Citarum Harum Caring For Rivers Saving Lives

COMPILATION TEAM

DIRECTOR

• Coordinating Minister Of Maritime Affairs And Investment Republic Of Indonesia

• Minister Of Public Works And Housing Republic Of Indonesia

• Acting Governor Of West Java

PERSON IN CHARGE

• Nani Hendiarti

Deputy Minister For Environmental And Forestry Management Coordinating Ministry Of Maritime Affairs And Investment

• Bob Arthur Lombogia

Director General Of Water Resources Ministry Of Public Works And Housing Republic Of Indonesia

CHAIRMAN / VICE CHAIRMAN

• M. Saleh Nugrahadi (Chairman)

• Bastari (Vice Chairman)

SECRETARY

• Devita Safitri Nur Akbar

COMPILER

• Safri Burhanuddin (Lead)

• Tim Pokja

AUTHORS AND EDITORS

• M. Saleh Nugrahadi

Assistant Deputy for Watershed and Natural Resources Conservation Management, Deputy of Environment and Forestry Management, Coordinating Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Investment (Kemenko Marves);

• Mohammad Irfan Saleh

Director of Water Resources, Deputy for Infrastructure, National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas);

• Bastari

Head of the Citarum River Basin Authority (BBWS), Directorate General of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR);

• Pantja Dharma Oetojo

Head of the Public Communication Bureau, Secretariat General Ministry of Public Works and Housing, (PUPR);

• Prima Mayaningtyas

Head of the West Java Provincial Environmental Agenct;

• Mayjen TNI (Purn.) Dedi Kusnadi Thamim

Daily Chairman of the Task Force of Accelerating Pollution and Damage Control;

• Rofi Alhanif

Assistant Deputy for Waste Management, Deputy of Environment and Forestry Management, Kemenko Marves;

• Safri Burhanuddin

SECRETARIAT

Assistant Deputy for Watershed and Natural Resources Conservation Management, Deputy of Environment and Forestry Management, (Kemenko Marves)

PUBLISHER

Minister Of Public Works And Housing Republic Of Indonesia (PUPR)

IMPLEMENTATION TEAM AND WRITER

• Gemala Suzanti

• Maretha Ayu Kusumawati

• Abdul Ghoni Majdi

• Jaya Sampurna

• Leni Sukma Prihandani

• Riska Hilmi Mutiawati

• Sari Kurniawati

• Sandhi Firmansyah

• Firman Trisasongko

• Chairunnissa Kania Dewi

• Fajar Rizky Muhisa

• Gilang Nur Alif Pradana

• Rinanda Hayoe Crusita

• Aditya Rizki Pramudita

• RR. Puspita Narastiti

• Titih Titisari Danielaini

• Khurniaty Dewi

• Eva Afifah

• M. Pandu Jati Ampera

• Shita Andriyani

• Fikri Pamungkas

• Eki Baihaki

• Mohammad Khomaini

DESIGN, LAYOUT, INFOGRAPHICS

• Firman Trisasongko (Design Layout)

• Fajar Rizky Muhisa (Cover, Infographics)

DOCUMENTATION DAN PHOTOS

• Bappenas

• BBWS Citarum

• Sekretariat Satgas Citarum

• Pokja Satgas Citarum

• Sektor Satgas Citarum

ISBN 978-979-8230-70-7

 REMARKS FROM THE COORDINATING MINISTER OF MARITIME AFFAIRS AND INVESTMENT REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

 REMARKS FROM THE MINISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HOUSING REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

 REMARKS FROM THE ACTING GOVERNOR OF WEST JAVA

 INTRODUCTION BY THE DEPUTY

 INTRODUCTION BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL

REMARKS FROM THE COORDINATING MINISTER OF MARITIME AFFAIRS AND INVESTMENT

REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Praise and gratitude to God Almighty for allowing the compilation of the book “Citarum Harum: Caring for Rivers, Saving Lives,” a document capturing the achievements of the Citarum Harum program.

Indonesia, as an archipelagic country with over 17,000 islands and the largest marine area in the world, Indonesia is blessed with extraordinary waters. Among these islands, numerous rivers flow, serving as vital lifelines, providing clean water, supporting irrigation, and bolstering local economies.

The Citarum River, spanning 297 kilometers, is one of the main rivers in West Java. It plays a crucial role for the surrounding community. However, it was once suffered severe pollution, making it one of the most polluted rivers in the world. This situation serves as a reminder of the importance of maintaining river health, which ultimately affects the health of our oceans.

In 2018, President Joko Widodo launched the Citarum Harum program to restore the glory of the Citarum. This program is an integrated effort involving multistakeholder collaboration among ministries/agencies, regional governments, academia, businesses, communities, and the media.

Through solid work and collaboration, the Citarum Harum program has achieved various impressive results. These include significantly reducing water pollution levels from heavily polluted to lightly polluted, enhancing reforestation efforts in the upper reaches, optimizing waste management along the Citarum Watershed, enforcing strict laws against environmental polluters, and educating and empowering the community to keep the river clean.

The book “Citarum Harum: Caring for Rivers, Saving Lives” stands as an invaluable legacy for future generations. It serves as tangible proof that through hard work, collaboration, and strong commitment, complex environmental challenges can be overcome.

The revitalization of the Citarum River has broader significance. A clean and healthy river will carry its water to the sea, leading to cleaner and more sustainable oceans. Essentially, caring for the Citarum means caring for the ocean, and by extension, caring for Indonesia itself.

Naturally, our journey is not over. Many challenges remain, and solutions must be found. Therefore, let’s continue to collaborate, synergize, and commit to realizing our shared goal: a fragrant and sustainable Citarum River.

I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to all those who have contributed, both directly and indirectly, to the restoration efforts for the Citarum River, which have been meticulously documented in this book.

Let’s work together to make the rivers of Indonesia clean and fragrant!

Luhut B. Pandjaitan

COORDINATING MINISTER OF MARITIME AFFAIRS AND INVESTMENT REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

As the Chairman of the Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control Program (PPK DAS Citarum)

Luhut B. Pandjaitan

REMARKS FROM THE MINISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HOUSING REPUBLIC

OF INDONESIA

The Ministry of Public Works and Housing has provided full support for the Citarum Harum Program through the construction of various infrastructures in the Bandung Basin, aimed at controlling pollution and damage in the Citarum Watershed in West Java Province. This support follows the mandate of President Joko Widodo through Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018 regarding the Acceleration of Pollution and Damage Control in the Citarum Watershed.

To maintain and improve the Citarum River’s condition, the Ministry of Public Works and Housing has been collaborating with the Indonesian Army (TNI) through the Citarum Harum Program since 2018. A series of activities have been carried out, including dredging sediment and waste, planting trees, managing domestic, industrial, and livestock waste, and conducting public awareness campaigns in support of the Citarum Harum Working Group (POKJA). Since 2020, the management of waste in the Citarum Watershed has been supported by the Improvement of Solid Waste Management Support Regional and Metropolitan Cities Program (ISWMP), implemented by the Directorate General of Human Settlements, running through November 2025.

The success of the Citarum Harum Program requires synergy between the central government, local governments, businesses, and the public, as outlined in the action plan, where each party has specific responsibilities. Managing the Watershed in the Water Resources (SDA) sector involves various integrated activities, including river normalization, tunnel construction, floodways, check dams, wastewater treatment facilities, and surface

waste management. These efforts must align with other Citarum Harum programs like critical land management, waste and sanitation management, industrial waste management, domestic and livestock waste treatment, and spatial planning in the upper Citarum Watershed and riverbanks.

The Citarum Harum Program’s achievements are evidenced by improved Water Quality Index (WQI), reduced critical land area and flooding in the Bandung Basin, and the removal of illegal structures along the riverbanks. There is also a growing awareness of the importance of preserving the Citarum River. To ensure the program’s sustainability, all stakeholders and community elements are expected to maintain a shared commitment to creating a clean, healthy, beautiful, and sustainable Citarum Watershed.

To conclude, I extend my appreciation and thanks to everyone involved and who synergized in documenting the journey of the Citarum Harum Program. This program brings new hope for resolving issues in the Citarum Watershed, aiming to create a healthy and productive Watershed that can sustain water sources, protect ecosystems, keep soil fertile, and foster a prosperous community.

M. Basuki Hadimoeljono

MINISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HOUSING (PUPR) REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

As the Director of the Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control Program (PPK DAS Citarum)

M. Basuki Hadimoeljono

REMARKS FROM THE ACTING GOVERNOR OF WEST JAVA

All praise be to Allah SWT, the Almighty, for His abundant blessings and grace, enabling the implementation of Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018 on the Acceleration of Pollution and Damage Control in the Citarum Watershed to proceed with high commitment since its establishment on March 15, 2018.

In accordance with the mandate of the Presidential Regulation, the Governor of West Java has formed a Task Force on Pollution and Damage Control (PPK) of the Citarum Watershed, along with its governance structure, with the Governor serving as the Task Force Commander. To guide the implementation of the tasks, the Governor of West Java issued Governor’s Regulation No. 28 of 2019 on the 2019-2025 Action Plan for Pollution and Damage Control in the Citarum Watershed, with amendments established in Governor’s Regulation No. 37 of 2021.

The implementation of the Citarum Watershed PPK Task Force has successfully improved the Water Quality Index from “heavily polluted” in 2018 to “lightly polluted” since 2021. In its implementation, the Citarum River PPK Task Force always emphasizes the spirit of Collaboration and Synergy within the Pentahelix Framework, involving the Central Government, District/Municipal Governments, Academics, the Business Community, and the Media, while encouraging active participation from the Community and other organizations.

High appreciation is given, as the compilation of this Citarum Harum Book was carried out with the spirit of Collaboration and Synergy. Besides serving as documentation and publication, this book is also expected to be one of the legacies of the PPK DAS Citarum Task Force, providing best practices in addressing pollution and damage issues in Watersheds, not just in Indonesia, but also globally.

Finally, I would like to thank everyone who has actively participated in supporting the activities of the Citarum Watershed PPK Task Force from 2018 to the present.

Bey Triadi Machmudin

ACTING GOVERNOR OF WEST JAVA

As Commander of the Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control Task Force

Bey Triadi Machmudin

INTRODUCTION BY THE DEPUTY

Nani Hendiarti

DEPUTY

MINISTER

FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND FORESTRY MANAGEMENT

COORDINATING MINISTRY OF MARITIME AFFAIRS AND INVESTMENT

REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

With profound gratitude and joy, we extend our praises and thanks to the presence of Allah SWT, the Almighty, for His abundant blessings and grace, allowing us to complete the compilation of the book “Citarum HARUM: Caring for the River, Saving Lives”. This book represents our commitment and dedication in efforts to the preservation and restoration of the Citarum Watershed, a river that not only carries water but also brings a million stories of life to the surrounding communities.

The Citarum River not only flows with water but also serves as a source of countless benefits for its surrounding communities. Its waters irrigate agricultural fields, serve as a haven for fishermen, and provide a source of livelihood.

This book reflects our commitment to safeguarding and restoring the Citarum River for the well-being of the community. The “Citarum Harum” program, initiated in 2018, has inspired various stakeholders to take part in preserving the sustainability of the Citarum River. Through this book, we want to share success stories, the challenges faced, and the concrete steps taken in the process of revitalizing this river.

Citarum restoration efforts are still a long journey. However, with strong synergy and determination, we are optimistic about realizing a clean, sustainable Citarum that returns to being a source of life and prosperity for the community. Beyond that, we aspire to make Citarum an icon of change, transforming its image from the dirtiest river to a clean and beautiful river. We strive for Citarum to become an example of the best river management in Indonesia and globally.

Our deepest appreciation goes out to everyone who has contributed to the “Citarum Harum” program. May this book become a source of inspiration, motivation, and learning for all of us to always safeguard the conservation of the environment and forests. This step is taken to create a better future for the next generation.

Nani Hendiarti

INTRODUCTION BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL

Bob Arthur Lombogia

DIRECTOR GENERAL OF WATER RESOURCES

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HOUSING REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Water resource management in the Citarum Watershed is highly strategic for the social and economic interests of the country, providing raw water for urban and industrial use, especially for Metropolitan Bandung, DKI Jakarta, and the Industrial Areas in Karawang-Bekasi. It also supports agricultural rice paddies, particularly in the Jatiluhur Irrigation Area, hydropower plants, fisheries, and other community needs.

The Citarum River is the largest and longest river in the Pasundan region, holding its own historical significance for the people of West Java. However, with the increasing population growth and the heightened dependence on the Citarum River, which has become a hub for all kinds of activities, the level of damage to the river has risen, affecting water quality, quantity, and the environment.

Issues with water quality are largely due to various types of waste, including domestic, industrial, and agricultural waste, entering the river without proper treatment. Flooding and drought are often the result of changes in land use, inadequate spatial planning, and land subsidence. All these factors have contributed to the degradation of the Citarum River’s environmental quality, which is crucial for the well-being of the community.

In response to these problems, President Joko Widodo issued Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018 on the Acceleration of Pollution and Damage Control in the Citarum Watershed, known as the “Citarum Harum” program. Citarum Harum is a comprehensive program involving all levels of government, from the national to regional, addressing all aspects of pollution control and damage in the Citarum Watershed.

The implementation strategy of the action plan includes institutional governance, indication of funding sources, water quality monitoring, as well as monitoring,

evaluation, and reporting involving all relevant stakeholders from the central, provincial, and district governments through ministries/institutions The action plan’s implementation strategy includes governance structures, indication of funding sources, water quality monitoring, and monitoring, evaluation, and reporting processes involving all relevant stakeholders from central, provincial, and district governments through various ministries, agencies, and departments, with assistance from the military (TNI), police, and prosecutors to engage all community elements.

Citarum Harum has brought positive changes, starting from industrial waste management, reduction of critical land areas, improvements in the Water Quality Index (WQI), and a reduction in flood-prone areas in the Citarum Watershed. The government and the community must work together to make the Citarum Watershed clean, healthy, and productive, restoring harmony between biodiversity and humans to contribute to a sustainable water resource that greatly benefits life in the Citarum Watershed.

