INTEGRATED DESIGN REPORT Sarah Gerrish c7082097 website: www.sarahgerrish.co.uk vimeo: https://vimeo.com/sarahgerrish
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CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION 3 PART 1 : DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY
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1. Personal Position 6 2. The Design Studio & Context 8 3. The Design Thesis 12 4. Technical & Technological Questions 18 5. Further Development 22
PART 2 : MANAGEMENT & LAW
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1. Planning Issues 2. Development Appraisal Scenario 3. Procurement & Risk 4. Architectural Practice 5. Professional Reflection
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
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REFERENCES
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CV
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INTRODUCTION
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My MArch 02 project is located within an area of Tokyo known as San’ya. Historically San’ya has been an area whereby those considered the lowest class in society were placed in order to carry out works forbidden by the Buddhist faith. Today the name has been phased out as San’ya itself was split to join with its neighbouring districts. However the stigma of the area is still present as a large community of Day Labourers remain occuoying the cheap loadgings and streets. The specific site of my project is the San’ya canal which was originally used for transportation (see fig. 1), however after WWII its was used as a landfill site and later turned into a ‘park’. The canal forms a direct link from the Sumida River, which has recently witnessed large scale regeneration as Tokyo seeks to improve its waterways, right through to the southernly point of San’ya (See fig. 2).
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Fig. 1 Historical photographs of the San’ya Canal Fig. 2 Site plan of San’ya
PART 1 : DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY 1. Personal Position 2. The Design Studio & Context 3. The Design Thesis 4. Technical & Technological Questions 5. Further Development
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PERSONAL POSITION
Part 1 : Design & Technology
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My personal architectural interest falls principally within community based projects that work to impact social change and make immediate and long term impact. Projects which encourage community participation on both the large scale - like the projects undertaken during my MArch studies, ‘Garbage of the Future’, an infrastructure of aluminium recycling and living accommodation for the Pepandores of Mexico City and ‘Ghosts of Tokyo’ which seeks to provide a live / work infrastructure for the day labourers of Tokyo, as well as smaller scale temporary installations which can offer more economical engagment through small changes. Prior to and during my research for my written thesis I have also developed a significant interest in housing provision and questioning the neoliberal approach to how housing is developed for communities. This is something which I would like to investigate further and research at a more local level. My time spent within the Cinematic Commons unit has significantly influenced my interest in the use of film as a form of architectural representation, narrative writing & storytelling. Since the end of my undergraduate studies I have moved away from the glossy 3D computer generated renderings and instead opt for a more expressive mixed media approach which strives to create immersive imagery.
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Fig. 3 Experimenting with screen printing to create viusals
THE DESIGN STUDIO & CONTEXT Part 1 : Design & Technology
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Throughout my MArch studies I have been working within ‘The Cinematic Construct of New Commons’ research group, lead by Sarah Mills & Jennifer Chen. The Cinematic Construct of New Commons uses a filmic and scenographic way of thinking in relation to architectural design. As a unit we critique and challenge development & projects within rapidly changing Megacities and propose a ‘new commons’ forming a new architectural typology. During my MArch studies we have worked within the context of Mexico City and Tokyo, formulating projects which question: What can ‘commons’ do? What requirements are needed to encourage an environment of mutual ‘commonness’ for those within a situation of a shared purpose? To develop my thesis project I have utilised design tools such as: ‘The Essay Film’ Through film analysis workshops we study the works of directors considering their filming techniques, sequence and creation of storytelling through the lense. During semester 1 I studied the film Tokyo Story by the Japanese director Yasujirō Ozu which has had a particular influence. 8
Moving on from this we develop our own essay
which identifies a research theme from a ‘foreign’ perspective. This becomes a ‘way-in’ to pin point an area of forensis research and helps to shape the project brief. Axonometric drawings The axonometric drawing is used to understand three dimensional space in a way not possible through conventional plans and sections. Set models Construction of large scale set models (1:10 / 1:20) allows an understanding of volume and space in which you can film and photograph from the perspective of the inhabitant. The stills and sequence can then be used to inform visuals and large scale collage / mixed media works. Collage / Mixed Media Drawings Collage and mixed media drawings allow for experimental and experiencal imagery to be created through layering and expressions through various techniques.
