TWIS 15-21 MAY 25

Air-powered Robot Uses Physics Instead

Of Circuits To Walk On “Tube Legs”

While soft-bodied robots are often simple and cost-effective, their movement typically relies on complex electronic systems. That’s not the case with a new model developed by researchers at the AMOLF institute in the Netherlands, which harnesses a physical principle to move its inflatable legs automatically.

Innovative Design Using Inflatable Tubes

The robot, created by Alberto Comoretto, Mannus Schomaker, and Bas Overvelde, was built in both two- and fourlegged versions. Each leg consists of a loop made from elastomer tubing with a deliberate kink in it.

As the system steadily pumps air into the tube, the kink moves along its length and makes the leg oscillate. This principle also drives the motion of the well-known inflatable “tube dancers” often seen outside businesses.

At first, the robot’s legs move erratically. However, within milliseconds, they begin to coordinate with each other and the terrain, resulting in synchronized movement. On flat surfaces, the robot can travel at an impressive speed of up to 30 body lengths per second—outperforming other air-powered robots.

If the robot stumbles or encounters uneven ground, it quickly regains its rhythm as soon as it picks up speed. Even more remarkably, when it enters water, it instinctively switches to a back-and-forth swimming motion, thanks to the physical properties of liquids.

Physics Over Electronics

“Simple objects, like tubes, can give rise to complex and functional behavior—if we understand how to leverage the underlying physics,” says Associate Professor Overvelde. “There’s no brain, no computer… but

when properly designed, it can outperform many robotic systems and behave like an artificial creature.”

The team envisions using this technology in applications such as microrobots that deliver drugs directly inside the body, energy-efficient assistive exoskeletons, and machines designed to operate in extreme environments where traditional electronics might fail—like outer space.

This Dental Floss Can Reveal Your Stress Levels

of Chronic Stress

Chronic stress is known to cause a range of negative effects on the body—from disrupting sleep and doubling the risk of Alzheimer’s disease to triggering ongoing inflammation. In light of this, scientists have been working on simple and accessible ways to track stress levels as part of daily life, without relying on complex lab tests.

Most of these approaches focus on measuring cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress. In healthy

▶ Credit: Depositphotos

While it’s easy to recognize when we’re under intense stress, identifying low-level, chronic stress that lingers in the background is much more challenging. To help with this, researchers at Tufts University have developed a new type of dental floss that can analyze your saliva and provide insight into your stress levels.

The Biological Impact

amounts, cortisol is essential for regulating several bodily functions, but chronically high levels can lead to problems like weight gain, insulin resistance, and a higher risk of diabetes.

The researchers propose incorporating stress monitoring into a daily dental routine using a floss pick that looks ordinary but is actually fitted with a special microchannel inside

Credit: AMOLF

the floss. This channel directs saliva to a tiny electrochemical sensor embedded in the handle of the device.

How the Sensor Detects Cortisol in Saliva

To build this sensor, the team used a technology called electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer (eMIP). Essentially, they molded the sensor using cortisol molecules and then removed them, leaving behind specific imprints. When the user flosses, saliva flows through the thread and reaches the sensor, where any cortisol present fits into those imprints and produces an electrical signal. The more cortisol that binds, the stronger the signal—indicating a higher stress level. The device then sends this signal to a mobile device like a smartphone.

The process takes about 10 minutes and, during testing, proved to be just as accurate as the ELISA saliva test—one of the current gold standards for cortisol detection. According to the researchers, this makes their device one of the most effective cortisol monitors developed to date.

Potential to Expand Beyond Stress Monitoring

They also envision expanding the technology to detect other biomarkers in saliva, which could make at-home health monitoring part of people’s everyday routines. If brought to market, this

smart dental floss would give users an easy way to keep an eye on their cortisol levels. And if those levels start to rise, they could respond with simple lifestyle or dietary changes—like exercising more, practicing relaxation techniques, cutting back on caffeine, or increasing omega-3 intake. This would be a major improvement over current kits that require collecting blood or urine and mailing it to a lab for analysis.

Watch: New Structures Shrink Instead of Stretching When Pulled

the result of a creative approach that combines geometry and mechanics, devised by scientists at the AMOLF physics institute. The concept may help address unwanted instabilities in various applications.

“This type of behavior — which we’re calling ‘countersnapping’ — has never been observed experimentally before,” said Bas Overvelde, lead researcher of the Soft Robotic Matter group.

“It has the potential to revolutionize how we design everything from medical robotic devices to earthquake-resistant buildings.”

You can see the struc-

Researchers in the Netherlands have developed innovative mechanical structures that, surprisingly, contract — or more precisely, snap inward — rather than expand when pulled.

The Science Behind the Phenomenon

While it may sound counterintuitive, this unexpected behavior is

ture in action in the video below.

Fascinating, right? The countersnapping effect, recently described in the journal PNAS, emerges from the design and assembly of mechanical structures that leverage geometric nonlinearities. The main idea is to create systems with self-intersecting force–displacement relation-

ships — meaning they suddenly contract under increasing tension, or require more force unexpectedly when stretched.

Building the Structures

To achieve this, the team combined three different types of nonlinear mechanical building blocks — each with a specific force-extension behavior — into a network. In the demonstrated example, the components were 3D printed.

These countersnapping structures offer several remarkable mechanical properties:

• Unidirectional stick–slip motion: Unlike regular snapping, which results in back-and-forth motion under cyclic loading, countersnapping produces incremental movement in a single direction.

Switchable stiffness: The structure can shift between different stiffness levels at a specific point, maintaining the same extension and applied force. This design lets users alter the resistance to deformation without changing the system’s size or load. Passive resonance avoidance: Because users can change the stiffness without affecting equilibrium, the structure automatically shifts its natural vibration

▶ Credit: Image courtesy of the researchers _ AMOLF

frequency — helping protect it against harmful vibrations at certain frequencies.

Sequential stiffness switching: When users arrange multiple countersnapping units side-by-side (in parallel), they can adjust the stiffness of each unit one at a time.

Instantaneous collective switching: When connected end-toend (in series), all units can switch simultaneously — like a chain reaction.

The researchers see potential for this technology in protective equipment and prosthetics that switch between soft and rigid states (similar to motorcycle safety gear), vibration damping in buildings and aircraft, and even in soft medical robots that navigate the body safely by advancing forward without slipping backward.

Goodbye Human Coaches The Future of Tennis May Be in This Robot’s Hands

It weighs just 7 kilograms, but it’s powered by an AI trained with over 8,000 hours of professional tennis experience. The Tenniix robotic tennis coach adjusts to your skill level and reacts to your every move. You might remember when Deep Blue beat

world chess champion Garry Kasparov — but forget that. In tennis, AI isn’t trying to defeat us; it’s trying to make us better. The Tenniix robot coach, recently launched on Kickstarter by T-Apex, represents a major leap in a field that had long been stagnant. Instead of just firing balls from a fixed point, this mobile robot follows your movements, analyzes your game, and responds intelligently.

and trajectory based on where the player is and how they move, mimicking the responses of a real-life tennis coach.

The AI has been trained on over 8,000 hours of footage from professional coaching sessions and real matches. It uses a gimbal system to rotate horizontally up to 46° and vertically up to 50°, allowing it to simulate a wide range of strokes — from towering lobs to powerful forehands from

▶ Credit: Futuro prossimo

No wonder it hit its crowdfunding goal in just five minutes. This isn’t just a gadget — it’s a training revolution.

A Robot That Acts Like a Real Tennis Coach

Unlike the standard ball launchers we’re used to, Tenniix is something entirely different. This compact 7-kg robot is packed with advanced capabilities. Equipped with a 1080p camera, it tracks player movement in real time and adjusts its shots accordingly. It doesn’t just shoot balls in predictable patterns — it adapts shot speed, spin,

the baseline.

Not Quite Like Training With Sinner… But Close

Top players like Jannik Sinner have full-time teams and expert coaches — but most amateur players don’t have that luxury. Many struggle to find partners or consistent practice sessions. That’s where Tenniix steps in. With a serve speed of up to 120 km/h, it can challenge even experienced players. What really sets it apart is the ability to customize it with over 1,000 built-in drills. It may not (yet) have Alcaraz’s signature two-handed

backhand or the strategic flexibility of a seasoned human coach, but it offers something no human can: 24/7 availability and unmatched shot consistency. That’s a solid advantage — game point to Tenniix.

How Much Will It Cost?

The robot comes in three versions — Basic, Pro, and Ultra — with Kickstarter prices ranging from $699 to $1,499. The most promoted version, the $999 Pro model (because the mid-tier always gets the spotlight — classic marketing), includes a wristband voice control module and an app to track and store session data.

Imagine what a young Sinner could’ve achieved with access to this kind of technology in the remote valleys of South Tyrol, where high-level training partners aren’t easy to come by. But this is just the beginning.

T-Apex, the San Francisco-based company behind the project, has been developing robotic fitness tools since 2018 with the goal of making professional-grade training more accessible to everyone.

Training’s High-Tech Future

T-Apex isn’t the only player in this space. At Georgia Tech, researchers have created ESTHER — a wheelchair-mounted robot that can also play tennis. But Tenniix stands out for its portability and ease of use. It

holds up to 100 balls, and its battery can last up to four hours — enough for roughly 4,000 serves in one session.

We’re not quite at the point of replacing human tennis coaches — and that’s a good thing — but the trajectory is clear: tennis training is becoming more and more tech-driven. And maybe one day, when the next Grand Slam champion lifts their trophy, we’ll know a little robot coach played a part in shaping that victory.

Anexa

Frikar Pedal-Electric Quadcycle Expands Across Europe

that Podbike now sells in four European countries.

From Podbike to Frikar:

A Brief History

The Frikar was first introduced back in 2017, when it debuted under the name Podbike.

Back then, the company publicly unveiled a prototype of the enclosed, pedal-assisted four-wheeled vehicle for the first time.It was still under development by the Norwegian company Elpedal, which has since rebranded as Podbike.

Fast forward to 2025, and the Frikar is now in production — with Austria and Belgium recently added to its list of active markets. These join Norway and Germany, where the vehicle has

already been available for some time.

The system then delivers this electricity to two hub motors located in the rear wheels.A detachable battery supplements the pedaling power, helping the Frikar reach a top speed of 25 km/h (16 mph), electronically limited for regulatory compliance. The design is somewhat similar to other chainless systems, like Free Drive. The estimated range remains at around 60 km (37 miles) per battery, and there’s capacity to add more batteries for greater distance. The designers built the vehicle to seat one adult and to include space for either 160 liters of cargo or an optional child seat behind the driver.

Weighing in at 100 kg (220.5 lb), the Frikar can support a combined weight of up to 230 kg (507 lb) — including the rider, any child passenger, and luggage.

Comfort and Conve-

nience

Features

If you spot a sleek, futuristic-looking vehicle gliding silently through the streets of Oslo, Berlin, Vienna, or Brussels, take a closer look — someone might be pedaling it. If that’s the case, there’s a strong chance you’ve found the Frikar, a pedal-electric quadcycle

Although the manufacturers equipped the Frikar with pedals, they didn’t include a traditional chain or belt drive. Instead, the rider powers a generator through pedaling.