The journey of Citarum Harum toward the recovery of the Citarum River is detailed in a book titled “Citarum Hirup Rakyat Hurip” or “Citarum Lives, People Prosper.” This book not only tells success stories but also reinforces commitment and encourages community participation to preserve the Citarum River for the safety and prosperity of future generations.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Since ancient times, the Citarum River has played a significant role in Sundanese society, serving as a water source for agriculture, fisheries, and transportation, with its diverse ecosystem. Today, the economy and culture of West Java and Indonesian communities heavily rely on the Citarum River for food production, raw water for drinking in West Java Province and Jakarta, as well as for the energy resilience of Java and Bali.

Rapid population growth and increasing economic needs have exerted immense pressure on the Citarum River due to various societal and business activities focusing on exploiting the Citarum Watershed, resulting in issues regarding both the quality and quantity of water, such as flooding and drought.

Although various efforts have been made by the government through programs such as Citarum Bergetar, Cita Citarum, Cikapundung Bersih, and Citarum Bestari, the issues surrounding the Citarum River persist and have even worsened, earning it the title of the world’s most polluted river.

In response to these conditions, the government is compelled to take more serious measures in addressing the Citarum River through Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018 concerning the Acceleration of Pollution and Damage Control of the Citarum Watershed. This regulation involves all government elements, communities/society, businesses, universities, and mass media (Pentahelix), as well as engaging the

military to accelerate ecosystem restoration efforts and the Police and Prosecutor’s Office in law enforcement. The implementation of the Citarum Harum programs is carried out through the execution of 12 programs in 8 working groups with 23 sectors in the Citarum Watershed from upstream to downstream, covering a length of 297 km.

In a relatively short time, significant achievements have been made, including an increase in the Water Quality Index (WQI) from a score of 33.43 (severely polluted status in 2018) to a score of 50.78 (lightly polluted status in 2023), reduction of critical land areas and flood areas in the Bandung Basin, demolition of illegal buildings along the riverbanks, and an increase in public awareness.

The next challenge for the Citarum Harum Program is to ensure the sustainability of the improvements made by increasing the role of all Pentahelix elements towards the Ultimate Goal, with the main indicator being a WQI of 60 to be achieved by 2025.

Although the Ultimate Goal of Citarum Harum has not yet been achieved, this program has been quite successful in controlling pollution and mitigating damage to the Citarum Watershed with various achievements. The success of the Citarum Harum program is attributed to the government’s role (through presidential regulation) in mobilizing all Pentahelix elements as best practices that can be applied to other Watersheds in Indonesia and globally.

CITARUM HARUM

Spanning 297 kilometers, the Citarum River is the third largest river on the island of Java. The Citarum has witnessed the historical civilization and evolution of the lives of the people surrounding it. Unfortunately, this golden era of the river has gradually faded, and it has become detached from the cultural fabric of society, which is now neglecting it.

As a source of drinking water for nearly 25 million people, the Citarum cannot continue to be polluted. This river remains a lifeline for people living in uncertainty; between choosing to endure or being forced out. Their lives depend on the survival or demise of the Citarum River.

Will we bear witness to a transformation? Or will we witness as the river’s toxicity claims more victims?

source: citarum.id

CITARUM IN DATA

• Longest river in West Java (297 km)

• Area of the Citarum Watershed (DAS) is 6,822 km²

• Supports approximately 27 million residents in West Java and DKI

• Irrigates 328,425 hectares of farmland

• Has three cascade reservoirs: Saguling, Cirata, Jatiluhur

• Hydroelectric power capacity of 2,600 MW

• Supplies 80% of DKI’s raw water supply

• Around 3,000 industries draw raw water and discharge wastewater.

What is really happening with the Citarum?

Since the 1980s, the Citarum has been under threat due to the growth of the textile industry without corresponding environmental responsibility. This has led to severe pollution in the Citarum River.

Moreover, the population boom in West Java has exacerbated the Citarum’s issues with rampant land development for housing, household waste, conversion of protected forests, and even riverbank encroachment, leading to riverbed siltation and erosion.

Citarum River as a pillar of civilization

For thousands of years, the Citarum River has been the lifeblood of human civilization. It is believed that during the Tarumanagara Kingdom (4th-7th century), the Citarum was instrumental in the advancement of society, as evidenced by the arrangement of water channels for agriculture. The Batujaya Temple Complex was also built during the Tarumanagara Kingdom and is located 500 meters from the downstream flow of the Citarum River.

Biodiversity along the Citarum River

In addition to providing raw water for 27 million people in West Java and DKI Jakarta, the Citarum River also has remarkable biodiversity and landscapes. These include tropical rainforests, plant species such as Tarum Areuy (Marsdenia tinctoria), Rasamala (Altingia excelsa), and Jamuju (Podocarpus imbricatus), as well as endemic fish like Hampala (Hampala macrolepidota), Lawalak (Barbodes bramoides), and Beunteur (Puntius binotatus).

Clean rivers are a right and a responsibility

Human consciousness must be questioned, as the damage and suffering in the Citarum have been ongoing for a long time. This is not the time to point fingers or lay blame. It is the time to take collective responsibility for the restoration of the Citarum River. Humanity needs nature. It is the right of every citizen to have a good and healthy environment, but it is also our obligation to help preserve it.

MEDIA BACKGROUND

Movement Named “Make a Change World”

A documentary video by a French filmmaker, Gary A Bencheghib, who kayaked down the Citarum River in a boat made from discarded plastic bottles, showing the condition of the Citarum and calling it “The Most Polluted River in the World”

President Ir. Joko Widodo’s response

”Gary, you will see that Citarum River, in 7 years, WILL BE THE CLEANEST RIVER”

Indonesia will transform the Citarum River into a clean river within 7 years

Starting mid-January 2018, we will initiate improvements and revitalization from upstream to downstream on the Citarum River, because information and data show that the Citarum is heavily polluted

Joko Widodo

We will complete a total overhaul, including land revitalization and addressing all related issues like tributaries and industrial waste. This way, the Citarum will truly benefit agriculture, and its raw water will become clean again, supporting life

“Congratulations Indonesia!

This is what the worlds most polluted river looks like one year after starting the cleanup operation”

Feb 2018 – Feb 2019 -MakeAChangeWorld-

The name “Citarum” derives from two words: “ci,” meaning “water,” and “tarum,” a plant historically used to dye fabrics in deep blue to purple shades. There is also a belief that the name Citarum relates to Tarumanagara, the oldest kingdom in West Java.

(Hardjasaputra 2007; Cita Citarum 2013)

THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF CITARUM

ANCIENT CITARUM

In the northern part of Bandung, where Mount Tangkuban Parahu now stands, there was once a giant volcano called Mount Jayagiri. This mountain erupted violently, forming a very wide crater, known as a caldera. From the side of this caldera, a new mountain, Mount Sunda, emerged. Its powerful

eruption led to the formation of another caldera, from which Mount Tangkuban Parahu eventually arose. To this day, the descendants of Mount Jayagiri continue to show activity, evolving in accordance with their ancient characteristics.

Citarum, an ancient river noted by experts for its winding and slow flow across the southern plains of Bandung, encounters four-million-year-old intrusive igneous rocks in the Selacau-Lagadar Hills, precisely at Mount Paseban. Its tributaries converge to form a single river body that flows approximately 300 km northward, ending at Muara Gembong where it merges with the Java Sea. The seven springs of Situ Cisanti, located at the foot of Mount Wayang, are the primary source of the largest and longest river flow in West Java.

The Citarum River traverses the Bandung Basin, where, 105,000 years ago, its flow was obstructed by the eruption of Mount Sunda, resulting in the formation of the Ancient Lake of Bandung. However, about 16,000 years ago, this ancient lake shrank due to the collapse of one of its walls, eroded by water flow. The site of this breach is now known as Curug Jompong.

Curug Jompong plays a significant role in the geological history of Bandung. In “The Geology of Indonesia,” a book compiled by geologist Van Bemmelen in 1936, Curug Jompong is highlighted as an exemplary site for earth science field studies. Van Bemmelen discovered garnet here—a type of gemstone the size of a pomegranate seed. It is not surprising, therefore, that experts recognize Curug Jompong as one of the Earth’s noteworthy sites, serving as a natural laboratory and an important geological monument in the history of Earth’s evolution in the Parahyangan region.

The meandering flow of the Citarum River towards the Jatiluhur Dam as seen from the air Aerial photo of the Citarum River Doc Cita-Citarum 2013

Mount Sunda, currently rising to 1,854 meters above sea level, represents just a small cone within the expansive Mount Sunda caldera series. The original Mount Sunda was constructed on a base about 20 kilometres wide, with its height estimated to be around 4,000 meters above sea level. Often, a mountain that erupts and forms a caldera loses approximately two-thirds of its mass. Therefore, with the caldera’s

highest point now at 2,080 meters, it suggests that the present height is only one-third of the original Mount Sunda’s elevation.

Before Mount Sunda was formed, there was Mount Jayagiri. Its initial eruptions, which released lava, occurred between 560,000 and 500,000 years ago. These eruptions eventually shattered the mountain’s structure to form a caldera.

The first episode of lava-flowing eruptions took place between 210,000 and 128,000 years ago.

The second episode comprised 13 eruption units, with at least one unit possibly experiencing multiple large eruptions.

The third episode, occurring approximately 105,000 years ago, involved catastrophic eruptions that fragmented Mount Sunda and led to the formation of a caldera.

This powerful eruption dispersed volcanic materials that swiftly covered everything in their path. Dense forests and wildlife— including rhinoceroses, deer, and antelope—within the Ci Tarum valley, situated about 35 km from the eruption’s epicentre, were completely buried. Notably, drum-sized charcoal pieces from the pyroclastic flow have been

Curug Jompong, Citarum River, 1926

copyright Pinterset Diana Dien

Dayeuh Kolot bridge -Pinterest

Map of West Java from the colonial era of the Dutch government

Photo of the Citarum crossing path in 1600.

(From the book of a German naturalist in the Priangan region)

Limestone mountains of Padalarang as remnants of the ancient Bandung Lake

discovered during sand excavations in Ciseupan, Cibeber, Cimahi City.

This significant eruption event also buried the ancient Ci Tarum River north of Padalarang, creating the massive Ancient Lake of Bandung. The part of the river that remained unburied is now known as Ci Meta, a

smaller river winding through the extensive valley of the ancient Ci Tarum.

The eruption of Mount Tangkuban Parahu, a descendant of Mount Sunda, dispersed its material to the south, near the present-day Citarum at Curug Jompong. This deposition of volcanic material filled the surrounding valleys, effectively splitting the large lake into two distinct bodies: the West Ancient Lake of Bandung and the East Ancient Lake of Bandung.

Evolutionary events and the active flow of tributary streams have caused fractures and areas of

In the 5th century, a small village founded by Jayasinghawarman on the banks of the Citarum River gradually evolved into a significant realm, known as the Tarumanegara Kingdom, the oldest Hindu kingdom in West Java. Historically, the Citarum served as the boundary between two kingdoms: the Galuh Kingdom and the Sunda Kingdom. The latter was originally known as the Tarumanegara Kingdom before changing its name in 670 AD.

Aerial view of the bridge over the Citarum River in Batujajar, Cimahi, West Java

Walahar Dam, Karawang, 1928

Bamboo bridge above Citarum River around Bandung,1926 cr @ Pinterest

Exposure of volcanic rocks from the eruption of Mount Sunda in Cikahuripan, West Bandung Regency.

subsidence, leading to a gradual decline in water levels in the two ancient lakes of Bandung over the last 16,000 years. Curug Jompong, the location of this shrinkage, is recognized as an excellent site for earth sciences field studies. Notably, garnets—gemstones the size of pomegranate seeds—were discovered here, as documented by Van Bemmelen in 1936.

Encircled by volcanic mountains ranging in height from 650 to over 2,000 meters, the Bandung Basin was dramatically reshaped about 105,000 years ago. The violent eruption of Mount Sunda blocked the Citarum River, resulting in the formation of the Ancient Lake of Bandung. As centuries passed, the lake’s water level steadily increased, peaking at 725 meters above sea level around 36,000 years ago..

ORIGIN OF THE NAME CITARUM

Etymologically, the name “Citarum” derives from two words: “ci,” which means “water,” and “tarum,” a plant once used to dye cloth dark blue to purple. Additionally, the name is believed to be linked to Tarumanagara, the oldest kingdom in West Java (Hardjasaputra 2007; Cita Citarum 2013).

In the 5th century, a small village on the banks of the Citarum River founded by Jayasinghawarman evolved into the significant Tarumanegara Kingdom, the oldest Hindu kingdom in West Java. Historically, the Citarum served as a vital boundary between the Galuh and Sunda Kingdoms, with the latter changing its name from Tarumanagara in 670 AD. This boundary function was reiterated in the 15th century as the dividing line between the Sultanate of Cirebon and the Sultanate of Banten. Additionally, the Citarum River has been a crucial transportation route connecting coastal and inland areas.

In the valleys of this river, significant archaeological findings have been made. According to J.A. Katili (1962), fossils of rhinoceroses, deer, and animals now identified as tapirs were discovered in the Ci Tarum valley, south of Rajamandala. Later, remarkably intact elephant molars were unearthed at a depth of six meters in the Rancamalang area of Bandung Regency.

In the downstream part of this river area, the kingdom of Tarumanagara once thrived. Today, in the Batujaya area of Karawang Regency, numerous brick temples remain, attesting to the river’s significant historical role in the Sundanese region. Ci Tarum also marked the boundary as the kingdoms in the Sundanese region began to divide. Even today, Ci Tarum serves as an administrative boundary between Bandung Regency and Cianjur Regency. The Citarum Watershed has profoundly shaped the cultural landscape of Ci Tarum.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC

GEOGRAPHY OF CITARUM

The Citarum River is the largest and longest river in West Java, flowing for 297 km from its source in the South Bandung area and ending on the North Coast of Java, precisely in the districts of Bekasi and Karawang.

The Citarum River Basin covers an extensive area of 11,325 km2, representing approximately 32% of West Java Province’s total land area. This basin encompasses 14 administrative regions of districts/ cities, specifically Bandung Regency, West Bandung Regency, Cianjur Regency, Sumedang Regency, Bogor Regency, Purwakarta Regency, Bekasi Regency, Karawang Regency, Garut Regency, Subang Regency, Indramayu Regency, Sukabumi Regency, Bandung City, and Cimahi City. The Citarum Watershed within the basin spans 6,822 km² or 60.24% of its total area. It includes 13 of these administrative regions, excluding Indramayu. These regions constitute the core territory of the Citarum River Basin.

