Capacity Building for Tourism Infrastructure : A case of Tourism influenced regions in Uttar Pradesh

DISSERTATION

Capacity Building for Tourism infrastructure

Case of Tourism influenced Regions in Uttar Pradesh

-APresentation

by: Sayan Munshi IIIrd Sem, MURP FOAP, AKTU, Lucknow

by: Dr. Subrajit Banerjee FOAP, AKTU, Lucknow

Introduction and Background

• Tourism is an integral pillar of the Make in India program.

• Tourism plays a role of significant economic multiplier in the states which acts as a host.

• As per the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 recognized its importance as "an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational, and economic sectors of national societies, and on their international relations.”

• Tourism boosts the revenue of the economy, creates thousands of jobs, tend to develop the infrastructures of a country, and plants a sense of cultural exchange between foreigners and citizens.

Impacts of Tourism:

• As an impact the tourism industry tends to create a pressure on the existing infrastructure of a city, town or region and consume resources. Resources in the domain of infrastructure include the management of Solid waste, water supply, transportation, Housing and a mass migration of population from the surrounding area to the core area of tourism disturbs the balance of the area and tends to a deteriorate the quality of life of the residents.

• The load on the infrastructure can vary as per the tourist cycle thought the year as per the season of inflow of tourist depending on the destination and the travel pattern

• A number of organizations such as the United Nations World Tourism organization regulated the norms for the countries to operate and regulate tourism.

Tourism Infrastructure

Tourism infrastructure is the basis of tourism development and utilization of existing destination resources.

Tourism Infrastructure

Hypothesis,

Aim, Objective and Need of the Study

Need for the Study

1. Due to the influx of tourism in the cities a load on the infrastructure and services can be observed, specifically in the Physical Infrastructure sectors.

2. Due to floating population in the designated tourism core of the Urban / Peri-Urban area, issues pertaining to Solid waste management and Transportation is highly observed.

3. Thus, a need of capacity building arises for the infrastructure impacted by tourism, which may result in the upgradation of the lifestyle of the city and its permanent users.

Aim:

To formulate a comprehensive model for capacity building related to tourism infrastructure.

Objectives:

1. To identify various tourism related infrastructure determinants.

2. To study the impact of determinants of infrastructure by the tourism industry.

3. To suggest an equational model to improve the tourism potential of the area by capacity building.

Scope, Limitation and Research Question

Scope:

a) To find and Analyze effect of tourism on an area.

b) Cultural tourism will be focused.

c) To find ways to augment the Existing infrastructure and find possible solution by capacity Building.

d) To develop a Structural Equation for Tourism Infrastructure.

Limitations:

a) Study will be limited to Urban Areas.

b) Study would focus on components/determinants of Infrastructure and its upgradation.

c) The study will be limited to a sub category of Inbound tourists.

d) The study will be limited to Tourism Circuits of Uttar Pradesh.

e) Economic aspects of tourism is not included.

Research Questions:

a) How does Capacity building help in strengthening and upgrading the Tourism Specific Infrastructure of an area or Region under tourism influx?

•

•

•

•

•

• Identification of determinant specific issues.

• Analysis of Load on infrastructure due to Floating Population

• Identification of Gaps

• Data collection based on Frameworks and Policies related to Tourism

• Formulation of Framework based on Infrastructural

• Suggestion of Augmentation possibilities for development of Tourism specific model for Medium towns

BACKGROUND: Capacity Building for Tourism infrastructure

DEFINITION OF CAPACITY BUILDING

.

As per the United Nations, Capacity-building is defined as the process of developing and strengthening the skills, instincts, abilities, processes and resources that organizations and communities need to survive, adapt, and thrive in a fast-changing world.

TOURISM AND INDUSTRY

A large segment of people are involved directly and indirectly in the tourism industry who provide service to cater the industry but lack basic facilities.

UNWTO, is the specialized agency entrusted with the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism.

The organization formulated guidelines for upgradation of destination with Basic Infrastructure services such as :

• Transportation

• Solid waste Management

• Clean and Portable water supply

• Good Telecommunication Services

DESTINATIONS

As per UNWTO, Destinations are places that have constructed an amalgam of tourist products and services. The destinations are well defined geographically and understood by the tourists as unique entities and exhibit several core provisions.

TOURISM POTENTIAL

The sum of the natural, anthropogenic and material resources and conditions necessary for a destination management.

ASSUMPTIONS

DESTINATION ATTRACTIVENESS: A Case of Vietnam

A case of Vietnam is Studied as provided in a research by Huong T.T. Hoang of Vietnam National University (VNU). Vietnam is part of the Southeast Asian monsoon zone. The country stretches over a long narrow territory with various landscapes and seascapes such as mountains, hills, river deltas, coasts, beaches, and sea water bodies.

Amulti criteria evaluation was done with the following variable:

DESTINATION ATTRACTIVENESS: A Case of Vietnam

Based on Accessibility, the Map shows the major connecting areas in the region.

The interpretation of the data is ranged between the following values for the purpose of evaluation

Consistency index was calculated with lvalue The average consistencies of random matrices was incorporated to provide a weighted average to each destination

Based on the Tourism infrastructure, The following Alias of infra are identified to determine tourism potential:

• Transport Infrastructure

• Solid Waste Generation

• Standards ofAccommodation

• Nature ofAttractiveness (a)

METHOD

Multi Liner Regression is a statistical technique that can be used to analyze the relationship between a single dependent variable and several independent variables.

Questionnaires can be prepared to analyze the current case and determine the User need, however the questionnaires that are to be

floated would be subjected to Relatability test using Cronbach Alpha coeff.

Multiple linear models will be used as a summation to constitute for a equation

A base line formula will be derived as a summation of all the variables with their coeff.

FORMATION PRINCIPLE

Tourism Potential = Potential Aspects of Transportation + Potential Aspects of Solid waste generation + Potential Aspects of Accommodation

Coeff.

Potential

Determinants/ Variable

Number of Variable (n)

LITERATURE REVIEW

The Process of literature review:

• Each head has a number of papers.

• Variable for analysis has been enumerated from each Manuscript.

• Analysis process has been identified and noted for further study.

Paper aims at community capacity building and finding relation between following varrible. stimulating change in social, cultural, environmental and economic dimensions, where tourism activities have had a close connection

Shiraj, S-W Iran MLR

participation (7 items), community leadership (6 items), community structure (5 items), skill and knowledge (5 items), community power (5 items), sense of community (7 items), resource mobilization (5 items) external support (5 items).

Lew (1987) discusses three major typology approaches for the classification of tourism attractions: 1. ideographic, 2. organizational approach, 3. the cognitive perspective.

Non Technical

1) Ideographic describes the concrete uniqueness of a site, rather than focusing on universal features. Typologies are identified individually by name, with which each group comprised of similar attraction types. Three tourist attraction categories are identified by this approach: nature, nature-human interface, and human.

2) The organizational approach does not examine attractions themselves but focuses on three categories: spatial features, capacity features, and temporal nature.

3) Cognitive perspective is based on tourist perceptions and experiences related to those attractions.

Sl

1 Capacity Building Community Capacity Building in Tourism Development in Local Communities Ma'rof Redzuan Universiti Putra Malaysia Capacity Building Analysis through MLR

2 Capacity Building A framework of tourist attraction research Lew (1987) Northern Arizona University, USA Science direct segregation of destination

LITERATURE

The literature review has been segregated into different heads such as :

• Each head has a number of papers.

The Process of literature review: Sl

• Variable for analysis has been enumerated from each Manuscript.

Affiliation

Suraj V ayyappan, santhosh kumar P K jerlin jose

Christ university, bangalore Atna, journal tourism studies

Analysis of infrastructure typology, tourism demand function partial adjustment principle

To study the strength and significance of the relationship between foreign tourism demand and the different infrastructures, transport infrastructure is the most significant to foreign tourism demand and to domestic tourism demand

Orinary least square method and MLR

Railway telecom health urban roads aviation ports

4 Infrastructure Does infrastructure matter in tourism development Seetanah B University of mauritius

University of mauritius research journal

Infrastructure as a factor in destination development.