Electric Power and Performance

Additional features include a full lighting system with blinkers, windshield wiper, interior fan to prevent fogging, side mirrors, a carpeted cabin, and a removable canopy for warmer days.

Prices begin at €10,916 (approximately US$12,204), though this can vary by region. The company expects to deliver vehicles to buyers in Austria and Belgium before July. Unfortunately, North American customers will have to

wait — the Frikar’s fourwheeled design prevents it from being legally classified as an ebike in those markets.

Check out the video below for a look at the production-ready model.

Smartinhaler Delivers Timely, Precise Asthma Treatment

The Hailie Smartinhaler, developed by med-tech company Adherium, helps improve asthma management by making sure inhalers are used properly and on time. It’s been supporting asthma patients in the U.S. since 2017, and now the company aims to bring it to Australians as well.

Asthma affects up to 29% of the global population, causing symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.ing. If not properly managed, it can pose a serious risk of death. In many cases, poor control stems from inconsistent treatment or incorrect inhaler use.

Adherium Limited, an Australian eHealth company specializing in respiratory disease management, created the Hailie Smartinhaler to help asthma patients use their inhalers as effectively as possible.

“I’ve suspected that many asthma patients either don’t take their medication regularly or

▶ Credit: Podbike

use it incorrectly,” said Dr. William McCann, an allergy and immunology expert. “The health outcomes from asthma treatments haven’t been as good as they should be.”

tion, leading to better outcomes and quality of life.”

Study Finds Smartinhaler Boosts Adherence and Reduces Severe Asthma Flare-Ups

▶ Credit: The Hailie Smartinhaler _ Adherium Tracking and Reminding for Effective Asthma Medication Management

The Hailie Smartinhaler features a Bluetooth sensor that attaches to an asthma inhaler, tracking the amount of medication delivered. It also includes an alarm to remind patients when it’s time to take a dose. Real-time updates are sent to the patient’s Hailie app and doctor via the Hailie portal. The device is compatible with all inhalers, whether rescue or preventive.

“This technology reminds patients to use their medication and ensures proper use, improving treatment adherence,” McCann said. “It helps patients, families, and healthcare providers discuss inhaler technique and medica-

A 2014 study in The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology found that Smartinhaler reminders improved treatment adherence in moderate-to-severe asthma patients. It also showed that 11% of Smartinhaler users had severe flareups, compared to 28% in the non-user group.

The Hailie Smartinhaler has been available in the U.S. since 2017, following FDA approval. In 2022, the U.S. began reimbursing Remote Therapeutic Monitoring (RTM) for Smartinhaler patients. This reimbursement program encourages providers to adopt these technologies by offering financial support for delivering remote care.

Adherium Pushes for Smartinhaler Introduction in Australia

Adherium is now advocating for the Smartin-

haler to be introduced in Australia.

“We’ve seen great results in the U.S. and gathered data that highlights Hailie’s value to patients and the healthcare system,” said Adherium’s interim CEO, Jeremy Curnock Cook.“The next step is to conduct demonstration pilots in Australia to show the impact Hailie can have on asthma patients.”

Beyond the clear health benefits for patients, Curnock Cook noted that the Smartinhaler could also lead to savings at both the state and federal levels.

“Our healthcare system in Australia is under strain, and adopting our technology could ease the burden on frontline workers and improve lives,” he said.

“In 2020-21, there were 25,500 asthma-related hospitalizations, costing an estimated AU$851.7 million (US$549 million) in healthcare expenses. We aim to give patients the best chance for better health outcomes and more effective treatment.”

The LA Olympics Confidently Introduces Its Official Air Taxi Partner

Archer has been selected as the official air taxi provider for the 2028 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Los Angeles. According to a press release from the compa-

ny, if all goes according to plan—a significant uncertainty—their Midnight eVTOL aircraft will shuttle VIPs, fans, and key personnel between major event locations, while also assisting with emergency services and security operations. ▶ Credit: Archer A

Leading Contender in the Air Taxi Industry with FAA Approval and Expanding Networks

Archer stands out as one of the more credible contenders in the emerging air taxi industry, being one of only two companies—alongside Joby Aviation—to obtain the FAA’s final airworthiness criteria (though not yet full certification) for its Midnight aircraft. The company recently revealed possible routes for a future service in New York City and has already announced plans for proposed air taxi networks in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Chicago.

Archer’s previously announced plans for a Los Angeles hub likely worked in its favor. The proposed network already featured major LA28 locations such as the Stadium in Inglewood, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, LAX, Hollywood, Orange

County, and Santa Monica.

A Next-Generation Electric Air Taxi with Strong Industry Support and FAA Certification Potential

Midnight operates as an electric air taxi, piloted to carry up to four passengers while generating less noise and fewer emissions than a conventional helicopter. Equipped with 12 tilting rotors, along with a wing and tail, it lifts off vertically like a helicopter before shifting into airplane-style flight, with the rear rotors still contributing to lift. Archer says the aircraft includes “redundant, fault-tolerant systems,” which they believe will help it meet FAA certification standards comparable to those of commercial airlines.

Archer has also secured support from major aviation industry players such as Fiat Chrysler and United Airlines, along with fixed base operators like Signature Aviation and Atlantic Aviation. With this backing, the company may be one of the best-positioned in the air taxi sector to obtain the FAA “type certificate” required to carry passengers. Still, earning approval for a completely new aircraft is a complex and costly process—especially for one that belongs to an entirely new category.

Reptile Fossil Tracks Trigger New Evolutionary Insights

▶ Credit: Pixabay

The appearance of four-limbed animals, or tetrapods, marked a crucial milestone in the evolutionary path of numerous modern species, including humans.

Our latest study in Nature, reveals ancient fossil footprints from Australia that challenge the established timeline of early tetrapod evolution. The findings also indicate that significant chapters of this evolutionary story may have unfolded on the southern supercontinent Gondwana.

This fossil trackway suggests we may have been searching for the origins of modern tetrapods at the wrong point in time—and possibly in the wrong location.

The Earliest Steps On Land

Tetrapods first appeared long ago during the Devonian period, when unusual lobe-finned fish began dragging themselves onto land, likely

ed land mobility.

Most scientists believe that amphibians and amniotes diverged at the beginning of the Carboniferous period, around 355 million years ago. Later, the amniote lineage split into the ancestors of mammals and the group that led to reptiles and birds. Now, this neat picture is unraveling.

An Intriguing Set of Tracks

around 390 million years ago.

These early pioneers eventually branched into two major evolutionary paths. One gave rise to today’s amphibians, like frogs and salamanders. The other evolved into amniotes—animals whose eggs contain amniotic membranes that protect the developing embryo.

Modern amniotes include reptiles, birds, and mammals. With over 27,000 species, they represent the most diverse and successful group of tetrapods. They’ve adapted to almost every land environment, conquered the skies, and many have thrived in aquatic life again.

Despite their dominance today, early amniotes were small and lizard-like in appearance. Their exact origins remain somewhat mysterious. Until now, the earliest tetrapods were believed to be primitive, fish-like creatures like Acanthostega, with limit-

Central to our discovery is a 35-centimeter-wide sandstone slab from Taungurung country, near Mansfield in eastern Victoria.

The slab is marked with the footprints of clawed feet, which can only belong to early amniotes, likely reptiles. This pushes back the origin of amniotes by at least 35 million years. Despite significant differences in size and shape, all amniotes share certain characteristics. A common trait is that limbs with fingers and toes usually have claws, or nails in humans.

In other tetrapod groups, true claws are absent. Even claw-like, hardened toe tips found in some amphibians are very uncommon. Claws leave distinct imprints in footprints, helping identify if a fossil was made by an amniote.

The Earliest Tracks With Claws

The previous oldest fossil evidence of rep-

tiles comes from footprints and bones found in North America and Europe, dating back to around 318 million years ago.

A new discovery in our study also reveals the oldest record of reptile-like tracks in Europe, from Silesia in Poland, which are approximately 328 million years old.

However, the Australian slab is significantly older, with a date range of 359 to 350 million years. It comes from the early Carboniferous period, found in rock formations along the Broken River (Berrepit in the Taungurung language of the local First Nations people).

This region has long been recognized for its rich collection of fossilized fish that lived in lakes and large rivers. Now, for the first time, we get a glimpse of life along the riverbank.

Two fossilized trackways cross the upper surface of the slab, with one path stepping over an isolated footprint facing the opposite direction. The surface is dotted with dimples left by raindrops, indicating a brief shower occurred just before the footprints were made. This confirms that the creatures were moving on dry land.

All the footprints display claw marks, with some showing long scratches where the foot appears to have been dragged along.

The foot shape closely

resembles that of known early reptile tracks, leading us to confidently conclude that the footprints belong to an amniote. Our brief animation below offers a reconstruction of the ancient environment near Mansfield 355 million years ago and illustrates how the tracks were formed.

Revising The Timeline

This discovery significantly alters the timeline for the origin of all tetrapods.

If amniotes had already evolved by the early Carboniferous, as indicated by our fossil, the last common ancestor of amniotes and amphibians must have existed much earlier, in the Devonian period.

By comparing the relative lengths of different branches in DNA-based family trees of living tetrapods, we can estimate the timing of this split. It suggests that the divergence occurred in the late Devonian, potentially as far back as 380 million years ago.

This implies that the late Devonian world was inhabited not only by primitive, fish-like tetrapods and transitional “fishapods” like the well-known Tiktaalik, but also by more advanced forms, including close relatives of modern lineages. So, why haven’t we found their bones?

The location of our slab offers a potential clue.

Major Evolutionary Questions

All other records of Carboniferous amniotes have been found in the northern hemisphere’s ancient landmass, Euramerica, which included present-day North America and Europe. Euramerica also yielded most of the Devonian tetrapod fossils.

In contrast, the new Australian fossils come from Gondwana, a vast southern continent that once included Africa, South America, Antarctica, and India.

Across the vast landmass that stretched from the southern tropics to the South Pole, our small slab is currently the only tetrapod fossil from the earliest part of the Carboniferous.

The Devonian record is only slightly better. The Gondwana fossil record of early tetrapods is surprisingly incomplete, with vast gaps that could hide—well, almost anything.

This discovery raises a significant evolutionary question. Did the first modern tetrapods, our distant ancestors, originate in the temperate Devonian landscapes of southern Gondwana, long before they spread to the sun-drenched semi-deserts and humid swamps of equatorial Euramerica?

It’s very possible. Only further fieldwork, uncovering new Devonian and Carboniferous fossils

from the ancient Gondwana continents, may eventually provide an answer to that question.

U.S. Data Center to use Non-foreign lithium Batteries

A data center developer and a battery startup will debut a new kind of energy storage at a U.S. data center, marking the latest effort by tech firms to address the rising energy demands of artificial intelligence.