The Citarum River originates from the convergence of tributaries, notably the seven springs of Situ Cisanti located at the foot of Mount Wayang (1,700 meters above sea level) in Bandung Regency. This river flows from south to north, culminating in its discharge into the Java Sea at Muara Gembong, Bekasi Regency.

The river basin’s topography is divided into three main parts: the upper, middle, and lower regions. The upper

part, known as the Bandung Basin, is characterized by elevations ranging from 625 to 2,600 meters above sea level, with Mount Guha being the highest point. In contrast, the middle area exhibits a varied morphology, including plains (250-400 masl), gently undulating hills (200-800 masl), steep hills (1,400-2,400 masl), and volcanic mountains. The lower Citarum region is predominantly plains, gently undulating and steep hills, with elevations ranging from 200 to 1,200 masl..

There are 2 (two) metropolitan areas, namely:

1. Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, and Bekasi (Jabodetabek) located in the northern part, characterized by lowlands with elevations ranging from 0 to 100 meters above sea level (masl), and

2. The Bandung Basin, located in the southern highlands with elevations surpassing 100 masl.

Hydroclimatic data play a vital role in providing insights into hydrological and meteorological conditions in the region, including variables such as rainfall, flow, air temperature, relative humidity, duration of sunlight, and wind speed. The Citarum River Basin is classified

Rainfall map (isohyet map) of the Citarum River Basin area

Situ Cisanti Kilometer 0 Citarum

Plants of the Citarum River Basin (Top to Bottom/Left to Right): Bayur (Pterospermum Javanicum), Teak (Tectona Grandis), Ileng – Ileng (Phyllanthus reticulatus), Pasang (Lithocarpus spp), Kemuning (Murraya paniculata), Kepundung (Baccaurea racemosa), Lantana (Lantana camara). Endemic Fish Species (Continued): Catfish (Clarias Bratachus), Hampala (Hampala Macrolepidota), Lawalak (Barbodes Bramoides), Kebogerang(Mystus Negriceps), Snakehead (Channa Striatus), Lais (Lais Hexanema

as a tropical region with high rainfall and humidity throughout the year, alongside minimal variation in air temperature from month to month. Annual rainfall levels fluctuate depending on location and topographic conditions. These variations in climate values within the Citarum River Basin are illustrated in the rainfall chart.

The Citarum Watershed harbors diverse endemic ecosystems found in West Java Province. The

province boasts rich biodiversity, with 3,882 species of flowering plants and ferns native to the region, alongside 258 species introduced from abroad. Among these, 1,106 species are classified as trees, including 51 species of high ecological value. The endemic fauna of the region encompasses various groups, including insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Endemic

Muara Gembong, Kabupaten Bekasi

DEMOGRAPHIC OF CITARUM

The Citarum River plays a crucial role in the lives of the people of West Java. Historical records indicate that human culture developed along the river, including the Citarum River. Since ancient times, the Citarum River has played a significant role in the social life of the community, especially for the people of West Java.

During the Dutch colonial period, the Citarum River served as a crucial link between inland areas and the northern coast of Java, functioning as a transportation and trade route for agricultural products. Today, the abundant water resources of the Citarum River continue to play a vital role in supporting agricultural irrigation, industrial activities, and providing drinking water for urban areas such as Bandung, Cimahi, Cianjur,

Serenity at Situ Cileunca

Settlements around Muara Gembong Citarum River

During the Dutch colonial period, the Citarum River served as a crucial link between inland areas and the northern coast of Java, functioning as a transportation and trade route for agricultural products Purwakarta, Bekasi, and Karawang. The importance of the Citarum River extends beyond regional boundaries. Even the Jakarta Megapolitan area, serving as the capital of Indonesia, relies heavily on the river. Approximately 80% of its raw water needs and electricity supply are sourced from hydropower plants along the Citarum River.

Based on 2023 data, the population of the Citarum Watershed is recorded at 13,565,088, with an average growth rate of 1.186%. In relation to the broader area, the population of this watershed constitutes 29.944% of the total population of West Java Province and 8.645% of the total population of Java. The entire Citarum Watershed falls within West Java Province, where economic development is evident across various sectors. The GDP of West Java Province is predominantly driven by three key sectors: manufacturing (41.87%), wholesale and retail trade (14.43%), and agriculture (8.44%). Economic growth within the Citarum Watershed is assessed using GDP data specific to each regency and city within West Java Provincexa

The Citarum River as a public transportation route

UTILIZATION OF THE CITARUM RIVER

The Citarum River remains an indispensable lifeline for communities in the western part of Java Island, holding a paramount significance unparalleled by any other river in the region. Recognizing its vital role, the Citarum River was bestowed with the status of a National Strategic Watershed by the Presidential Decree of the Republic of Indonesia Number 12 of 2012, further solidified by the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No. 4 of 2015.

The abundant water resources of the Citarum River not only cater to the daily needs of surrounding communities but also serve as a critical source of household and urban water supply, as well as supporting industrial activities in regions such as Bandung, Cimahi, Cianjur, Purwakarta, Bekasi, Karawang, and even DKI Jakarta. Notably, 80% of the raw water supply for the DKI Jakarta area is sourced from the Citarum River, distributed through the Tarum Barat Canal. Beyond meeting domestic and industrial demands, the water resources of the Citarum River play a pivotal role in driving various sectors of the economy. The river’s water is the primary source for irrigated agriculture in key rice-producing regions like

Residential areas along the banks of the Cikapundung River

Source: Bappenas

Karawang, Indramayu, and Subang, contributing significantly to national food security.

Furthermore, the dams along the river serve as vital infrastructure, harnessing hydropower to generate electrical energy.

Citarum Watershed was designated as a National Strategic River for the following reasons:

1. The abundance of water resources within the Citarum Watershed, constituting at least 20% of the total potential water resources in West Java.

2. The significant concentration of the population of West Java within the Citarum Watershed, surpassing 30%.

Fishing as one of the livelihood sources for residents around the Citarum River

Source: Citarum Task Force

3. The substantial impact of harnessing the potential water resources of the Citarum River on national development initiatives.

4. The reliance of over 30% of the workforce in West Java on employment opportunities directly linked to the utilization of the Citarum River’s water resources.

5. The crucial role of the Citarum River as the primary water source for national rice production, supporting irrigated agriculture across 328,425 hectares.

6. The rapid expansion of the industrial sector along the river, which heavily depends on the water resources of the Citarum River to sustain its operations.

7. The hydroelectric power plants located at the three main dams along the Citarum River— Jatiluhur, Saguling, and Cirata—are integral

components of inter-provincial electricity networks and the national transmission grid. Recognized for their critical role, these power plants are designated as National Vital Objects. Additionally, energy generation from hydroelectric sources extends to other dams such as Cipanunjang and Cileunca, contributing to a total capacity of approximately 2,600 MW along the Citarum River.

Despite its importance, the Citarum Watershed grapples with pollution and environmental degradation, posing significant health, economic, and ecological risks while undermining environmental protection efforts. High levels of domestic and industrial activities along the riverbanks constitute the primary sources of pollution. Industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, livestock waste, fisheries waste, and untreated domestic sewage contribute to the pollution and degradation of the Citarum River, jeopardizing its ecosystem and environmental resources

The Citarum Watershed has experienced pollution and environmental damage, resulting in significant losses to health, the economy, society, ecosystems, and environmental resources. These issues also threaten the achievement of environmental protection and management goals. High levels of domestic and industrial activities along the riverbanks are the main causes of its pollution. Pollution and damage in the Citarum River include industrial pollutants, agricultural waste, livestock waste, fisheries waste, and domestic waste, which encompasses both domestic wastewater and household trash.

PROBLEMS IN THE CITARUM WATERSHED

CRITICAL LAND

In the Citarum watershed, the critical land area covers 71.32% or 486,558 Ha of the total area, classified into somewhat critical, critical, and very critical areas

(Source : Pola WS Citarum, 2023)

Critical Land Area

9,91% Critical Potential

18,77% Not Critical

41,63% Somewhat Critical

9,98% Critical

19,70% Very Critical

(Source : Pola WS Citarum, 2023)

LAND SUBSIDENCE

The excessive extraction of groundwater caused the Bandung Basin to sink by 8 cm per year

(Source : Pola WS Citarum, 2023)

16% of the irrigation network was seriously damaged, 31% was slightly damaged

The condition of the irrigation network causes water distribution to be less than optimal

The Citarum River, the longest river in Java, serves as a vital source of hydroelectric power and economic prosperity for the communities in West Java. It is also a crucial source of raw water for drinking in West Java Province and DKI Jakarta Province. Additionally, the river supports irrigation for hundreds of thousands of hectares of rice fields and agricultural lands, and it is essential for livestock farming, fisheries, industries, wastewater channels, and

LIVESTOCK AND AGRICULTURAL WASTE

According to the Harum Citarum Task Force of 2022, approximately 27,000 cattle populate the upstream region. As a result, an estimated 82.4 tonnes of cow dung flows into the Citarum river, contributing to its pollution levels. In addition to this, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides by the industries in the area also exacerbates the pollution. Furthermore, out of the 1,500 industries in the region, 600 produce around 280 tons of waste per day, and only 10% of them operate IPALs.

(Source : Satgas Citarum Harum, 2022)

8.763 m3/day

Due to a lack of management and minimal public awareness, garbage enters the river at a rate of 8,763 m3/day

(Source: Wahyu Suryakusuma, Bandung City Waste Problems and Alternative Solutions, UPI, Bandung).

LANDUSE 2019-2021

(Source: West Java Province Regional Development Planning Agency, 2021)

14,793 ha Areas Prone to Flooding Areas

Prone to flooding in East Bandung cover an area of 2649 ha, Baleendah and Dayeuhkolot cover an area of 72 ha, and Citarum Hilir covers an area of 12,072 ha

(Source : BBWS Citarum, 2023)

The Emergency Spillway Downstream of Jatiluhur Reservoir in Ubrug is densely populated

Poor sanitation & unhealthy life behavior persist, particularly among those who live on riverbanks and still engage in open defecation in the river

Cisanti

Saguling

Cirata

Ir. H. Juanda

power plants. Three hydroelectric power dams and one solar power plant located along the river supply electricity to several major cities in Java and Bali.

Citarum was once renowned for its natural beauty and water resources. However, due to the exploitation and inadequate management of its water resources, coupled with the impacts of continued population growth, environmentally unfriendly natural resource exploitation, and uncontrolled industrial expansion

along its banks, the river’s ecosystem has been significantly affected. Known as a river in crisis, Citarum is often described as the most polluted and toxic river in the world. The area has become a dumping ground for vast amounts of industrial and household waste, which threatens the sustainability of its ecosystems.

CITARUM WATER QUALITY

The Water Quality Index (IKA) value in 2022 will be 51.01 or LIGHT PILOT status

(Source: Harum Citarum Task Force, 2022)

WATER QUALITY

During the dry season, drought occurs in the downstream areas

PERIKANAN

Over Populasi Karamba

The number of cages permitted in Saguling is 3,282 units in 2022 reaching 35,842 units, permitted 7,204 units in 2022 reaching 98,397 units and Jatiluhur permitted 11,306 units in 2022 reaching 33,000 units

(Source: Harum Citarum Task Force, 2022)

33.350 ton nitrogen & 4.370 ton fosfor

settles due to over feeding in fish cages. 10 tons/day results in sediment as thick as 3 m.

(Source: Harum Citarum Task Force, 2022)

8,55 m3 /sec

Deficit in fulfilling raw water for Metropolitan Bandung

(Source: BBWS Citarum, 2020

2,347 Industrial

Challenges of water pollution in the Citarum watershed

(Source: Environmental Service, 2019)

Source: BBWS Citarum 2023

Abrasion and Intrusion

Loss of mangrove/mangrove forest areas as protectors of coastal areas.

Muara Gembong/ Gembong Estuary

Government Commitment: (Presidential Regulation 15/2018)

Recognizing the critical condition of pollution and damage in the Citarum Watershed, the Indonesian government took action to address pollution in the Citarum Watershed by issuing Presidential Regulation Number 15 of 2018 concerning the Acceleration of Pollution Control and Damage in the Citarum Watershed (PPK DAS Citarum), marking an important moment by designating the Citarum Watershed as a National Priority Watershed.

Pollution in the Citarum Watershed arises from the expansion of critical land in the upstream area, industrial waste, livestock waste, agricultural waste, and waste from aquaculture (floating net cages), as well as domestic wastewater and garbage. These issues correlate with the increasing population growth rate. Additionally, damage in the Citarum Watershed occurs due to the formation of critical land, leading to high sedimentation rates, frequent flooding, and inadequate water resource infrastructure for domestic, irrigation, industrial, and other needs. The fundamental problems in the Citarum Watershed stem from the unsustainable exploitation of space and water resources, exacerbated by a lack of coordinated institutional efforts and weak law enforcement.

With the Citarum River already heavily polluted, the president has issued Presidential Regulation No.

The President accompanied by the Pangdam III Siliwangi visiting Situ Cisanti in 2018

Source: Setneg (State Secretariat)

15 of 2018. This regulation, which focuses on the Acceleration of Pollution and Damage Control in the Citarum Watershed, provides the legal framework for implementing activities to hasten pollution and damage control. Additionally, the details of this regulation are further specified in the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs Regulation No. 8 of 2018, which outlines the work procedures for the Steering and Task Force Teams responsible for pollution and damage control in the Citarum Watershed.

The high level of domestic and industrial activities along the riverbanks is the main cause of pollution in the Citarum River. This pollution includes industrial contaminants, agricultural waste, livestock waste, fisheries waste, and domestic waste, encompassing both wastewater and household waste.

Waste condition at Curug Jompong in 2013

Source: Bappenas

Some of the crises faced by the Citarum Watershed include uncontrolled domestic and industrial waste, damaged ecosystems, floating fish cages (KJA), and flooding. It is often referred to as the most polluted and toxic river in the world.

INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT

Considering the environmental pollution and damage experienced by the Citarum Watershed, resulting in significant losses to health, the economy, society, the ecosystem, and environmental resources, which threaten the achievement of environmental protection and management goals, the government deems it necessary to take strategic and integrated steps to accelerate control and law enforcement for the restoration of the Citarum Watershed.

