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Author(s):JamesL.Outman,ElisabethM.Outman

ISBN(s):9780787665135,0787665134

Edition:1

FileDetails:PDF,19.42MB

Year:2003

Language:english

Almanac Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution

Almanac

James L. Outman Elisabeth M. Outman

Matthew May, Editor

Project Editor

Matthew May

Permissions Lori Hines

©2003 by U•X•L. U•X•L is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

U•X•L® is a registered trademark used herein under license. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

For more information, contact: The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535

Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means— graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording,

Industrial Revolution: Almanac

James L. Outman and Elisabeth M. Outman

Imaging and Multimedia

Robert Duncan, Lezlie Light

Product Design

Pamela A. E. Galbreath, Michelle DiMercurio

taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.

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Permissions Hotline:

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Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058

Cover photograph of the steam locomotive reproduced by permission of the

Outman, James L., 1946–

Composition

Evi Seoud

Manufacturing Rita Wimberley

Corbis Corporation; cover illustration of the Bessemer furnace reproduced courtesy of the Library of Congress. Back cover photograph of an assembly line reproduced by permission of AP/Wide World Photos.

While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group, Inc. does not guarantee the accuracy of data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement by the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.

Industrial Revolution. Almanac / James L. Outman and Elisabeth M. Outman. v. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-7876-6513-4 (hardcover : alk. paper)

1. Industrial revolution—Juvenile literature. [1. Industrial revolution.] I. Outman, Elisabeth M., 1951– II. Title.

HD2329 .O978 2003 330.9’034–dc21 2002155422

Printed in the United States of America 10987654321

Chapter 1: Origins of the Industrial Revolution ...... 9

Chapter 2: The Revolution Begins: Steam Engines, Railroads, and Steamboats ............... 33

Chapter 3: New Machines and the Factory System.... 63

Chapter 4: Social and Political Impact of the First Phase of the Industrial Revolution ........... 83

Chapter 5: The Second Phase of the Industrial Revolution: 1850–1940 107

Chapter 6: How Things Got Bigger: Economy of Scale 143

Chapter 7: Social and Political Impact of the Second Phase of the Industrial Revolution ...........

Chapter 8: The Economy Goes Global: What Next?

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Reader’s Guide

The Industrial Revolution, which began in England in the middle of the eighteenth century and spread across the globe by the beginning of World War II, shaped a new world. The introduction of new technology into manufacturing processes at the heart of the revolution turned simple agricultural societies into complex industrial ones. Consequently, the way we worked, where we lived, and how we communicated with one another were altered. Governments, even the physical environment of the planet, were forever changed. The Industrial Revolution was in every sense a revolution.

Industrial Revolution: Almanac, in eight chapters, provides an overview of this era, from its roots in the philosophies of the Renaissance to the first technological advances, from the first migrations of workers to urban areas to the rise of giant corporations. Each chapter of the Almanac features informative sidebar boxes highlighting glossary terms and issues discussed in the text and concludes with a list of further readings. Also included are nearly sixty illustrations, a timeline, a glossary, and an index providing easy access to subjects discussed throughout Industrial Revolution: Almanac.

Related reference sources

Industrial Revolution: Biographies profiles twenty-five significant figures of the Industrial Revolution. The essays cover such people as economic philosophers Karl Marx and Adam Smith; innovators like Henry Bessemer, Henry Ford, Robert Fulton, and Eli Whitney; financial wizards Andrew Carnegie and J. P. Morgan; and crusading journalists such as Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbell. The volume includes more than fifty photographs, sources for further reading, a timeline, and an index.

Industrial Revolution: Primary Sources presents twentyseven full or excerpted written works, speeches, and testimony from the period. The volume includes excerpts from An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Communist Manifesto of Karl Marx, Twenty Years at Hull-House by Jane Addams, and the United States Supreme Court decision in Northern Securities Co. v. United States enforcing federal regulation of corporations. Each entry includes an introduction, things to remember while reading the excerpt, a glossary of difficult terms from the document, information on what happened after the work was published, and other interesting facts. Forty photographs, sources for further reading, a timeline, and an index supplement the volume.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their thanks to U•X•L senior editor Diane Sawinski, U•X•L editor Matthew May, and U•X•L publisher Tom Romig for their assistance throughout the production of this series. Thanks, too, to Judy Galens for lending her editorial talents in the form of proofreading. The editor wishes to thank Marco Di Vita of the Graphix Group for always working with flexibility, speed, and, above all, quality.

Comments and suggestions

We welcome your comments on Industrial Revolution: Almanac and suggestions for other topics in history to consider. Please write: Editors, Industrial Revolution: Almanac, U•X•L, 27500 Drake Road, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 48331-3535; call toll-free: 800-877-4253; fax to 248-699-8097; or send e-mail via www.gale.com. Industrial Revolution: Almanac

Industrial Revolution Timeline

1650–51 The British Parliament passes the Navigation Acts, designed to give preference to English merchant ships over the Dutch.

