50 Years Later. What Have We Learnt after Holmes (1972) and Where Are We Now? by Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica de la ULPGC

50 Years Later. What Have We Learnt after Holmes (1972) and Where Are We Now?

TIBÓN: ESTUDIOS TRADUCTOLÓGICOS

COLECCIÓN

Baigorri, Jesús (USAL); Bernardini, Silvia (U. de Bolonia); Carbonell, Ovidi (USAL); García de Osuna, Alfonso (Hofstra University, NY); Hurtado Albir, Amparo (UAB); Mayoral Asensio, Roberto (UGR); Oittinen, Riitta (U. Tampere); Presas Corbella, Marisa (UAB); Vidal Claramonte, C. África (USAL); Wotjak, Gerd (U. Leipzig); Zarandona Fernández, Juan M. (UVA).

COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO ASESOR

COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO EVALUADOR

Acuña Partal, Carmen (UMA); Agost Canós, Rosa (UJI); Ahrens, Barbara (U. Köln); Alonso Aragúas, Iciar (USAL); Alvstad, Cecilia (U. Oslo); Angelone, Erik (Kent State University); Ariza, Mercedes (FUSP); Arias Torres, Juan Pablo (UMA); Bazzocchi, Gloria (U. Bolonia); Bernabé Caro, Rocío (SDI, Múnich); Botella Tejera, Carla (UA); Chaume, Frederic (UJI); Cruces Colado, Susana (UVIGO); Cuéllar Lázaro, Carmen (UVA); Czulo, Oliver (U. Leipzig); Degasperi, Marisa Helena (U. Federal de Pelotas); del Pozo Triviño, Mª Isabel (Universidad Vigo); Di Giovanni, Elena (U. Macerata); Díaz Cintas, Jorge (London University College); Espasa Borrás, Eva (UVIC); Feria García, Manuel (UGR); Fernandez Padilla, Gonzalo (UAM); Franco Aixelá, Javier (UA); García de Toro, Cristina (UJI); García Izquierdo, Isabel (UJI); Iliescu Gheorghiu, Catalina (UA); Gallardo San Salvador, Natividad (UGR); Guerberof, Ana (University of Surrey); Halverson, Sandra (University of Agder); Hernández Guerrero, María José (UMA); Huertas Barros, Elsa (University of Westminster); Igareda, Paula (UPF); Ilie, Liliana (UCM); Jiménez Crespo, Miguel A. (Rutgers U.); Jiménez Hurtado, Catalina (UGR); Lorenzo García, Lourdes (UVIGO); Marco Borillo, Josep (UJI); Martín Ruano, Rosario (USAL); Matamala, Anna (UAB); Mateo-Martínez Bartolomé, Marta (UNIOVI); Mellinger, Christopher (U. North Caro-lina); Montero Küpper, Silvia (UVIGO); Neves, Joselia (HBKU); Orrego Carmona, David (Aston U.); Payás Puigarnau, Gertrudis (U. Católica de Temuco, Chile); Pegenaute Rodríguez, Luis (UPF); Peña Martín, Salvador (UMA); Rico Pérez, Celia (Universidad de Alcalá); Rodríguez García, Alba (UGB, Senegal); Russo, Mariachiara (U. Bolonia); Ruzicka Kenfel, Velijka (UVIGO); Samson, Richard (UVIC); Sánchez Gijón, Pilar (UAB); Santaemilia Ruiz, José (UV); Santana López, Belén (USAL); Sanz Moreno, Raquel (UV); Spinolo, Nicoletta (Universidad Bolonia); Starr, Kim (U. Surrey); Sun, Sanjun (Beijing Foreign Studies University); Sarmiento Pérez, Marcos (ULPGC); Tabares Plasencia, Encarna (U. Leipzig); Tiselius, Elizabeth (U.Bergen); Tolosa Igualada, Miguel (Universidad de Alicante); Tonin, Raﬀaela (U. Bolonia); Travalia, Caroline (H.W.S. College, Geneva, N.Y.); Valero Cuadra, Pino (UA); Witte, Heidrun (ULPGC); Zabalbeascoa Terran, Patrick (UPF); Zitawi, Jehan (Abu Dhabi U.).

DIRECCIÓN DE LA COLECCIÓN Isabel Pascua Febles (ULPGC)

CONTACTO tibon@ulpgc.es

Javier Franco Aixelá & Christian Olalla-Soler (Eds.)

50 Years Later.

Sara Rovira-Esteva, José Lambert, Ricardo Muñoz Martín, Álvaro Marín García, Sharon O’Brien, Gary Massey, Ineke Crezee, Leona Van Vaerenbergh

2022

What Have We Learnt after Holmes (1972) and Where Are We Now?