Based on these considerations, on March 14, 2018, President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) signed Presidential Regulation (Perpres) No. 15 of 2018 concerning the Acceleration of Pollution and Damage Control of the Citarum Watershed

To carry out integrated pollution control and damage mitigation in the Citarum Watershed, the Citarum Watershed Team was established. This team’s primary responsibility is to accelerate and sustain the implementation of the watershed’s control policies through synergistic and sustainable operations. These operations aim to prevent and mitigate pollution and damage while restoring the Citarum Watershed. The team’s efforts include integrating programs and activities from various ministries/agencies and regional governments, optimizing personnel, and acquiring operational equipment, as specified in Article 3, paragraph (1) of the Presidential Regulation.

The Citarum Watershed Team is under the direct responsibility of the President and consists of: a. Directors; and b. Task Forces, further referred to as Satgas.

Situ Cisanti Febuary 2018

Coordination meeting activities of the Citarum Watershed with all stakeholders.

Directors

The Directors of the Citarum DAS Team consist of:

Chair: Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs;

Vice Chair I: Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs;

Vice Chair II: Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs;

Vice Chair III: Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Culture.

The members of the Directors consist of: 1. Minister of Home Affairs; 2. Minister of Religion; 3. Minister of Finance; 4. Minister of Research, Technology, and Higher Education; 5. Minister of Health; 6. Minister of Industry; 7. Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources; 8. Minister of Public Works and Housing; 9. Minister of Agriculture; 10. Minister of Environment and Forestry; 11. Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries; 12. Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Head of National Land Agency; 13. Minister of National Development Planning/Head of Bappenas; 14. Minister of State-Owned Enterprises; 15. Attorney General; 16. Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces; 17. Chief of National Police; 18. Cabinet Secretary; 19. Head of Financial and Development Supervisory Agency.

The tasks of the Directors, as outlined in this Presidential Regulation, include: a. Establishing integrated and sustainable policies for controlling pollution and damage to the Citarum Watershed; and b. Providing directions in the execution of Satgas tasks, which encompass improving, revoking, and/or replacing legislative provisions that do not support or hinder efforts to control the Citarum Watershed. Additionally, they are responsible for mitigating the social impacts arising from efforts to control the Citarum Watershed.

In carrying out these duties, the Directors are assisted by a Secretariat led by the Head of Secretariat, who serves as the Deputy Minister of Environmental and Forestry Management in the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs and Investment.

The Head of the Steering Team together with the Citarum Harum Task Force Team

Task Force

The Citarum Watershed Task Force as outlined in this Presidential Regulation, consists of the following members::

Commander: Governor of West Java;

Deputy Commander for Ecosystem Management I: Commander of the III/ Siliwangi Military Region;

Deputy Commander for Ecosystem Management II: Commander of the Jayakarta Military Region;

Deputy Commander for Prevention and Law Enforcement I: Head of the West Java Regional Police and Head of the West Java High Prosecutor’s Office;

Deputy Commander for Prevention and Law Enforcement II: Head of the Metropolitan Jakarta Regional Police.

Implementation Governance of the Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control Plan

Source: Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018

According to the Presidential Regulation, the Commander of the Satgas can appoint an Expert Team to assist with the implementation of the Satgas under the Commander’s authority. The tasks of Satgas include implementing the Directors’ directions to accelerate and ensure the sustainability of the Citarum Watershed control operations through synergistic and sustainable pollution and damage control programs in the Citarum Watershed, utilizing operational personnel and equipment effectively.”

In carrying out its duties, Satgas has the authority to:

1. Establish a pollution and damage control action plan for the Citarum Watershed following the poli-cy set by the Directors and localize and stop the sources of pollution and/or damage to the Cita-rum River.

2. Request information, data, and/or documents, including entering and inspecting factories, busi-nesses, yards, warehouses, storage facilities, and/or factory/business wastewater discharge channels as needed.

COORDINATING MINISTER

Deputy Commander for Ecosystem Management I Commander of the III/Siliwangi Military Region (Pangdam III Siliwangi)

Deputy Commander for Ecosystem Management II Commander of the Jayakarta Military Region (Pangdam Jayakarta)

Deputy Commander for Prevention and Law Enforcement I Head of the West Java Regional Police (Kapolda Jawa Barat) Head of the West Java High Prosecutor’s Office (Kajati Jawa Barat)

Deputy Commander for Prevention and Law Enforcement II Head of the Metropolitan Jakarta Regional Police (Kapolda Metro Jaya)

SECTOR REGION

Sector 1 Situ Cisanti

Sector 2 Pacet – Maruyung

Sector 3 Maruyung - Cikarau

Sector 4 Neglasari – Rancabuana

Sector 5 Rancabuana – Bojongsoang

Sector 6 Sapan – Citarum Bridge (Cijagra)

Sector 7 Cijagra – Cilampeni Bridge

Sector 8 Cilampeni Bridge – Curug jompong

Sector 9 Curug Jompong – Saguling

Sector 10 Saguling – Mandala Wangi Bridge

Sector 11 Mandala Wangi Bridge – Outlet Cirata

Sector 12 Cirata Reservoir

Sector 13 Cirata Outlet – Jatiluhur Inlet

Sector 14 Jatiluhur Reservoir

Sector 15 Jatiluhur Outlet – Curug Dam

Sector 16 Curug Dam – Walahar

Sector 17 Curug Dam – Cibeet Bridge

Sector 18 Walahar – Rumah Embe Bridge

Sector 19 Rumah Embe Bridge – Medang Asem Bridge

Sector 20 Medang Asem Bridge – Muara Gembong

Sector 21 Bandung Regency Tributary

Sector 22 Bandung City Tributary

Sector 23 Nursery Situ Cisanti (PTPN Bongkor)

3. Prevent and prohibit people from re-entering protected areas to establish settlements.

4. Form a Sector Command led by a high-ranking officer of the Indonesian National Armed Forces as Sector Commander.

5. Divide the Citarum Watershed working areas based on Sector Command.

6. Involve relevant ministries/agencies, regional governments, and the public in implementing Sec-tor Command tasks, adjusted to the needs of pollution mitigation, prevention, and ecosystem restoration operations, as well as law enforcement.

7. Direct Sector Command to carry out pollution mitigation operations at locations specified by Satgas.

8. Carry out pollution and damage control activities according to the Satgas’s tasks and authorities if the action plan has not yet been established.

In carrying out its duties, Satgas is assisted by the Satgas Secretariat, led by the Head of Secretariat. The structure of the Head of Secretariat and the Satgas Secretariat is determined by the Satgas Commander. Further provisions on the workflow of the Directors and Satgas are regulated by the Ministerial Regulation from the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs, who serves as the Chair of Directors.

The Presidential Regulation emphasizes that the Citarum Watershed Team must report the evaluation results to the President at least once every six months and as needed. This Presidential Regulation came into effect on the date it was enacted, as stipulated in Article 11 of Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018, promulgated by the Minister of Law and Human Rights, Yasonna H. Laoly, on March 15, 2018.

The Citarum Watershed Team comprises Directors and the Task Force. The Directors, led by the Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs and Investment, are responsible for setting integrated and sustainable policies for controlling pollution and damage to the Citarum Watershed and providing direction in carrying out Satgas tasks. The Satgas Commander, who is the Governor of West Java, is tasked with implementing the Directors’ instructions through synergistic and sustainable operations to control pollution and damage in the Citarum Watershed.

To increase the effectiveness of pollution control and damage control programs in the Citarum Watershed, the following strategic implementations are in place:

Signing of the MoU between BBWS Citarum and Kodam III/Siliwangi for the Citarum Harum program collaboration

Activities of the sectors: waste clean-up

1. Involvement of Ministries and Agencies

2. Establishment of Sector Command

3. Establishment of Satgas Secretariat

We will do it together. This is a big job with a long process. It will not be a ceremonial activity like before and I will monitor it regularly

4. Formation of Working Groups (Pokja) for Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control

5. Formation of Expert Team for Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control

6. Appointment of the Daily Chief of Satgas.

The involvement of the Indonesian Army (TNI) is confirmed in Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018 through the appointment of Deputy Commanders for Ecosystem Management I and II, namely the Commanders of the III/Siliwangi and Jayakarta Military Regions. The TNI’s role in implementing this program is to increase effectiveness and condition the community, village apparatus, and business actors.

Meanwhile, regional apparatus and technical services in provincial and city/regency governments are tasked with initiating programs and activities in the Citarum Watershed.

Similarly, the involvement of the Indonesian National Police (POLRI) and the High Prosecutor’s Office is confirmed in Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018 through the appointment of Deputy Commanders for Prevention and Law Enforcement I and II, namely the Head of the West Java Regional Police, the Head of the West Java High Prosecutor’s Office, and the Head of the Metropolitan Jakarta Regional Police. POLRI’s role in implementing this program is to carry out prevention, guidance, and law enforcement against those who illegally dump waste into the Citarum River.

The involvement of Ministries and Agencies is mandated to provide support in various aspects. In

PRESIDEN JOKO WIDODO SAAT MENGUNJUNGI SITU CISANTI

Presiden’s visit at Situ Cisanti, 22 Februari 2018

Source: Setneg

Article 12 of Presidential Regulation 15 of 2018, the Ministries and Agencies tasked with contributing include the Ministry of Religion, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs/National Land Agency, the Ministry of National Development Planning/BAPPENAS, the Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises, the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia, the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, the Indonesian National Police, and the Financial and Development Supervisory Agency.

The formation of Sector Command, the Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control Secretariat, and the Expert Team is confirmed in Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018. The formation of the Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control Working Group is contained in the Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs Regulation No. 8 of 2018 on the Directors’ and Satgas’s Workflow. The governance of the Satgas for Pollution and Damage Control in the Citarum Watershed is contained in Governor’s Regulation No. 5 of 2019, subsequently amended in Governor’s Regulation

No. 57 of 2021 on the Governance for Pollution and Damage Control in the Citarum Watershed, which has also undergone changes.

The Task Force for Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control (Satgas PPK DAS Citarum) was established by Governor’s Decree No. 614/Kep1303DLH/2018 in 2018. Its role is to support the smooth operation of the Task Force by facilitating all activities, particularly administrative services, and reporting. Following this, the Working Group for Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control was formed by Governor’s Decree No. 614/Kep1304-DLH/2018 in 2018. Later, it was revised according to West Java Governor’s Decree No. 614/Kep.565-DLH/2020. This group is tasked with drafting planning and monitoring and evaluating the implementation and improvement of the Citarum Action Plan. In 2019, the Expert Team for Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control was established by Governor’s Decree No. 614.05/ Kep.144-DLH/2019. Their task is to aid the Task Force’s activities by providing considerations and/or opinions based on their respective competencies. In addition, the Daily Chief of PPK DAS Citarum was appointed by Governor’s Decree No. 614.05/Kep.156-DLH/2019 in 2019. This individual is responsible for leading and coordinating the activities of the Secretariat, Sector Command, Working Group, and the Expert Team for Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control.

Presiden’s visit at Kertasari Nursery Park, 2018

Source: Setneg

PENTAHELIX COLLABORATION

The Citarum Harum revitalization program employs a coordinated and centralized approach through the establishment of a river basin task force based on Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018.

Recognized for its national strategic importance, the river’s revitalization necessitates cross-institutional and stakeholder support, known as the Pentahelix concept.

Under the Pentahelix concept, the government, as the political power, plays three roles. Firstly, it sets regulations and formulates policies. Secondly, it is responsible for environmental oversight and law enforcement. Thirdly, it acts as a driver/ facilitator of social change within society, offering rewards and penalties to encourage compliance with environmental regulations. The government includes 23 Sector Commanders (Dansektor) as the front line of Citarum Harum’s activities.

Businesses, whether entities or entrepreneurs, serve as enablers, assisting in achieving goals by conducting business processes that create added value and maintain sustainable growth. This can be accomplished through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs and promoting the adoption of the Green Industry concept. Additionally, with over 300 Citarum-focused communities, there is significant potential to protect the Citarum River, but the role and involvement of these communities still require optimization.”

Communities, as the social power, support the cause by promoting products and services and act as a bridge between stakeholders. Their active commitment to preserving the Citarum River would be even more significant with formal collaboration, supported by official facilitation to develop programs that can make a maximum contribution.

The media, as the communication power, plays an essential role in spreading positive information that can inspire and motivate all stakeholders. Additionally, the media should serve as an educational tool for society. In this context, Artificial Intelligence platforms can be utilized as educational media, including print, audiovisual, and online formats.

Academia, as the knowledge power, is a crucial element in addressing this program. With the advantage of universities and research institutions in West Java, significant expertise and resources are available for planning, research, and support activities, along with community service programs such as thematic real work lectures (Kuliah Kerja Nyata / KKN).

The presence of communities in the Citarum Watershed is crucial for sustaining the preservation of the Citarum River and supporting people’s livelihoods. According to data collected by the Citarum River Basin Organization (BBWS) and the Citarum Watershed Task Force in 2023, there are 338 community institutions engaged in activities in the Citarum Watershed, spread across 9 districts/cities. This marks a significant increase from 2014 when there were only 96 institutions (Integrated Citarum Water Resources Management Investment Program - ICWRMIP). The growing number of community institutions in the Citarum Watershed reflects an expanded role for the public as one of the Pentahelix elements in the collaborative effort to restore the Citarum Watershed.

Multi-Stakeholders collaboration in Citarum Harum Program

Citarum Watershed Community

POLICY DIRECTION, STRATEGY, AND SUCCESS INDICATORS

The policy direction for managing the Citarum Watershed is guided by Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018 on the Acceleration of Pollution and Damage Control in the Citarum Watershed. This regulation emphasizes the prevention and control of watershed pollution and/or damage, along with the restoration of its functions. Accordingly, a strategy has been devised to address pollution and damage issues, focusing on controlling pollution from its sources, including industrial waste, livestock, aquaculture, domestic wastewater, and waste. In addition, efforts are made to manage water resources and reduce erosion to control damage in the Citarum Watershed.

This strategy is detailed in the 2021-2025 Action Plan Document, established through West Java Governor’s Regulation No. 37 of 2021, which amends West Java Governor’s Regulation No. 28 of 2019 concerning the 2019-2025 Action Plan for Pollution and Damage Control in the Citarum Watershed. The changes made in the 2021-2025 Action Plan involve adjusting the Education, Water Quality Monitoring, and Tourism programs to become Water Resource Management and Tourism, Education and Community Empowerment, Research and Development, and Data, Information, and Public Relations Management. These adjustments were based on an evaluation of the programs implemented by the PPK DAS Citarum Task Force during the previous years (2018-2020).