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Fig. 4 Stills from my essay film ‘Ghosts of Tokyo’ depicting a day in the life of a Day Labourer
Fig. 5 Stills from my essay film ‘Ghosts of Tokyo’ depicting a day in the life of a Day Labourer
THE DESIGN THESIS
Part 1 : Design & Technology
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GHOSTS OF TOKYO, Site Location: SAN’YA, TOKYO Site Area: My design thesis is to create a sustainable infrastructure for the day labouring community of San’ya, Tokyo. The current life cycle of the day labourer is not a sustainable one. Through a series of phased developments my project will enable ‘craftsman’ workshop facilities & a collective housing community to develop, providing long term employment to the ageing day labourer population - adding value to their skills, support the family unit and, in the long term, encourage a new wave of labourers into the area. Key themes within my thesis project include: - Reappropriation of material - careful sequencing of development which allows the use and movement of material up through the site, from one phase to the next. - Density - challenging the notion of Tokyo as a dense city. By the removal of infrastructure I have sought to add density where there was not any before.
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- Territory - Using bamboo not only as an on site source of material for construction and craft, but also as a way of defining the territory of the com-
Phase 2
Construct storage facilities for bamboo
Furniture workshop
Reclaim sections of road for street trading
Phase 4
Phase 6
Phase 7
Excavate Canal Park
Establish bamboo forest
Establish builders yard
Construct collective housing central community building
Phase 1
Phase 3
Phase 5
Phase 8
Phase 10
Phase 9
Construct educational facilities
Construct collective housing dwellings
Papermaking workshop
Phase 6
Connect reclaimed canal back to the Sumida River
Fig. 6 Masterplan shows phasing of Thesis Project. For detailed description see pg 14.
The phases are as follows: Phase1: Excavate and reinstate the former San’ya Canal. Phase 2: Connect the canal back to the main water source of the Sumida River. Phase 3: Establish a new bamboo forest within the territory of the canal (see fig 7). The bamboo forest will provide an on site source of material for the use in crafts as well as a construction material for the inhabitants of the development. Phase 4: Construction of storage and preparation facilities for the harvested bamboo, including storage & drying / treating. Phase 5: Construction and site set up of builders yard. A site which will later be developed for education facilities within the built environment. Phase 6: Establishing ‘craftsman’ style workshops for the creation of furniture and paper utilising material harvested from the bamboo forest. Through creating workshops it allows the day labourer another alternative to the harsh daily routine within the construction industry and provides a more specialised output which will add value to their skills. 14
Fig. 7 Image showing the public walkway within th proposed bamboo
Phase 7: Reclaiming areas of the public road situated on the threshold of the canal. This will allow existing workshops to become more open and encourage street trading. Phase 8 & 9: Construction of ‘collective housing’ and central community building for 25 day labourers and 15 families (see fig. 8). The provision of housing will provide the day labourers with a more social living environment whilst also supporting the family unit through close support from within the community. Phase 10: Development of builders yard into educational facilities within the built environment. The provision of education will seek to encourage a new wave of labourers into the area by working to remove the stigma and social status of the day labourer.
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Fig. 8 Image showing the new accommodation for the day labourers and families
TECHNICAL & TECHNOLOGICAL QUESTIONS // Part 1 : Design & Technology
Imbedded into the design process Design Tools: The Essay Film Large Scale Set Models Axonometric Drawings My initial foreign gaze essay film (see fig. 4 & 5) was an extremely useful tool in allowing me to visually express a day in the life of a day labourer. I used scene length to signify the timing of activities which placed heriarchy on certain processes of the day. The large scale set models were produced throughout the year in order to test materiality, structure, spacial confirguration, light and perspective. These models were particularly useful in allowing a view from the perspective of the user rather than a detached view from above. They were also useful in testing the placement of bamboo and the effect this had on views, space, light and perspective (see fig. 9). In doing so I was able to understand the effects of the bamboo structure on the residential dwellig and how this created smaller dense spaces at the lower levels allowing larger open spaces to cross brace at the higher levels.
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The axonometric drawings have aided me by demonstrating sequence of construction & development, testing the scale and structure of the proposal in the larger context of the site and city.
Fig. 9 Film stills from a essay film sketch created through still shots of my set model. Exploring density and view.