This paper investigates the significance of infrastructure as a factor in destination development. The classical demand for international tourism function is extended to include a proxy for infrastructure.

Mauritius Destination competitiveness MLR

Constant relative GDPF rooms distance infras

5 Infrastructure Infrastructure as important determinant of tourism development in the countries of southeast europe Sonja JOVANOVIĆ University of niš Eecoforum Tourism infrastructure, destination

Tourism infrastructure is the basis of tourism development and utilization of existing destination resources. Tourism infrastructure includes a large number of services, necessary to meet the needs of tourists and increase satisfaction during their stay at the destination.

Serbia Destination competitiveness MLR

Physical cultural service governance

LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature review has been segregated into different heads such as :

The Process of literature review:

• Each head has a number of papers.

• Variable for analysis has been enumerated from each Manuscript.

• Analysis process has been identified and noted for further study.

12 Tourism potential Assessment of tourism potential in thane district, maharashtra, india Rajendra S. Suryawanshi University of pune, pune

IOSR journal of humanities and social science

Tourism potential

This study is carried out to analyze the potential of tourism in thane district of maharashtra. The types of tourism are landscape, landform and cultural. The weights were assigned to the village polygons on the basis of the value of variables The weights assigned range from 1 to 5. Using these weights a composite index for aerial differentiation based on the physical factors was defined

Thane Composite index

Accessibility to railways, national, state highways and district roads, government accommodation in terms of rest houses, market places, police stations, commercial banks, bus service, primary health centres

Safety and security inside the park

13 Tourism potential Tourism destination attractiveness as perceived by tourists visiting lake nakuru national park, kenya George ariya University of eldoret

International journal of research in tourism and hospitality

Tourism attractiveness compititiveness

Tourism destination attractiveness is the driving force for tourism in terms of visitors’ perceived value yet wildlife protected areas’ attractiveness like national parks has rarely been understood in tourism literature. The aim of this study was to establish tourism destination attractiveness as perceived by tourists visiting lake nakuru national park.

Eldoret-kenya

FL analysis, SD on ordinal scale

unique wildlife resources variety of wildlife resources proximity to attraction sites quality of park route signs quality of road systems abundance of wildlife resources park branding as rhino sanctuary park branding as bird sanctuary park entry fee guiding fee cost of meals and/or accommodation

14 Tourism potential Destination attractiveness and memorable travel experiences in silk road tourism in uzbekistan

Murodjon raimkulov

Sejong university, seoul Mdpi

Tourism attractiveness compititiveness

Explored the relationships between destination attractiveness, satisfaction, the sense of reliving, and loyalty among american tourists who had experienced silk road tourism in uzbekistan.

Uzbekistan Confirmatory factor analysis structural equation model

Gender age education marital status annual household income

Sl

LITERATURE REVIEW

Tourism Potential Analysis of Attraction Features of Tourism Destinations in a Mega-City Based on Check-in Data Mining A Case Study of Shenzhen, China

Location-based service information, provided by social networks, provides new data sources and perspectives to research tourism activities, especially in highly populated mega-cities

research project on the competitive position of Turkey vis-à-vis five countries in the Mediterranean basin: Spain, Italy, Greece, France and Cyprus. These partner countries are selfselected by foreign tourists and service providers (hoteliers, travel agents or tour guides) as the direct competitor to Turkey. The discussion of findings is based upon the analysis of data gathered from 1,086 respondents through a six-week period in the summer of 2004. Findings obtained from the two groups were then compared to each other usingt-test. Results suggest that both foreign tourists and service providers are homogeneous to suggest that Turkey is stronger on the friendliness of local people, but is weaker on the physical distance to the target markets and the effective using of methods for promotion and advertising.

Shenzhen, China Checkin Analysis Number of check ins

Quality of tourist services

Diversity of tourism products Level of hospitality / friendliness

Attractiveness of natural environment

Overall value for money Standard of hygiene and sanitation

Mediterranean basin: Spain, Italy, Greece, France and Cyprus

Factor Analysis, T-test,

Quality of local food and beverage Standard of accommodation facilities

Availability of nightlife and entertainment

Availability of sport activities and facilities

Availability of shopping facilities

Standard of health services Standard of facilities and activities for children

Quality of sea and beaches

Quality of local transport network and services

Quality of telecommunication network

15

Zhihui Gu Shenzhen University MDPI

Tourism Destination Analysis

16 Tourism Potential Advancing Destination Competitiveness Reseaarch Ozan Bahar Mugla University

Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing Destination Competitiveness

LITERATURE REVIEW

6 Solid Waste Management

Tourism induced Challenges in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Hill Towns: Case of Pahalgam Subzar Bashir Srinagar Development Authority, Srinagar, J&K, India Elsevier Solid waste Management

The Process of literature review:

• Each head has a number of papers.

• Variable for analysis has been enumerated from each Manuscript.

• Analysis process has been identified and noted for further study.

The study revealed that, in Pahalgam, tourism sector is the major generator of solid waste, The study also finds crucial issues related to lack of capacity of the local body and the issues related to lack availability of plain land, improper location of waste collection infrastructure.

Pahalgam Non-Tehnical

Street Sweeping Collection Cycle Waste Generation Accomodation Capacity Tourist Flow Floating Population Premanant Population

7 Solid Waste Management IntegratedModels for SolidWasteManagement in Tourism Regions: Langkawi Island,Malaysia Elmira Shamshiry

University of Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Solid waste Management

The problem in regulations of Langkawi Island has not been very effective according to questionnaire because inadequate institutional and human resource capacities to enforce them..

Langkawi Island Non-Tehnical

8 Solid Waste Management

9 Solid Waste Management

Prediction of

Solid Waste Generation

Rates

in Urban Region of Laos Using Socio-Demographic and Economic Parameters with a Multi Linear Regression Approach

Kanchan Popli Hallym University, Chuncheon MDPI

Prediction of SWM Generation

The predicted data for urban population, GDP per capita and urban solid waste generation rates will help the policymakers and the government to create a proper sustainable solid waste management policy in the country

Laos MLR

Urban Solid Waste Generation Rates

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita

Urban Population Urban Literacy Rate Urban Poverty Incidence Urban Household Size Urban Unemployment Rate

Models of municipal solid waste generation and collection costs applicableto all municipalities in Thailand Chira Bureecam

irindhorn International Institute ofTechnology

Research Gate Model of MSW and Collection

This study showed the important link between population growth and urbanization will increase the amount of waste and the collection cost This can be a problem in the future for the management of local government with limited budget.

Thailand MLR

Household Size Population Density Area with or without M.Corp

Sl

Review

Study City/ Region Type of Analysis Variables (MODEL1)

LITERATURE REVIEW

• Each head has a number of papers / Journals.

• Variable for analysis has been enumerated from each Manuscript.

Grzegorz Gołembski* University of Zielona Góra, Poland

consumer mood and thus the intensity and direction of tourism flows were influenced by violent socio-political changes,

There is a close relationship between tourism efficiency and transport accessibility, but tourism transport continued to improve, and spatial imbalance declined

Hubei, China DEA model Dijkstra Algorithm and Spatial Network Analysis

due to the rapid development of transport infrastructure and directions of tourist travels becoming more widespread what is in line with the development it is necessary to indicate an adequate strategy of promotional activities on foreign tourist markets.

Poland Isard’s (1954) gravity concept in international economics and MLR

no. of Star rated hotel no. of employee tertiary industry no. of travel Agency no. of A-Level Destinations 24 Transportation The impact of transport infrastructure on international inbound tourism –A GRAVITY MODEL FOR POLAND

Tourism Arrival, Income Per Capita Pop of Origin-Destination Export from Poland Risk of Tourists in Origin Country Difference between GDP Relative Price Distance Assessibility EU Membership

25 Transportation Transport Service as a Component of the Tourism Industry Development of Ukraine Hanna Brusiltseva

Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics, Nauky SHS WC Destination development

the research on the impact of certain groups of transport infrastructure quality factors and tourist demand for transport services make it possible to claim their influence on the tourist destination development.

