Anti-Trafficking and Modern Slavery Bulletins - Vol 33

A regular digest of information and research related to human trafficking into and within the UK. Produced by the Research and Development Unit, on behalf of The Salvation Army’s Director of Anti-Trafficking and Modern Slavery.

Contents 1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 ‘All that glitters is not gold’ (December 2017) 1.2 ‘Reducing modern slavery’ (December 2017) 1.3 ‘Modern slavery and public health’ (December 2017) 1.4 ‘Time to transform: frontline professionals’ views on the National Referral Mechanism’ (November 2017) 1.5 ’Underground lives: the reality of modern slavery in London’ (November 2017) 1.6 ‘Stolen freedom: the policing response to modern slavery and trafficking’ (October 2017) 1.7 ‘A typology of modern slavery offences in the UK’ (October 2017) 1.8 ‘Collaborating for freedom: anti-slavery partnerships in the UK’ (October 2017) 1.9 ‘Risky Business: tackling exploitation in the UK labour market’ (October 2017) 1.10 ‘Supporting adult victims of modern slavery: update on the sixth year of The Salvation Army’s victim care and co-ordination contract’ (October 2017) 1.11 A note from the Modern Slavery Research Consortium: Research briefings 2. Political and Legislative 2.1 Letter to Sarah Newton MP on reform of modern slavery victim support from Kevin Hyland, Anti-Slavery Commissioner 2.2 Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner Annual Report 2016-2017 2.3 2017 UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery 2.4 Parliamentary Questions 3. Campaigns and Initiatives 3.1 Stop Slavery Awards (November) 3.2 The Clewer Initiative (October) 3.3 Walk for Freedom (October) 3.4 Anti-Slavery Day (October) 3.5 #FilmYourFreedom Campaign 4. In the news 4.1 ‘Britain needs “change in culture” to stamp out modern slavery’ 4.2 ‘Three arrests in Oldham modern slavery raids’ 4.3 ‘Government failing in its bid to tackle modern slavery, audit report finds’

1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 All that glitters is not gold (December 2017) Report from Ardea International examining the jewellery sector’s approach to managing modern slavery in supply chains. https://business-humanrights.org/en/all-that-glittersis-not-gold-shining-a-light-on-supply-chain-disclosure-inthe-jewellery-sector

4.4

‘UK police rescue nine suspected victims of slavery from British trawlers’ 4.5 ‘Derbyshire trafficker paid “slaves” 35p an hour’ 4.6 ‘Drug dealers who used girl are found guilty of slavery’ 4.7 ‘Darlington modern slavery raid: Three arrested’ 4.8 ‘Thames Valley modern slavery rates “higher than estimated”’ 4.9 ‘Six men and one woman arrested over human trafficking’ 4.10 ‘North Wales Police boss wants new law to beat slavery’ 4.11 ‘London “a hub for modern slavery” in the UK says report’ 4.12 ‘Charity for victims of modern slavery in London sees 30% rise in cases’ 4.13 ‘Trafficking victims “being wrongly sent to immigration detention centres”’ 4.14 ‘Northamptonshire travellers’ sites: Six arrested in modern slavery raids’ 4.15 ‘Man arrested as police raid Lincolnshire modern slavery site’ 4.16 ‘Greetings card slave worker kept in Nottingham loft’ 4.17 ‘People-smuggling raids lead to 11 UK arrests’ 4.18 ‘Police “let down” modern slavery victims says report’ 4.19 ‘How police miss changes to investigate modern slavery’ 4.20 ‘North Wales Police investigate over 100 slavery cases’ 4.21 ‘Hundreds march demanding end to modern slavery in London’ 4.22 ‘Modern slavery referrals up 300% in UK due to improved identification’ 4.23 ‘Derby modern slavery investigation: Sixth person charged’ 4.24 ‘Government urged to overhaul slavery policy as child victims slip back into exploitation after being rescued’ 4.25 ‘Anti-slavery teams swoop on London car washes after Independent exposé’ 4.26 ‘Exploitation rife in London’s car washes investigation finds’ 4.27 ‘Major companies fail to disclose slavery and trafficking risks, warn UK experts’ 4.28 ‘Slavery victim support officer role starts in north Wales’

1.2 Reducing modern slavery (December 2017) https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/ Reducing-Modern-Slavery.pdf Report by the National Audit Office assessing the Home Office’s progress in reducing modern slavery in England and Wales. It covers the governance of the UK’s response, effectiveness of the NRM, support provided to victims and the performance of the police and CPS in prosecuting offenders.

This bulletin covers material produced during the period 1 October to 31 December 2017 although it should be noted that, due to space limitations, not all relevant material may have been included. The bulletin includes links to material and sources and is provided by way of information. The information included is not necessarily endorsed or supported by The Salvation Army.

1.3 Modern slavery and public health (December 2017) Research report from Public Health England looking at the role of public health in addressing modern slavery.

