home + Work

= Homework

Fireplace

High + Light =

Highlight

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✧ Converting is changing the parts of speech of a word without changing its spelling.

Converting

✧ Dancing (Verb to Noun) Dancing is what I do whenever I am free.

✧ Noun to Adjective A soccer ball is what he wished for his birthday this year.

He replaced the wood floor with marble.

hybridizing

✧ Verb to Noun Swimming in the ocean is their bonding every summer.

Running is not for Sharon, she always lands on her face.

✧ Hybridizing is putting together one or more words from other languages.

✧ Pasagap ng + Tea = Pasagap ng Tea

✧ Bahala na + Batman = Bahala na si Batman.

✧ Chismosa + Squad = Chismosa Squad

✧ Tambayan ng mga + Macho = Tambayan ng mga Macho

✧ Shoe + Sapatos = Shoepatos

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immortalizing

✧ Immortalizing is simply using people's name in a word or term.

✧ Decibel ✧ Graham Crackers

= named after Sylvester Graham.

✧ Salisbury Steak

= named after James Salisbury.

✧ Bowler Hat

= named after Alexander Graham Bell.

✧ Saxophone

= named after Adolphe Sax.

✧ Einsteinium = named after Albert Einstein.

= named after William Bowler.

✧ Recycling is using a word in a different way, not in its original way.

✧ Bug

= Aside from its known meaning as an insect, Bug is also known as "to bother someone."

✧ Discipline

= Aside from its known meaning as a practice of teaching a person right manners, Discipline is also known as "a branch of knowledge."

recycling

✧ Rose

= Aside from its known meaning as a a flower, a symbol of love, Rose is also known as "standing up."

✧ Bark

= Aside from its known meaning as a sound that dog makes, Bark is also known as "outer covering of a tree."

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Test your

Knowledge Give the meaning of the following famous Acronyms 1. NASA 2. ASAP 3. AWOL4. BTW 5. BRB 6. TTYL7. DEPED8. DPWH9. DOH 10. DOJ -

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I hope you learned something new today!

Submitted by: Magpayo, Shaira Louise S. BSED 1-1 Submitted to: Professor Maureen Bondoc

L Linguistics