Associated with design implementation: My Thesis project deals with the re-appropriation of on-site material as a way of creating (in the short term) structural components of the built fabric and providing (for the long term) a sustainable material which can be utilised for both construction and products within the craftsman workshops. Throughout the design process it was important to me that the design was environmetally low impact, with shallow depth plans and adaptable screen facades to allow natural cross ventilation and good natural lighting levels. By recycling the excavated material of the canal, architectural rammed earth elements and / or gabions were placed in areas where spacial volumes connected with the ground - providing not only protection both acoustically & environmentally from the surrounding infrastructure but also giving specfic areas the benefit of the rammed earths thermal mass qualities.
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Fig. 10 3D detailed axonometric showing structural components and material strategy for the central community building. Utilising the excavated canal material for a protective gabion facade and an internal leaf of screens to allow adaptability and natural ventilation.
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT Part 1 : Design & Technology
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My thesis project challenges the notion of Tokyo as a densely developed city. By removing infrastructure, integrating a bamboo forest and dwellings within the canal site my proposal is creating density where it was not before. The initial development deals with a phasing process which enables the sustainable and supported community to become established, in both work and living. Future development would seek to push this notion further by: - Increased densification through the development of further dwellings along the canal route & hijacking existing buildings on the thresholds to develop as central community buildings. - Further development of the more transient dwellings to become better established and stabilised. - Expansion of educational facilities to provide improved skills to attract a new generation into the community, adding value to the skills of day labourers and working to remove the stimga of what they do.
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PART 2 : MANAGEMENT & LAW 1. Planning Issues 2. Development Appraisal Scenario 3. Procurement & Risk 4. Architectural Practice 5. Professional Reflection
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PLANNING ISSUES
Part 2 : Management & Law
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The main planning issue of the 20th Century in Tokyo dealt with the expansion and intensification of the urban areas. Currently this same pace of urban growth is no longer required and instead the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) has shifted its focus to address the environmental consequences caused by the economic boom. The large scale housing complexes that were built during this period are also ready for renewal. ________ There are three levels of planning in Japan. National, Regional & Local. The basis of city planning is formed by ‘The City Planning Act’ of 1968 which includes: - Effective land-use control - Functional city planning areas - Delegation of power to local governments In urban areas land development is regulated by: A ‘development permission system’ which is concerned with building location and form, and the ‘building confirmation system’ which is concerned with the use and structure of the development.
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Fig. 11 outlines the land use plan for my project area. The predominant development planned for my site area is ‘complex urban’ & ‘residential 1’. This means a mix of mid to high rise buildings with a variety of functions to serve the community & mid to low rise residential which aims to improve living
Residential District 2 - Advance infrastructure development as a low rise (1st-3rd floor) residential area, aiming to maintain and preserve a good living environment.
Residential District 1 - Develop as a residential area in the middle-low rise (3-5 floors) aiming to strengthen the disaster prevention through cooperative efforts to form a good living environment.
LOCATION OF THESIS PROJECT
Workshop / Housing Complex - Land use for the workplace and housing as a complex site of the middle level (5 floors)
Shop / Housing Complex - Land use as mixed commerical and housing as a complex site of the middle level (5 floors) Complex Urban Area - Middle - High Rise (5-8 floors) for various functions, shop, office, workplace.
Fig. 11 Land use plan for Taito-ku municipality which includes the location of my thesis project
environments. Encouraging tourism is also of interest to the local area and plans are developing for the introduction of a second ‘Sky Tree’. My proposal is addressing this need and supports the planned development through a live / work infrastructure. Phase 6 of my project would aim to support local trade and could work as a place of interest to tourists. Long term, with the construction of Phase 10, the development would be a significant asset in sustaining and encouraging the local community to grow. The main issue which may be raised would be my an increase of density occupying air space above a green corridor. In order to proceed the proposed development would need to gain approval from the locally delegated planning authority. Relevant Government policies include: Landscape Act (Act No. 110 of June 18, 2004) Last revision: Act No. 50 of June 2, 2006.