Prometheus Hyperscale and XL Batteries will install an organic flow battery at Prometheus’ one-gigawatt Wyoming data center, starting with a pilot in 2027 and expanding by 25 megawatts in 2028 and 2029. Unlike traditional batteries, organic flow batteries use pumped electrolytes—rather than lithium—to store and discharge energy.

U.S. Data Centers Set to Consume More Electricity by 2035

Data centers powering AI and cloud services already consume vast amounts of electricity, and demand is expected to keep rising.

BloombergNEF projects that U.S. data centers will grow from using 3.5% of the nation’s electricity today to 8.6% by 2035.

To meet rising demand, utilities and hyperscalers are exploring options like new gas plants, reactivating nuclear sites, and harnessing geothermal

energy. Both conventional lithium-ion batteries and alternative flow batteries can store renewable energy to help support data center operations.

lithium’s performance without the risk of overheating for use in our data halls,” said Prometheus CEO Trenton Thornock in a statement.

“XL Batteries’ organic

▶ Credit: Pixabay

“We’re seeing limitless demand, and by demonstrating the effectiveness of our technology, we hope this is just the beginning,” said XL CEO Tom Sisto.

A New, Cost-Effective Solution for U.S. Data Centers

No organic flow batteries are publicly known to be in use at U.S. data centers, though undisclosed projects may exist, says Evelina Stoikou of BloombergNEF. XL’s organic flow batteries, using salt water as the electrolyte, are cheaper to produce than vanadium-based systems and don’t rely on foreign lithium. They also offer longer power duration than lithium-ion batteries, according to Sisto.

“We require batteries that match or exceed

flow technology provides a scalable, long-lasting, and non-toxic energy storage option.”

The companies did not disclose the financial details of the agreement.

Prometheus has stated that its Wyoming data center will utilize natural gas along with carbon capture and storage, and the company has also signed a letter of intent for power with Oklo, the advanced nuclear firm supported by Sam Altman.

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Learn more

Climate & Environment

Forests Are Not Just Trees

Some trees form dual partnerships with two types of mycorrhizal fungi, improving survival under stress. Researchers found these trees resist drought, expand into new areas, and thrive in poor soil. It’s like having backup systems underground.

These fungal networks also shape ecosystems, aiding reforestation and biodiversity. As climate stress grows, dual symbiosis could guide future forestry strategies and enhance environmental resilience.

Trust Gap in Climate Science

A global study found that climate scientists are less trusted than scientists in general, though the size of the trust gap varies by country and political orientation. Right-leaning individuals, especially in Western countries, showed lower trust—often shaped by political messaging and fossil fuel interests.

Closing this trust gap is vital. Trust influences public support for climate action. Transparent communication, inclusive engagement, and steady leadership are crucial to converting trust into real policy progress.

Tree Planting Risks in the Arctic

Planting trees in the Arctic can backfire by disturbing carbon-rich permafrost and darkening the surface, which reduces sunlight reflection and accelerates warming. Wildfires and extreme weather also threaten young forests, risking carbon release.

Experts recommend a shift toward holistic strategies, such as supporting herbivore populations that maintain reflective tundra landscapes. Local communities must lead any nature-based climate actions to ensure real and lasting impact.

Public Rejects Sun-Dimming as Climate Solution

Most Britons oppose geoengineering solutions like space sunshades or stratospheric aerosol injections, despite £57 million in research funding from Aria. The public instead prefers natural strategies such as tree planting and reflective surfaces.

Universities are set to test cloud brightening and dust injection, but Aria stresses this is research only, not deployment. With low public support, the focus remains on understanding, not action.

Image Credits: Pixabay

Image Credits: Unsplash

Image Credits: PAUL P from Pixabay

Image Credits: Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

Artificial Intelligence

AI Chatbot Landscape

Overview

OpenAI’s GPT-4.5 boasts improved emotional intelligence and conversational skills, yet faces strong competition. ChatGPT’s Deep Research tool offers fast, expert-level reports, but rivals like Perplexity, Gemini, and Grok also have similar features. Various chatbots excel in unique ways, such as DeepSeek’s creative tasks and Claude’s large context window and vision capabilities.

Google Gemini offers live data and multimodal interaction. Microsoft Copilot embeds AI into Microsoft 365 apps. Perplexity combines chat and search for research. Pi AI focuses on natural conversations. MetaAI taps into social features, while Grok promotes free speech and open models.

AI Tools I Can’t Live Without

I use five AI tools daily alongside ChatGPT for productivity. Notion AI handles emails and content creation, while Mem AI streamlines note-taking. Perplexity delivers clear, sourced search results. Grammarly refines writing and detects AI text. Recall AI summarizes and quizzes content for deeper learning.

These tools boost creativity and efficiency, making daily tasks easier and helping manage large amounts of information seamlessly.

Perceiving AI Creativity

Research shows people judge AI creativity higher when they see the creative process, not just the finished work. Experiments with two robots drawing human-made sketches found that robot appearance does not affect creativity ratings.

This bias reveals how humans perceive creativity and raises ethical concerns about AI design. The study provides a method to evaluate AI creativity, contributing to understanding human-AI interaction as creative AI becomes more common.

Google Gemini Revolution

Google’s Gemini AI will transform interactions with cars, watches, and TVs by enabling natural conversations without strict commands. It supports real-time message editing, multilingual translation, and syncs with key Google apps, rolling out in 2025 for Android Auto, Wear OS, and Google TV.

Some car brands like GM, Rivian, and Tesla won’t support Gemini. Users should check device compatibility and update software to enable Gemini easily via a toggle. The goal is a seamless, hands-free AI assistant experience across devices.

Image Credits: Microsoft_Google_Anthropic via Tom_s Guide

Image Credits: Pete Linforth from Pixabay

Image Credits:

Image Credits: Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

Best Portable Bluetooth Speakers Summary

Portable Bluetooth speakers combine great sound with convenience for music lovers on the go. From tiny, rugged models like Tribit StormBox Micro 2 to feature-rich options like JBL Flip 7, there’s a speaker for every situation. Many offer waterproofing, customizable sound via apps, and long battery life.

Higher-end models such as Bose SoundLink Flex and Marshall Emberton III provide balanced sound and extended playtime, while options like JBL Charge 6 target users seeking bigger sound and durability. This guide helps you find the ideal speaker based on portability, audio quality, and extra features.

Marvel Cinematic Universe Viewing Guide

Experience the entire Marvel Cinematic Universe in perfect order on Disney Plus, where nearly every MCU movie and series is available. The next big release is The Fantastic Four: First Steps on July 25, 2025. Fans can watch the MCU in either release or chronological order for the best experience. The timeline includes movies from Captain America: The First Avenger through Thunderbolts in 2027, alongside key Disney Plus shows like WandaVision and Loki. This viewing guide helps fans follow Marvel’s complex storylines seamlessly across movies and series.

Unearthing Dinosaurs for Walking with Dinosaurs

At a Canadian dig filmed for Walking with Dinosaurs, I carefully uncovered a 73-million-year-old Pachyrhinosaurus bone under palaeontologist Emily Bamforth’s guidance. Pipestone Creek Bonebed is one of the densest dinosaur fossil sites worldwide. The new WWD series, narrated by Bertie Carvel, focuses on individual dinosaurs and uses updated science, like T rex lips and feathered dinosaurs with bright colors. Real environments and practical effects enhance realism, making dinosaurs feel alive and connecting audiences emotionally. The show also promotes palaeontology, drawing fans to the Philip J Currie Museum.

The Sigma BF is a minimalist fullframe camera with excellent build quality and image performance but limited controls. Its unibody aluminum design is unique, yet the lack of grip, hot shoe, and quick setting customization makes handling and shooting slower and less convenient.

While the BF captures stunning photos with a 24MP sensor and strong autofocus, its simplified interface and missing features like exposure meters and image stabilization restrict usability. It shows potential but requires improvements before it can justify its $2,000 price tag.

Image Credits: Marvel

Image Credits: Dann Aragrim from Pixabay

Image Credits: Igor Bonifacic for Engadget

Image Credits: Sebastian Ganso from Pixabay

Sigma BF Camera Review

DID YOU KNOW?

Quantum physics, the science of the very small, has made huge contributions to modern medicine! One of the most amazing applications is in MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). This life-saving imaging technique relies on the principles of quantum mechanics—specifically, how atomic nuclei respond to magnetic fields and radio waves. Without quantum physics, doctors wouldn’t have this powerful, non-invasive tool to look inside the human body and detect diseases like cancer, strokes, and heart problems with such precision.

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YouTube Targets TV ad Dollars with NFL Deal and Creator Content

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At its annual Brandcast event for advertisers, YouTube unveiled several initiatives aimed at drawing more TV ad spending to its platform. Key among them is an expanded partnership with the NFL, including exclusive streaming rights to the league’s first Friday game of the 2025-2026 season. Additionally, YouTube plans to test a new format that helps creators better engage TV viewers with binge-friendly, organized content.

This initiative was initially introduced at YouTube’s Made On YouTube event last September, where CEO Neal Mohan noted a more than 30% yearover-year increase in creators earning most of their revenue from TV viewership. As part of the pilot program, select creators will gain access to a new feature that lets them structure their content into seasons and episodes, mirroring traditional TV shows.

YouTube Positions Itself as the Modern TV Experience for Advertisers

Alongside new initiatives like “shoppable TV” and tools for advertisers to tap into major cultural events such as awards season or The PGA Championship, YouTube is reinforcing its message to advertisers: it’s not just a digital video platform—it’s how people watch TV today.

As part of its expanded NFL partnership, YouTube will exclusively stream the league’s first Friday game in São Paulo, Brazil, to a global audience—marking its debut as a live NFL broadcaster. In the U.S., the game will be available to YouTube TV subscribers. The company highlighted that viewers watched over 350 million hours of NFL content on YouTube last year and that its Super Bowl LIX Flag Football Game stream drew over 6 million live views. The renewed deal also includes multi-year

streaming rights for the Flag Football game.

YouTube Invites Creators to Tailor Content for the Big Screen

YouTube is encouraging creators to bring their content into viewers’ living rooms.

This summer, hundreds of creators in the U.S. will join an initial pilot program aimed at enhancing the TV viewing experience. The program will let them structure their content into seasons and episodes, making it more binge-worthy for big-screen audiences. Participating creators include shows like Michelle Khare’s Challenge Accepted and Good Mythical Morning with Rhett & Link, who will use the new tools to adapt their content for TV-style consumption.

The company is introducing features that allow users to shop directly on YouTube through QR codes and other send-to-phone options, while also leveraging Gemini AI to pair ads with trending, relevant content.

At Brandcast, YouTube showcased case studies from brands such as Volvo, Inspire Brands (Dunkin’), Hilton, and State Farm, highlighting how they’ve used its advertising tools to engage their audiences. The platform also reminded marketers that it has been the leader in streaming watch time in the U.S. for over two

years, surpassing Netflix, Disney, and Prime Video as of March 2025. Additionally, YouTube emphasized its growing focus on podcasts, which now attract over 1 billion monthly active users.