Impresión: Talleres Editoriales Cometa, S.A

TIBÓN: ESTUDIOS TRADUCTOLÓGICOS, N.o 4

ISBN 978-84-9042-460-5

Impreso en España. Printed in Spain

Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Cientíﬁca de la ULPGC

COLECCIÓN

THEMA:82.03 CFP, 4CT

Reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de este libro puede reproducirse o trans mitirse por ningún procedimiento electrónico o mecánico, incluyendo fotocopia, grabación magnética o cualquier almacenamiento de información y sistema de recuperación, sin permiso escrito de la Editorial.

Directora de la Colección: Isabel Pascua Febles

1. Traducción e interpretación I. Franco Aixelá, Javier, ed. II. Olalla-Soler, Christian, ed. III.Rovira-Esteva, Sara, coaut. IV. Título: Fifty years later V. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ed. VI. Serie

UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Cientíﬁca 1ª edición. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2022 DepósitoISBN:https://spdc.ulpgc.es/serpubli@ulpgc.es978-84-9042-460-5Legal:GC364-2022Maquetaciónydiseño:

200 p. – (Tibón: estudios traductológicos ; 4)

50 years later : what have we learnt after Holmes (1972) and where are we now? / Javier Franco Aixelá & Christian Olalla-Soler (Eds.) ; Sara Rovira-Esteva … [et al.]. -- Las Palmas de Gran Canaria : Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Cientíﬁca, 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VII.Functionalism in Translation Studies. Theoretical or Applied Studies? Leona Van Vaerenbergh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

V.The Didactics of Professional Translation – A Success Story? Gary Massey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Javier Franco Aixelá & Christian Olalla-Soler. Eds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

INTRODUCTION

VI.Interpreting Studies – From a Basically Didactic Orientation in the Conference Mode to a Multiparadigmatic Object of Study? Ineke Crezee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

BIONOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

I.Fifty Years of Hectic History in Translation Studies Christian Olalla-Soler, Javier Franco Aixelá & Sara Rovira-Esteva . . . . . . . 15

II.The Position of James Holmes in Translation Studies José Lambert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

IV.Translation Technologies – The Dark Horse of Translation? Sharon O’Brien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

III.From the Black Box to Cognitive Translation and Interpreting Studies, but Still Part of the Original Descriptive Translation Studies Ricardo Muñoz Martín & Álvaro Marín García . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Holmes (1972) distinguished two main branches in TS: pure (i.e., research carried out for its own sake) and applied research (concerned with research that seeks to address practical problems). Pure research is further divided into theoretical (i.e., establishing general principles to explain translation phenomena) and descriptive (which aims at describing the phenomena of translating). According to Holmes, descriptive research can be subdivided into product oriented (focused on describing existing translations), process oriented (concerned with the process of translation), and function oriented (oriented towards the description of the translation’s function in the recipient’s context). In the case of theoretical research, Holmes distinguishes between general (i.e., achieving a theory that can globally explain the translation phenomenon) and partial, which is concerned with generating theories that may be applied to speciﬁc translation instances. These speciﬁc phenomena are further labelled as medium restricted (based on the medium used, such as translation performed by humans, by computers, or by a combination of both), area restricted (i.e., the languages or cultures involved), rank restricted (concerned with the level at which translation is performed, such as text, sentence, word, etc.), text type

INTRODUCTION

In 1972, James Stratton Holmes (2 May 1924 – 6 November 1986) presented a paper entitled “The Name and Nature of Translation Studies” in the translation section of the Third Congress of Applied Linguistics, held in Copenhagen. This was the ﬁrst attempt to vertebrate the incipient academic discipline of translation studies (TS) as an autonomous pursuit. The paper was later published in a volume edited by Holmes in 1988, but what catapulted his proposal to fame was Toury’s (1995) transformation of Holmes’ ideas into the map of translation studies (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Toury’s (1995) adaptation of Holmes’ (1972) vertebration of translation studies

In chapter 2, “The Position of James Holmes in Translation Studies”, José Lambert focuses on the position of Holmes in translation studies and outlines the evolution of descriptive translation studies and its current position within the discipline.

The very scope and way of translating has changed dramatically since 1972, and there have been subsequent attempts to revise and extend Holmes’ scheme: van Doorslaer (2007), Vandepitte (2008), and Chesterman (2009), among others. However, Holmes’ scheme is still cited very frequently, and it is now considered to be the foundation of TS as an academic discipline. In addition to its structure, Holmes’ label translation studies was also highly inﬂuential and it is today the most frequent designation in English (see Chapter 1).