1631 David Ramsay receives a patent from the British government for a pump that is driven by heated water that is converted into steam.

1674 Jethro Tull is born. Tull is credited with developing the first seed drill.

1690 English philosopher John Locke writes that governments derive their power from the people.

1712 Thomas Newcomen builds his first steam engine in England.

1764 James Hargreaves invents a new version of the traditional spinning machine.

1765 The first iron rails are introduced in England by Richard Reynolds.

1776 Adam Smith’s An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations is published.

1781 James Watt invents a rotary motion device for his steam engine.

1793 Eli Whitney develops and introduces the cotton gin.

June 14, 1798 Eli Whitney signs a contract with the U.S. government to produce 10,000 muskets in 28 months.

1779 Samuel Crompton introduces the spinning machine, combining the efforts of earlier machines in the production of cotton products.

1802 Richard Trevithick develops the steam locomotive.

August 17, 1807 Robert Fulton launches his steamship Clermont. Two years later he obtains a patent from the U.S. government for his steamship.

1823 Richard Guest’s Compendious History of the Cotton Manufacture is published.

1824 Englishman Robert Owen purchases the town of New Harmony, Indiana, and attempts to implement his cooperative business ideas in an entire community.

September 27, 1825 George Stephenson operates his locomotive Locomotion along a 20-mile rail in England, the first time a steam locomotive hauls cars on a public railway.

1832 The British Parliament passes the Reform Bill of 1832, radically changing the system of representation in Parliament.

1833 Member of Parliament Michael Sadler issues a report to Parliament detailing working conditions of children in British factories.

1833 The British Parliament passes the Factory Act of 1833, setting standards for the employment of children in textile factories.

1834 Cyrus McCormick takes out a patent on the first mechanical reaper.

May 1, 1844 Samuel F. B. Morse sends the first telegraph message from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, Maryland. Five years later he is granted a patent for his invention.

1848 The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and his friend Frederich Engels, is published.

1856 Henry Bessemer establishes the Bessemer process, in which steel could be made in more quantities for less money.

1869 George Westinghouse takes out a patent on his invention of the air brake and forms Westinghouse Air Brake Company.

1869 Uriah Stephens and fellow garment workers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, found the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor.

May 10, 1869 A golden spike is driven into the railroad tracks at Promontory, Utah, completing the first rail line to cross the United States.

1870 John D. Rockefeller and associates organize Standard Oil Company.

1879 Thomas Alva Edison lights street lights along a halfmile stretch in Menlo Park, New Jersey.

1881 Samuel Gompers helps establish the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of the United States and Canada.

1886 A bomb explodes during a labor union rally at Haymarket Square in Chicago, Illinois, killing seven.

1889 German engineer Gottlieb Daimler develops an engine that resembles the motors in modern-day automobiles.

1890 The U.S. Congress passes the Sherman Antitrust Act.

1890 Mary Harris Jones, better known as Mother Jones, is hired as a paid organizer by the United Mine Workers.

1890 How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis is published.

1892 Steel workers at Andrew Carnegie’s Homestead Mill plant go on strike; violence breaks out and eighteen strikers and guards are killed.

1894 Workers of the Pullman railroad car company strike to demand fair wages. Other railroad workers go on strike in support, shutting down U.S. railroads. U.S. president Grover Cleveland sends in 12,000 troops to restore railroad traffic, and most of the strikers return to their jobs at their original wages.

1901 J. P. Morgan purchases Carnegie Company, Limited, the nation’s leading steel company, for $480 million.

February 18, 1904 The Theodore Roosevelt administration files a lawsuit against Northern Securities, claiming it is an illegal trust and in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act.

1904 Ida Tarbell’s collection of articles on John D. Rockefeller is published as a book entitled The History of the Standard Oil Company.

1905 The term smog is first used in London, England, to describe the unhealthy nature of the air due to the smoky output of factories.

1906 Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle is published.

October 1908 Henry Ford introduces the Model T.

1911 American engineer Frederick Taylor publishes The Principles of Scientific Management, a collection of essays on the organization of industrial companies.

March 25, 1911 A fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York, New York, kills 146 female workers.

1914 Henry Ford begins paying his workers $5 a day.

1919 Henry Ford resigns as president of the Ford Motor Company.

1929 The stock market plummets and sends the United States and most of the industrialized world into the Great Depression. By 1932, 25 percent of American workers will be jobless.

1935 The Congress of Industrial Organizations is founded, a federation of labor unions.

1935 The National Labor Relations Act is passed, giving workers the right to organize unions and strike in order to influence their employers to create better working conditions.

1939 World War II breaks out in Europe. Within two years the American economy is invigorated.

1945 Nuclear bombs are dropped on Japan to bring an end to World War II. The world enters a new, nuclear, age.

Words to Know

AAbsolute monarch: A ruler who is not controlled by law.

Anarchism: A social philosophy that advocates voluntary associations among people as a form of self-government, as opposed to central governments dominated by a monarch or other central figure.