Ukrain MLR

transportation modes transport network fare or accessibility mobility integration of the connections and modes transport demand; a user of information mobility substitutes transport management factors of the land use telecommunications priority of the tourism development; the level of inaccessibility or isolation

Review Study City/ Region Type of Analysis Variables (MODEL1) 23 Transportation Analysis of the Relationships between Tourism Efficiency and Transport Accessibility A Case Study in Hubei Province, China Yaobin Wang Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou MDPI Tourism infrastructure, Destination

TYPES OF TOURISM

Tourism is considered as an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational and economic sectors of national societies and on their international relations.

As per Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. Tourism can be classified as:

INFERENCE OF LITERATUE STUDY

Total Potential (V) = PotentialValue for PhysicalAspects (Vp) + Potential Value for SocialAspects (Vs) +

Potential Value for EnvironmentalAspects (Ve)

Potential (V) = ΣWi*[Σwjsj]

SELECTION OF CASE STUDY

Type: Cultural tourism

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Geography of the destination is to be constant to perform reliability test, in order to reduce errors in analysis.

2. Market conditions are assumed constant. 3. Analysis is to be made on same scale 4. Tourism Typology must be constant.

Source: Soumen Mitra & Abdulla Al Mamun

Cultural tourism is a type of tourism activity in which the visitor's essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the tangible and intangible cultural attractions/products in a tourism destination.

Tool: MLR – IBM – SPSS Statistics (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)

Multiple equation will be formed for each determinant, and hence a summation equation will be made based on maximum output score.

DETERMINANTS OF INFRASTRUCTURE

1

TRANSPORTATION

SOLID

2

WASTE

Collection cycle

Tourist flow • Population

Household size

No of Accommodation

Disposal and treatment

Waste generation

3 • No. of Trip Generated • No of Parking at destination • Mode of transport • Condition of Road • No. of Destination per city • Population (Permeant) • Population (Floating) • Generation of Tourist

ACCOMODATION

• Duration of stay • Category of Hotel • Parking facility

• No. of Destination per city • Population floating • Need of Accommodation

LUKCNOW VARANASI PRAYAGRAJ AYODHYA

CITY-WISE ANALYSIS: Based on Perception survey

VARANASI PRAYAGRAJ AYODHYA

Tourism Potential of Lucknow

Potential of

Tourism potential of Allahabad

Tourism potential of Ayodhya

ANALYSIS Based on the Analysis of Tourism potential VS Infrastructure, a Basic Minimum Average Value of 35.75 is calculated, through which the city eligible in the circuit is shortlisted. Lucknow (LK) and Varanasi (VA) is above the mean, Allahabad (AL) is near the mean, but Ayodhya (AY) with a score of 20, doesn't qualify to be in the circuit, hence it can be improved by improvement of infrastructure.

CITY-WISE ANALYSIS: 03 - Lucknow

Lucknow is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh and is the most developed city in the Northern India. With a rich cultural and heritage aspect, the city becomes a prime location for tourists. Lucknow International Airport makes this city an important transit city for other destinations.

URBANIZATION TRENDS

• The direction of growth in Lucknow have been observed towards northern, western and south eastern.

Demography

• The district's population increased from 36.47 lakhs in 2001 to 45.89 lakhs in 2011, resulting in increase in Urban Land use.

INTRODUCTION TO THE REGION

Lucknow

• Areas in the core Lucknow and heritage area has been under congestion due to high density

• The population is estimated increase to be around 10% to 12% since year 2015 of the total population.

MORPHOGICAL CHARACTER

Gomti River is the lifeline of the Lucknow city, as it divides the city into Cis and Trans Gomti region along both sides of the river Lucknow lies in Ganga basin with flat alluvial terrain and is covered with thick pile of Quaternary sediments overlying the basement of Bundelkhand Granitoids and sedimentary rocks of the Vindhyan Supergroup. The Quaternary sediments have been classified into Older and Newer Alluvium.

• The city reflects the riverine settlement pattern.

• River being the prime cultural importance, it defines the functions of the city

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Builtup Agriculture Sand Water Scrub Open 1994 2018 Linear (2018)

Source: CDP Lucknow 2040

ANALYSIS

• The City of Lucknow being a Rivering settlement and being a important part of History of India shows a positive response to tourism.

• The city is exposed to high rate of commercialization and Land use shift.

Lucknow

Source: CDP Prayagraj 2041

4,000,000

3,000,000

2,000,000

1,000,000

• Maximum impact is observed in the built-up area. It encompassed 118 sq. km in 1996, to 350 sq km in 2011. 0

5,000,000 2001 2011

Population Floating Seasonal (Jan feb) Expon. (Floating)

Workforce of Lucknow

• With a increase in population, the floating population shows a gradual decrease in the last decade.

• The tourism led infrastructure is needed which would increase in the number of tourists.

Source: CDP Lucknow 2040

Source: CDP Lucknow 2040 0

4,000,000 Lucknow

2,000,000

Lucknow Population Workforce Migration

• The main industries of Lucknow are related to tourism, being the center for Chicken and Handloom.

• High dependency on tertiary sector can be observed, in development of Tourist product.

• Informal sector plays an important role in theEconomy.

Source: NCEUS 2020

Migration

Prayagraj

200,000

As per the Census of India, 2001, 8% of the total population in Lucknow UA comprises migrants Employment and moving with the household are two most prominent reasons for in migration to the city Of the 3 12 lakhs migrated into the city, 2,32,788 are from rural areas. They constitute 75% of the total migrants to the city 0

300,000 Outside Prayagraj R) Outside Prayagraj (U)

100,000

Population

CITY-WISE ANALYSIS: 03 - Lucknow

Connectivity: Roadways

Lucknow is well connected by road, rail and airways with other parts of the country. Major Inter Regional Roads are:-

Road Category Connectivity

NH 30 Lucknow Sitapur Highway

NH 27 Lucknow Kanpur

NH 731 Lucknow Hardoi

Lucknow gets good connectivity through air, rail and Lucknow is a tourism hub both for domestic tourists International tourist. Hence its connectivity from and Other major city boosts its tourism sector being trading hub connected to delhi and other part country provides a good market for selling manufacture goods

ECONOMY

• Lucknow Contributes 4% in the Gross State Product of Uttar Pradesh, which in total have 76 where the main source of Revenue is Agriculture, Industrial Sector and Tourism respectively

In the tertiary sector, the city is a huge attraction tourists and pilgrims who come here for various activities.

Source CDP Lucknow 2040

Total Area under Road in Lucknow municipal corporation is 34,480 Ha, which is divided into four major categories, Highways, Arterial, Sub-Arterial and Others.

Connectivity: Railways

The Rail Network of Lucknow is well developed with 14 number of stations connecting cities including New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Pune, Kanpur and Jaipur. The Metro Rail network operated by LMRC includes 21 metro station operating Lucknow airport and Munshipulia.

Connectivity: Metro

Lucknow Metro Rail Corporation operates Metro Rail in Lucknow. There is corridor of Lucknow Metro North-South (running) from Amousi Airport to Munshipulia Crossing and East West (Proposed) corridor from Vasant Kunj to Charbagh Railway Station.

Connectivity: Airways

Airport operating to major Indian Cities and few international destinations such as UAE, Hong Kong and Thailand.

Source: CDP Varansi 2041

INFORMAL SECTOR

Lucknow city this ratio has been on higher side where almost 5% of the population are engaged in various informal sectors like street vendors, weekly markets, road side stalls etc. Weekly markets are organized in different parts of the city in an unorganized way.