Javier Franco Aixelá & Christian Olalla-Soler

Chapter 3, “From the Black Box to Cognitive Translation and Interpreting Studies, but Still Part of the Original Descriptive Translation Studies”, is devoted to cognitive translation and interpreting studies, or process-oriented descriptive research using Holmes’ terminology. Ricardo Muñoz Martín and Álvaro Marín García provide a historical account on the conceptual and methodological development of process research, its relation to translation studies and its contribution to the institutionalization of the discipline.

This volume has been published in 2022, fifty years after Holmes’ influential paper. When devising its contents and structure, we wanted it to be both a tribute to Holmes and a panoramic view of the state of translation studies half a century later. To meet this aim, we identified several areas in Holmes’ map that have experienced a dramatic evolution and change and asked leading scholars in each area to contribute with a chapter reviewing the evolution of that research area and comparing its current state with Holmes’ map. We are extremely grateful to all authors for their excellent contributions, which we briefly introduce in the following paragraphs.

In chapter 4, “Translation Technology – The Dark Horse of Translation?”, Sharon O’Brien discusses the beneﬁts of mapping our discipline, examines the position of translation technology in the discipline and in Holmes’ conceptualisation of translation studies, and provides an evolutionary perspective on research into translation technologies.Chapter5, “The Didactics of Professional Translation – A Success Story?”, is devoted to translation didactics. Here, Gary Massey oﬀers an overview of the evolution of didactics of professional translation. He then focuses on translator competence and the

restricted (focusing on diﬀerent text types and their translation), time restricted (i.e., generating theories on the translation of contemporary texts or texts from previous periods), and problem restricted (which focus on speciﬁc problems of translation phenomena, such as translation equivalence).

In chapter 1, “Fifty Years of Hectic History in Translation Studies”, Christian OlallaSoler, Javier Franco Aixelá and Sara Rovira-Esteva provide a bibliometric overview of the evolution of translation studies since Holmes’ 1972 paper. By comparing the pre- and post-Holmes era, they identify the most productive research topics, the most productive and cited authors of the discipline, the evolution of the languages of publication, and the evolution of academic journals devoted to translation studies.

Holmes distinguished four areas in which applied research could be carried out: translator training, translation aids (i.e., aids for use in translator training and in translation), translation criticism, and translation policy (concerned with deﬁning the role of translation and translators in society).

Introduction11

situated learning and social constructivist approach to translator education. After discussing translator competence assessment proposals, Massey explores the current concerns and future prospects of translator education.

In chapter 6, “Interpreting Studies – From a Basically Didactic Orientation in the Conference Mode to a Multiparadigmatic Object of Study?”, Ineke Crezee explores the bridges between translation studies and interpreting studies based on Holmes’ map. She proposes a map of interpreting studies that mirrors that of Holmes and explores the evolution of each of the areas in the map. The chapter concludes with a reﬂection on the current position of interpreting studies within the discipline of translation & interpreting studies.This volume closes with a chapter on functionalism authored by Leona van Vaerenbergh. In “Functionalism in Translation Studies. Theoretical or Applied Studies?”, the author explores the position of functionalist theories within Holmes’ theoretical research strand. Van Vaerenbergh provides an evolution of functionalist theories and their impact on applied research, such as in translator training. The chapter concludes with a reﬂection of the current use of functionalist theories in translation studies.

There are many areas of Holmes’ map that have not been covered in this volume. However, we hope that readers will find the chapters it contains as enlightening and thought-provoking as we did when editing them. This is a modest contribution and tribute to the ground-breaking work that Holmes published fifty years ago. It has influenced many of us scholars in translation studies, so we wish to extend our thanks to everyone who has helped keeping his work alive during these fifty years, for instance, by citing his work (Figure 2).

HOLMES, James S. 1972. “The Name and Nature of Translation Studies”. In Holmes, James S. (ed.). 1988. Translated!: Papers on Literary Translation & Translation Studies. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 67-80.

TOURY, Gideon. 1995. Descriptive Translation Studies – and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

REFERENCES

The editors of this volume also wish to thank the fourteen reviewers who participated in the editorial process.

CHESTERMAN, Andrew. 2009. “The Name and Nature of Translator Studies”. Hermes: Journal of Language and Communication Studies, 42, pp. 13-22. Available at: https://tidsskrift.dk/her/article/view/96844

Note: larger circles indicate authors that have cited Holmes more often.

Figure 2. Authors who have cited Holmes Source: BITRA (March 2021).

Javier Franco Aixelá & Christian Olalla-Soler

VAN DOORSLAER, Luc. 2007. “Risking conceptual maps: Mapping as a keywords-related tool underlying the online Translation Studies Bibliography”. Target, 19 (2). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 217-233.

VANDEPITTE, Sonia. 2008. “Remapping Translation Studies: Towards a Translation Studies Ontology”. Meta, 53 (3). Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, pp. 569–588.

Introduction13