Apprentice: A person learning the basics of a skilled trade, such as masonry (working with brick or stone) or weaving.

Aristocrat: Someone who controls land and the people who live on it. Aristocrats generally inherited their positions from their fathers (occasionally from their mothers).

Assembly line: A system of manufacturing goods in which many workers, often arranged in different stations along a line, carry out the same precise task over and over on multiple products, as opposed to a single worker carrying out many tasks on one product.

Automation: A process designed so that one event follows another without active intervention; usually such processes involve machines that carry out tasks by design, rather than with human intervention.

C

Capitalism: A system of organizing a society’s economy in which ownership of machines and factories is private, rather than public.

Communism: A form of government in which all the people own property, including both land and capital, in common.

Corporation: A business organization that is given the right to act as if it were a person in certain legal matters, such as buying or selling things or entering into binding agreements (contracts).

Cottage industry: The economic system in which skilled craftspeople manufactured goods, such as cloth, from their homes rather than in factories. This scenario was typical of the period before the Industrial Revolution.

D

Democracy: A political system in which a majority of the people determine the government and its policies, as opposed to governments determined, for example, by inheritance (such as those run by kings and aristocrats).

E

Economy of scale: The reduction in cost of a product resulting from mass production.

F

Factories: Buildings used for manufacturing products.

Industrial Revolution: Almanac

Feudalism: A social and political system prevalent in Europe from about 400 to 1500, in which aristocrats, or lords, controlled the land and in which so-called common people (known as serfs) were legally bound to work on the land under the direction of the aristocrat and with the benefit of his protection.

G

Guilds: Associations of skilled craftsmen that set rules and standards for their work. Guild members generally advanced from apprentice (beginner) to journeyman (ordinary worker) to master, the highest level.

I

Industrialization: The process of introducing machines to supplement or replace human labor.

Interchangeable parts: Identical components of a product that are produced separately from the product itself and then assembled.

LLabor union: A voluntary association of workers who join together to apply pressure on their employer for improved pay, shorter hours, or other advantages.

Laissez-faire: A French expression meaning “free to do,” referring to the belief that governments should let economic activity take place without interference.

Loom: A machine, sometimes called a frame, used to weave fabric.

Mass production: Making large numbers of identical products, often using a system like an assembly line in a factory, rather than making products one at a time.

Words to Knowxv

Medieval period: Another name for the Middle Ages (500 to 1400), the period from about the end of the Roman Empire to the beginning of the Renaissance.

Mercantilism: An economic system in which government manages national economies by regulating trade, agriculture, and manufacturing with the aim of accumulating wealth. It was a system criticized by England’s Adam Smith, who argued that people acting in their self-interest would result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Microchips: A tiny complex of connected electronic components produced on a small slice of material. Microchips are the basic building block of computers.

Monopoly: A business large enough to be able to control the price of a product without regard to competition.

Muckraker: A journalist who focuses on uncovering corruption, abuse, or other wrong-doing. The term is most often applied to a group of journalists writing about business practices in the late 1890s and early 1900s.

N

Natural laws: The rules, thought to be taken from nature, by which the universe operates.

P

Patent: A permit given to an inventor allowing exclusive rights to make, use, or sell an invention.

Pension: A monthly payment made to employees who retire from a company after reaching a certain age or after working a certain number of years for that company.

Proletariat: Lowest economic or social class of a community.

R

Reaper: A machine for gathering grain that is ready to harvest.

Renaissance: A period in European history from about 1400 to 1700 in which classical (ancient Roman and Greek) ideas about art, literature, and other intellectual pursuits began to replace long-held religious beliefs.

Robber baron: The owner and manager of a very large business that was judged to be a monopoly.

SService economy: An economic system in which most people are engaged in helping or serving other people, rather than raising food or manufacturing products.

Socialism: A political and economic system in which the people control both the government and also major elements of the economy, such as owning (or tightly regulating) factories.

Social work: Efforts to alleviate a variety of problems often encountered by poorer people such as unemployment, poverty, and lack of housing.

Spinning: Twisting the short fibers of wool or cotton into a continuous yarn.

Strike: The refusal to work by members of a labor union who aim to close down a factory or other facility as a means of putting pressure on the employer to grant higher pay or other improvements in work conditions.

Strikebreakers: Workers who take the places of employees who are on strike. They are hired by company owners in an effort to defeat strikers.

TTariff: A tax on imports.

Textile industry: The manufacture of cloth, typically for clothing but also for other purposes, such as bedsheets and sails.

Words to Knowxvii

WWeaving: Making yarn into cloth by crisscrossing threads of yarn on a loom.

Introduction

Starting in the mid-1700s in England, a series of inventions sparked the biggest change in human life since tools first had been used in the growing of crops thousands of years earlier. These inventions caused profound changes in the ordinary lives of people and in the way society is organized. The entire process—technical innovation and social change taken together—is called the Industrial Revolution.

These changes, which are still being felt at the beginning of the twenty-first century, came in two stages. The first stage, sometimes called the first Industrial Revolution, lasted from about 1750 until about 1850 and took place largely in England. It was dominated by two developments in technology: the steam engine driven by coal and machines used to make textiles, or cloth.