The main target of the Citarum River Restoration Program, as outlined in the 20212025 Action Plan Document, is to reduce the pollution levels in the river, with the primary indicator being the Water Quality Index (WQI). This aligns with the indicators and targets for river quality outlined in the 2018-2023 West Java Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD). Given the initial condition of severe pollution in the Citarum River, with a baseline WQI of 33.43 in 2018, and an WQI achievement of 55 points in 2020, the target for WQI in the Citarum Watershed in 2025 is set at 60 points.

The Citarum River restoration initiative relies on a collaborative approach involving various stakeholders, including active participation from the Military. The Indonesian Army (TNI) have been deployed to support the acceleration of pollution and damage control in the Citarum Watershed (PPK DAS Citarum) with a Sector Command approach and guaranteed continuous funding, even if limited. The direct problem-solving on the ground carried out by the TNI has made a noticeable impact on the community and other stakeholders.

Table of Policy Directions, Strategies, and Programs for the Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control Plan

Source: Governor Regulation No. 37 of 2021

Policy Strategy

Based on Presidential Decree No.15 of 2018

1. Prevention of River Basin pollution and/or Watershed Damage

2. Watershed Pollution and/or Damage Control

3. Watershed Function Restoration

1. Enhancing the availability of pollution prevention mechanisms, through the establishment of pollution load capacity and target water quality, as well as control of spatial utilization.

2. Decreasing pollution load, through management of domestic waste, industrial waste, livestock waste, fisheries waste, and solid waste.

3. Reducing disaster risks, through handling critical land, water resource management, and utilization for tourism and raw water provision.

4. Conducting clean technology adoption guidance through education, socialization, community engagement, and enhancing research and development.

5. Improving community welfare, through poverty alleviation, job creation, and enhancing community economy.

6. Enhancing pollution and damage warning information to the public

7. Improving supervision, law enforcement, and spatial utilization regulation.

8. Implementing rehabilitation and restoration

Program

Critical Land Management

Domestic Wastewater Management

Waste Management

Industrial Waste Management

Livestock Waste Management

Floating Net Cages Management

Water Resources and Tourism Management

Spatial Utilization Control

Law Enforcement

Education and Community Empowerment

Research and Development

Data Management, Information, and Public Relations

To achieve this ultimate goal, the program focuses on 12 key areas:

1. Critical Land Management,

2. Domestic Wastewater Treatment,

3. Waste Management,

4. Industrial Waste Treatment,

5. Livestock Waste Treatment,

6. Floating Net Cages Management,

7. Water Resources Management and Tourism,

8. Land Use Control,

9. Law Enforcement,

10. Education and Community Empowerment,

11. Research and Development, and

12. Data Management, Information, and Public Relations.

ULTIMATE GOAL

The ultimate goal for the Citarum River is to become a clean river that meets quality standards. However, achieving this goal will likely take a long time, potentially decades. Given the initial condition of severe pollution in the Citarum River, with an WQI of 33.43 in 2018, the target is to reach an WQI of 60 points by 2025.

Despite the challenges, significant achievements have already been made in improving the condition of the Citarum Watershed. For instance, the Water Quality Index has shown substantial improvement in recent years. Previously heavily polluted, the river has now improved to moderate pollution levels (a WQI of 50.78 points), indicating an overall enhancement in water quality indicators. An integrated approach involving various stakeholders—academia, business, communities, government, and media—known as the Pentahelix concept, plays a crucial role in driving this change.

In addition to the WQI serving as the main indicator (impact indicator), the program’s success is measured through the achievement of twelve outcome indicators (programs) expected to impact the quality of the Citarum River. By 2023, some programs have already shown promising results. The pollution and damage control program in the Citarum Watershed is being effectively and efficiently carried out to enhance the water quality of the Citarum River.

Program success indicators

Source: Regional Regulation No. 37 of 2021

The CITARUM HARUM program has been quite successful in controlling pollution and degradation to the Citarum Watershed with various achievements. This success is largely to the collaborative efforts of both central and regional governments, which have mobilized all elements of the pentahelix, involving the military, communities, businesses, universities, and media. This approach could serve as a model for other rivers facing similar issues, both in Indonesia and worldwide.

The next challenge for the Citarum Watershed is to ensure further improvements and sustainability of the ongoing efforts by enhancing the role of all relevant pentahelix elements so that the ultimate goal of achieving a WQI score of 60 by 2025 can be realized.

CRITICAL LAND MANAGEMENT

The Critical Land Management Program is implemented through vegetative and civil technical forest and land rehabilitation activities both within and outside state forest areas. This is done to achieve the program’s target outcome, which is to manage 80,174.99 hectares of critical land by 2025. There are five main issues in managing critical land: (1) Land Ownership, (2) Commodity Conversion and Land Function, (3) Soil Management Patterns, (4) Land Occupation, and (5) Community Behavior.

Land ownership issues are the primary concern in critical land management, especially outside state forest areas, where most land is owned by the community, with a smaller portion belonging to the Nusantara Plantation Company (PT. Perkebunan Nusantara/PTPN VIII). As for critical land within state forest areas, covering 18,061 hectares, it is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) and Perhutani, while 62,525.85 hectares are located outside state forest areas (see Table). Source: Governor’s Regulation No. 37 of 2021.

The Citarum Harum Sector 23 Task Force continues to produce various plant seeds to meet the needs of supporting various reforestation and forest conservation programs in the upper reaches of Citarum

Location Map of Critical Land Management Activities 2021-2025 Source: Governor’s Regulation No. 37 of 2021

Working Visit of the Coordinating Minister for Maritime and Investment Affairs to the Upper Citarum River

1 Nature Reserve

BBKSDA (KLHK)

2 Protected Forest 4.216,92 BPDASHL CitarumCiliwung (KLHK)

3 Production Forest 9.013,83 PERHUTANI

4 Limited Production Forest 4.190,18 PERHUTANI

5 Great Forest Park 150,96 Dishut Jabar

6 Hunting Park

(KLHK)

7 National Park 50,54 BBTN (KLHK)

Area of Critical Land within State Forest Area Based on Forest Function and Responsible Party Indications Area of Critical Land Outside State Forest Area Based on Land Cover and Land Ownership / Responsible Party Indications

Fields / Moorlands

The Daily Chair of the Citarum Task Force plants trees at Sempadan, Saguling Reservoir

Out of the total critical land area inside and outside state forest areas, totaling 80,587.63 hectares; there is a type of land cover in the form of water bodies covering 412.64 hectares that cannot be managed, leaving a target management area of 80,174.99 hectares.

The indication of activities for critical land management is generally based on the function of forestry, agriculture, and

Reforestation of critical land in the Citarum River Basin in collaboration with AstraZeneca

Source: Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs and Investment

Critical Land Management in Cimenyan.

Source: Citarum Task Force Secretariat

Lanskap Sektor 23 di Kertasari, Kabupaten Bandung

Sumber: Sekretariat Satgas Citarum

plantations. Activities for managing critical land for each land function include the following:

1. In forestry land, critical land management is carried out through nursery development, provision of plant seedlings, agroforestry planting patterns, forest and land rehabilitation, and forest protection.

2. In agricultural land, critical land management involves agroforestry planting patterns and the development of innovative land conservation technologies.

3. In plantation land, critical land management includes fruit tree seed propagation and constructing bench terraces on dry land.

The cumulative achievement of the Critical Land Management Program up to 2023 has reached 39,162.58 hectares of managed critical land out of the target of 48,778.61 hectares. These efforts were carried out through vegetative forest and land rehabilitation and civil technical forest and land rehabilitation, with the following activity details implemented in 2023:

1. Nursery Development and Provision of Plant Seedlings across 33.05 hectares;

2. Forest and Land Rehabilitation across 589.7 hectares;

3. Agroforestry Planting and Maintenance across 3,020 hectares;

4. Nursery Development and Provision of Plant Seedlings across 135 hectares;

5. Citarum Watershed Reforestation across 1,250 hectares;

6. Biodiversity Garden Management across 10 hectares;

7. Climate Change Impact Management for Food Crops, Horticulture, and Plantations (Sinensis Tea Planting) across 5 hectares;

8. Climate Change Impact Mitigation and Adaptation (facilities like water reservoirs, sheep barns, sheep livestock, and compost houses) across 35.1 hectares;

Menko Marves Sedang Menanam tanaman Tarum

Kertasari Critical Land

Stand PTPN VIII saat acara Citarum Expo 2019

9. Climate Change Impact Management for Plantation

Plants (facilities like sheep barns, sheep livestock, and compost houses) across 40 hectares;

Implementation of the critical land management program by the Indonesian Army (TNI) reported four activities cumulatively by 2023:

 Tree nursery with a total of 4,021,818 tree seedlings;

 Tree planting with a total of 7,206.043 trees;

 Biopore hole creation with a total of 45.448 holes; and

 Critical land management with a total of 1.669 hectares. Most of these activities are carried out in various sectors.

Activities and Achievements of the TNI Sector in Critical Land Management

Source: TNI Sector Domestic Wastewater Management Report Form (Task Force Secretariat, 2023)

Tree Planting Activity with Students at Sector 23 Park

DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

Sanitation conditions in the Citarum Harum region, as indicated by a survey in early 2018 followed by a study by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, reveal that the main sanitation problem in Citarum Harum is that approximately 300,000 households face sanitation issues. Specifically, around 200,000 households struggle with domestic wastewater management due to inadequate wastewater facilities and the prevalent behavior of open defecation (OD).

To address these challenges, the strategy focuses on reducing pollution caused by domestic wastewater in alignment with established technical standards. However, addressing domestic wastewater management is complex, involving public understanding of sanitation management and the necessity to raise awareness of healthy living habits.

Solving domestic wastewater issues requires not only organizing infrastructure but also promoting community awareness for healthy living and sustainable management of environmental health infrastructure.

By 2023, the Domestic Wastewater Management Program had treated a cumulative total of 479,907 households,

Unmanaged domestic wastewater channels

Behaviour of people who still defecate openly

surpassing the target of 430,831 households. This was achieved through the construction of individual septic tanks, communal septic tanks, and Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) with capacities of 10, 50, and 100 households (Sanimas).

The program involves building sanitation infrastructure through local domestic wastewater management systems (SPALD-S) and centralized domestic wastewater management systems (SPALD-T), including master plan development, readiness criteria inventory, and community work plan (RKM) support.

Location Map of Domestic Wastewater Management Activities 2021-2025

Source: Governor Regulation No. 37 of 2021

Other activities include public education and environmental health support through the Community-Based Total Sanitation (STBM) 5 Pillars: stopping open defecation, handwashing with soap, safe food and drink handling, safe household waste management, and household liquid waste management.

In the Domestic Wastewater Management Program, cumulatively until 2023, 479,907 households have been reached out of the target of 430,831 households, all of which were carried out through activities:

1. Construction of Individual Septic Tanks.

2. Construction of Communal Septic Tanks.

3. Construction of Settlement-Scale STPs with capacities of 10 and 50 households.

4. Construction of Sanimas with a capacity of 100 households.

It’s noteworthy that 648,603 households in 1,243 villages in the Citarum Watershed still practice open

Sanimas Hole, Bandung Wetan

Sanimas Cooperation Inscription, Bandung Wetan

Reinvented Toilet, Cicukang

Reinvented Toilet, Cicukang

defecation, spread across 795 villages. The remaining population, free from OD, is spread across 448 villages.

Factors contributing to the program’s success in managing domestic wastewater in 2023 include:

1. Inventory and Survey to Meet Readiness Criteria for Communal Septic Tanks and STPs.

2. Construction of Individual Septic Tanks for 3,655 households.

3. Construction of Communal

4. Construction of Centralized Domestic Wastewater Management Systems (SPALD-T) for 803 households.

One activity implemented by the Indonesian Army (TNI) until 2023 was socialization activities, totaling 99.227 sessions. These sessions involved direct engagement with the public on clean and healthy living behavior in the Citarum Harum territorial sector, conducted by 23 sectors..

Septic Tanks for 1,713 households.

Reinvented Toilet in Leuwigajah, Cimahi

TTable of Domestic Wastewater Management Activities by TNI Sectors

Processed Sector Reports, Task Force Secretariat 2023

WASTE MANAGEMENT

Establishing a well-functioning and environmentally conscious waste management ecosystem falls under the responsibility and authority of local governments. Coordination, supervision, and performance oversight by the central government are mandated by Law No. 18 of 2008 on Waste Management. Additionally, Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Governments emphasizes the role of local governments in waste management, aligning with their authority and responsibility in environmental protection and development in their regions.

Waste management conducted by the TNI

Waste management involves systematic, comprehensive, and sustainable activities, including waste reduction and handling, from the source to create a well-managed waste ecosystem. It’s important to implement the concept of a circular economy, where waste is considered a resource that can be recycled and reused. Waste handling refers to the process of moving waste from downstream collection points to final processing sites for sorting, recycling, and upcycling, while waste reduction involves limiting the generation of new waste from upstream through enforceable policies targeting producers and/or waste generators.

According to the National Waste Management Information System (SIPSN) data, the amount of waste in the Citarum Watershed (DAS Citarum) in 2023 was 1,394,206 million tons, with a total waste reduction of 55,166 tons and managed waste of 1,124,764 tons.

The majority of the waste in the Citarum Watershed comes from household waste, contributing 75.01%, and markets, contributing 21.46%. The government’s achievement in waste management in the Citarum Watershed, cumulatively until 2023, is 3,885.45 tons/ day of waste managed from a target of 6,636.06 tons/ day (50.98%) by 2025.

To meet these targets, it is necessary to accelerate and optimize waste reduction in the Citarum Watershed through integrated waste management facilities in West Java with processing capacities of 5-20 tons per

day. Government policies to reduce waste must be supported by the commitment of the private sector and/or waste producers to limit new waste generation with a circular economy concept. Collaboration between central and local governments and the private sector is crucial to improving waste management governance in Indonesia.

Government and public-private partnership efforts in waste management in the Citarum River have shown some positive impacts, though there is still much to do.

The Waste Management Program has reached a cumulative total of 3,885.45 tons/day of managed waste by 2023, with the following reported activities by the Citarum Harum Task Force:

1. Preparation of Guideline and Manual Studies, including:

 Updating West Java Waste Management Data,  Data Collection on Low Carbon Development Implementation in the Waste Sector,

 Advisory for Waste Management Implementation in Districts/Cities.