SPATIAL CHARACTER

• The built-up area of Lucknow is now approached towards Amausi Airport along the Lucknow-Kanpur Highways, towards south-east of LucknowRaebareily road, and Lucknow Hardoi road. It has been found that the spatial extent of urban sprawl is not linear or nodal in character, it seems to spread radial in all direction and is equally on both side of River Gomti.

the City and some also along the major Roads

• Tourism led Infrastructural development is aligned towards the periphery

• The least area in Land Use distribution is of Public Utilities

• Recreation area which has reduced to about 5% in the past decade

TOURISM TRENDS IN LUCKNOW CITY

Lucknow is known for its rich history and culture manifested by magnificent monuments of the past. Lucknow’s heritage can be categorized into various heads such as Forts, kothis, monuents, open spaces, gardens, etc.

The aim of the heritage walk is to make the people aware about the rich cultural heritage of the city The purpose of this walk is to make the new generation aware about our assets and heritage and teach them how to conserve it. The Lucknow heritage walks take place every weekend and conducted by experienced and knowledgeable walk leaders/volunteers. Visitors are provided with illustrated information material which includes relevant facts about the monuments, a route map etc.

Source: CDP Lucknow 2040

Tourism Alied Functions of Lucknow City

Area along both the side of Gomti River has been identified as Heritage Zone in Lucknow Master Plan 2021. The zone is divided into three parts namely

• Hussainabad Complex,

• Kaiserbagh Complex and

• Le Martinire Complex. Approx fifteen key heritage structures of Lucknow are located in this identified zone. Apart from monuments some of the major parks also come under these complexes i e Buddha Park, Hathi

Source: Author 2022 wrt CDP

Tourist Impacted areas under Study

• 20 km Radius in core City

• Banks of River Gomti

Lucknow

Seasonal Character

INTER ZONE CIRCUIT

The total route covers 18 Destinations and is divided into 3 major tourism zones

• Route covers 3 major areas with the Urban Limit,

• Hussainabad Complex,

• Kaiserbagh Complex and

• Le Martinire Complex.

• Impact 4 major Highways and state Highways

Source: CDP Lucknow 2041

Bihar Delhi Gujrat

Tourism Stakeholder

• ASI

• Ministry of tourism

• Regional Cultural Center

• Directorate of Archeology, UP

• Lucknow Development Authority

• Lucknow Municipal Corporation

• Heritage Cell

Tourism

Product

• Chicken craft • Zari crafts

• Handlooms

Source: CDP Lucknow 2040

0

2 per. Mov. Avg. (Tourist Flow (in Lakhs))

Based on the observation on the tourist Inflow statistics, a steady decleation is been observed from 2001 to 2018, but a growth of inflow can be seen in 2020, pandemic being a prime reason for revenge tourism

Source: UP Tourism

Seasonal Tourist inflow can be observed during Early December to April. This is the peak season and the need of Infrastructure increases in the city.

• Local craft products

• Bamboo products

TRANSPORTATION

Lucknow is one of the most important administrative centres as well as educational and cultural capital of Uttar Pradesh. Being a state capital city is well connected with other major towns of the state through national and state highways. Lucknow is connected to Delhi via NH 24, railways and airways, NH 25 connects the city to Jhansi (UP) and Shivpuri (MP), NH 28 to Barauni in Bihar, NH 24 B to Raibareli and NH 58 to Varanasi. There are two state highways crossing through the city.

Public Transportation in the City

• The modal share of non-motorized transport including walk, bicycle, and cycle rickshaw is 41%, which is the second-highest modal share in the city.

• There is corridor of Lucknow Metro North-South (running) from Amousi Airport to Munshipulia.

• UPRSTC operates 12429 busses in the city which are divided into Inter-state and Intrastate

• bus servicesParking Facility

Core City:

• Parking is a major problem in the city due to insufficient offstreet parking facility. Parking generally takes place along the roads in front of the commercial establishments, and public and semi-public establishments.

• Highest peak hour accumulation was observed at Allahabad Junction Railway Station on both City side and civil lines side

• Demand/Supply gap analysis indicates that there is an excess demand in case of on-street parking.

Tourism led Impact on Transportation

1. Transportation is impacted as the inclination towards public transportation increases.

2. Increase in Non state registered vehicles

3. Increase in demand of parking spaces around destination can be observed due to increase in on-road parking.

4. Informal market tends to increase in the core areas of the city.

5. Increase in trends of commercial encroachments Reduces ROW

Source: CMP Lucknow 2040

Old City

• Major core of traffic congestion along the major streets and narrow local streets.

• High speed / unaccounted hi-speed traffic is observed in the Local streets.

• Major intersections in the City has Active control, while local streets largely depends on passive control.

• On street parking can be observed due to uncontrolled commercialization along major roads.

New Developed Zone

• The road conditions are good but the road capacity is reduced due to the presence of a large number of slow moving vehicles and idle parking

• There is a high level of conflict between pedestrians and vehicular traffic in several parts.

• Lack of footpath raises safety concern.

• The existing right-of-ways for road network in Lucknow vary up to 30m.

• The wholesale and retail trade activities are also located in this part of the city which further creates congestion and bottlenecks.

• The old city comprises of closely spaced residential areas of Hussainganj, aliganj, etc.

6. Increase in private vehicles contribute towards congestion in the core city

7. Increasing tends of accidents near destination can be observed

8. Lack of pedestrian access to the destination.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The Lucknow city with population of 34 lakh, is adding on commercial centers and new urban extensions providing housing & services resulting into 50% additional generation of waste about 1812TPD in last 20 years. There are residential, commercial, industrial and institutional establishments. Lucknow Municipal Corporation has outsourced a third-party organization, M/s Eco green Energy Private Ltd for collection and transportation of

Composition of Solid

Source: Author 2021

• The wastes are taken to the transfer stations Biomedical waste generated in hospitals, nursing homes and clinics includes used syringes, cotton, human and animal tissues, apart from domestic waste

• The waste collected from each of the primary collection points is transported to designated open dump areas and DP containers (mostly on the main roads), which are the secondary collection points.

• M/s Eco green Energy Private Ltd for collection and transportation of wastes from residential as well as commercial

INDICATOR

• Waste is generated from various sources which is being managed effectively by the SWM systems established in the city. There are residential, commercial, industrial and institutional establishments. Lucknow Municipal Corporation has outsourced a third-party organization

Mixed Waste 8%

Constructi on Debris 16% Bio degradable Recyclable Drain Silt

Drain Silt 9%

waste Bio degradabl e 49% Recyclable 18%

Mixed Waste

• Per capita solid waste generation in the city is 0.79 kg/cap/day

• Tourism plays a major role in contribution of plastic in the composition

• The composition of MSW shows mostly organic matter (45 3%), so composting is a good method for the treatment and production of soil amendment

• Hotels in Lucknow accounts 2% of total MSW.

• LMC spends on average 21% of its total budget on solid waste management.

Treatment

• Unsegregated waste is transported to the treatment site in Baswar. The site is located at a distance of 19 Km from the city on an area of 25 hectare The facility houses a 500 TPD mechanical composting treatment plant and landfill site

Disposal

• Disposed in nearby low lying areas (uncontrolled)

• Site selection is based on availability, not on scientific and social environmental criteria(LNN).

• At present LMC has 6 active landfill sites namely:-

• Dubagga

• Jehta Mor Bundha

• RR Bhawan

• Daliganj Flyover

• Tile wale masjid

• Teli Bagh Bhatha maidan

Tourism led Impact on SWM

1. tourists produce up to twice as much waste as local residents.

2. Tourism has the potential to build awareness around the issues and spur waste infrastructure improvements.

• Door to door collection is present in 60% of Lucknow Residntial areas.

• Segregation of recyclable waste at source is not practiced. There is need to spread awareness on practicing segregation of waste

CITY-WISE ANALYSIS: 03 - Prayagraj

Allahabad is a major urban agglomeration located in the south eastern region of the state of U.P; Allahabad Urban agglomeration is formed of the Allahabad Nagar Nigam area, Subedarganj Railway colony area and the cantonment.