OpenAI Introduces its GPT-4.1 Models to ChatGPT

OpenAI announced on X Wednesday that it is launching its GPT-4.1 and GPT-4.1 mini AI models in ChatGPT.

According to OpenAI spokesperson Shaokyi Amdo, the GPT-4.1 models are designed to assist software engineers using ChatGPT for writing or debugging code. OpenAI claims that GPT-4.1 outperforms GPT-4o in coding and following instructions, while also being faster than its O-series reasoning models.

The company announces that it is now rolling out GPT-4.1 to ChatGPT Plus, Pro, and Team subscribers. At the same time, OpenAI is making GPT-4.1 mini available to both free and paid users of ChatGPT. As part of this update, OpenAI is discontinuing GPT4.0 mini for all users, as mentioned in the release notes for GPT-4.1.

OpenAI Launches GPT4.1 and GPT-4.1 Mini

OpenAI introduced GPT4.1 and GPT-4.1 mini in April, but initially made them available only

through its developer-facing API. The release drew criticism from the AI research community, which argued that OpenAI was lowering its transparency standards by launching GPT-4.1 without a safety report. In response, OpenAI explained that, despite GPT-4.1’s enhanced performance and speed compared to GPT-4o, the model was not considered a frontier model and therefore didn’t require the same safety reporting as more advanced models.

GPT-4.1 and its other AI models. Earlier on Wednesday, the company pledged to publish the results of its internal AI model safety assessments more regularly to improve transparency. These results will be available in OpenAI’s newly launched Safety Evaluations Hub.

The launch of GPT-4.1 in ChatGPT comes amid growing focus on AI coding tools. OpenAI is reportedly close to announcing its $3 billion acquisition of Windsurf,

“GPT-4.1 doesn’t bring new modalities or interaction methods, nor does it exceed O3 in terms of intelligence,” said Johannes Heidecke, OpenAI’s Head of Safety Systems, in a post on X Wednesday. “Therefore, the safety considerations are important but differ from those of frontier models.”

OpenAI Launches Safety Evaluations Hub,

Shares Insights on GPT4.1 and Other AI Models

OpenAI is now sharing more details about

a leading AI coding tool. Earlier on Wednesday, Google updated its Gemini chatbot to integrate more seamlessly with GitHub projects.

Netflix Expands Its Lineup with Addi-

tional Live TV Content

Netflix is expanding its livestreaming offerings, the company revealed during its Upfront presentation on Wednesday. With 94 million global

monthly active users, the platform has gradually added live TV, including WWE wrestling, comedy, award shows, and other events—though not all have been successful.

already available on the platform.

The company also presented its Netflix Ads Suite to advertisers, highlighting new capabilities that integrate

Netflix chief content officer Bela Bajaria announced that the platform will introduce new programming, including the highly anticipated Katie Taylor vs. Amanda Serrano rematch on July 11. Additionally, a new partnership with the NFL will allow Netflix to stream two Christmas Day games: the Dallas Cowboys vs. the Washington Commanders and the Detroit Lions vs. the Minnesota Vikings.

Netflix to Livestream 2026 SAG Awards and Host ‘Tudum 2025

Netflix will broadcast the 32nd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards live on March 1, 2026, and stream its own “Netflix Tudum 2025: The Live Event” later this month.

These additions will complement the weekly WWE event livestreams

first-party data from LiveRamp or Netflix via recently introduced first-party measurement tools. Additionally, the platform is broadening its programmatic ad-buying options. A new ad format powered by generative AI will also tailor ads to align with specific Netflix content.

Along with showcasing its upcoming and returning shows and movies, the company emphasized its strong appeal to Gen Z and millennial audiences, highlighting that Netflix is watched by more 18- to 34-yearolds than any other U.S. broadcast or cable network. It also pointed out that users on the U.S. ad-supported tier watch an average of 41 hours per month.

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Cars & Gadgets

Galaxy S25 Edge Review

The Galaxy S25 Edge is a thin and light smartphone with a 5.8mm profile and 163g weight. It features a Snapdragon 8 Elite chip and a 200MP camera, though not the same sensor as the Ultra. Its battery is slightly smaller than the regular S25’s, but the large display and light weight make it unique.

Designed for users who want a big screen without extra bulk, the S25 Edge follows Samsung’s tradition of premium slim phones like the Galaxy Alpha. It offers a fresh, stylish alternative in Samsung’s lineup, combining design and portability.

Toyota RAV4 Success and Next-Gen Reveal

Toyota sold over 475,000 RAV4s in the U.S. last year, the best-selling SUV for eight years running. The new model, teased ahead of its May 20 reveal, appears larger with updated design features like C-shaped headlights and a more upright profile.

Production will likely stay in the U.S. to avoid tariffs, possibly at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky starting in 2027. Hybrid and plug-in hybrids are confirmed, but the base gas model might be dropped. The RAV4’s strong sales help fund Toyota’s sportier cars and legacy models.

Triumph’s Triple Tribute Edition honors the iconic Slippery Sam racer with a Sapphire Black frame and bold blue and red accents. It features advanced electronics like clutchless shifting, cornering ABS, traction control, and cruise control. The bike uses a Showa 41 mm USD fork, preload-adjustable monoshock, and Michelin Road 5 tires for strong handling.

Powered by a 660cc triple engine producing 79.8 horsepower and 47.2 lb-ft of torque, it balances power with smooth delivery. The seat height and weight make it comfortable for many riders, while an A2 license kit limits power in Europe. This edition combines classic racing heritage with modern performance.

Lit Motors C-1 Electric Motorcycle Update

Lit Motors’ self-balancing C-1 motorcycle prototype, first seen in 2021, used onboard gyroscopes to stay upright but was limited in speed and torque. Although initially planned for 2014 sales, production has been delayed due to gyroscope development challenges.

Now, Lit Motors plans to release a new beta prototype within a year and begin production in 2029, targeting 300,000 units per year by 2034. This marks a major step toward bringing the innovative electric motorcycle closer to market.

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Triumph Trident 660 Triple Tribute Edition

Geometry of Rose Petals

Hebrew University scientists discovered that rose petals’ unique curves result from Mainardi-Codazzi-Peterson (MCP) incompatibility, not the previously accepted Gauss incompatibility. This causes stress along petal edges, forming the sharp cusps typical of roses. The team validated their findings with simulations, experiments, and petal observations.

This discovery could revolutionize the design of self-shaping materials in fields like soft robotics. It highlights how nature employs diverse geometric principles to create complex shapes, offering new insights into biological growth and inspiring advanced biomimetic technologies.

Image Credits: Nature Communications. DOI_ 10.1038_s41467-025-58888-yy

Algebra’s Core Concepts

Algebra involves more than solving polynomial equations. It studies how sets, like clock numbers, behave under operations such as addition and multiplication. Groups are sets combined with an operation satisfying key properties, like closure and inverses. Rings add another operation, multiplication, obeying distributivity. Fields are even more structured rings.

Mathematicians like Évariste Galois, David Hilbert, and Emmy Noether advanced these ideas, showing the deep connections in algebra that underpin many practical applications.

Record-Setting Two-Word Math Paper

In 2004, Conway and Soifer submitted a two-word math paper with drawings, challenging norms of paper length. The American Mathematical Monthly found it too short and suggested adding explanation.

After defending their work, the editors offered to publish it as “boxed filler” to fill blank journal space. Conway and Soifer accepted, and their paper appeared in 2005, setting a record for brevity in mathematics.

Choice Engineering Advances Decision-Making

Choice engineering uses mathematical models to guide decisions more effectively than intuition or psychology. A study led by Prof. Loewenstein and collaborators showed that computational models, especially CATIE, outperform traditional behavioral methods in influencing choices.

This approach offers precise, scalable ways to improve decision-making in diverse fields, though ethical oversight will be critical. The findings highlight the potential of math-based models not only to understand but actively shape human behavior.

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Quantum Realm

Image Credits: Journal of the American Chemical Society. DOI_ 10.1021_jacs.5c03336

Quantum Simulation of Light-Driven Molecular Processes

This study shows a trapped-ion quantum computer can simulate how molecules change after absorbing light, using bosonic modes to efficiently represent vibrations. The approach models rapid quantum effects much faster than classical computers.

By using one ion and laser pulse, it outperforms standard methods, and can simulate environmental interactions, offering a powerful tool for advancing drug discovery, clean energy, and understanding life’s chemistry.

Speeding Up Quantum Measurements Without Losing Accuracy

Researchers created a way to speed up quantum measurements by adding extra qubits, trading system space for measurement time. This enables faster data collection without accuracy loss, breaking the usual trade-off faced by quantum technologies. The technique, developed by a team from the University of Bristol and collaborators, could become standard in quantum computing. Using more qubits is like amplifying signals, allowing quicker and more confident measurements on fragile quantum systems.

Image Credits: SciTechDaily.com

New Theory on Dark Matter’s Origin from Massless Particles

Researchers from Dartmouth propose that dark matter originated from massless, high-energy Dirac fermions after the Big Bang. These particles collided and cooled, gaining mass to form the cold dark matter shaping galaxies. Their theory predicts detectable signatures in the cosmic microwave background radiation, providing a testable method to identify dark matter’s source and offering a fresh approach to a century-old cosmic mystery.

New Quantum Gravity Model Avoids Extra Dimensions

Researchers propose a quantum gravity model without extra dimensions or unknown particles. It treats gravity as four interacting fields, similar to electromagnetism, reproducing general relativity and integrating quantum effects.

This simpler, testable theory avoids prior mathematical problems and could be validated by future quantum gravity experiments, opening new paths in fundamental physics despite current experimental challenges.

Image Credits: Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

Image Credits: Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

Biotech & Genetic

Extended Gastruloid Model Advances Embryonic Research

Image Credits: Nature Methods. DOI_ 10.1038_s41592-025-02669-4

Researchers at the University of Michigan extended the culture period of gastruloids—stem cell models of early embryonic development—beyond two days, enabling observation of mesoderm cell migration and multi-layer formation. They found migration is directed from the cell group’s edge to its center, indicating unknown guiding signals.

The team also identified mesoderm subtypes by gene expression, raising questions about how cell fate is determined. This improved model offers a clearer, ethical way to study early development and could help uncover causes of birth defects like congenital heart disease.

Non-B DNA Structures in Great Ape Genomes

Scientists used new telomere-to-telomere genome data from great apes to identify non-B DNA, alternative DNA structures linked to genome regulation. These motifs are enriched in repetitive regions like telomeres and centromeres, playing roles in replication and gene expression. The study found similar patterns across species, with gorillas showing more motifs. Non-B DNA’s instability may contribute to genome evolution and disorders. While only some structures were experimentally confirmed, this research opens new paths to understanding genome structure beyond sequence alone.

evoCAST Gene-Editing Tool Advances Therapy

evoCAST is a new gene editor that can insert entire genes precisely into human DNA, overcoming limitations of current methods like CRISPR and viral vectors. It originated from bacterial jumping genes and was enhanced using artificial evolution to improve efficiency significantly.