2. Preparation of Plan Documents.

3. Waste Processing and Recycling, with sub-activities including:

 Construction of TPS 3R Plus and TPS RDF,

 Operations of Government-Owned Processing Infrastructure (TPST, PDU, PUSPA, TPS 3R),

Cicukang, 2018

 Assistance for TPST RDF Operations.

4. Waste Sorting and Collection, with sub-activities including:

 Procurement of TPST RDF Facilities (trash motorcycles, pickup trucks, armroll trucks).

5. Waste Transport, with sub-activities including:

 Procurement of Waste Transport Infrastructure to Landfills (trash carts),

 Operations and Maintenance of Waste Transport Infrastructure to Landfills.

6. Institutional Capacity Building and Waste Management Policy Development.

7. Increasing Community Involvement in Waste Management.

8. Support for Program Implementation, Technical Assistance, and Monitoring and Evaluation.

9. Waste Management Monitoring and Evaluation. Waste management remains a significant challenge, especially in densely populated areas. Increasing community involvement in waste management can raise public awareness about the importance of river cleanliness in the Citarum Watershed. Many communities and individuals are motivated to take part in river clean-ups and promote waste management education, contributing to the sustainability of the Citarum Watershed.

Activities of the Waste Management Program by the Indonesian Army (TNI), as reported cumulatively by 2023, include Waste Collection activities with a cumulative volume of 1.127.841 m³. These activities occur in almost all sectors, with waste collection mainly involving waste found in community areas.

BEFORE (2019)

AFTER (2024)

Blue Bridge, Terusan Bojongsoang 1

Table of Activities and Achievements of the TNI Sector in Waste Management.

1.

INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Industries significantly contribute to pollution in the Citarum River. Presently, it’s evident that many industries, particularly Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) outside designated industrial zones in the Citarum Watershed, lack Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs), leading them to discharge their waste directly into the river. According to Law No. 3 of 2014 on Industry, the government and regional authorities can provide facilities for environmental pollution prevention to support the development and empowerment of small and medium industries and promote green industries.

In the Industrial Waste Management Program, cumulatively until 2023, supervision was conducted for 1,395 industries out of a target of 1,304, and 690 industries were inventoried out of a target of 1,043. Notes from the implementation of

activities for industrial waste management indicate that, by the end of 2023, almost all activities were realized nearly 100%.

Industrial Waste Management entails industry mapping, data collection, integrated WWTP construction, industry training, socialization, and evaluation, all aimed at achieving the program’s target outcomes. These outcomes include supervising 1,813 industries and identifying and inventorying 1,043 industries for their waste management performance by 2025. The activities and output targets for industrial waste management under the Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control Plan are summarized as follows:

Efforts by the Citarum Harum Task Force and industries to combat pollution in the Citarum River have yielded some positive results, including:

1. Pollution Reduction: Although the water quality in the Citarum River has shown

improvement, it has not yet reached the set water quality standards, indicating that efforts are starting to yield results.

2. Increased Awareness: Both industries and communities are becoming more aware of the importance of waste management, which is crucial for maintaining the sustainability of the Citarum River.

3. Increased Compliance: More industries are constructing WWTPs and adhering to regulations, demonstrating a commitment to environmental responsibility.

In the implementation of Industrial Waste Management by the Indonesian Army (TNI), the following activities were reported cumulatively until 2023:

1. Factory inspections for 1.368 factories.

2. Inventory of 670 factories with WWTPs.

Map of Industrial Waste Management Activities Locations for the Year 2021-2025

Source: Regional Regulation No. 37 of 2021

The impact of industrial waste results in river pollution (source: pikiranrakyat)

3. Inventory of 297 factories without WWTPs.

4. Legal action against 1 factory.

5. Management of industrial waste for 3.123 factories.

6. Supervision of 4.401 factories.

In cases where indications of industrial pollution are found, the TNI implements localized enforcement with a scheme involving warnings and, if violations persist, closing the waste discharge outlets (cementing) to prevent further pollution in the river.

Inspection of Factory Waste Disposal Water Quality by Sector 4 of Citarum

Table of Progress in Industrial Waste Management at Factories in Accordance with the Action Plan

Photo of the River Conditions during Pollution (top) and after the Intervention Program

Monitoring of industrial waste by the TNI task force (before and after) in Sector 21, Cimahi City

Industrial Waste Management

Inspection of Industrial Hazardous Waste Disposal in the Citarum Watershed

LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT

Livestock farming is one of the sectors contributing to pollution in the Citarum River. Livestock waste, particularly from cattle, generates organic waste that has the potential to pollute the river by containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter, which can lead to eutrophication, excessive algae growth, and decreased water quality. The primary issue is that many farmers living near the river do not process their livestock waste into something economically valuable; instead, they dump it directly into the river.

Cumulatively until 2023, the program has intervened with 34,038 cattle out of a target of 36,624. The intervention in the Livestock Waste Management program is carried out through various activities in 2023, such as:

1. Construction of 16 biogas reactors.

2. Repair of 35 biogas reactors.

3. Construction of 4 Organic Fertilizer Houses (UPPO).

4. Facilitation of equipment in 3 UPPO units.

5. Construction and equipment of 1 greenhouse unit.

6. Training on Livestock Waste Processing, with 3 activities.

7. Counseling on Nutritional Quality and Livestock Feed, with 1 activity.

8. Livestock Socialization and Training, with 2 activities.

It should be noted that livestock waste contains potentially harmful bacteria, particularly detrimental to human health, such as Escherichia coli and salmonella, which can cause illness if not properly managed. While some farmers have begun processing livestock waste,

Location Map of Livestock Waste Management Activities

Source: Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation Division, Citarum Watershed Management Task Force.

with some turning it into a business, others still dump waste into ditches flowing into the river. This results in pollution to water sources processed by the Bandung City Water Authority (PDAM), with reasons cited including a lack of land for processing, no market for selling excess fertilizer, and insufficient infrastructure like wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).

The Livestock Waste Management program aims to intervene with 53,052 cattle through activities such as technical document preparation, livestock waste treatment unit construction, utilization of livestock waste for biogas and fertilizer, data updating and development, and community socialization, training, and assistance.

Constraints or challenges in the implementation of the Livestock Waste Management Program throughout 2023 include limited impact on the Water Quality Index (WQI) of the Citarum River. This is because most activities focus on biogas and fertilizer use, along with socialization, training, and assistance.

The Livestock Waste Management program implemented by the Indonesian Army (TNI) has reported three activities cumulatively until 2023, namely 1.209 livestock data collection, 696 livestock waste management and 2,714 door-to-door socialization sessions have been conducted.

Utilization of Animal Manure

Utilization of Animal Manure

Livestock inspection and management of animal waste (Sector 1)

Livestock inspection and management of animal waste

Management of Manure Waste

FLOATING NET CAGE (KJA) MANAGEMENT

Cirata, Saguling, and Jatiluhur reservoirs are fed by the Citarum River. The peak of the Saguling Dam is an artificial reservoir located in West Bandung Regency, West Java Province, at an elevation of 650 meters above sea level. This reservoir is one of three that dam the flow of the Citarum River, the largest river in West Java. The other two reservoirs are Cirata (with the dam’s peak at 225 meters above sea level) and Jatiluhur (with the dam’s peak at 114.5 meters above sea level).

Jatiluhur Reservoir is located in Jatiluhur District, Purwakarta Regency. The total volume of this reservoir is 2,500 million cubic meters of water. The functions of Jatiluhur Reservoir include hydropower generation, providing irrigation water for 242,000 hectares of rice fields, supplying raw drinking water, fish farming, and flood control.

KJA in Saguling

KJA in Saguling

Cirata, Saguling, and Jatiluhur reservoirs, as public waters (open areas), are used by the community for freshwater fish farming in addition to hydropower generation.

The Floating Net Cage (KJA) Management Program is implemented through the organization and management of KJA, as well as business reorientation, to achieve the program’s target outcome—the number of organized and managed KJA units. In reducing the number of KJA, cumulatively until 2023, the program has achieved 26,789 units out of a target of 141,219 organized and managed units by 2025. In 2023, the SDAP Management and KJA Handling Task Force reported the following activities:

KJA in Cirata

KJA in Jatiluhur

KJA in Jatiluhur

1. Reduction in the number of KJA in Saguling, Cirata, and Jatiluhur reservoirs by 6,070 units from a target of 5,048 units.

2. Cleaning of the Jatiluhur Reservoir area over 158 hectares.

3. Transition from KJA to tarpaulin pond farming, with training for 15 people completed in October.

Several efforts have been made by the West Java Provincial Government to manage the number of KJA in these three reservoirs since 2019, including intensive coordination with the Central Government (Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs and Investment, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries), the West Bandung Regency Government, the Cianjur Regency Government, and the Purwakarta Regency Government. Additionally, the Citarum Harum

Visit of the Acting Governor of West Java to Cirata Reservoir

KJA management under the Citarum Harum program has shown positive results. The water quality in these reservoirs has improved, and fish populations have increased.

Moreover, this program has increased the income and well-being of the communities around the reservoirs.

Map of Floating Net Cage (KJA) Program in Citarum Watershed

Source: Governor Regulation No. 37 of 2021

Task Force from the Indonesian Army (TNI), reservoir management, and community groups focus on managing floating net cages through enforcement or transitioning to freshwater fish farming.

KJA management under the Citarum Harum program has shown positive results. The water quality in these reservoirs has improved, and fish populations have increased. Moreover, this program has increased the income and well-being of the communities around the reservoirs.

The Floating Net Cage Management Program achieved 26,789 units by 2023, compared to the 84,729-unit target for 2023. This discrepancy is due to infrastructure preparation issues, a lack of guidelines for KJA enforcement, and budget constraints from refocusing and reallocation due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021.

A. Arrangement and Management of KJA

1. Socialization of KJA Arrangement

2. KJA Arrangement Through KJA Reduction

3. Provision of Environmentally Friendly KJA Demonstration Plots

4. Revitalization of KJA with Environmentally Friendly Technology

B. Change of Business Function

1. Socialization, Training, and Technical Assistance for Business Conversion

2. Business Conversion Assistance

3. Development of CultureBased Fisheries (CBF) / Capture Fisheries Cultivation

• 600 fish farmers understand the issues of the Citarum Watershed.

• 3,000 fish farmers understand fish farming management.

• 33,250 former KJA fish farmers

• 86,435 KJA arranged in Cirata Reservoir

• 22,580 KJA arranged in Jatiluhur Reservoir

147 environmentally friendly KJA demonstration plots

21,792 KJA transitioning to new technology

7,320 affected floating net cage farmers

33,250 ex-floating net cage fish farmers

Cianjur Regency, West Bandung Regency, Purwakarta Regency

Cianjur Regency, West Bandung Regency, Purwakarta Regency

Cianjur Regency, West Bandung Regency, Purwakarta Regency

Cianjur Regency, West Bandung Regency, Purwakarta Regency

Cililin Sub-district, Cihampelas, Batujajar, Saguling, Cipongkor, Cipendeuy, Mande, Jangari, Maniis, dan Jatiluhur

Cililin Sub-district, Cihampelas, Batujajar, Saguling, Cipongkor, Cipendeuy, Mande, Jangari, Maniis, dan Jatiluhur

30 farmers implementing CBF Cipendeuy Sub-district, Mande, Jangari, dan Maniis

Table of Activity Indications and Targets/Outputs for the Floating Net Cage Management Program in the Citarum Watershed Renovation PPK 2021-2025

Source: Governor Regulation No. 37 of 2021

4. Freshwater Aquaculture Business Conversion

71 farmer groups switching businesses Margalaksana Village, Margaluyu, Nanggeleng, Bojongmekar, Nyenang

NO. INDIKASI KEGIATAN TARGET LOKASI

There is a need for continuity between KJA owners who are regulated and participants provided with business reorientation. Regular coordination between the Central Government, Provincial Government, and District/City Governments is required. The Floating Net Cage Management Program is spread across West Bandung Regency, Cianjur Regency, and Purwakarta Regency.

In the TNI sector, for the Citarum River Basin Pollution and Damage Control in the Floating Net Cage Management Program, two activities were reported cumulatively until 2023:

1. Data collection for 264.411 KJA units.

2. Socialization activities totaling 35.263 sessions.

1. Registration of KJA (number of KJA)

Various activities of regulating KJA at the Jatiluhur reservoir

WATER RESOURCE AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT

To support the program’s target outcomes and the ultimate goal of water resource and tourism management, efforts are being made to improve flood control in flood-prone areas, enhance disaster mitigation in flood and landslide regions, increase groundwater conservation, boost raw water supply, and develop water-based tourism destinations. The aim is to reduce flood-prone areas, increase raw water supply, and establish new water-based tourist sites.

Andir Retention Pond

The Water Resource and Tourism Management (SDAP) activities in the Citarum Watershed cover several segments: upstream, midstream, and downstream, spanning 23 sectors. These activities focus on reducing flood-affected areas, flood duration, and floodwater height through flood control, hydrometeorological disaster mitigation, groundwater conservation, and the provision

Map Location of Water Resources and Tourism Management Activities 2021-2025

Source: Governor Regulation No. 37 of 2021

of raw water in the Bandung metropolitan area, along with the development of water-based tourism destinations.

Flood control in the upstream segment involves seven flood locations: Rancaekek, Dayeuh Kolot, Pasteur, Pagarsih, Gedebage, Melong, and Margaasih. This is achieved through a combination of structural and non-structural measures that engage various stakeholders. Structural measures include the normalization of tributaries such as Cimande, Cikeruh, Cikijing, and Citarum upstream. Additionally, construction projects encompass Cieunteung and Andir retention ponds, the Cisangkuy floodway, the Nanjung tunnel, polder and pump systems, levee heightening, levee leak closures, and activation of oxbow and pump facilities in Bojongsoang and Cisangkuy.

In 2022, the flood-affected area in Dayeuh Kolot decreased from 371 hectares to 72 hectares, representing an 81% reduction. This reduction contributed to an overall decrease in the floodaffected area upstream of the Citarum River, from 3,648 hectares to 2,721 hectares, marking a 25% reduction.

Nanjung Tunnel

Nanjung Tunnel Inauguration

Flood control measures in the downstream segment involve the construction of the Cibeet and Cijurey Dams, which are expected to be completed by 2028. These dams are projected to reduce flooding by 82% and 66%, respectively. The Cibeet Dam aims to decrease flood flow from 665.4 m³/s to 121.65 m³/s, while the Cijurey Dam targets a reduction from 416.96 m³/s to 142.87 m³/s. Additionally, the Citarum BBWS has erected a permanent levee along the downstream riverbank in Sumber Urip Village.