URBANIZATION TRENDS

Demography

INTRODUCTION TO THE

Prayagraj

The pace of urbanization has historically been lower in the state. Urbanization in 2001 was 20.78% and it grew to 22.27% in 2011. The numbers of urban centers with more than one lakh population have grown slowly over the last thirty years

The city which has been visited by around 5.30 crore tourists in the last five years has the potential to become a tourist hub in Uttar Pradesh. On an average tourist arrival in Allahabad is 15-20 per cent of total tourist traffic in the state.

• The district's population increased from 49.37 lakhs in 2001 to 59.54 lakhs in 2011, resulting in increase in Urban Land use.

• Maximum impact is observed in the built-up area. It encompassed 285 sq. km in 1996, to 309 sq km in 2011.

Prayagraj

20,000,000

10,000,000

0

2001 2011

Population Floating

Seasonal (Jan feb) Expon. (Floating)

Workforce of Prayagraj

• With a increase in population, the floating population shows a gradual increase in the last decade.

• The tourism led infrastructure is needed most during the seasons, as users double during seasons.

Source: CDP Prayagraj 2041

Prayagraj

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

MORPHOGICAL CHARACTER

The geology map of Allahabad city shows the existence of Terrace Alluvium and Varanasi Alluvium as a geologic unit The Varanasi older alluvium, a polycyclic sequence of yellowish brown clay-silt and fine sand with dissemination of kankar, is found in the north of Yamuna.

Allahabad tahsil which depicts a flat plain except some undulation land along the rivers.

• The city reflects the riverine settlement pattern.

• River being the prime cultural importanace, it defines the functions of the city

10,000,000

Source: CDP Prayagraj 2041 0

Allahabad

Population Workforce Migration

Builtup Agriculture Sand Water Scrub Open 1994 2018 Linear (2018)

Source: CDP Varansi 2041

ANALYSIS

• High trend in urbanization in Prayagraj shows a dependency on Tertiary sector leading to largescale of Urban Migration.

• Decrease in Agriculture and Increase in Built up

Source: CDP Prayagraj 2041

• The main industries of Allahabad are tourism, being the center for pilgrimage.

• High dependency on tertiary sector can be observed, product being clothes and Spice.

• Informal sector is in the prime dominance as per NCEUS.

Source: UPNHM 2020

Migration

Prayagraj

As per the Census of India, 2001, 15% of the total population in Allahabad UA comprises migrants Employment and moving with the household are two most prominent reasons for in migration to the city Of the 1 5 lakhs migrated into the city, 53,774 are from rural areas. They constitute 33% of the total migrants to the city. 0

200,000 Outside Prayagraj ( R) Outside Prayagraj (U)

100,000

Population

Connectivity: Roadways

prayagraj is well connected by road, rail and airways with other parts of the country. Major Inter Regional Roads are:-

Prayagraj gets good connectivity through air, rail and road. Prayagraj is a tourism hub for domestic tourists. Hence its connectivity from Varanasi and Lucknow boosts its tourism sector Varanasi being trading hub connected to delhi and Lucknow provides a good market for selling the Local manufactured products (Furniture)

ECONOMY

• Tertiary sector of economy generates the maximum potion of the chart.

• Tertiary sector employs 70% of the Workers.

• Primary sector has been decreasing over time, and dominance of tertiary and secondary sector can be observed.

Source: CDP Varansi 2041

Allahabad is well-connected with other parts of the country by rail and road network Existing NH-2 (Grand Trunk Road) divides the city into two parts – the Civil Lines area and the Old City area The Allahabad Bypass, connecting NH-2, is a part of the National Highway Development Program (NHDP).

Connectivity: Railways

Allahabad Junction is one of the main railway junctions of northern India It is the headquarters of the North Central Railway Zone. The four prominent railway stations of Allahabad are Prayag Station, City Station at Rambagh, Daraganj Station and the main station is Allahabad Junction Allahabad is also connected to most cities in Uttar Pradesh such as Jhansi, Kanpur, and Lucknow Allahabad also lies in the path of the proposed eastern dedicated freight corridor (EDFC

Connectivity: Airways

There is an airport at Bamrauli which is about 10 kilometers from Allahabad. Presently, limited flights are available from this airport. The second nearest airport is at Varanasi that is 125 km from Allahabad.

Connectivity: Waterways

Allahabad is the starting point of National Waterway No 1 (NW-1), which was declared in 1986 NW-1 is a 1,620 km-long waterway between Allahabad and Haldia

Source: CDP Varansi 2041

Source: CDP Prayagraj 2041

In the tertiary sector, the city is a huge attraction for tourists and pilgrims who come here for various religious activities.

INFORMAL SECTOR

Source: CDP Prayagraj 2041

The activities that relate to provision of services to tourist especially need attention. Organized activities for tourists that are monitored and provided at one stop would significantly help the tourists who are usually hassled in the city.

SPATIAL CHARACTER

• The core city area has not grown as it is bound by rivers on three sides. Over the past decade, major unplanned development has taken place in Jhusi and Phaphamua. Naini was initially promoted as an industrial area.

• vacant spaces in the immediate neighborhood of the Ganga were filled in by Pukka houses.

• The urban area of Prayagraj continued to expand along the riverfront through the 19th century

• The old/core city is over crowded, resulting in high pressure on existing infrastructure The new development option city has to sprawl out.

• Tourism led Infrastructural development is aligned towards the periphery

• Recreational and open areas are not present in the core area Thus, the city is in immediate need of lung spaces and common facility spaces.

Road Category Connectivity Width

NH 2- G.T. Road Mughal Sarai to Allahabad (Prayagraj)

CITY-WISE ANALYSIS: 03 - Prayagraj

TOURISM TRENDS IN PRAYAGRAJ CITY

The city of Allahabad is among the largest cities of Uttar Pradesh and situated at the confluence of three rivers- Ganga, Yamuna and the invisible Sarasvati. Though the city is known for its religious tourism, but echelon into three categories viz. Historic, Cultural and Religious.

category as per

i. History flank includes Alfred Park, Victoria Memorial, Mayne and Thornhill Memorial aka Allahabad Public Library, Minto Park, Allahabad Fort, Ashoka Pillar and Khusro Bagh ii. religious attraction comprehend Kumbh Mela, Triveni Sangam and All Saints Cathedral iii. cultural segment has Allahabad Museum, Jawahar Planetarium and the University of Allahabad.

Tourism Alied Functions of Allahabad City

Kumbh Mela is considered to be largest peaceful gathering in the world with over 100 million people visiting during the Maha Kumbh Mela in 2013.

Melas are Classified into 4 category:

• Maha Kumbh Mela – 144 Years cycle

• Purna Kumbh – 12 Years cycle

• Ardh Kumbh mela – 6th year after kumbha mela

• Kumbha Mela – Every 3 years cycle

Components of Infrastructure:

• Sangam is undeveloped and even lacks basic facilities. The site does not have proper drinking water and sanitation facilities.

INTER ZONE CIRCUIT

The total route covers 14 Destinations and is divided into 3 major tourism types

• Route covers 3 major areas with the Urban Limit,

• Sangam Ghats

• Core City of Prayagraj

• Heritage areas

• Impact 2 major Highways out of one under Asian Highway network.

Source: CDP Prayagraj 2041

Tourism Stakeholder

• ASI

• Ministry of tourism

• Regional Cultural Center

• Directorate of Archeology, UP

• Prayagraj Development Authority

• Prayagraj Municipal Corporation

• Allahabad Heritage Cell

Tourism Product

• Moonj Products

• Furniture

• Palm Crafts

• Terracotta and pottery

• Cane furniture

Source: Author 2022

Tourist Impacted areas under Study

• 15km Radius in core City

Source: CDP Prayagraj 2041 2852

• Lack of proper solid waste management during the peak tourist months.

• Lack for transportation infrastructure.

• A systematic area development plan is needed for the sangam area.