Although evoCAST is promising for diseases like cystic fibrosis, delivery into cells remains a key challenge. Researchers continue to improve the system to make gene therapy safer and more effective across diverse genetic conditions.

Gene-Environment Interactions Shape Disease Risk

Genetics and environment jointly influence chronic diseases. Researchers used UK Biobank data to identify gene-environment interactions affecting traits like white blood cell levels and BMI. They found genetic effects can vary with factors like smoking and activity, and sometimes genetics and environment amplify each other’s effects.

These findings improve understanding of disease biology and may lead to personalized treatments, highlighting that disease risk is shaped through a combination of genes and environment rather than one or the other alone.

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Image Credits: George Lampe (Columbia University Irving Medical Center)

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CORE 2 monitors your real-time thermal data for better performance. Safely and effectively facilitate heat training to boost your haemoglobin mass and VO2 max or monitor your data on race-day so you can cool and pace your effort accordingly.

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Wellness

Playfulness Enhances Resilience and Wellbeing

Research shows playful adults manage stress better and enjoy life more by focusing on positive possibilities while staying realistic. The concept of “lemonading” means creatively turning challenges into opportunities.

Although many adults feel guilty about play, experts recommend simple curiosity activities and hands-on hobbies without pressure. Shifting mindset to see daily tasks as fun adventures fosters resilience, creativity, and lifelong wellbeing.

title Expert Health Rules from Australian Leaders

Top Australian health experts recommend daily movement, balanced nutrition, and mental wellbeing to improve health. They emphasize exercise, fiber-rich diets, and embracing imperfection over perfection. Prioritizing joy, gratitude, and spending time in nature are also key.

Commitment to personal missions, pausing to reflect, and valuing health as an investment support long-term wellbeing. These principles combine to enhance physical and mental health sustainably and meaningfully.

Medical gaslighting, where doctors dismiss symptoms, causes emotional harm and can deter patients from seeking care. A Rutgers study links symptom invalidation to depression, anxiety, and delayed diagnosis in conditions like fibromyalgia and long COVID.

The study urges doctors to communicate uncertainty honestly and advises patients to seek support during appointments. Changing clinical behavior and validating patient experiences are essential to improving health outcomes and trust.

Exercise Maintains Vitamin D in Winter

Research shows that moderate exercise protects vitamin D levels during winter when sunlight is scarce. A 10-week indoor routine helped overweight adults reduce vitamin D decline and preserved the active form 1,25(OH)2D3, essential for bones and immunity.

This study proves exercise alone can prevent winter vitamin D loss, offering benefits beyond supplements. Experts recommend regular activity as a vital strategy for maintaining vitamin D and overall health in colder months.

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Medical Gaslighting Effects

Nutrition

Hidden Dangers in Common Food Additives

American foods often contain additives like emulsifiers and nitrates that may harm health. Emulsifiers, found in many processed foods, can disrupt the gut microbiome and raise risks for diabetes, cancer, and heart disease. Reducing processed food intake and cooking homemade meals can help lower exposure.

Nitrates in processed meats convert into cancer-causing nitrosamines. The WHO links processed meats to colorectal cancer and classifies them as carcinogens. Limiting processed meat, cooking at lower heat, and eating antioxidants help reduce risks. Some “nitrate-free” products still contain harmful nitrates.

Plant vs. Animal Protein for Muscle Building

Research once favored animal protein like whey for muscle growth due to higher muscle protein synthesis, but recent controlled trials show plant proteins can be equally effective if consumed in adequate amounts and balanced meals. A study with 40 participants found vegan and omnivore diets produced similar muscle-building results regardless of protein timing.

While plant proteins may require more calories and careful food combinations to cover essential amino acids, they support muscle gain well. Recommended intake for muscle building is about 1.6 g/kg, with resistance training playing the central role in muscle development and broader health.

Protein Needs for Muscle Maintenance During Cutting

A study of strength-trained athletes found no major differences in muscle or performance among groups eating 0.6, 0.7, or 1 gram of protein per pound of body weight during a calorie deficit. This suggests obsessing over high protein targets isn’t essential for muscle maintenance.

Menno Henselmans recommends around 0.8 grams per pound of body weight, emphasizing consistent training and sufficient protein intake over exact numbers for effective muscle preservation during cutting.

Longevity Diet Principles

The longevity diet focuses on seasonal plant-based foods, legumes, and avoiding processed items to promote health and lifespan. Eating timing aligned with circadian rhythms supports metabolism and cellular repair. Mindful eating in calm settings enhances digestion and hormone balance.

Having a clear life purpose motivates healthier habits and mindful living, making long, thriving life natural and sustainable.

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Fitness

Benefits of Daily Walking

Walking 5,000 steps daily has improved my physical and mental health over five years. It’s accessible, free, and suitable for all fitness levels. Research shows even fewer steps reduce heart disease and mortality risks.

Daily walking boosts mood, supports recovery from running, and aids fat loss and blood sugar control. Enjoyment and variety make it sustainable, while regular outdoor time connects you with nature and supports overall wellbeing.

Fitness and Mortality Risk Reassessment

Research from Uppsala University shows high fitness in late teens lowers risk of death from diseases and random accidents, suggesting previous studies might overestimate benefits. Analysis of 1.1 million Swedish men found strong fitness links to reduced cardiovascular, cancer, and accidental death risks.

Sibling comparisons reveal confounding factors may skew results, highlighting the need for diverse methods to accurately measure fitness’s true effect on mortality. While physical activity remains essential, health policies should rely on precise, well-rounded evidence.

Anti-Bloating and Belly-Slimming Exercises

Fitness coach Mia shared three core-strengthening, full-body stretching exercises to reduce bloating and pelvic tension. These include poses like Bharmanasana and kneeling stretches that promote belly slimming.

Along with exercise, she highlights eating foods like berries, avocado, ginger, and lemon water to combat bloating and fatigue, encouraging a combined approach for better results.

Calorie Deficit and Sustainable Fat Loss

You can technically lose fat eating anything if in a calorie deficit, but food quality affects fullness and nutrition. Whole foods with protein and fiber keep you satisfied longer, unlike many calorie-dense snacks that lead to overeating.

Balancing foods that nourish without causing constant temptation is key. Sustainable fat loss is about mindful choices and habits, not strict elimination or only counting calories.

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Women

Health

Women’s Activity More Predictable Than Men’s

A study in the Journal of Medical Internet Research found women’s physical activity levels are more consistent than men’s, with hormonal cycles having no significant impact. Using Oura ring data from 596 participants, researchers showed that menstrual cycles didn’t increase variability, challenging assumptions that exclude women from exercise studies. The findings advocate for inclusive research, as sex, age, and menstrual cycles didn’t affect data reliability. The authors urge abandoning restrictive criteria to better understand activity patterns across diverse populations.

ADHD Affects Women’s Orgasms

A study in The Journal of Sex Research found women with inattentive ADHD symptoms experience less consistent orgasms during partnered sex. Researchers surveyed 815 women, revealing that inattentive ADHD correlated with lower orgasmic consistency, while hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were linked to higher rates. Medication use and sexual orientation also influenced outcomes, though further research is needed.

The study highlights the need for greater awareness of how ADHD affects women’s sexual health. While limitations include self-reported data, the findings underscore the importance of tailored support for women with ADHD to improve sexual well-being.

Brain Changes Across the Menstrual Cycle

Research shows menstrual hormones reshape brain structure, affecting white matter and cortical thickness beyond typical hormone-sensitive areas. MRI scans during different cycle phases reveal fluctuating hormone levels influence brain volumes and fluid. These structural changes may impact behavior and cognition, though their effects remain unclear. Further study is essential to understand hormone-brain interactions across the lifespan and hormone transitions.

Strength Through Menopause Movement

Exercise helps manage menopause symptoms like weight gain and muscle loss. Niki Wibrow, a fitness coach, recommends strength training, cardio, and yoga to boost bone density, mood, and flexibility.

A tailored routine—including squats, planks, and core work— can combat age-related changes. Focus on form, not intensity, and prioritize consistency. Movement empowers women to navigate menopause with strength and confidence.

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Men Health

Genomics Reveals Equitable Prostate Outcomes

A study of 5,000 veterans with metastatic prostate cancer found Black patients had more immunotherapy targets, while white patients had more DNA repair and androgen receptor mutations. Despite these differences, survival rates were similar with equal care, highlighting the value of precision oncology in equitable treatment.

Leukemia Cells Rely on Taurine—Blocking It Stops Cancer Growth, Study Finds

Scientists at Wilmot Cancer Institute found that leukemia cells depend on taurine, a nutrient in energy drinks and foods. Blocking taurine uptake halted cancer growth, revealing a potential treatment strategy.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC), or “broken heart syndrome,” is a stress-induced heart condition with serious risks. A University of Arizona study (2016–2020) found TC cases rising slightly, with men facing over double the mortality rate of women (11.2% vs. 5.5%). Complications like heart failure and stroke were common, yet TC often goes misdiagnosed.

Researchers urge better detection and early treatment, such as anti-clotting drugs, to curb complications. While emotional stress triggers TC in many cases, physical stressors also play a role—especially in men. The study highlights the need for improved therapies to reduce the persistent 6.5% death rate.

Led by Moffitt, UCLA, and Penn researchers, the study emphasized expanding genomic testing access and diversity in trials. “Equitable precision medicine improves outcomes for all,” said co-senior author Dr. Kara Maxwell.

The findings, published in JAMA Network Open, highlight the need to prioritize tumor biology over race in therapy selection.

The study, published in Nature, shows taurine is supplied by bone marrow cells and fuels leukemia progression. Researchers caution against high-dose supplements in patients while exploring ways to disrupt taurine’s role in cancer metabolism.

Overwork Alters Brain Structure

Working long hours may physically alter brain regions tied to memory, emotion, and problem-solving, a study suggests. Researchers compared MRI scans of overworked healthcare workers to those with standard hours, finding volume differences in 17 areas, including the middle frontal gyrus and insula. These changes could underlie cognitive and emotional challenges reported by overworked individuals.

While the study doesn’t prove causation, it highlights the need for further research and potential workplace policies addressing brain health. The team urges caution but emphasizes integrating neuroscience into occupational safety to safeguard mental and physical well-being.

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Broken Heart Can Kill

Gerontology & Life Extension

Exercise Boosts Older Adults’ Health

Manne Godhe, a Ph.D. student at Karolinska Institutet, will defend his thesis on physical activity in older adults and hip osteoarthritis patients on May 23, 2025. His research confirms that fieldbased fitness tests are reliable, and short-term exercise programs significantly improve strength and endurance. Hip osteoarthritis patients show major recovery post-surgery, reaching activity guidelines within a year.

The findings support exercise in healthcare and community settings, using simple tests to track progress. Godhe plans to refine exercise strategies for older adults and develop practical fitness assessments for clinical use. His work underscores the value of physical activity in aging populations.