The second stage, sometimes called the second Industrial Revolution, lasted from about 1850 until about 1940 and occurred primarily in the United States as well as in continental Europe. It was dominated by two new sources of power: the internal combustion engine and electricity.

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Starling, Miss Rebecca, milliner and dressmaker, West Pottergate street

Starling, Thomas, accountant, 12, Victoria street, St. Stephen’s road

Starr, Frank, merchant’s clerk, Portland place, Holl’s lane

Steadman, Mr. Charles, Heigham road

Stearman, Eliza, dressmaker and milliner, Whitefriars’ street

Stearne, Thomas, city missionary, Sussex street, St. Augustine’s Stebbings, Mrs. Sarah, lodging-house keeper, Rose lane

Steel, Henry, commercial traveller, West End Cottages, Chapel Field road

Steel and Rix, fancy repository, Queen street

Steele, The Misses, Unthank’s road

Stevens, Charles Frederick, brazier, and tin-plate worker, Magdalen street

Stevens, Gardner Christopher, furnishing and general ironmonger, Orford hill

Stevens, Mr. George, Poplar Cottage, Hellesdon road

Stevens, John, tobacconist, Back of the Inns

Stevens, Mrs. Mary (day school) Kimberley street, Unthank’s road

Stevens, John Thomas, law stationer, &c. Castle meadow

Stevens, William Horace, printer, &c., Upper Goat lane; h Trory street, Unthank’s road

Stevens, William, solicitor, Close; h St. Faith’s lane

Stevenson, Henry, Esq., Newmarket road (see Matchett and Stevenson)

Steward and Fisher, solicitors, and agents for the Norwich Union Fire Office, King street

Steward, Edward, solicitor (see Steward and Fisher)

Steward, George, baker, Bull close

Steward, Henry, shopkeeper and tailor, Bull close

Steward, James, merchant tailor, and general outfitter, Tombland; h Thorpe

Steward, Mrs. James, Bracondale

Steward, Mrs. Lucy, Heigham Lodge, Unthank’s road

Steward, Mary, green grocer, St. Benedict’s street

Steward, Miss Mary Ann, dressmaker and milliner, St. Martin’s at Palace

Steward, Miss Mary, milliner and dressmaker, Little Globe street, Union place

Steward, Patteson, Finch and Co., maltsters, brewers, and spirit merchants, Anchor brewery, Pockthorpe

Steward, Robert and Co., timber merchants, King street

Steward, Samuel, bookbinder, &c., Prince’s street

Steward, William, bricklayer and plasterer, East End, Thorpe hamlet

Stewards, Matthew, butcher, St. James’ street

Stewardson, Mr. Edward, 6, St. Giles’ road

Stewardson, Nathaniel Thomas, shopkeeper, St. James’ street

Stewardson, William Henry, printer, Little London street

Stewart, Charles Keith, fringe manufacturer, St. Giles’ street

Stigles, Daniel, hairdresser and herbalist, Fishgate street

Stimpson, James, furniture broker, Orford hill

Stirgess, George, bricklayer, Dingle’s row, New Catton

Stockings, Jonathan, baker, Eagle terrace, Newmarket road

Stockings, Mark, butcher, St. Stephen’s street

Stocks, Alfred Joseph, linen draper, silk mercer, hosier, glover, and laceman, 12, Briggs’ street; h St. Stephen’s rd.

Stocks, George William, commercial traveller, St. Benedict’s street

Stocks, Mrs. Maria (boarding and day school) St. Benedict’s gates

Stone, Edward, beer retailer, King st.