Source: CDP Prayagraj 2041

• Banks of River Yamuna and Ganga

Seasonal Character

Prayagraj

100

60

80

0

20

40

120 2001 2011 2018 2019 2020

Based on the observation on the tourist Inflow statistics, a steady growth is been observed from 2001 to 2018, but a declination of inflow can be seen in 2020, pandemic being a prime reason.

Source: UP Tourism

Population

Seasonal Tourist inflow can be observed during November to February. This is the peak season and the need of Infrastructure increases in the city.

TRANSPORTATION

Allahabad is bound by the rivers Ganga and Yamuna in the northern, eastern and southern sides, the city has shown significant linear growth along the NH-2 towards the airport in the western direction. National Highway 2 divides the city into two halves. The old city area is located in the southern part. The area is heavily built-up and characterized by mixed commercial, residential and transport related activities, although majority of the area is dotted with narrow lanes.

Public Transportation in the City

• As per CMP 2012, 2031 the traffic and transportation situation of will be completely unsustainable with only 10% trips by PT against a crucial 71% private modes.

• City Bus Augmentation and integration of City Bus System with IPT modes in an organised and rationalized manner, about 21% PT share is achieved. There are 44 routes.

Parking Facility

Core City:

• Parking is a major problem in the city due to insufficient offstreet parking facility. Parking generally takes place along the roads in front of the commercial establishments, and public and semi-public establishments.

• Highest peak hour accumulation was observed at Allahabad Junction Railway Station on both City side and civil lines side

• Demand/Supply gap analysis indicates that there is an excess demand in case of on-street parking.

Modal Split

Source: CMP Prayagraj 2041

Old City

• The old city has an irregular road network comprising of major roads, which are almost 2-3 lane wide.

• The width of these lanes varies from 1 to 2 meters and only pedestrian movement is possible.

• The secondary roads are narrower and congested due to encroachment in Attarsuiya and Malviya Nagar.

• Commercial encroachments considerably reduce the available RoW on all the roads leading to the Ghats.

New Developed Zone

• The road conditions are good inside the walled city, but the road capacity is reduced due to the presence of a large number of slow moving vehicles and idle parking

• There is a high level of conflict between pedestrians and vehicular traffic in several parts.

Development as per URDPFI

Tourism led Impact on Transportation

1. Transportation is impacted as the inclination towards public transportation increases.

2. Increase in Non state registered vehicles

3. Increase in demand of parking spaces around destination and River Fronts can be observed due to increase in onroad parking.

4. Informal market tends to increase in the core areas of the city and around the Sangam area

5. Increase in trends of commercial encroachments Reduces ROW and congestion take place

6. Increase in private vehicles contribute towards congestion in the core city.

7. Increasing tends of accidents near destination can be observed.

8. Lack of pedestrian access to the destination and lack of Bicycle friendly infrastructure

9. Decongestion and Alternate routes for linkages through Ganga and Yamuna River during Kumbh mela

10. Lack of Controlled Intersection

• The existing right-of-ways for road network in Allahabad vary upto 30m.

• The wholesale and retail trade activities are also located in this part of the city which further creates congestion and bottlenecks.

• The old city comprises of closely spaced residential areas of Mohatsamganj,

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Due to dispute arising out of tipping fee payment the contract has been terminated and AMC is now undertaking secondary collection and transportation of waste.

The local residents of towns generate solid waste at the rate of about 450 grams per capita per day on an average.

Composition of Solid waste

• Waste composition depends on a wide range of factors such as food habits, cultural traditions, lifestyles, climate and income, etc.

• The city has a large number of hotels and restaurants and more than 180,000 households. There are 20 vegetable, 5 fruits, 5 meat and 5 fish markets in the city leaving behind a large quantity of mixed waste rich in organic contents.

Cardboard 6%

Glass 7%

Paper 9%

Source: Author 2021

• Segregation of waste at source is not practiced in Allahabad

As per the secondary survey, there are no transfer stations also in Allahabad city wherein waste is segregated before dumping at the final disposal site

• The waste collected from each of the primary collection points mentioned above is transported to designated open dump areas and DP containers (mostly on the main roads), which are the secondary collection points.

• There are nearly 50 such points and about 160 bins spread over all 80 wards of the city.

INDICATOR VALUE

Total household served with D2D collection 0%

Total waste generation 500 TPD

Total waste collected 400 TPD

Total number of dustbins 80

Total number of vehicles 26

Frequency of collection (trips/day) 2 - 3

Treatment

Ash 5%

Food waste 32% Plastic 22% Textile 10%

Leather 6% Other 3% Food waste Plastic Textile Paper Glass Cardboard Ash Leather

• Per capita solid waste generation in the city is 0.45 kg/cap/day

• Tourism plays a major role in contribution of plastic in the composition .

• Bio-medical is treated at a common facility in Allahabad for medical waste collected from Allahabad and Pratapgarh. The site is located in Maheva Purabpatti, Mirjapur. Waste is treated by incineration and shredding The treatment capacity is 60 Kg per hour

• Unsegregated waste is transported to the treatment site in Baswar. The site is located at a distance of 5 Km from the city on an area of 25 hectare The facility houses a 350 TPD mechanical composting treatment plant and landfill site for a produce of 1000 MT per day during the season

Disposal

• The site is located at a distance of 19 Km from the city on an area of 25 hectare

Tourism led Impact on SWM

1. tourists produce up to twice as much waste as local residents but Prayagraj shows 50 gram over the national standard of 400g per person per day

2. Tourism has the potential to build awareness around the issues and spur waste infrastructure improvements.

3. Tourism causes pollutants to be released into the river during various cultural events.

4. Plastic being the major contribution of the tourism industry accounts 22% of the composition.

Issues

• Door to door collection is absent

• Segregation of recyclable waste at source is not practiced. There is need to spread awareness on practicing segregation of waste

• The waste collection centers are not being well managed

• Collection bins have huge waste overflowing on the streetsstray animals and other factors

• Dumping of garbage into the drains, leads to choking of drains

• User charge collection efficiency is low

CITY-WISE ANALYSIS: 02 - Varanasi

Varanasi, or Benaras, (also known as Kashi) is one of the oldest living cities in the world. Varanasi has also been a great center of learning for ages. Varanasi is associated with promotion of spiritualism, mysticism, Sanskrit, yoga and Hindi language

URBANIZATION TRENDS

Demography

INTRODUCTION TO THE REGION

Varana

si

It is the oldest living city and is heterogeneous with multiple layers of religion, culture, art forms, believes nature, profiles and individualities It is a sacred and holy place to Hindu, Buddhist, Jain and Muslim religion. It is also the home to numerous religious monuments (4000 temples, 300 mosques) and is famous as a Centre of music, arts, crafts, education and learning

• The district's population increased from 31.39 lakhs in 2001 to 36.77 lakhs in 2011, resulting in increase in Urban Land use.

• Maximum impact is observed in the built-up area. It encompassed 110.74 sq. km in 1996, to 130.6 sq km in 2011.

Varanasi

MORPHOGICAL CHARACTER

The northern part of the region is alluvial plain The western part of the district is also a plain sloping towards the east and south-east, A long tract of Khadar land is found along the Ganga river throughout the region. Banger plain comprises the northern part of the Ganga river and is similar to most of the parts of Pindara. Varanasi tahsil which depicts a flat plain except some undulation land along the rivers.

• The city of Varanasi houses 88 Mystical Ghats on the Bank of the River Ganga.

• The city reflects the riverine settlement pattern.

Source: CDP Varansi 2041

4,000,000

3,000,000

2,000,000

1,000,000

0

• With the increase in population, the floating population in Varanasi is increased by 152% since 2001 to 2011.

2001 2011

Population Floating Expon. (Floating)

Workforce of Varanasi

Varanasi

• This is led to the concern to increase the tourism infrastructure of the city

Source: CDP Varansi 2041

Source: CDP Varansi 2041

ANALYSIS

• The change in land use pattern can be observed in the built area from a transition between 1996 to 2017, a steep increase in built area can be seen.