Astrocyte Protein Reverses Cognitive Decline

A study in Aging Cell reveals that boosting the astrocyte-secreted protein Hevin improves memory in aging and Alzheimer’s-model mice, independent of amyloid plaques. Researchers linked low Hevin levels to cognitive decline and demonstrated its role in enhancing synaptic function, offering a new therapeutic target.

While promising, the findings rely on mouse models and invasive methods, necessitating further research for human applications. The work underscores astrocytes’ importance in brain health, challenging the amyloid-centric view of Alzheimer’s treatment.

Aging Well, Living Fully

Healthy aging hinges on daily choices, from diet and exercise to mindset. Key strategies include social connection, mindful aging, laughter, skin care, and glucose management. Supplements like CoQ10 and NAD+ support cellular health, while strength training and protein preserve muscle. Prioritize sleep, hydration, and preventative care to maintain vitality. Avoid processed foods, smoking, and excessive screen time. Embrace nature, gratitude, and stress-reducing practices like meditation. With intentional habits, you can age gracefully, celebrating each stage with resilience and joy.

Deep Sleep Loss Raises Dementia Risk

Losing just 1% of slow-wave sleep yearly increases dementia risk by 27% in over-60s, per a 2023 study. Deep sleep aids brain health and may help clear Alzheimer’s-linked proteins. Researchers tracked 346 participants for 17 years, finding that slow-wave sleep declines with age, peaking at 75–80. Each 1% loss raised dementia risk, especially for Alzheimer’s (32%). While the study doesn’t prove causation, slow-wave sleep loss may be a modifiable risk factor. Genetics and cardiovascular health play a role, but more research is needed. Prioritizing deep sleep could support long-term brain health.

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Psychology

Tame Your Midnight Overthinking

An overactive mind at night is common but manageable. Avoid screens before bed—blue light disrupts melatonin, per the Sleep Foundation. Try cognitive shuffling (mixing random words) or journaling to quiet thoughts, as suggested by Psychology Today and the Cleveland Clinic.

For deeper calm, use the 4-7-8 breathing method (inhale-4, hold7, exhale-8), recommended by Harvard Medical School. Skip latenight scrolling, distract your mind, jot down worries, and breathe. Sleep becomes easier with these simple steps.

Master Human Behavior Through Books

Understanding human psychology requires insightful books like The Laws of Human Nature (Robert Greene) and Thinking, Fast and Slow (Daniel Kahneman), which decode behaviour and decision-making. Similarly, Influence (Robert Cialdini) and The Art of Thinking Clearly (Rolf Dobelli) reveal cognitive biases and persuasion tactics.

These works offer more than knowledge—they encourage self-awareness, helping us navigate human interactions with greater clarity and empathy.

Salt Intake and Depression Link

Snapping Fingers: Silent Communication

Finger-snapping is a nonverbal gesture with psychological depth, signaling emotions like frustration, focus, or forgetfulness. It can emphasize points, aid memory, or convey impatience, depending on context and accompanying cues like tone or facial expressions.

While not inherently negative, excessive snapping may distract in professional settings. Recognizing its motivations—whether highlighting ideas or coping with hesitation—helps improve communication clarity and intentionality.

A study found that a high-salt diet in mice caused depression-like behaviors linked to elevated IL17A, a protein tied to depression in humans. Gamma-delta T cells produced much of this protein, and removing them reduced symptoms.

These results suggest salt reduction could prevent mental illness, and targeting IL-17A or γγT cells might offer new depression treatments. This research highlights the broad impact of salt on health beyond heart risks, emphasizing its role in mental health.

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DID YOU KNOW?

While AI can process information faster than any human, it doesn’t truly understand what it’s processing. Unlike humans, AI doesn’t feel emotions, have consciousness, or form personal experiences—everything it “knows” comes from patterns in data, not from living life. So, while AI can simulate thinking, only humans can genuinely feel and reflect.

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May 11

Historical Events:

1928 – General Electric Demonstrates the First Television Broadcast: GE’s early television broadcast marked the beginning of a new era in visual communication and electronic media. This milestone laid the groundwork for the widespread dissemination of scientific knowledge through visual platforms, eventually leading to educational programming, remote learning, and scientific journalism. The underlying technology also fueled advancements in signal processing, image analysis, and cathode-ray tube design, all of which would later contribute to computing and medical imaging.

1981 – Launch of IBM’s First Personal Computer Prototype: Although the official launch came in August, internal testing of IBM’s PC began in May 1981. This machine initiated the home computer revolution, democratizing access to computing power and fundamentally reshaping research across disciplines. It allowed scientists, engineers, and students to model complex equations, analyze data, simulate systems, and share findings at an unprecedented scale, fostering new subfields like computational biology and digital humanities.

Scientist Anniversaries:

1918 – Birth of Richard Feynman: A theoretical physicist renowned for his work in quantum electrodynamics, Feynman’s diagrams and lecture series transformed physics education. His ability to make complex ideas accessible had a lasting impact on science communication, while his involvement in the Manhattan Project and the Challenger investigation reflected his commitment to scientific integrity. He also contributed to early nan-

otechnology concepts, anticipating the manipulation of matter at the atomic level.

1894 – Death of Wilhelm Hofmeister: A German botanist who revealed the alternation of generations in plant life cycles. His meticulous observations bridged the gap between morphology and evolutionary theory, offering a unifying framework for understanding plant development and reproduction, which continues to inform genetics and botany.

Scientific Discoveries:

2016 – Evidence of Gravitational Waves from a Second Merger: Following their landmark first detection in February, LIGO scientists confirmed another black hole merger, further verifying Einstein’s theory of general relativity. These discoveries transformed gravitational wave astronomy into a tool for probing the universe’s most violent events, such as neutron star collisions and cosmic inflation, and opened a new era of multi-messenger astrophysics.

May 12

Historical Events:

1967 – Dr. Christiaan Barnard Begins Preparation for First Heart Transplant: While the historic surgery occurred in December, key experimental preparations and tissue compatibility studies began in May. Barnard’s work catalyzed modern organ transplantation science, pushing the development of immunosuppressants, surgical techniques, and ethical guidelines in bioengineering and regenerative medicine.

2008 – Sichuan Earthquake in China: This devastating event prompted rapid advances in seismology, structural engineering, and emergency response technologies. The disaster under-

scored the need for early warning systems and accelerated the application of satellite imaging, GPS displacement tracking, and AI modeling in natural disaster science, improving global preparedness for seismic threats.

Scientist Anniversaries:

1820 – Birth of Florence Nightingale: A pioneer in nursing and healthcare statistics, Nightingale’s use of data visualization and sanitary reform in battlefield hospitals laid the foundation for epidemiology and evidence-based medicine. Her advocacy led to widespread public health reforms and elevated nursing to a scientific discipline grounded in empirical observation and statistical rigor.

1895 – Birth of Jiddu Krishnamurti: While a philosopher rather than a scientist, Krishnamurti’s dialogues with physicists like David Bohm on consciousness and perception influenced cognitive science debates and interdisciplinary discourse between neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy of mind.

Scientific Discoveries:

2010 – Discovery of a New Hominid Species (Australopithecus sediba): Unearthed in South Africa, this species provided a potential link between earlier Australopithecus and Homo species, reshaping human evolutionary models. The fossil’s advanced hand and pelvic features suggested a unique combination of climbing and bipedal walking, offering critical insight into hominin adaptation and morphology.

May 13

Historical Events:

1888 – Establishment of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences: One of Latin America’s oldest scientific institutions, its founding

marked a national commitment to the advancement of science, technology, and education. Over the decades, the academy played a pivotal role in supporting biodiversity research in the Amazon, developing sustainable agriculture, and integrating Brazil into global research networks in physics, mathematics, and climatology.

1930 – Invention of Neoprene

Announced: DuPont chemist Arnold Collins, under the guidance of Wallace Carothers, synthesized the first artificial rubber, later branded as neoprene. This innovation fueled rapid progress in materials science, leading to chemically resistant, durable, and flexible polymers used in aerospace, medicine, electronics, and oceanography. The event marked a turning point in synthetic chemistry and industrial scalability of engineered materials.

Scientist Anniversaries:

1717 – Birth of Maria Gaetana Agnesi: An Italian mathematician and philosopher, Agnesi was the first woman to write a comprehensive mathematics textbook and the first woman appointed as a mathematics professor at a university. Her treatise on calculus and curves was widely used and respected, and she advocated for women’s education in the sciences, making her a seminal figure in mathematics history.

1882 – Death of Dante Gabriel Rossetti: While better known as a poet and artist, Rossetti’s influence on the Pre-Raphaelite movement intersected with contemporary science by encouraging detailed naturalism and anatomical study in art. His emphasis on observation influenced how Victorian society visualized the natural world, subtly supporting scientific literacy and engagement.

Scientific Discoveries:

2013 – Synthesis of the First Functional Artificial Chromosome in Yeast: Scientists created a synthetic chromosome for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, marking a major breakthrough in synthetic biology. This demonstrated that entire chromosomes could be engineered, assembled, and inserted into cells, paving the way for custom-designed life forms, programmable biology, and applications in biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and environmental remediation.

May 14

Historical Events:

1796 – Edward Jenner Administers the First Smallpox Vaccination: On this day, English physician Edward Jenner performed the first successful vaccination by inoculating eight-year-old James Phipps with material taken from cowpox lesions. This pioneering procedure laid the foundation for modern immunology and led to the eventual eradication of smallpox in 1980.

1804 – Launch of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: Commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark embarked on their expedition to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory. Their journey provided invaluable data on the geography, biology, and ethnography of the American West, significantly contributing to the scientific understanding of the region.

1973 – Launch of Skylab, America’s First Space Station: NASA successfully launched Skylab into orbit, marking a significant milestone in space exploration. Skylab served as a laboratory for scientific experiments in microgravity, solar observations, and biomedical studies, paving the way for future long-duration human spaceflight missions.

Scientist Anniversaries:

1686 – Birth of Gabriel Fahrenheit: Born on this day, Gabriel Fahrenheit was a physicist and engineer best known for developing the Fahrenheit temperature scale and inventing the mercury-in-glass thermometer. His work significantly improved the accuracy of temperature measurements in scientific research.

1904 – Birth of Hans Albert Einstein: The son of Albert Einstein, Hans Albert was a prominent Swiss-American engineer and educator. He made significant contributions to the field of hydraulic engineering, particularly in sediment transport and river mechanics.

1918 – Birth of James D. Hardy: An American surgeon, Hardy led the team that performed the first human lung transplant in 1963 and the first animal-to-human heart transplant in 1964. His pioneering work laid the groundwork for modern organ transplantation techniques.

Scientific Discoveries:

1879 – Discovery of Scandium Oxide by Lars Fredrik Nilson: Swedish chemist Lars Fredrik Nilson discovered scandium oxide (scandia) while analyzing rare-earth minerals. This discovery confirmed Dmitri Mendeleev’s earlier prediction of the element’s existence, validating the periodic table’s predictive power.