Stone, Henry, plane maker, Magdalen street

Stone, Mr. James, Castle street

Stonex, James, grocer, Tinkler’s lane, Heigham

Stonex, William, farmer, Hall road, Lakenham

Storey, David, Black Swan, Upper Market

Storey, James, shopkeeper, St. Augustine’s

Storey, William, Bricklayers’ Arms, grocer, Bull close

Stowers, James, tobacconist, 4, Red Lion street, St. Stephen’s

St. Quintin, Edward H., R.N., Thorpe, hamlet

St. Quintin, Capt. James, R.N., Lower close

Strachan, James, Guildhall tavern, Market place

Strangways, Walter Fox, Capt. R.H.A., The Lower close

Stratford, Edmund, scripture reader, Cowgate street

Stringer, Charles, surveyor of taxes, Orford hill; h 2, Newmarket road

Stroyan, Robert, cattle salesman, Bracondale

Stubbs, Charles, poulterer, Golden Ball street

Stubbs, Edward, White Horse tavern, St. Andrew’s Broad street

Stubbs, George, carter, &c., St. Andrew’s Broad street

Stubbs, Hugh, carter, Stamp Office yard, St. Andrew’s Broad street

Stubbs, Maria, general shopkeeper and beer retailer, Barrack street

Studwell, Mrs. Sarah, lodging house keeper, St. Benedict’s road

Sturley, Charles, cabinet maker, Pottergate street

Stygals, William, green grocer, Ber street

Suckling, Mr. Nelson Morris, Distillery street, Heigham

Suffolk, Edward, coal dealer, King street, Crook’s place

Suffolk, George, wholesale shoe manufacturer, Fountain square, Union place

Suffolk, Mrs., Rising Sun road

Suffolk, William, carpenter, Ber street

Suggett and Dunsford, surgical and mechanical dentists, 17, St. Giles’ street

Sullivan, Stephen, baker, St. Margaret’s plain

Sultzer, John and Co., manufacturers, St. Augustine’s street

Sumner, David, pork butcher, Elm hill

Surflin, William, plumber and glazier, Bank tavern, Bank street

Sursham, Henry David, boot and shoe maker, Ten Bell lane

Sursham, John, corn and coal merchant, Fishgate street (see Boardman and Sursham)

Sussams, William Stevenson, grocer, Heigham street

Sutton, Francis, analytical chemist, (see Harper and Sutton) Bank plain; h 2, Lakenham terrace (seeAdvertisement, p. 7)

Sutton, James, (Bennett’s hotel and boarding house) Exchange street

Sutton, John, market gardener, Lower King street

Sutton, John Thompson, commercial traveller, Unthank’s road

Sutton, Henry Marrison, draper, &c., St. Augustine’s

Sutton, Marrison Daniel, tailor and draper, St. Andrew’s Broad street

Sutton, Robert, furniture broker, Magdalen street

Sutton, Samuel, working cutler, Royal Hotel street

Swann, Mrs. Ann, St. Martin’s at Palace plain

Swann, James, boot and shoe manufacturer, Magdalen street

Swann, Joshua, (of the firm of Willett and Co.) The Grove, Chapel field

Swash, Maria, Turkey Cock, St. Simon’s Church street

Swash, Robert, green grocer, St. Mary’s plain

Swash, Sarah Ann, hairdresser, St. James’ street

Sweatman, Mrs. Elizabeth, Red Rose tavern, and tobacconist, Back of the Inns

Swinden, John, fancy repository, Magdalen street

Swinton, Mr. William, West Pottergate street

Sword, John, livery and bait stables, Rose lane

Sword, John, hairdresser, (see Lanham and Sword) St. Giles’

Syder, Mr. James, 2, St. Swithin’s villa, Catton road

Symonds, Rev. Henry, M.A., Lower close

Syrett, James, bailiff, Lower Westwick street

Tadman, Mr. William, gas works, Thorpe hamlet

Talbot, George, tailor and woollen draper, Bridge street, St. Andrew’s

Talbot, Hannah, Lower close

Tallowin, Samuel, cow keeper, Rope Makers’ Arms lane, Hellesdon road

Talmedge, Miss Lydia, mistress of Industrial School, King street

Taney, William, fishmonger and photographer, Timberhill street

Tann, Mrs. Hannah, baker, Charing cross

Tann, Mary Ann, lodging-house keeper, Hall road, Lakenham

Tann, Samuel Wiseman, cabinet maker, &c., Upper Westwick street

Tarte, William, paper hanger, carver, and gilder, Botolph street

Tate, George, confectioner, Coslany street

Tatham, Mr. Charles, Distillery street

Tattam, Richard, cab proprietor, Lady’s lane

Tayler, Mrs. Eleanor, boarding and day school, 5, Grove place, Lakenham

Tayler, Francis George, teacher of music, 5, Grove place, Lakenham

Taylor, Adam and Clement, solicitors, and deputy under-sheriffs of Norfolk, and agents to the Palladium Life Insurance office, Orford place

Taylor, George, green grocer, Rupert street, Union place

Taylor, George, truss maker, 13, Upper St. Giles’

Taylor, Mr. C., cemetery, Earlham road

Taylor, Lieut. Edward, R.N., Oxford street, Unthank’s road

Taylor, Elizabeth, dressmaker, Prince’s street

Taylor, Elizabeth, stay and elastic bandage maker, 13, Upper St. Giles’ st.

Taylor, George, green grocer, Rose lane

Taylor, Henry, shoemaker, Boarded court, Ber street

Taylor, James William, builder and contractor, measure maker, and bowl turner, White Friars’ street, St. Martin’s at Palace

Taylor, Mrs. John, Surrey street

Taylor, John Martin, baker, St. Mary’s plain

Taylor, John Oddin, solicitor, solicitor to Eastern Counties and Norfolk Railways, registrar of marriages, solicitor to the Lowestoft Marine Parade Building Society, Lowestoft Harbour Building Society, and the Wellington Esplanade Building Society, and commissioner for acknowledgments of deeds by married women, 21 and 22, St. Giles’ street