• A wide scale commercialization started in Varanasi due to conversion into commercial plots.

Source: CDP Varansi 2041

0 5,000,000

Varansi Pindara

Population Workforce

Migration Expon. (Workforce)

• As per Survey by Ashutosh Shukla (UPNHM), around 33.1% of the population is under age group 21 – 35 which compose 48% Rural to Urban migration population.

• City has around 37.6% of slum population which is one third of total population encroached upon the government land.

Source: UPNHM 2020

Migration

Varanasi District has experienced a 10 7% of the state's migration Varanasi district does not attract many residents from other states of the country 85% of the migrant population in the district is from within the state Out of this, 69% are from the rural areas pointing primarily to distress migration.

Varanasi

1,000,000

500,000

0

Outside Varanasi ( R) Outside Varanasi (U)

Population

CITY-WISE ANALYSIS: 02 - Varanasi

Connectivity: Roadways

Varanasi is well connected by road, rail and airways with other parts of the country. Major Inter Regional Roads are:-

Road Category Connectivity Width

NH 2- G.T. Road Mughal Sarai to Allahabad (Prayagraj)

NH 29 Varanasi to Gorakhpur, Kushinagar

NH 56- Varanasi to Jaunpur Lucknow.

Varanasi gets good connectivity through air, rail and road from here as it is a tourism hub both for international and domestic tourists. Hence its connectivity from Delhi boosts its tourism sector Also Delhi is a good trading hub, therefore good connectivity with Delhi is providing a good market for selling the handloom manufactured products

ECONOMY

• Secondary sector of economy generates the maximum potion of the chart.

• Manufacturing employs 40% of the Workers.

• 50% of workers are employed in spinning and weaving industry.

Source: CDP Varansi 2041

These National Highways and state highways have high passenger traffic as these roads provide a good connectivity to the surrounding areas in the U P state as well as to metropolitan cities like Delhi and Kolkata. The Grand trunk road or NH-2 forms the main transportation spine of the city.

Connectivity: Railways

There are three rail lines entering to the city from Lucknow, Bhadoi and Allahabad and is diverted in two lines to Gorakhpur and Mughal Sarai The city lies on Delhi-Kolkata rail route of North Eastern Railways, which is the broad gauge

Connectivity: Airways

The town also has an airport at a distance of about 24 km away from the city. There are flights to Varanasi from Agra, Bhubaneswar, Kolkata, Delhi, Gorakhpur, Khajuraho, Lucknow, Mumbai, Raipur and Kathmandu (Nepal). It

Source: CDP Varansi 2041

Source: CDP Varansi 2041

In the tertiary sector, the city is a huge attraction for tourists and pilgrims who come here for various religious activities.

INFORMAL SECTOR

The activities that relate to provision of services to tourist especially need attention. Organized activities for tourists that are monitored and provided at one stop would significantly help the tourists who are usually hassled in the city. Kiosks for service providers could be established

SPATIAL CHARACTER

• significant is the -increase in the pakka houses which rapidly encroach upon the kachcha houses.

• vacant spaces in the immediate neighborhood of the Ganga were filled in by Pukka houses.

• The urban area of Varanasi continued to expand along the riverfront through the 19th century

• Northern and the North eastern railways along with the construction of the railway bridge near Rajghat, installation of water works and provision of improved sewerage and drainage works widely modified the cultural landscape of Varanasi in the last quarter of the nineteenth century

Source: CDP Varansi 2041

• The areas of Old City have become congested. The area is compact with high density. This leads to chaotic development of the area.

• The new development option city has to sprawl out.

• Tourism led Infrastructural development is aligned towards the periphery.

CITY-WISE ANALYSIS: 02 - Varanasi

TOURISM TRENDS IN VARANASI CITY

Varanasi heritage entails not only the famous Ghats and the historic properties along them but also the houses and the streetscapes in the area adjoining the Ghats, temples, Kunds, and all cultural practices and expressions that take place in these properties and areas.

Heritage areas are divided into 6 zones as per

i. Rural Buffer District the green strip of 300m wide.

ii. Landscape conservation district iii. 5.5 km long crescent shaped basin of the Ganga river from Nagwa to Raj Ghats iv. 5.3 km stretch of 83 Ghats

v. Urban Preservation Sub-Zone

vi. Urban Buffer SubZone, a strip of 50 m to 100 m wide

Source: CDP Varansi 2041

Source: CDP Varansi 2041

INTRA ZONE CIRCUIT

The total route covers 88 5km (25 krosha) and is divided into five parts marked by overnight stops

• Route covers 4 major areas with the Urban Lumit,

• Kard Madeshwar

• Manikarnika

• Shivpur

• Kapildhara

• Impact 3 major Highway

Tourism Stakeholder

• ASI

• Ministry of tourism

• Regional Cultural Center

• Directorate of Archeology, UP

• Varanasi Development Authority

• Varanasi Municipal Corporation

• Varanasi Heritage Cell

Tourism Product

• Varanasi Silk

• Crats Manufacturing

• Retail Commercial Goods

• Local Culinary goods

Character

50

0

Varanasi Population

100 2001 2011 2018 2020

Based on the observation on the tourist Inflow statistics, a steady growth is been observed from 2001 to 2018, but a declination of inflow can be seen in 2020, pandemic being a prime reason.

Source: UP Tourism

Source: CDP Varansi 2041 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Varanasi Population

Seasonal Tourist inflow can be observed during October to February. This is the peak season and the need of Infrastructure increases in the city.

TRANSPORTATION

The city of Varanasi has grown outwards towards the west using the crescent shape of the River Ganga. This growth was facilitated by the growing transport network in this direction.

Public Transportation in the City

• Under JNNURM, VMC procured 130 buses and ferrying close to 20,500 passengers per day.

• Most of the routes are in the peripheral areas of Varanasi, as the buses cannot ply in more dense parts of the city.

• There are 44 routes but at present 2 routes are shut down hence 42 routes are plying.

Parking Facility

Core City:

• There is varied land-use pattern which is not supplemented by the relative parking spaces for the Private vehicles.

• Lack of access to public transport and list mile connectivity to it is an issue.

• There are no nodal points for the intermediate para transit parking and operations.

• Lack of parking for non motorized vehicles and security of vehicles.

Modal Split

INDICATOR VALUE

Total length of city roads in VMC area 1180 WBM 362 Paved tar roads 724 Unpaved roads 94 Road area per capita 1 m

Source: CDP Varanasi 2041

Old City

• The old town area includes very congested areas like Chauk, Kotwali, Adampura, etc., having very narrow streets and mixed land use.

• The width of these lanes varies from 1 to 2 meters and only pedestrian movement is possible however, people do ply two wheelers making it difficult for the pedestrians to walk.

• Commercial encroachments considerably reduce the available RoW on all the roads leading to the Ghats.

Central City

• The second zone comprises of the area beyond the old town area up to G T road in the north

• In this zone road widths are more as compared to the old town area, but the roads are still congested

• Roadside parking and street vendors add to traffic problems in the area reducing the road width available for movement.

Development as per URDPFI

Parking Facility

Central City:

• Lack of formal onstreet parking and offstreet parking vehicles park as per the available space on the road.

• Enforcement mechanism for parking is absent.

• Due to increase commercial activities, private vehicle movement and lack of recpective parking space results in spillover of parking onto the streets

• This area comprises of the Nadesar, Police lines, Tajpura etc that characteristically have reasonable road widths with few encroachments but no traffic signals

• The major problems areas in the zone are Pandeypur chowk, Andhra Bridge and Chauka Ghat.