The program also addresses the raw water supply for the Bandung metropolitan area, which faces a water deficit. The Gambung SPAM (Drinking Water Supply System) in Bandung Regency, with a capacity of 500 liters per second, was established to meet the water needs of

BEFORE (2016)

AFTER (2021)

Andir Area

Andir Retention Pond

BEFORE (2016)

AFTER (2021)

Cienteung Area

Cienteung Retention pond

Cikalong Reservoir

Bandung Regency and Cimahi City. Another intervention is the Cikalong Daily Reservoir, providing a raw water supply of 0.7 m³/s for Bandung City and Bandung Regency.

The Water Resource and Tourism Management program aims to achieve a 15% reduction in the flood-affected area (from a total of 371 hectares) in Baleendah and Dayeuhkolot, an increase in raw water supply of 3.7 m³/s, and the establishment of five new water-based tourist sites by 2025.

Image of Flood Control System in the Citarum Watershed

Visit of Acting Governor of West Java inspecting the flood control system in the Citarum Watershed.

Under the Citarum Harum program, various flood control activities have been completed, including the construction of the Nanjung Tunnel (Curug Jompong), the Cieunteung Dayeuh Kolot retention pond, the Gedebage reservoir, and the Cisangkuy river floodway. The primary function of the Nanjung Tunnel is to improve the flow of the Citarum River at Curug Jompong, reducing flood duration and area during the rainy season in Dayeuh Kolot District and surrounding areas.

To enhance capacity, several tributaries were normalized, including four Citarum tributaries (Cikijing, Cikeruh, Cimande, and Citarum upstream), along with other rivers such as

Citepus, Cinambo, Cilember, and Cibeureum. A total of 266 check dams were built to control sediment, and the completed Cieunteung retention pond has already demonstrated its benefits, reducing flood duration from 4-5 days to just one day.

The Water Resource and Tourism Management program has achieved a 19% reduction in the remaining flood-affected area, an increase in raw water supply of 1.2 m³/s, and the establishment of 5 new water-based tourist sites by 2023. Key activities reported in the program include:

1. Construction of Cibugel and Cigede polders (2 units).

2. Construction of Cibeet and Cijurey Dams (multi-year projects).

3. Construction of Cipamingkis river groundsills (4 units).

4. Routine maintenance of upstream Citarum River (6 rivers).

Working Visit at Andir Retention Pond

Working Visit of the President at Andir Retention Pond

Working Visit of the President at Nanjung

Floodway Cisangkuy Construction Year 2015-2020

Andir Retention Pond

Constructed in 2020-2021

(source: BBWS Citarum)

Cienteung Retention Pond

Constructed in 2015-2018

Source: BBWS Citarum

Gedebage Reservoir

Constructed in 2017 - 2018

(source: BBWS Citarum)

5. Operational activities by KODAM III Siliwangi (23 sectors).

6. Routine maintenance of heavy machinery and pumps (16 units).

7. Support for collaboration activities within the Citarum Harum program (23 sectors).

8. Routine river maintenance (38 rivers).

9. Routine maintenance of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs (31 units).

10. Periodic maintenance of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs (4 units).

11. Construction of 300 infiltration wells.

12. Organization of Situ Cisaat (1 package of activities).

13. Construction of the Kiarapayung campsite reservoir (1 package of activities).

14. Citarik Ecotourism Development (1 package).

Cleaning up water hyacinth

Situ/Lake Ciburuy source antara

Cisaat Lake Revitalization Construction of infiltration wells

Additionally, the program aims to promote tourism around the Citarum River through activities such as:

1. Organizing and constructing infrastructure around the Citarum River, including parks, docks, and other tourist sites.

2. Developing educational tourism packages about the Citarum River.

3. Promoting tourism around the Citarum River.

4. Providing training and support for local communities to develop tourism businesses.

5. Raising community awareness about the importance of preserving the Citarum River environment.

In the TNI sector, reported activities for Water Resource and Tourism Management include:

1. River cleaning (17.417.674 m³);

2. River sediment dredging (8.603.419 m³).

Additional activities by the sector include:

1. Clearing water hyacinth (735.859 m³).

2. Installing waste nets (1.243 units).

3. Water hyacinth removal (m3)

Cleaning up water hyacinth at Cirata

OXBOW ON THE CITARUM RIVER

In the upper reaches of the Citarum River, there are 16 oxbows, which are sections of the river that have become inactive due to natural changes in the river’s course or past efforts to straighten or normalize it. Over time, many of these oxbows and the riparian lands surrounding them have been converted into agricultural areas because of sediment buildup, illegal settlements, and dumping activities. Revitalizing these oxbows can restore their function as water reservoirs, thereby enhancing their role not only in water resource conservation but also in flood retention, raw water supply, fisheries, and recreation for the surrounding community. A sediment trap located at the Daraulin oxbow inlet in Bandung Regency serves to settle sediments from the Citarum River before they enter the oxbow.

Oxbow Rancamanyar (BEFORE)

Oxbow Rancamanyar (AFTER)

Sediment trap at the inlet to settle sediment from the Citarum River before it enters the oxbow

Oxbow Dara Ulin di Bandung Regency

SPATIAL UTILIZATION CONTROL

Spatial utilization control is an integrated effort to ensure that the implementation of spatial plans aligns with the intended land use. The goal of controlling the utilization of the Citarum River Basin (DAS Citarum) is to sustainably optimize the area’s functions, ensuring that community needs are met from a conservation perspective in the future.

A. Inventory of permits and field conditions for spatial utilization control purposes

1. Inventory of permits and field conditions

2. Data collection on land cover conditions

Ha of identified area

B. Preparation of Spatial Utilization Control Instruments

1. Preparation of spatial control policies in the Citarum watershed 1 space utilization control instrument

2. Preparation of recommendations and enforcement of spatial planning in the Citarum watershed

Ha area

Cities

Districts/ Cities

Districts/ Cities

C. Preparation of Web-Based Spatial Planning Database for West Java Province

1. Inventory and synchronization of spatial data as well as construction of a spatial data geodatabase

integrated spatial information system

2. Development of system architecture and web features 1 geospasial based website integrated with JABAR OneMap Geoserver

3. Development of a database system and geodatabase for the spatial planning website of West Java province 1 database dan visualization

Districts/ Cities

Districts/ Cities

Districts/ Cities

Table of Activity Indicators and Targets/Outputs for Spatial Utilization Control in the Renovation of the Citarum River Basin Management Plan 2021-2025

Source: Governor Regulation No. 37 of 2021

Foto Persawahan Daerah Bojongpicung, Cianjur

In the spatial utilization control program, by 2023, activities reported include license inventory in the Citarum Midstream License Data Collection, license data collection in the Recommendations for Controlling Spatial Utilization in the Citarum Upstream, and final report discussion in the Development of a Spatial Planning System Database and Geodatabase Website for West Java Province.

The Spatial Utilization Control Program is implemented through license data collection and field conditions in the context of controlling spatial utilization, creating spatial utilization control instruments, and setting up a webbased spatial planning database for West Java Province. This is to achieve the target outcome, which covers 127,363.2 hectares of controlled spatial utilization.

The success of spatial utilization control depends on efforts to maintain the proper function of the Citarum River Basin. This is achieved by limiting and controlling spatial utilization licenses that could disrupt the function of the Citarum River Basin’s protected

Map of Spatial Utilization Control Activities Location for the Year 2021-2025

Source: Governor Regulation No. 37 of 2021

areas and formulating policies related to spatial utilization control in the Citarum River Basin, starting with data collection and the development of control instruments.

In the Spatial Utilization Control Program, cumulative achievements by 2023 include the preparation of activity reports consisting of final reports, executive summaries, and map albums related to the outcome

of the Spatial Utilization Control Program, which has achieved 46,055.61 hectares of spatial utilization control.

From the activities reported by the TNI Sector accumulated until 2023, one activity involved demolishing 5.461 illegal buildings, as shown in the provided table.

1. Demolition of

Building)

Sanghyang Kenit

Sector 11 Education Park, Haurwangi, Cianjur

Pembongkaran Sempadan Sungai

Penataan sempadan sungai dan pembangunan ruang publik

LAW ENFORCEMENT

The Law Enforcement Program is carried out through criminal law enforcement, administrative law enforcement, civil law enforcement, and business/ activity monitoring. The primary law enforcement activities focus on industries or companies that discharge waste into the Citarum River without prior treatment and do not comply with environmental protection and management obligations.

A. Criminal Law Enforcement

3. Investigation, investigation case hearing, and case file submission

B. Administrative Law Enforcement

1. Management and resolution of complaints

2. Imposition of administrative sanctions on businesses that violate environmental regulations

3. Inventory and identification of unlicensed businesses/activities and those not meeting technical requirements for environmental damage control

4. Data and information development

cases Cianjur District, Purwakarta District., Bandung District, Cimahi City, Sumedang District

business actors, 36 sanctions, 200 companies Bandung City, Karawang District, Cimahi City

Documents Cianjur District, Cimahi District

5. Socialization, coaching, and capacity building for monitoring and law enforcement 220 people, 20 cases, 28 business actors Sumedang District, Cimahi City

C Civil Law Enforcement

Inventory of Environmental Disputes, Mediation Meetings, and Evaluation of Mediation Results West Bandung District

D Business/Activity Supervision

1. Community-based Supervision

2. Supervision of Businesses and/or activities holding Environmental Permits and PPLH Licenses issued by the District/ City Government

3. Operationalization of Environmental Supervisory Officers (PPLH) and Civil Servant Supervisors (PPNS) 9 Districts/Cities 9 Districts/Cities

Table of Activity Indications and Targets/Outputs for Law En in the Citarum Watershed Renovation PPK 2021-2025

Source: Governor Regulation No. 37 of 2021

The law enforcement process is generally based on complaints from the public or findings from the West Java Provincial Law Enforcement Task Force, followed by site inspections and waste sampling by the Task Force. In 2023, the following activities were recorded:

1. Conducted criminal investigations into 81 environmental crime cases.

2. Managed and resolved 183 complaints.

3. Imposed administrative sanctions on business operators in 17 cases.

4. Conducted socialization, training, and capacity building for supervision through 2 activities.

5. Patrolled the river in 4 zones.

6. Monitored businesses and activities with environmental permits and licenses issued by local governments, conducting 115 monitoring activities.

7. Supervised businesses and activities with environmental permits and licenses issued by district/city governments, conducting 27 monitoring activities.

Map Location of Law Enforcement Activities for the Year 2021-2025

Source: Governor Regulation No. 37 of 2021

Activities of investigation by the West Java Regional Police (Polda Jawa Barat) based on public reports

Source: Criminal Investigation Directorate of West Java Regional Police

Case Handling Activities by the Criminal Investigation Directorate of West Java Regional Police

Source: Criminal Investigation Directorate of West Java Regional Police

Phase II Activities (Handover of Suspects and Evidence)

Source: Criminal Investigation Directorate of West Java Regional Police

EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

The priority areas for education and community empowerment cover the entire Citarum Watershed including 13 districts/ cities and 1,454 villages. The Education and Community Empowerment Program is implemented through environmental health education, forum and community involvement, and village education and empowerment to meet the program’s target outcomes, which include educating 390 educational institutions, empowering 25 forums/communities, and empowering 1,454 villages by 2025.

The achievement of the Education and Community Empowerment Program cumulatively until 2023 has reached 234 institutions out of the target of 234 institutions, 112 empowered forums/communities, and 1,268 empowered villages.

In the Education and Community Empowerment Program in 2023, reported activities include environmental health education in 154 schools, guidance and support for 80 environmentally aware schools, and educational outreach for POSYANDU and PKK cadres as community education assistants, with support from village patriots.

Various community empowerment programs have been conducted to increase public awareness and participation in preserving the Citarum River. These programs include awareness campaigns about the

Pentahelix Jamboree Event (JAMPE) Middle Segment

Inauguration of the Citarum Mikrodas Team

dangers of littering in rivers, eco-friendly fish farming training, composting, and the formation of community-based tourism groups (Pokdarwis) around the Citarum River.

The Citarum Harum Task Force has collaborated with various agencies, such as the Ministry

of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology (Kemendikbudristek), the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK), and local governments to enhance the effectiveness of the education and community empowerment program. The Task Force has also conducted training and education for stakeholders involved in education and community empowerment. Education is provided in educational institutions to instill environmental awareness from an early age. Community empowerment is conducted through forums and communities, involving academics, entrepreneurs, environmentalists, and others to play an active role in controlling pollution and damage in the Citarum Watershed. To ensure program sustainability, the roles and functions of local governments and village authorities are enhanced to support education and community empowerment in villages while encouraging village fund allocation to contribute to the Citarum Watershed Control Program.

Various education methods are used, including seminars, workshops, training, and outreach. Social media and digital platforms are increasingly utilized to disseminate information and educate about the Citarum Harum Program.

THEMATIC COMMUNITY SERVICE

The government continues its efforts to clean the Citarum River following the issuance of Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018. The Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (Kemenristekdikti) is

Jambore Pentahelix (JAMPE) event

Clean and Healthy Living Education Program (PHBS) at Teras Cikapundung

Public education activities in various segments

Clean and Healthy Living Education Program (PHBS)

also focusing on improving the Citarum. Minister of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Muhammad Nasir, launched a thematic community service program (Kuliah Kerja Nyata or KKN) with the theme “Higher Education’s Contribution to Realizing a Clean Citarum” during the National Education Day 2018 in Bandung. This thematic KKN encourages students and academics to actively participate in the improvement of the Citarum River. “Kemenristekdikti quickly responded by coordinating with all rectors of state universities across West Java, as well as private universities in West Java, Jakarta, and the surrounding areas. We’ve coordinated this effort, from upstream to downstream, by clustering them according to their respective fields.”

The KKN, which serves as a community service platform, will place students alongside the communities living near the Citarum River, whether upstream, midstream, or downstream. Students from various universities participating in this thematic KKN have the following goals: first, to help educate the community, with a focus on keeping the Citarum River clean from dirt/waste, and to improve community health and education; second, to implement university-generated innovations into the community; and third, to work towards boosting the local economy.