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The ‘Tokyo After 10 Years Plan’ was published in 2006 by Tokyo Metropolitan Government - the basic policy seeks to regenerate and improve green corridors and waterways. This is relevant for my project for two reasons, the first being the connection of the canal back to the Sumida River. The threshold of the river has had and continues to have significant funding for redevelopment. With reclaiming the canal and the integration of the bamboo forest I am also proposing to support the improvement of green corridors and waterways. //
Fig. 12 3D exploded axonometric explaining the structural components of the central community building
DEVELOPMENT APPRAISAL SCENARIO // Part 2 : Management & Law
The canal park is owned by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) therefore the inital ground works and infrasturcture development would be funded by the central goverment. In Japan, area above waterways are not under any ownership which is a reason why further infrastucture is developed above, in the form of highways etc. For phases 4 - 9 the architect would make an application for the ‘City Development Delivered Fund’ which is porvided in order to help towards improvement of living for local residents and businesses. A successful project would be one seen to be aiding the areas revival and social development. Any additional funds would come from private investment from private developers through The Real Estate Companies Association of Japan which works to improve the ‘national economy and lifestyle of Japan. There should also be the opportunity for the collective housing community to obtain their own shared equity mortgages which would allow them to have official ownership within the development.
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PROCUREMENT
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Part 2 : Management & Law
RISK
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Due to the large scale nature of the project it was important to design and develop the scheme in phases. Each phase has very specific development and contractural requirements to consider & plan for. In Japan construction projects are carried out by a master builder & projects follow a predominantly design & build route based on trust and loyalty, with clients/developers returning to the same contractors. However, I propose that this project would follow a much more traditional procurement process following the 2015 RIBA Plan of Work which will allow the architect much more control on site. The main factors & risks to consider throughout construction include: • • • • • • • • •
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Subsurface conditions Building in a dense area Site access. Traffic Availability of resources Accidents on site Damage to persons or property Equipment commissioning Funding Phasing of work
The project must apply with the guidelines outlined in the Industrial Safety and Health Act & Labor Standards
Phases 1-3 deal with the groundworks and initial establishment of the project infrastructure (see fig. 13) Year 1-3 This phase will require a detailed schedule drawn up by the to allow excavation of areas to be finished in order to allow enough growing period for the bamboo. ____ Phase 4 & 5 involves the establishment of the storage facilities and builders yard for future development (see fig. 14) Year 3-5 After 5 years of growth the bamboo will be ready for harvest. It will be important to have these facilites inplace. A seperate contract will be required at this stage. Written into the contract it should be stipulated that local contractors and labour must be used where possible.
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Fig. 13 Sectional perspective through the bamboo forest, showing the bamboo harvest and transportation
Fig. 14 Sectional perspective showing the storage site of the bamboo
Phase 6 & 7 involvee the construction of workshops and provision for street trading (see fig. 15). Year 5-7 At this stage the design would go out to competition and open up the design process to other creatives. The winning proposal would be taken forward and developed by the design architect up to Stage 4. A seperate contract would be required for this phase. ______ Phase 8 & 9 involves the construction of the collective housing community (see fig. 16). Year 7-10 The project architect overseeing the master plan would work closely with the community to develop detailed drawings and specification. Specialist contractors may be required however, it must be writtin into the contract that the ‘collective housing’ community must be involved where possible to allow colaborative deisgn and development. A seperate contract would be required for this phase. A clerk of works would be employed by the community to oversee construction works and maintain standards. ______ Phase 10 ivolves the development of the builders yard into educational facilities. 34
Year 10+
Fig. 15 Sectional perspective showing furniture workshop & street trading
Fig. 16 Sectional perspective showing central community building and bamboo top dwellings
ARCHITECTURAL
PRACTICE
Part 2 : Management & Law
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For the project the architect would initially be responsible for RIBA stages 0-4 which would involve working alongside the local government to outline the parametres and scope of the project and how this would fit into the areas land use plan. Also required, under these stages, would be setting out the brief, preparing a feasibility study which would enable a public consultation and inital costings to be drafted. Consultations would be required with the local planning authority & highways officer specifically. To progress beyond feasibility the architect must then further develop the design along with specialist consultants ie landscape architects & structural engineers (where applicable) at relevant stages throughout the phased development. Any phases commissioned for competition must be overseen and reviewed, with technical design drawings being periodically reviewed and updated. Once the project reaches phase 8 the architect would be employed directly by the collective housing committee whereby a board of directors would have been appointed by the members. The board of directors would work alongside the architect and employ any required specialst contractors.