Taylor, John William, cooper and measure maker, Upper Westwick street

Taylor, Mrs. Jane, Somerleyton street, Unthank’s road

Taylor, Mrs. Mary, Castle hotel and Commercial inn, Castle hill

Taylor, William, chemist and druggist, Magdalen street

Taylor, Mrs. William, cement agent, King street

Taylor, William Aaron, tailor, Jay’s square, Rose lane

Taylor, William Brown, tobacconist, 1, St. Stephen’s street

Taylor, William Henry, surgeon, Prince’s street

Taylor, William Henry and Co., wholesale grocers, Old Haymarket

Taylor, William James, grocer, plumber, and glazier, Bird in Hand, Mill lane, New Catton

Taylor, Mr. William, Carrow Abbey

Taylor, William Samuel, tailor and draper, Prince’s street

Taylor, William, coal dealer, Coslany street

Tebble, Mr. Thomas, Hall road, Lakenham

Temple, Robert, grocer, Ber street

Tench, James, shopkeeper and shoemaker, Spitalfields, Thorpe hamlet

Terrington, William, boot maker, Bloomsbury street, Rose lane

Testar, Charles, Cirque Unique tavern, Upper Westwick street

Thaxter, John, blacksmith, Barrack street

Thayne, Edward, basket manufacturer Upper Westwick street

Theobald, Mr. John, 6, Newmarket terrace

Theobald, Thomas and Son, hosiers and glovers, London street

Thetford, William, pork butcher, Trowse

Thirkettle, —, cabinet maker, Scole’s green

Thirkettle, Mrs. Harriet, feather dresser, Dereham road

Thirkettle, Mrs. Mary Ann, milliner and dressmaker, Timberhill street

Thirkettle, Robert, tailor, Wheelhouse’s court, St. Giles’ road

Thirkettle, William, whitesmith and bell hanger, Timberhill street

Thirtle, Mrs. Elizabeth, 11, Heigham terrace

Thirtle, James, boot and shoe maker, Lower Westwick street

Thirtle, James, whitesmith, Thorn lane

Thirtle, Thomas, boot and shoe maker, practical corn extractor, and estate and commission agent, 2, Bridewell alley

Thomas, John, coal merchant, Quay side, St. Martin’s at Palace

Thompson, Alfred William, commercial traveller, Chapel Field road

Thompson, Benjamin, shopkeeper, Rose tavern, Thorn lane

Thompson, Christopher, brazier and tin-plate worker, Rampant Horse street

Thompson and Corrick, milliners and dressmakers, 60, St. Giles’ street

Thompson, Daniel, shoemaker, Upper King street

Thompson, Mrs. Eliza, dressmaker, Suffolk street, Union place

Thompson, Mrs. Elizabeth, Blue Anchor, Silver road

Thompson, George, Canteen, Barracks, Pockthorpe

Thompson, Henry, chemist and druggist, St. Stephen’s plain

Thompson, Henry, brazier, St. Julian’s street

Thompson, Mr. Jabez, 10, Newmarket rd.

Thompson, James, boot closer, St. Catherine’s plain

Thompson, James, grocer, Cross lane, St. George’s

Thompson, John, boot and shoe maker and gutta percha factor, St. Peter’s steps, Market place

Thompson, John, green grocer, King street, Crook’s place

Thompson, Joseph, grocer and tea dealer, St. Stephen’s street

Thompson, Miss Maria, furniture broker, Oak street

Thompson, Martin, The Griffin, Barrack street

Thompson, Mrs., Dereham road

Thompson, Mrs., Chapel loke

Thompson, Philip, general shopkeeper, &c., Cherry street, New Lakenham

Thompson, Robert, jun., Phœnix iron works, St. Clement’s

Thompson, Robert, surgeon, Theatre street

Thompson, Robert, The Three Tuns, King street

Thompson and Son, iron merchants, ironmongers, oil and colourmen, ironfounders, boiler makers, and general smiths, Castle street and Colegate street

Thompson, Mrs. Sarah, bricklayer, St. Augustine’s

Thompson, Thomas, shoemaker, Botolph street

Thompson, William, beer retailer, Lower King street

Thorn, Charles, coach builder, St. Giles’ gates

Thorn, William, green grocer, Magdalen street

Thorndick and Co., printers and paper-bag manufacturers, Prince’s street

Thorns, Robert and Co., wholesale ironmongers, oil and colormen, Exchange street

Thornton, Mrs. H., Bracondale

Thornton, William, working cutler, Grapes’ hill

Thorold, Mr. William, Thorpe hamlet

Thorpe, Thomas, hairdresser, Coslany street

Thorpe, Thomas Edward, furniture broker, Sun and Anchor, Colegate street

Thorpe, William, hairdresser, St. Stephen’s street

Thouless, James, grocer, Lothian street, Heigham

Thouless, William, Bartholomew Tavern, Thorn lane

Thrower, Maria, Woolpack inn, Golden Ball street

Thurgar and Co., mustard manufacturers and patentees of the condensed egg, Albion mills, King street