The research consisted of a rapid evidence assessment, consultation with stakeholders and internet search of materials of health professionals. It highlighted the significant health-related consequences for victims of modern slavery, in addition to the key areas of engagement for a public health approach in terms of the national anti-slavery goals of prevention, protection and prosecution. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/modernslavery-and-public-health/modern-slavery-and-publichealth 1.4 Time to transform: frontline professionals’ views on the National Referral Mechanism (November 2017) Findings from a survey by ECPAT of frontline professionals on attitudes to the NRM, and its use particularly for child victims of trafficking. A number of significant concerns were raised including professionals’ overall awareness of the NRM; the decision-making remit; and timescales and safeguarding of children. https://www.ecpat.org.uk/Handlers/Download. ashx?IDMF=cdbe8012-7267-41ee-ad51-1569beddb095 1.5 Underground Lives: the reality of modern slavery in London (November 2017) Research undertaken by Hestia to provide an overview of modern slavery in London. Using a combination of analysis of client data, focus groups, survey and service user consultation, the report provides insight into the geographical spread, demographic profile and experiences of victims and victims’ experiences of support services and recovery. Recommendations were made around the 45-day reflection period, as well as improved mental health and trauma support. http://www.hestia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ HT_Policy_Report_A4_20pp_Final-22.11.17.pdf 1.6 Stolen freedom: the policing response to modern slavery and trafficking (October 2017) Review carried out by Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services of the police’s response to the implementation of the Modern Slavery Act in England and Wales. Despite some areas of improvement, the report identified serious limitations in the policing response, in the areas of victim identification and safeguarding, leadership by the NCA, partnership working and victim care. https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/ publications/stolen-freedom-the-policing-response-tomodern-slavery-and-human-trafficking/ 1.7 A Typology of Modern Slavery Offences in the UK (October 2017) Research conducted by the Home Office to create an evidence-based typology of modern slavery offences in the UK, in order to improve understanding, policy and response. 17 types were identified under the categories of labour exploitation, domestic servitude and sexual exploitation. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/652652/typologymodern-slavery-offences-horr93.pdf

1.8 Collaborating for freedom: anti-slavery partnerships in the UK (October 2017) Findings from a collaborative research project from the Office of the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner and the Rights Lab at the University of Nottingham.

The research used a combination of survey and visits / telephone interviews to identify and examine examples of modern slavery partnership working. These methods found that there are multi-agency partnerships operating in most areas of the UK; however, these vary in consistency and co-ordination. Gaps were highlighted in the areas of co-ordination at national, regional and local levels; awareness raising and partner engagement. http://www.antislaverycommissioner.co.uk/ media/1186/collaborating-for-freedom_anti-slaverypartnerships-in-the-uk.pdf 1.9 Risky Business: Tackling Exploitation in the UK Labour Market (October 2017) Report from Focus on Labour Exploitation (FLEX) outlining their action plan for a UK response to exploitation in the labour market. http://www.labourexploitation.org/sites/default/ files/publications/Risky%20Business_Tackling%20 Exploitation%20in%20the%20UK%20Labour%20Market.pdf 1.10 Supporting adult victims of modern slavery: update on the sixth year of The Salvation Army’s victim care and co-ordination contract The Salvation Army publishes its review of Year Six of the victim care and co-ordination contract, providing statistics about the victims supported in addition to the care and support offered. https://indd.adobe.com/view/97955a9d-1164-456ea329-d14eadfc3ef6 1.11 A note from the Modern Slavery Research Consortium: Research briefings The Modern Slavery Act has been on the statute book for more than two years and it is clear that the number and scope of research projects, including work done by PhD students and within Third Sector organisations, looking at aspects of modern slavery in the UK, is growing. The MSRC instituted a series of Research Briefings early in 2016; each summarises a planned, current or recently completed study of some aspect of modern slavery, undertaken by academic or policy researchers or by NGOs. Queries about the specific studies reported should be addressed to the first-named researcher; any queries about the MSRC or offers of further Research Briefings (which should normally be no more than two sides of A4 in length with a font of 12pt at least, and should describe a project about to start, in course, or recently completed) should be addressed to Gary Craig at gary.craig@garyc.demon.co.uk Copies of any of these are available by email from the same address. Twenty-one have been published to date.

2. Political and legislative 2.1 Letter to Sarah Newton MP on reform of modern slavery victim support from Kevin Hyland, Anti-Slavery Commissioner (8 November 2017): http://www.antislaverycommissioner.co.uk/ media/1181/letter-to-sarah-newton-mp-on-nrmconsultation-and-reform.pdf

2.2 Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner Annual Report 2016-2017 (October 2017) http://www.antislaverycommissioner.co.uk/ media/1164/iasc_annual-report-16-17-web.pdf 2.3 2017 UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery (October 2017) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/652366/2017_uk_annual_ report_on_modern_slavery.pdf 2.4 Parliamentary questions The following section, drawn from the Hansard Commons debates, covers responses to parliamentary questions asked by MPs, in reverse chronological order.