1935 – Opening of the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles: The Griffith Observatory opened its doors to the public, providing access to telescopes and exhibits aimed at fostering public interest in astronomy and science education. It has since become an iconic center for astronomical observation and outreach.

Archeology

Image Credits: Fountains Media_Museum

Rare Gold Hoard Revealed

The Museum of Chelmsford has acquired the Great Baddow Hoard—933 gold Iron Age coins possibly tied to Julius Caesar— with a £250,000 grant from The National Lottery Heritage Fund. Dating to 60-20 BC, the hoard sheds light on tribal conflicts in eastern England and will be displayed from 2026.

Discovered in 2020 by an unauthorized detectorist, the hoard was declared Treasure after legal disputes. Funding ensures research, exhibitions, and community programs, allowing locals to engage with this unparalleled piece of Iron Age history.

Java Fossils Rewrite Human History

Recent finds off Java’s coast reveal Homo erectus inhabited Sundaland 140,000 years ago, spreading across its lowlands during low sea levels. Skull fragments and animal fossils suggest they hunted bovids and turtles, possibly learning from other hominin groups.

The research, led by Leiden University, uncovers a savannah-like ecosystem now submerged. Fossils, stored in Bandung’s Geological Museum, date to a glacial period when sea levels were 100 meters lower, offering new insights into early human migration and Southeast Asia’s ancient biodiversity.

Image Credits: Quaternary Environments and Humans. DOI_ 10.1016_j. qeh.2024.100042

Rare Assyrian Gods Relief Discovered

Heidelberg University archaeologists discovered a 5.5-meter relief in Nineveh’s North Palace, depicting King Ashurbanipal with deities Ashur and Ishtar—the first such representation in Assyrian palace art. The 12-ton slab, found in the throne room, was likely overlooked in earlier excavations due to its burial in a Hellenistic-era pit.

Prof. Dr. Aaron Schmitt’s team plans to restore the relief in situ, preserving this rare insight into Assyrian religion. The find underscores Nineveh’s significance as the Neo-Assyrian capital and highlights ongoing contributions to understanding ancient Mesopotamian culture.

Image Credits: Michael Rımmel

Ancient Moroccan Burial Sites Revealed

Archaeologists have uncovered three ancient cemeteries in Morocco’s Tangier Peninsula, including a 4,000-year-old stone burial. Published in the African Archaeological Review, the findings reveal intricate funerary customs and include the first radiocarbon-dated cist burial in northwest Africa.

The study also documented rock engravings and standing stones, suggesting ritual significance. These discoveries highlight the region’s cultural complexity and its role in prehistoric Mediterranean and Atlantic networks, reshaping historical narratives.

Image Credits: Hamza Benattia

of Chelmsford

Space Exploration & Cosmology

Faster Uranus mission via aerocapture

Aerocapture technology, like that used in Curiosity’s Mars landing, could slash travel time to Uranus and boost payload capacity for the proposed Uranus Orbiter and Probe (UOP). NASA’s Andrew Gomez-Delrio suggests modifying existing systems, avoiding costly new development.

The mission’s Thermal Protective System (TPS) would enable atmospheric braking before orbital insertion. Despite UOP’s high priority, funding remains uncertain, but ongoing research aims to advance its feasibility for future exploration.

Indian Satellite Launch Fails

India’s EOS-09 Earth observation satellite mission failed after the PSLV-C61 launch vehicle experienced a technical issue during its third stage, officials said. The Indian Space Research Organisation attributed the failure to a drop in chamber pressure.

Active in space since the 1960s, India has achieved milestones like a Mars orbiter (2014) and a historic 2023 moon landing near the south pole—a mission hailed as a technological breakthrough.

NASA’s

PUNCH Mission

Reveals Sun’s Outer Atmosphere

NASA’s PUNCH mission uses four spacecraft to image the Sun’s corona and solar wind in 3D, employing polarized light to capture full-color views. Early images confirmed instruments are working and revealed zodiacal light and star clusters.

The mission’s data will improve understanding of how the Sun’s outer atmosphere transforms into solar wind, shedding light on space weather and the Sun’s influence throughout the solar system.

Ancient Solar Storm Shattered Records

Around 14,300 years ago, Earth endured the most intense solar storm on record—500 times stronger than modern events—revealed by ancient tree rings and ice cores. Using the SOCOL:14C-Ex model, researchers confirmed this 12,350 BCE event was caused by an extreme solar outburst, leaving a unique carbon-14 spike.

Unlike later storms, this occurred outside the Holocene, requiring a new model for analysis. The findings, critical for assessing future risks, highlight the potential threat to satellites, power grids, and communications from similar solar activity. “This sets a new worst-case scenario,” says space physicist Kseniia Golubenko.

Image Credits: Joseph Woodall from Pixabay

Image Credits: Indian Space Research Organization via AP

Image Credits: Gomez-Delrio et al

Image Credits: NASA_SwRI

Engineering, Robotics & IT

Octopus-Inspired Fluid-Sensing Robot

Quantum Annealing Outperforms Classical Methods

USC researchers have demonstrated quantum advantage using a D-Wave processor, showing quantum annealing can solve optimization problems faster than classical methods. By focusing on near-optimal solutions and employing error correction, they outperformed leading algorithms, as published in Physical Review Letters.

The study, led by Daniel Lidar, highlights practical applications in finance and logistics. Future work will explore higher-dimensional problems and improved error suppression to further advance quantum optimization.

Researchers at the University of Bristol have developed a soft robot that uses fluid-based suction to move and sense like an octopus. The system, detailed in Science Robotics, enables grasping, environmental detection, and force estimation without electronics, relying on “embodied suction intelligence.”

This low-cost approach could lead to safer, more adaptive robots for agriculture, medicine, and wearables. The team is now optimizing the design for real-world use and plans to incorporate AI for smarter decision-making. According to lead author Tianqi Yue, the technology mimics an octopus’s natural abilities, making robots more intuitive.

Image Credits: Tianqi Yue

Brain-Like Device Boosts AI

RMIT scientists have developed a neuromorphic device that mimics the brain, enabling fast, energy-efficient visual processing for robotics and autonomous vehicles. Using molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), it detects light, stores memories, and processes data like neurons, outperforming power-hungry digital systems.

The team aims to scale the technology for real-world use, enhancing response times in AI and robotics. Future research includes hybrid analog-digital systems and expanding into infrared sensing for environmental monitoring and hazard detection.

Advancing Humanoid Robotics with NVIDIA

NVIDIA’s COMPUTEX 2025 announcements, including the GR00T N1.5 model and GR00TDreams, aim to revolutionize humanoid robotics by slashing training time and costs. Enhanced simulation tools like Isaac Sim 5.0 and Cosmos Predict 2, alongside Blackwell-powered hardware, accelerate real-world deployment.

Leading firms like Boston Dynamics and NEURA Robotics are already leveraging NVIDIA’s ecosystem. CEO Jensen Huang envisions these advancements driving the next industrial revolution, combining AI, simulation, and high-performance hardware for intelligent, adaptable robots.

Image Credits: D-Wave Quantum Inc

Image Credits: NVIDIA Isaac

Image Credits: Will Wright, RMIT University

LEMMY

Lemmy is a companion care robot designed through a consortium with Shinsung Delta Tech, UNIST, and JDW to address the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes experienced by elderly individuals. Lemmy supports independent and fulfilling living by providing essential services and functionalities tailored to each user’s needs. Buy now Antimatter:

Composed of particles that are the opposites of normal matter, with opposite charges. When antimatter meets matter, they annihilate each other, releasing energy.

The Evolution of Consciousness

You’re reading this article right now, probably sipping coffee or procrastinating some adult responsibility, fully aware that you’re a conscious being having a conscious experience. But how did this remarkable trick of awareness evolve? Why did evolution, with all its cold efficiency and fondness for slime molds and sea cucumbers, take the scenic route to create minds that can write symphonies, do calculus, or spiral into existential dread at 3 a.m.?

Welcome to the strange, wonderful, and still-unfolding story of the evolution of consciousness—a tale of neurons, natural selection, and the baffling reality that a lump of wet, fatty tissue inside your skull somehow became self-aware. What Is Consciousness, Anyway?

Before diving into evolutionary timelines and animal minds, we have to wrestle (gently) with a basic question: what are we even talking about? Consciousness, at its core, is the awareness of awareness. It’s the sense of being “you”—having thoughts, emotions, perceptions, and the ability to reflect on them. Scientists call this phenomenal consciousness, the “what it feels like” part of experience. There’s also access consciousness, which refers to the

brain’s ability to access and use information, like recalling your PIN number or deciding not to eat another entire cake.

And then there’s self-consciousness, which is what happens when you realize everyone in the elevator is looking at you.

Some researchers also distinguish between minimal consciousness, where an organism can respond to stimuli, and reflective consciousness, which involves self-reflection and abstract thought. These distinctions are useful, especially when we start talking about octopuses, parrots, and babies.

From Slime to Self-Awareness: The Evolutionary Timeline

To understand how consciousness evolved, we have to go way back. Not just pre-human or pre-mammal—preanything-with-a-brain. We’re talking about over half a billion years ago, when life was a soup of single-celled organisms floating around doing their best impression of algae.

The earliest nervous systems likely evolved around 600 million years ago. They were simple—no brain, just nerve nets, like those found in jellyfish today. These networks helped early animals respond to stimuli, like light or pressure. Not consciousness yet, but an essential first step.

As animals became

more complex, so did their nervous systems. Fast forward to vertebrates, and we see the emergence of brains, sensory processing, and more advanced behaviors. With mammals, especially primates, we see increasingly sophisticated cognitive functions— memory, decision-making, social behavior, and maybe even the roots of consciousness.

The Cambrian explosion, around 540 million years ago, marked a burst of evolutionary innovation. Animals developed eyes, limbs, and centralized brains. These changes laid the groundwork for more complex forms of perception and response—eventually leading to internal representation of the external world.

The big leap? Some-

where between 500 million and 2 million years ago, consciousness—as the awareness of subjective experience—may have emerged. But did it appear suddenly, like software booting up? Or did it evolve gradually, like the development of vision or hearing?

Most scientists lean toward the gradual view. Consciousness likely evolved incrementally, with layers of awareness stacking on top of earlier biological systems. From simple stimulus response, to basic perception, to the rich, recursive self-awareness humans enjoy today—each step shaped by natural selection.

Some researchers suggest consciousness first emerged as a kind of internal simulator. Early animals that could mod-

el outcomes internally—rather than reacting purely by instinct—had an evolutionary edge. Being able to “imagine” escaping before you’re eaten? Very handy. Who Else Is Conscious?

We humans like to think we’re the main characters in evolution’s grand story. But a growing body of research suggests that other species may also experience some form of consciousness.

Octopuses, for example, show problem-solving, play behavior, and even individual personalities. They can escape from jars, navigate mazes, and seem to get bored. Their nervous systems are radically different—twothirds of their neurons are in their arms—yet they display behaviors

that hint at awareness.