Tourism led Impact on Transportation

1. Transportation is impacted as the inclination towards public transportation increases.

2. Increase in Non state registered vehicles

3. Increase in demand of parking spaces around destination can be observed due to increase in on-road parking.

4. Informal market tends to increase in the core areas of the city.

5. Increase in trends of commercial encroachments Reduces ROW

6. Increase in private vehicles contribute towards congestion in the core city

7. Increasing tends of accidents near destination can be observed

8. Lack of pedestrian access to the destination.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The solid waste management system in Varanasi is now being managed by VMC. Till recently, the waste management was being managed by A2Z Infrastructure Private Limited. The concessionaire was responsible for door-to-door collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of solid waste from all wards.

Composition of Solid waste

Treatment

• Per capita solid waste generation in the city is 0.6 kg/cap/day

• Tourism plays a major role in contribution of plastic in the composition .

• The disposal and collection of the city of Varanasi is not capable to collect the waste to its full capacity

• About 120 TPD waste remains un-collected.

• A considerable proportion of organic carbon was found which causes the health problem to the workers

Disposal

• The disposal site is located 20 Km away from the city in Karsada on a 40 acre site. Currently

Tourism led Impact on SWM

1. tourists produce up to twice as much waste as local residents.

2. Tourism has the potential to build awareness around the issues and spur waste infrastructure improvements.

ANALYSIS ANALYSIS

• The riverine settlement of Lucknow shows a concentration of heritage tourism in the core city and along the river.

• This causes a inflow of tourists concentrated in the core which give rise to congestion and higher tourism led solid waste disposal.

• A gap in the infrastructure can be observed and need for transportation aids

• The riverine settlement of Prayagraj shows a concentration of Cultural and religious tourism in the core city and along the river.

• This causes a inflow of tourists in various destinations long the river and the core city which give rise to congestion and higher tourism led solid waste disposal.

• A gap in the infrastructure can be observed and need for transportation aids

ANALYSIS

• The riverine settlement of Varanasi shows a concentration of heritage, religious and cultural tourism along the river.

• This causes a inflow of tourists in various destinations long the river, being on the edge of the city the major accommodation lies in the core area which give rise to congestion and higher tourism led solid waste disposal.

• A gap in the infrastructure can be observed and need for transportation aids

R-squared is a measure of how well a linear regression model fits the data. It can be interpreted as the proportion of variance of the outcome Y explained by the linear regression model

Tolerance is a useful tool for diagnosing multicollinearity, which happens when variables are too closely related. A tolerance of below .40 is cause for concern.

Variance inflation factor (VIF) is a measure of the amount of multicollinearity in a set of multiple regression variables.

PRAYAGRAJ

TRANSPORTATION

• Population (Floating)

• Generation of Tourist

R-squared is a measure of how well a linear regression model fits the data. It can be interpreted as the proportion of variance of the outcome Y explained by the linear regression model. It indicates a positive linear relationship between the 2 variables (when one increases, the other does)

Tolerance is a useful tool for diagnosing multicollinearity, which happens when variables are too closely related. A tolerance of below .40 is cause for concern. In this case a tolerance is found over 0.5.

Variance inflation factor (VIF) is a measure of the amount of multicollinearity in a set of multiple regression variables. A rule of thumb commonly used in practice is if a VIF is > 10, high multicollinearity exists. In this case, with values around 1, the regression is in good shape.

is a measure of how well a linear regression model fits the data. It can be interpreted as the proportion of variance of the outcome Y explained by the linear regression model. It indicates a positive linear relationship between the 2 variables (when one increases, the other does)

Tolerance is a useful tool for diagnosing multicollinearity, which happens when variables are too closely related. A tolerance of below .40 is cause for concern. In this case a tolerance is found over 0.5.

Variance inflation factor (VIF) is a measure of the amount of multicollinearity in a set of multiple regression variables. A rule of thumb commonly used in practice is if a VIF is > 10, high multicollinearity exists. In this case, with values around 1, the regression is in good shape.

R-squared is a measure of how well a linear regression model fits the data. It can be interpreted as the proportion of variance of the outcome Y explained by the linear regression model. It indicates a positive linear relationship between the 2 variables (when one increases, the other does)

Tolerance is a useful tool for diagnosing multicollinearity, which happens when variables are too closely related. A tolerance of below .40 is cause for concern. In this case a tolerance is found over 0.5.

Variance inflation factor (VIF) is a measure of the amount of multicollinearity in a set of multiple regression variables. A rule of thumb commonly used in practice is if a VIF is > 10, high multicollinearity exists. In this case, with values around 1, the regression is in good shape.

PRAYAGRAJ

• Mode of transport • Condition of Road

• Population (Census)

• Population (Floating)

• Generation of Tourist

• Collection cycle

• Tourist flow

• Population

• Household size

• No of Accommodation

• Disposal and treatment

• Waste generation

• Duration of stay

• Category of Hotel

• Parking facility

• No. of Destination per city

• Population floating

1. Geography of the destination is to be constant to perform reliability test, in order to reduce errors in analysis. 2. Market conditions are assumed constant. 3. Analysis is to be made on same scale 4. Tourism Typology must be constant.

TP < 20 TP = 20 – 24.89 TP > 24.89

Critical need of Infrastructure to support Tourism

• Preparation of Tourism Master Plan

• Preparation or Modification in CMP

• Setup of Tourism Cell under Local Government

• Empowering Local Government with better structure of SWM

• PPP for Accommodation infrastructure

• Dedicated Transport system to ensure lower congestion and Higher LOS on local road.

• Training and employment of Tourism related Tertiary sector workers.

• Participatory approach by Diagnostics, Consultation, and Action plan

• Policy Guidance Document that mobilizes all Municipal policies and Tourism Ecosystem across a broad circuit.

Potential need of Infrastructure to support Tourism

• Preparation of Tourism Master Plan

• Preparation or Modification in CMP

• Setup of Tourism Cell under Local Government

• Empowering Local Government with better structure of SWM and Revenue Structure.

• PPP for Accommodation infrastructure and Control over Cost Structure.

• Dedicated Transport system to ensure lower congestion and Higher LOS on local road and Increase share of Public Transportation.

• Training and employment of Tourism related Tertiary sector workers.

• Participatory approach by Diagnostics, Consultation, and Action plan

• Policy Guidance Document that mobilizes all Municipal policies and Tourism Ecosystem across a broad circuit.

• Develop niche Markets and International Promotion

Upgradation of Infrastructure and Governance support Tourism

• Circuit Definition of Tourism Master Plan

• Circuit planning or Modification in CMP

• Improvisation of Tourism Cell under Local Government

• Empowering Local Government with better structure of SWM and Revenue Structure.

• PPP for Accommodation infrastructure and Control over Cost Structure.

• Dedicated Transport system to ensure lower congestion and Higher LOS on local road and Increase share of Public Transportation and Concentration Towards NMT.

• Action plan incorporated with Master Plan.

• Policy Guidance Document that mobilizes all Municipal policies and Tourism Ecosystem across a broad circuit Upgradation of the Peri Urban Area.

• Develop niche Markets and Strengthening assets

• Reinforce Emerging Sector and Digital Enterprises.

• International Promotion.

Bibliography and References

• UN-WTO: United Nation World tourism Organization

• URDPFI – Tourism Guidelines (Ministry of Housing and UrbanAffairs).

• National Tourism Policy 2002, Ministry of Tourism and Culture.

• Tourism Policy Uttarakhand 2018, Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board.

• Tourism Policy Uttar Pradesh 2018, Department of Tourism, GoUP.

• India Tourism Statistics 2019, Ministry of Tourism, GOI.

• Tourism Statistics of India , (https://data.gov.in/).

• TOURISM - Statistical Year Book India 2018, (http://mospi.nic.in/statistical-year-book-india/2018/195).

• Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (GOI).

• India Tourism Statistics 2000-2021 (https://www.macrotrends.net/)

• International Tourism (World Bank)

• Tourism Infrastructure Development (https://tourism.gov.in/)

• PRASHAD Scheme

• SWADESH DARSHAN: SCHEME GUIDELINES

• Guidelines for Tourism infrastructure development

• 88 Sources of Research paper as cited in the Literature Review

Thankyou