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Fees will be varied and addressed in accordance with the phase of works. //
PROFESSIONAL
REFLECTION
Part 2 : Management & Law
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I am currently working part-time within an Architectural practice in The Lake District. Upon completion of my Postgraduate degree I will be returning to work full time. My role in the office is predominantly working within the residential sector over all stages of work from initial concept & feasibility through to production information and preparing tender packages. Ideally I would like to expand upon these skills and seek to bring more community engaging projects into the office. I would also like to continue progress within the office on to on site projects and gain more experience within this stage. I would also like to work on my own ‘out of office’ projects, with local creatives across a variety of disciplines, to create small scale interventions & events with the intention of gaining experience in construction and curation. I will be spending June & July 2017 as an Architecture Ambassador for RIBA learning, providing workshops to a year 10 art group to help engage them with the built environment. I will be using the skills of model making and filming developed through my post graduate study to assist the students in generating their own brief, developing designs and models and then capturing their work through the lens.
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In my own time I would also like to continue to interrogate the use of film and develop my filming / photography techniques for use as a hobby as
well as within a creative career. This year we briefly touched on the use of After Effects which I am keen to experiment with on future projects. Long term I will be working towards obtaining my RIBA Part 3 qualification.
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LIST
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ILLUSTRATIONS
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1. Photos from http://showa.mainichi.jp/ikeda1960/2008/05/ik134720.html 2. Site plan. Authors own. 3. Photo. Authors own. 4. Film Stills. Authors own 5. Film Still. Authors own. 6. Masterplan. Authors own. 7. Image. Authors own. 8. Image. Authors own. 9. Film stills. Authors own. 10. 3d Detailed axonometric. Authors own. 11. Land Use Plan. Translated from http://www. city.taito.lg.jp/index/multi/index.html 12. Eploded axonmetric. Authors own. 13.Sectional Perspective. Authors own. 14. Sectional Perspective. Authors own. 15. Sectional Perspective. Authors own. 16. Sectional Perspective. Authors own.
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REFERENCES
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Websites: https://www.gdrc.org/uem/observatory/jp-overview.html http://www.toshiseibi.metro.tokyo.jp/eng/ http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~coslog/activity/01/04/file/Bunyabetsu-15_en.pdf http://www.alatown.com/japanese-building-law/ https://pt.slideshare.net/bayartsend3/urban-planning-in-japan-nagayamaubmps http://www.city.taito.lg.jp/index/multi/index.html http://www.nikkenren.com/kenchiku/en/pdf/Japanese_ Multi-disciplinary_Contractors_with_Their_Own_Design_Divisions.pdf
http://www.fdk.or.jp/en/code.html
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Sarah Gerrish
Address: 4 Almond Bank, Flookburgh Road, Allithwaite, Nr GrangeOver-Sands, Cumbria LA11 7RQ Tel: 07817643198
CIRRICULUM VITAE Education: 2015-2017
MArch Architecture (RIBA Part 2)
Email: sarahgerrish@hotmail.com
Leeds Beckett University, Leeds. 2010-2012
D.O.B: 13/02/1985
BA(Hons) Architecture (RIBA Part 1) Leeds Beckett University, Leeds.
I consider myself to be a hardworking, reliable and approachable indiviual. I am not afraid to ask questions and seek help when required as I see this as a fundamental task in learning and progressing my knowledge. I enjoy working within a team to generate and develop design ideas, and strive to perform tasks to the best of my ability. With over 10 years experience in the office environment I have developed skills in the following programs:
Level 2:1
2003-2007
BDes(Hons) Interior Architecture Napier University, Edinburgh.
Level 2:1
1998-2003
Kirkbie Kendal School Kendal. 11.5 GCSE’s, 1 AS Level, 3 A Levels.
Employment: April 2013 - Present
JCA Ltd, Cartmel. Architectural Assistant
http://www.johncowardarchitects.co.uk
AutoCAD Sketch Up Photoshop Indesign Illustrator Adobe Premier Pro Microsoft Office
July 2012 - March 2013
AECOM, Leeds. Architectural Lighting Engineer http://www.aecom.com/uk/ July 2006 - April 2009
LDPi, Edinburgh. Architectural Lighting Designer http://ldpinternational.com
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