Birds like crows and parrots can use tools, recognize themselves in mirrors, and solve logic puzzles that would humble a toddler. Corvids have passed the “mirror test,” which suggests some form of self-awareness.

Even elephants, dolphins, and certain primates show strong signs of self-awareness. Elephants mourn their dead, dolphins recognize themselves, and chimpanzees can deceive others—suggesting they model the minds of others.

Does this mean they’re conscious like us? Not exactly. But many scientists believe that consciousness exists on a spectrum—what some call a “graded conscious-

ness” model. So while a chimp might not write poetry about lost love, it may still feel fear, joy, grief, and possess a rudimentary sense of self.

Surprisingly, some insects exhibit complex behaviors. Bees can count, solve simple puzzles, and recognize individual flowers and human faces. Ants can organize armies and build complex structures. Are these signs of consciousness? It’s debated, but the line between instinct and awareness is blurrier than we thought.

The Brain’s Theater: How Consciousness Works

One of the most popular scientific metaphors for consciousness is the “global workspace” theory. Imagine your brain as a vast office building. Many departments (vision, hearing, memory, emotions) are working simultaneously. Most of the processing happens unconsciously—your visual system processes shapes and light before you “see” anything.

But when something important needs attention—say, a fire alarm or a deadline—your brain’s “global workspace” lights up. This central spotlight broadcasts information to the rest of your brain, and voilà: you become conscious of it. This model helps explain how consciousness might have evolved: as a way to coordinate multiple neural systems and focus resources on important tasks.

Another theory, Integrated Information Theory (IIT), takes a different approach. It suggests that consciousness arises from the level of integration and complexity in a system’s information processing. In other words, it’s not just what your brain does, but how interconnected its activity is.

The theory provides a measure, called Phi, which quantifies the degree of consciousness. The higher the Phi, the more conscious the system. IIT has critics, but it’s one of the few attempts to create a rigorous mathematical model of consciousness.

The Higher Order Thought (HOT) theory suggests that consciousness arises when we not only have thoughts, but thoughts about those thoughts. This meta-cognition, or reflective awareness, is central to self-consciousness and may distinguish humans from other species.

There’s also predictive processing theory, which views the brain as a prediction machine constantly generating hypotheses about the world. Consciousness arises when predictions meet—or clash with— sensory input, leading to updates in our internal model of reality.

Surprising Twists in Consciousness Evolution

Let’s dig into some weird, delightful, and

eyebrow-raising aspects of consciousness that researchers have uncovered:

Split-brain patients, who have had the connection between the two brain hemispheres severed, often behave as if they have two separate conscious minds in one body. Does this mean you can have multiple consciousnesses in one skull? Maybe.

Dreaming is one of the most mysterious features of consciousness. Our brains create entire realities every night, often without our consent. Some scientists argue that dreams represent a form of “offline consciousness” that evolved for rehearsal, creativity, or memory consolidation.

• Psychedelic substances, like psilocybin and LSD, dramatically alter consciousness, suggesting our usual perception is only one version of reality. Some neuroscientists argue that studying these altered states might help us understand the “default” state of consciousness.

• Children don’t seem fully self-aware until around age 3 or 4. Studies using mirror recognition and language suggest that self-consciousness emerges gradually, perhaps mimicking evolutionary steps.

• Some philosophers and neuroscientists believe consciousness might be more widespread than we think—perhaps even in basic life forms or artificial systems. This idea, called panpsychism, is controversial but gaining traction.

Why Did Consciousness Evolve?

Here’s the million-dollar evolutionary question: if a worm can survive without wondering about the meaning of life, why did nature go to the trouble of producing minds like ours?

Meditation and mindfulness practices have measurable effects on brain activity and may offer clues into how attention and awareness are regulated. Long-term meditators show changes in areas linked to emotional regulation and meta-cognition.

The leading theory is that consciousness confers an adaptive advantage. Being able to model the world, simulate outcomes, and make decisions in complex environments is incredibly useful. If you can reflect on your thoughts, consider other minds, and plan for the future, you’re more likely to survive—and perhaps even start a philosophy podcast.

In social animals like primates and humans, consciousness also helps with social navigation. Understanding others’ emotions, intentions, and beliefs gives you a leg up in cooperation, competition, and romance.

Some theorists argue that consciousness emerged not for logic or tool use, but for navigating social complexity. Evolutionary psychologist Robin Dunbar proposed that our large brains evolved to handle social group sizes and dynamics—what he calls the “social brain hypothesis.”

Others suggest that language and storytelling accelerated consciousness by giving us tools to describe our experiences and imagine others’. The ability to tell stories, to share dreams and ideas, may have helped consciousness coalesce into the rich inner world we now inhabit.

Consciousness: Still the Final Frontier

Despite all our progress, consciousness remains one of the greatest mysteries of science. We can describe its effects, detect its correlates in the brain, and even alter it with technology or drugs. But how and why subjective experience emerges from biology is still unknown.

Some philosophers

argue it never will be explained—that it’s a category error, like trying to measure color with a thermometer. Others believe we’re just a few breakthroughs away from cracking the code. Future research may combine neuroscience, computer science, and philosophy in new ways. The development of brain-computer interfaces, artificial intelligence, and neuroimaging may help us map consciousness more precisely—or even recreate it in machines.

For now, consciousness remains the most intimate and perplexing part of the human condition. It lets us fall in love, compose symphonies, worry about the future, and—yes—write and read articles like this one.

And that, perhaps, is the most miraculous thing of all.

Parenting & Relationship

Lead Well, Build Resilient Teams

Paula Davis, CEO of the Stress & Resilience Institute, is a burnout prevention expert. Her book Lead Well outlines five leadership strategies: “sticky recognition” (meaningful praise), fulfilling autonomy-belonging-challenge needs, ensuring workload sustainability, building team resilience, and aligning values.

Small actions—like explaining why work matters or debriefing minor setbacks—strengthen engagement. Leaders must model values, clarify roles, and foster connections to sustain high performance. Davis shifts the focus from individual coping to systemic solutions for thriving teams.

Pride and Awe Enrich Parenting

A new study reveals parental pride and awe boost well-being: pride increases life satisfaction, while awe enhances meaning and psychological richness. Researchers found these emotions, studied via surveys and experiments, help parents find fulfillment despite challenges. Pride arises from a child’s achievements; awe stems from shared moments of wonder. The findings highlight parenting’s emotional rewards, though longterm awe effects and child impacts remain unexplored.

Rethinking Discipline for Healthier Childhoods

A social media trend shows children rephrasing toxic parenting quotes, reflecting a shift toward gentler methods. Experts confirm verbal and physical punishment harm children’s development, yet smacking remains legal in parts of the UK.

Critics dismiss modern parenting, but breaking cycles of abuse requires change.

Couples’ Sleep Closeness Boosts Bond

A study in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships found that heterosexual couples sleeping closer at onset reported lower stress and less insecure attachment, though individual sleep preferences didn’t influence shared positions. Surveys of 143 couples revealed closer positions (spooning, intertwined) correlated with better relationship metrics but not sleep quality.

Researchers noted cuddling may benefit relational functioning, but the study’s design prevents causal claims.

Image Credits: Olya Adamovich from Pixabay

Image Credits: Freepik

Image Credits: Marcin from Pixabay

Image Credits: Daniel Mena from Pixabay

Investiments & Finanace

Stock Market Whipsawed by Tariffs and Economic Uncertainty

Stocks tumbled near bear-market territory after Trump’s tariffs erased trillions in value. A delayed rollout triggered a brief rebound, but volatility persists. Tariff confusion, economic slowdown, and wavering Fed policies raise recession risks.

Experts urge investors to stay diversified, hold strong on longterm plans, and consider defensive sectors. Despite lowered forecasts, patience and balance remain key in navigating ongoing trade turbulence.

Investing in Volatile Markets

Despite economic uncertainty, rising yields across short-term, municipal, and high-yield bonds present income opportunities. Strategies emphasizing short durations and strong credit analysis reduce risk while maximizing returns.

Nick Jonas, after nearly a third of his life investing, looks for companies with meaningful stories and interesting leaders. He has backed Ember Technologies, Olipop, and Magic Spoon, emphasizing that manufactured stories don’t attract him. For Jonas, the people running the business matter as much as the ideas.

He wants a personal connection with the product and prefers to be involved in strategy, not just funding. His brother Joe shares this mindset, focusing on longterm growth and patience. Joe noted that early investors in Facebook and Instagram who sold quickly missed out on bigger rewards, highlighting the value of nurturing investments and relationships.

Warren Buffett Warns of Future Market Volatility

Warren Buffett, now Berkshire Hathaway’s chairman, foresees a severe market downturn in the next 20 years. Though not tied to a specific year, he says dramatic sell-offs are inevitable due to the complexity of global markets and historical patterns.

He urges investors to remain calm, maintain cash reserves, and buy when prices drop. Crashes are part of long-term investing, and being ready will allow investors to thrive despite volatility.

Image Credits: Moondance from Pixabay

Image Credits: ImagineThatStudio from Pixabay

Image Credits: Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay

Image Credits: Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

Nick Jonas’s Investment Approach

Retirement

Managing Inflation Risk in Retirement

Inflation is a major retirement risk that quietly erodes income value over time, especially for those on fixed incomes. Historical inflation spikes and rising healthcare costs intensify this challenge. Experts recommend strategies like investing in value stocks, natural resource equities, TIPS, and delaying Social Security to protect against inflation.

Understanding personal spending and adapting expenses thoughtfully can help retirees manage inflation risk without drastic changes. Research indicates spending tends to decline during retirement, suggesting many retirees may overestimate how much they need to save. Adjusting plans for these trends allows for better risk management and potentially less oversaving.

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Whole Grains for Better Health After 65 Planning for Long-Term Care in Retirement

Whole grains like oats, quinoa, and brown rice offer retirees improved digestion, energy, and disease prevention. They’re rich in fiber and nutrients, unlike refined grains which lack the bran and germ.

Integrate whole grains gradually—overnight oats for breakfast, quinoa bowls for lunch, and stirfries over brown rice for dinner. These small changes support gut health, steady blood sugar, and long-term wellness.

With 70% of retirees needing long-term care, costs can hit $11,000 a month and aren’t covered by Medicare. A solid plan is critical to avoid burdening your family or draining your estate.

Options include self-insurance, asset-based care via annuities or life insurance, or traditional insurance. Each has pros and trade-offs, so start planning before age 60 to protect your future.

Single Americans Face Unique Retirement Challenges

Single investors face greater financial pressure than couples due to relying on one income and missing spousal benefits. Many haven’t saved enough—nearly half say they need $600,000 for retirement, but only 18% have reached $500,000.

Fewer singles diversify or work with advisors, despite clear benefits. Advisors play a key role in helping them plan for taxes, withdrawals, and Social Security, highlighting the importance of tailored support for this growing demographic.

Image Credits: Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

Image Credits: Tumisu from Pixabay

Image Credits: Tumisu from Pixabay

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from Pixabay

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