Thurgar, Christopher Walter, surgeon, St. Catherine’s plain

Thurgar, William T., portrait painter, Unthank’s road

Thurling, James, Coachmakers’ Arms, St. Stephen’s gates

Thurlow, Mrs. Elizabeth, Post Office Tavern, Post Office street

Thurlow, Henry, Bricklayers’ Arms, Castle hill

Thurlow, John, baker and grocer, &c., Trowse

Thurlow, William, grocer, Prospect House, Philadelphia

Thurst, James, Venetian blind manufacturer, Castle meadow

Thurston, Daniel, Bull inn, St. Stephen’s street

Thurston, Samuel W., Chatham place, Chapel field road

Thurston, William, furniture broker, Oak street

Thurtell, Henry, green grocer, King street

Thurtell, James, whitesmith, Thorn lane

Thurtell, Mr. Thomas, Hall road, Lakenham

Thwaites, Mr. Henry, Holl’s lane

Thwaites, Isaac Mower, plumber, painter, and glazier, Willow cottage, Thorn lane

Thwaites, John, beer retailer, Rainbow, Lower King street

Tibbenham, William, cowkeeper, Newmarket road

Tidd, Robert, grocer and tea-dealer, Oak street

Tidman, Robert, Bridge House, Thorpe hamlet

Tidman, Robert, machinist and boiler maker, Thorpe hamlet

Tillett, Mr. Jacob, Quay side

Tillett, Jacob Henry, solicitor, and agent to the General Life and Fire Insurance Company, St. Andrew’s Broad street; h Town close

Tillett, James, wheelwright, St. Augustine’s gates

Tillett, Leonard, bricklayer and plasterer, Lower Westwick street

Tillett, William, coachbuilder, St. Augustine’s

Tilley, Alfred, upholsterer, Lothian street

Tills, Benjamin, grocer and tea dealer, Magdalen street

Tillyard and Howlett, curriers, leather merchants, and shoe manufacturers, St. George’s plain

Tillyard, Isaac, shoe manufacturer, St. George’s plain; h Bracondale

Tillyard, Mr. Robert, Grove, St. Giles’ road

Tillyard and Son, boot and shoe makers, Elm hill

Tillyard, Abraham, boot and shoe maker, (see Tillyard and Son)

Tilney, Henry, beer retailer, Magdalen street

Tink, William, jobbing gardener, Trafalgar street

Tinkler, George, clerk to the Commissioner of Taxes, and Deputy Registrar of Births and Deaths for East Wymer District, Magdalen street

Tinkler, George, green grocer, Magdalen street

Tinkley, Mrs. Esther, boot and shoe maker, Rampant Horse street

Tiptod, Benjamin, green grocer, Coburgh street

Titlow, Rev. Samuel, A.M., 16, The Crescent

Todd, Miss Catherine, 3, Heigham place

Todd, John, and Son, tailors and woollen drapers, Queen street

Todd, William, clerk to the Norwich Union Insurance Society, Lower King street

Todd, William Austin, tailor, habit maker, woollen draper, and hatter, 16, London street

Toll, Elizabeth, 57, St. Giles’ street

Toll, William, shoemaker, Ber street gates

Tolladay, Joseph, horse-hair seating and mattress manufacturer, Lower Westwick street

Tolson, Mrs. Martha, 5, London terrace, St. Stephen’s road

Tomlinson, Miss Ann, milliner, Bishopgate street

Tomlinson and Co., hatters, hosiers, and glovers, Castle street

Tomlinson, Mr. George, City road, Heigham fields

Tomlinson, Hannah, lodging-house keeper, 2, Bank plain

Tompson, Charles, schoolmaster and shopkeeper, Pitt street

Toogood, William, shoemaker, Aylsham road

Tooke, Mrs. Mary, Nelson place, Mount Pleasant, Newmarket road

Tooke, Michael, tailor, Vauxhall street

Tooley, Peter, saddler and harness maker, Upper King street

Towell, Mrs. Ann, White Cottage, Philadelphia

Towell, William, seed merchant, 2, Upper King street

Towler, Mr. Abel, Heigham grove, Unthank’s road

Towler, Edward William Robert, grocer and tea-dealer, Magdalen street

Towler, Miss Hannah, linen draper and haberdasher, Fye bridge, Magdalen street

Towler, John Burrows, fish salesman, Lady’s lane

Towler, Rowling and Allen, manufacturers’, Elm hill, and 46, Friday street, Cheapside, London

Towler, Richard Burrows, The Ostrich tavern, Plumstead road

Townley, Mr. Jonathan, treasurer of County Court, Surrey road

Townshend, Charles, furniture broker, St. Martin’s at Palace plain

Townshend, George, Crown inn, Elm hill

Townshend, John, house agent, Trafalgar street, New Lakenham

Townshend, Robert, clerk, 7, Synagogue street

Townshend, Samuel, herring curer, 32, Pottergate street

Townshend, Samuel Thomas, jun., carver, gilder, and looking-glass and picture-frame manufacturer, 13, Charing cross