In the TNI sector, one cumulative activity was reported until 2023 under the Education and Community Empowerment Program, consisting of 3.130 centralized socialization activities.

Several

the Citarum Harum Thematic KKN

Explanation from university leaders to the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher Education regarding the implementation of the Citarum Harum Thematic KKN, 2018

Thematic KKN Student Declaration supports Citarum Harum activities on National Education Day 2018

DATA, INFORMATION, AND PUBLIC RELATIONS MANAGEMENT

The Data, Information, and Public Relations Management Program is an effort made to create an interaction space among various stakeholders and the public to implement the Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control Plan (Renaksi PPK DAS Citarum). This program utilizes a Command Center as a hub for collecting and processing data and information from various field sources, including water quality monitoring and program implementation. The Command Center also serves as a primary tool for decisionmaking based on centralized data and information, as well as a center for publishing and promoting the implementation of PPK DAS Citarum at local, national, and international levels.

The use of this data is expected to support macrolevel planning, policy-making, and governance. External parties (public, academics, communities, business groups, etc.) can access public data available at the Command Center, including spatial mapping data, water quality, and water levels, all in a webbased format

The program aims to:

1. Increase transparency and accountability in providing clear information to the public about the Citarum Harum program.

2. Boost public trust and participation.

3. Raise awareness about the importance of maintaining the Citarum River through various media.

Table of Activity Indications and Targets/Outputs for Data Management, Information, and Community Relations of the Citarum River Basin Restoration Action Plan (Renaksi PPK DAS Citarum) for the Years 2021-2025.

Source: Regional Regulation No. 37 of 2021

The Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs and Investment, along with the Governor of West Java, testing the Citarum Task Force’s Online Monitoring System

Dashboard Satgas Citarum

Online Monitoring Satgas Citarum

The Citarum River Basin Restoration Task Force Command Center won the Bhumandala Award for Best Innovation in Geospatial Information Utilization in 2021

WEBGIS Satgas Citarum

4. Enhance community awareness and participation regarding the importance of conserving the Citarum River.

Public Relations activities can:

1. Distribute program information through various media.

2. Address public inquiries and complaints.

3. Organize community education and training activities.

4. Build effective communication with stakeholders.

5. Collaborate with influencers and community groups.

The Data, Information, and Public Relations Management Program is implemented through managing the Command Center, monitoring water quality, and conducting campaigns, publications, and public relations. The program’s target outcomes by 2025 include an integrated data and information system via the Command Center, 329 monitoring points, and four campaign, publication, and public relations media (at district/ city, provincial, national, and international levels).

Exposure of Citarum news coverage

Sentiment of Online Media Coverage

Sentiment of Print Media Coverage

Command Center Citarum Harum

The cumulative achievements of the Critical Land Management Program until 2023 include:

 The construction of one Command Center.

 516 water quality monitoring points.

 Seven public relations media sources.

The Data, Information, and Public Relations Management Program’s 2023 activities reported include:

 A Media Analytics System in one application with a total of 5.071 news items (2.980 positive, 1.056 negative, and 1.035 neutral).

 Complaint Management with 117 complaints (29 from social media and 88 through the Citarum Task Force hotline).

 Website and Social Media Management with 2.090 content items (576 on Instagram, 576 on Facebook, 565 on Twitter, and 373 on TikTok).

 One organized event.

 Eight NGONCI (Ngobrolin Citarum) audio-visual productions.

In the Data, Information, and Public Relations Management Program, TNI’s implementation activities cumulatively reported until 2023 include:

 8.304 media publications.

 7.404 banners/posters for awareness campaigns.

Table of Activities, Targets, and Achievements of the TNI Sector in Data Management, Information, and Community Relations

Source: Sector Report Processing Results, Satgas Secretariat 2023

Command Center Citarum Harum

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

The Research and Development (R&D) Program is a new initiative designed to create space for preparing applied scientific studies necessary for accelerating the achievement of program outcome targets in the Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control Plan (Renaksi PPK DAS Citarum). It involves identifying and inventorying available scientific studies and research related to managing the Citarum Watershed from various sources and identifying further studies based on program needs.

The program is implemented through research, development, application, and dissemination of Citarum Harum research outcomes, along with improved coordination and cooperation with various parties. Key focus areas for the R&D Program include enhancing the utilization of research outcomes, promoting the application of research results, and increasing the dissemination of research findings.

By 2023, several studies conducted by universities and provincial research bodies in West Java Province, one of which is related to the Citarik River Ecotourism area in the Citarum Watershed. The studies include:

1. The analysis of the application of the circular economy concept by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Citarik eco-tourism area in the Citarum Watershed;

Collaboration with Monash University in the Context of Making the Citarik Showcase

2. Perception Study on Providing and Design Criteria for Scenic Pedestrian Ways of Citarik Ecotourism; and

3. Analysis of Community Perceptions in the Citarum Watershed on the concept of Sustainable Riverside Settlements.

These studies were conducted in Padamukti Village and Cibodas Village in Bandung Regency. They were used to develop a Master Plan for the Citarik sub-basin.

The target outcome for the Research and Development Program is the number of

Table of Activity Indicators and Targets/Outputs for Research and Development of the Citarum River Basin Restoration Action Plan (Renaksi PPK DAS Citarum) for the Years 2021-2025.

Source: Regional Regulation No. 37 of 2021

A. Research, Development, and Application of Competence with various Themes supporting Citarum Harum

1. Topic: Handling of Critical Land 1 document Citarum watershed 2. Topic: Handling of Domestic Wastewater 1 document Citarum watershed 3. Topic: Waste Management 1 document Citarum watershed 4. Topic: Handling of Industrial Waste 1 document Citarum watershed 5. Topic: Handling of Livestock Waste 1 document Citarum watershed

6. Topic: Handling of Floating Net Cages 1 document Citarum watershed 7. Topic: Water Resources and Tourism Management 1 document Citarum watershed 8. Topic: Control of Spatial Utilization 1 document Citarum watershed 9. Topic: Law Enforcement 1 document Citarum watershed 10. Topic: Education and Community Empowerment 1 document Citarum watershed

11. Topic: Data Management, Information, and Community Relations 1 document Citarum watershed

B. Dissemination of Citarum Harum Competence Results 12 activities Citarum watershed

Ç. Enhancement of Coordination and Collaboration of Citarum Harum Competence with Various Parties 12 activities Citarum watershed

Collaboration in the Utilization of the Citarum Command Center

studies completed and utilized by 2025, which is 12 studies, with 6 studies achieved by 2023. This outcome is achieved through research, development, application, and dissemination of Citarum Harum’s research results, along with improved coordination and cooperation with various stakeholders.

However, Activities reported by the TNI sector until the end of 2023, compared to the indications of the R&D program, show no activities from the TNI sector related to the Research and Development Program.

Some R&D activities being developed include:

1. Development of wastewater treatment technology: Environmentally friendly and cost-effective technologies for industrial and domestic wastewater treatment.

2. Development of biofilters: To filter river water from pollution.

3. Development of pollution-resistant plant varieties: To be planted on riverbanks.

4. Development of information and monitoring systems: To monitor river water quality and the condition of the Citarum Watershed.

5. Research on community behavior: To improve awareness and community participation in preserving the Citarum River.

Field monitoring in the framework of collaboration for creating the Citarik showcase.

The cumulative achievement of the Research and Development Program until 2023 includes the completion and utilization of 20 research documents.

In 2023, West Java’s BP2D supported a study by Monash University in the Citarik eco-tourism area of the Citarum Watershed. These studies include the analysis of the application of circular economy concept in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), perceptions in the Citarum Watershed on the design of scenic pedestrian ways for Citarik ecotourism, and analysis of community perception of sustainable riverside settlements in the Citarum Watershed.

These studies were conducted in Padamukti and Cibodas villages in Bandung Regency. They are being used to develop the Master Plan for the Citarik sub-basin, currently being drafted by the West Java Provincial Water Resources Agency.

Due to the absence of supporting activities for pollution and damage control in the Citarum Watershed, the Research and Development Program does not include specific budget targets or realizations at this point.

Ecotourism research in Citarik in collaboration between the West Java Provincial Government, Universitas Indonesia, and Monash University.

Source: aspirasijabar.net

Over the last five years, the Citarum Harum Program has successfully improved the Water Quality Index from heavily polluted to lightly polluted, with almost no visible piles of waste in the river. Additionally, some endemic fish species have returned, and even the community has begun to enjoy the Citarum River as a healing space

There is no doubt that the Citarum River is crucial for the 49 million people in West Java and Jakarta who rely on its Basin. Stretching from southern Bandung to the northwest, reaching Jakarta Bay and the Java Sea, this river provides water for West Java and Jakarta, generates 2,600 MW of hydropower (about 20 percent of the Java-Bali grid’s electricity), irrigates 420,000 hectares of rice fields, supplies water to thousands of industries, and serves as a primary source of raw water for approximately 80 percent of Jakarta’s drinking water, among other benefits to society and as a driver of civilization. Therefore, if this river is allowed to become polluted, uncleaned, and mismanaged, the source of prosperity for the people would be at risk.

In its implementation, the Citarum Harum Program has seven key success factors:

1. Political Commitment from the Government:

The government must commit to providing an environment that supports partnerships and innovation. This includes setting a regulatory framework, providing financial, technical, and institutional support.

This commitment is established in a Presidential Regulation containing targets, role assignments, and the responsibilities of both central and regional governments. The centralized or national guidelines are implemented inclusively, with prior socialization through a series of events at the central and regional levels to ensure a shared understanding of the importance of saving the Citarum River.

2. Action Plan: Developing an action plan is quite challenging because it must be accepted by various parties. The plan includes tasks, annual targets, and those responsible for them. The action plan must be aligned to avoid overlap in authority or tasks.

3. Vertical Command Structure: Potential barriers to cooperation must be identified, acknowledged,

and avoided. For instance, unclear and/or overlapping mandates among partners can cause confusion, duplication of efforts, and even internal competition.

The Citarum program established a Task Force led by the Governor of West Java, who serves as the conductor to ensure the action plan runs in harmony, is measured, and is efficient.

4. Pentahelix Cooperation and TNI Involvement:

The Presidential Regulation and Action Plan are designed to be implemented through a multistakeholder or pentahelix approach involving the government, academia, media, business, and the private sector.

At the community and grassroots levels, local partners, often represented by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), are positioned to give a voice to local stakeholders. Local partners can also help provide more relevant data and information, including monitoring progress on the ground.

5. Data Support or Command Center: Reliable data and information strengthen partnerships. Partnerships can facilitate and improve data collection (such as joint monitoring) and information acquisition for everyone’s benefit. Open and

transparent data and information exchange is also integral to effective cooperation and builds trust among partners.

The construction of a command center and integration of data from various sources is crucial for strategic planning, program implementation monitoring, and evaluation. Collaboration is also important to produce socio-economic data (including gender-segmented) necessary to target actions toward specific beneficiaries.

6. Monitoring and Evaluation: The Citarum Harum program is routinely monitored for its progress and evaluated for any obstacles, allowing for revised strategies when necessary. This approach was particularly significant during the 2020-2022 pandemic, where field activities were limited, and funding decreased.

An action plan is not a static document but a dynamic one that can be adjusted based on situational thinking and considerations.

7. Collective Action Creates Additional Funding Opportunities: Correcting the course to achieve SDG 6 requires mobilizing financial resources. Funding gaps impede progress, and funding

from multiple sources is often uncoordinated, potentially counterproductive. Partnerships create opportunities to pool limited resources and share risks.

Over the last five years, funding support for the Citarum Watershed has fallen short of planned targets, with the COVID-19 pandemic draining central and local finances for health and social support. However, clear government commitment with defined targets has successfully secured international cooperation and corporate social responsibility (CSR) funding.

Over the next two years, achieving the ultimate goal of Citarum Harum may be challenging. Waste management remains a significant issue, as does improving water quality and regulating spatial planning and floating net cages in the three reservoirs, which may cause socio-economic conflicts. To address this, implementing the latest technology and investing in waste management solutions must be prioritized. If these steps are taken, the Citarum River’s condition could improve within the next five years.

The importance of the Citarum River must continue to be internalized within the community.

There is increased attention to the role and contribution of local communities and indigenous people in effective partnerships, taking into account their unique knowledge and perspectives. A human rights-based approach, including non-discrimination, transparency, accountability, and sustainability, has been shown to foster greater equality and inclusion in collaborative processes.

The limited involvement of women in cooperative mechanisms has been identified as a key reason for low project performance. However, full and effective participation by women in partnerships has proven to greatly enhance the design, impact, and delivery of water services and broader water-related goals. A gender perspective can be highly effective in implementing targeted water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions and in identifying different needs and outcomes.

M. Saleh Nugrahadi (Ketua Pelaksana)

Bastari (Wakil Ketua)

Safri Burhanuddin (Ketua Tim Penyusun)

Devita Safitri Nur Akbar (Sekretaris)

Abdul Ghoni Majdi

Sandhi Firmansyah

Titih Titisari Danielaini

Riska Hilmi Mutiawati

Gilang Nur Alif Pradana

RR. Puspita Narastiti

M. Pandu Jati Ampera

Shita Andriyani

Fikri M. Pamungkas

Eki Baihaki

Mohammad Khomaini

Jaya Sampurna

Firman Trisasongko

Khurniaty Dewi

Sari Kurniawati

Gemala Suzanti

Rinanda Hayoe Crusita

Leni Sukma Prihandani

Fajar Rizky Muhisa

Eva Afifah

Aditya Rizki Pramudita

Chairunnissa Kania Dewi

Pantja Dharma Oetojo

Mohammad Irfan Saleh

Prima Mayaningtyas

Mayjen TNI (Purn.) Dedi Kusnadi Thamim

Rofi Alhanif

Maretha Ayu Kusumawati

The Citarum River is a lifeline for many communities inhabiting the 13 cities and regencies along its banks. However, urban areas serve as major sources of pollutants, such as untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and stormwater runoff. These pollutants can degrade water quality in rivers and surrounding coastal waters. The political will from the government, realized through penta-helix collaboration, has resulted in significant changes in the Citarum River and its adjacent areas. Saving the river also means healing the ocean. It is imperative to establish a link between ocean and freshwater policies through a city-basin approach. Therefore, cohesive policies that integrate urban planning with water quality management are essential to address pollution hotspots, promote wastewater treatment, and safeguard water resources for current and future generations.

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