Townshend, Miss Sarah, milliner and dressmaker, Botolph street

Townshend, William, bricklayer, King’s Arms, Bethel street

Trackson, James, travelling draper, Bedford street, Unthank’s road

Travis, Samuel, Bowling Green tap, Theatre street

Traxton, Edward, tailor, Lower close

Trevor, Mr. Frederick Francis, Trory street, Unthank’s road

Trevor, Henry, cabinet, upholstery, paper hanging, and carpet warehouse, 5, Post Office street; h Earlham road

Trimmer, Rev. Kirby, B.A., Upper close

Tripp, John, whitesmith, Golden Ball street

Trollop, George, gardener and green grocer, Southwell road, New Lakenham

Trory, John, professor of music, Elm hill, St. Peter’s Hungate

Trory, William, green grocer, Bethel street

Trory, Mr. William, Unthank’s road

Trowse, Christopher, tailor, Ten Bell lane

Trowse, John, parish clerk to St. Peter’s Mancroft, Bethel street

Trowse, William and Charles, builders, St. Julian street

True, Samuel, stationer, St. Augustine’s street

True, William John, Jolly Gardeners, Brunswick road

Truman, James, shoe manufacturer, Pottergate street

Trumbetta, William, Market House, Weaver’s lane

Tubb, William Henry, original Berlin wool and fancy warehouse, London street

Tuck, Charles Edward, solicitor, St. Giles’ street

Tuck, James Stannard, lodging-house keeper, Surrey street

Tuck, Robert, baker, Vauxhall street

Tuck, Robert, confectioner, Wensum street

Tuck, Robert Alexander, baker and confectioner, Lower Goat lane

Tuddenham, Edward, tailor, Duke’s street

Tuddenham, Henry, tailor, St. Augustine’s

Tuddenham, John, The Swan, Cowgate street

Tuffield, William, fishmonger, Badding lane, St. Martin’s at Palace

Tuffs, William, beer retailer, Botolph street

Tungate, William, Somerleyton street, Unthank’s road

Turner, Charles, shoemaker, Mousehold, Thorpe hamlet

Turner, Mr. Charles, Lower King street

Turner, Charles, Rev., M. A., 17, The Crescent

Turner, Edmund, commercial traveller, Grove, Surrey road

Turner, James Mangles, iron founder, Norwich foundry, St. Martin’s at Palace

Turner, James, carver and gilder, Charles street, Heigham

Turner, John, house and furniture painter, St. Lawrence lane

Turner, John Joseph, painter, &c., Barn road, Heigham

Turner, Joseph, The Anchor, Surrey street

Turner, Sarah, shopkeeper, Adelaide street, Heigham

Turner, Sarah, grocer, John street, Heigham

Turner, Thomas, green grocer, Ber street

Turner, William, jun., boot and shoemaker, Palace street

Turner, William, green grocer, St. James’ street

Turner, William, tailor, St. Stephen’s Church lane

Turner, William Nicholas Harwin, solicitor, Lower close; h Newmarket road

Turrell, James, grocer, Ber street

Turrell, Josiah, furniture broker, and general shopkeeper, Coburgh street

Turtle, Francis Gilling, throwster and stover, Botolph street

Tuttell, Ann Maria, baker, and shopkeeper, Trafalgar street, Lakenham

Tuttell, Henry, general shopkeeper, Trafalgar street, New Lakenham

Tuttle, John, grocer, Mill street, Lakenham

Tuxford, William, trunk maker, Back of the Inns

Tyce, George, cabinet maker, 16, Charing cross

Tye, Jemima, milliner and straw bonnet maker, Ber street

Tyler, Mrs. Adelaide (day school) Lothian street, Heigham

Tyzack, William Valentine, haircutter, wig maker, and perfumer, 13, London street

Ulph, Frederick, carpenter and builder, St. John’s terrace, Ber street gates

Ulph, Henry William, billiard table keeper, Old Post Office court; h Dereham road

Ulph, James, The Three Tubs, Barrack street, Pockthorpe

Ulph, Thomas, shoe mercer, leather warehouseman, &c., 1, Dove street

Ulph, William, dyer and dresser, Lower Westwick street

Underwood, Charles, butcher, West Pottergate street

Underwood and Gaze, lime burners and brick makers, Chalk hill, Thorpe hamlet

Underwood, Henry, bricklayer and plasterer, St. Margaret’s plain; h Somerleyton street

Underwood, John, bricklayer, King street

Upcroft, James, Jack of Newbury tavern, Magdalen street

Upcroft, William, printer and bookbinder, Fishgate street

Utting, Charles, bankers’ clerk, Holl’s lane, Heigham fields

Utting, John, boot and shoe maker, Gildengate street

Utting, Robert, boot and shoe maker, Ber street

Utting, Mr. Robert, Sussex street, St. Augustine’s Valentine, Elizabeth, green grocer, St. Swithin’s

Varley, John, cabinet and chair maker, Ropes’ yard, Surrey street

Varvill, James, lime burner, Trowse Newton

Vassar, John, grocer and tea dealer, West End street, Heigham

Venning, Mrs. Julia, Surrey House, Surrey street