Oral Answers 13 December Mims Davies (Eastleigh) (Con): I recently sponsored an event in this place for the UN ‘Draw a line’ campaign, which has helped 6,000 women and girls worldwide to have a better life. However, one in four women in the UK and 70% of girls around the world will experience physical or sexual violence during their lives. Will the Prime Minister confirm that this Government will continue to lead the world on tackling trafficking and exploitation?

The Prime Minister I am happy to confirm that for my hon. Friend, who once again raises a very important issue. It is, of course, this Government who introduced the Modern Slavery Act 2015 and we continue to work not only to increase our ability to deal with the perpetrators of these crimes, but to provide support to victims. I want a world in which women and girls have the confidence to be able to be what they want to be, and to know that they will not be subject to exploitation, violence, trafficking or slavery. Of course, slavery applies to men as well. Our commitment as a Government to ending violence against and the exploitation of women and girls is absolute.

29 November Paul Masterton (East Renfrewshire) (Con): What steps her Department is taking to tackle modern slavery in developing countries.

The Secretary of State for International Development (Penny Mordaunt): The Department is playing a leading role in the cross-government effort to tackle the scourge of modern slavery, and expanding our work in developing countries to tackle this barbaric crime. Our ‘work in freedom’ programme has already reached over 380,000 women and girls in south Asia and the middle east.

Paul Masterton: I thank the Secretary of State for that answer and I welcome her to her position. Saturday was International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. Given that around 75% of victims of modern slavery are women, will she join me in paying tribute to campaigners and organisations across the country, including the Women’s Aid refuge in Barrhead in my constituency, for what they do to tackle this crime?

Penny Mordaunt: I would be very happy to congratulate my hon. Friend’s constituents for the work that they are doing. Modern slavery is something that many people across the country are concerned about. We should be proud that our country and our Prime Minister are leading the way, most recently in convening leaders at the UN to launch the call for action to end modern slavery, which now has 40 signatories.

20 November Alex Norris (Nottingham North) (Lab/Co-op): Eighteen months since the Modern Slavery Act 2015 came into force, the power to injunct offending companies is yet to be used. Will Ministers say when they will start to use it?

Amber Rudd: I am proud of the Government’s work on the Modern Slavery Act and the fact that we are world leaders in delivering on it. We will always ensure that we protect people who have been victims of modern slavery.

If the hon. Gentleman wants to write to me about his particular concern, I would be happy to address it.

Alison Thewliss (Glasgow Central) (SNP): I understand the Home Secretary met a constituent of mine at a Trafficking Awareness Raising Alliance event on 26 July.

She assured her that she would monitor her case and not go away and forget about the conversation. Will the Home Secretary have a fresh look at the case, because my constituent has been waiting for three years for a decision on her asylum claim and wants to get on with her life?

Amber Rudd: Every case matters. I understand that every case is an individual looking for help. If the hon. Lady wants to meet me afterwards and give me the details of the individual’s case, I will certainly look at it.

26 October A debate was held in the House of Commons on the implementation of the Modern Slavery Act 2015, in which a series of reforms were announced by the Parliamentary Undersecretary of State for the Home Department, Sarah Newton. The full debate can be accessed here: https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2017-10-26/ debates/D9B8BD1A-F0D6-42D5-9490-741950800859/ ModernSlaveryAct2015 16 October A debate was held in the House of Lords to assess the effectiveness of human trafficking and slavery statements in reducing slavery in supply chains. The full discussion can be accessed here: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2017-10-16/ debates/CC80936C-D4B3-45A7-B587-69EFFBEC4FCF/ SlaveryAndHumanTraffickingStatements Written answers 21 December Carolyn Harris, Shadow Minister (Equalities Office) (Women and Equalities): To ask the Home Secretary, with reference to Section 49 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015, what the timetable is for her Department to issue

guidance to (a) public authorities and (b) people on the sort of things that indicate a person may be a victim and arrangements for providing assistance and support.

Victoria Atkins, The Parliamentary Undersecretary of State for the Home Department: On 26 October 2016 the Government announced its plans for reform of the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) confirming the Government’s commitment to markedly improving the identification of, and support provided to, victims of modern slavery. This includes under section 50 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 setting out in regulations the support that victims will be entitled to, and the publication of statutory guidance, under Section 49 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015, on identification and support for victims of slavery.

This now forms part of an implementation programme to ensure effective delivery and sequencing of the full range of NRM reforms. No specific date has yet been set for publication of new guidance.

In the interim there are multiple resources hosted on the Gov.uk website aimed at assisting the general public to spot the signs of modern slavery and ensure potential victims have access to support, and guidance to Competent Authorities on formally identifying victims through the NRM. NRM Reform Announcement: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2017-10-26/ debates/D9B8BD1A-F0D6-42D5-9490-741950800859/ ModernSlaveryAct2015 https://www.gov.uk/government/news/modern-slaveryvictims-to-receive-longer-period-of-support Gov.uk Resources: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/modernslavery-training-resource-page/modern-slavery-trainingresource-page https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/modernslavery-awareness-booklet https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/humantrafficking-victims-referral-and-assessment-forms/ guidance-on-the-national-referral-mechanism-forpotential-adult-victims-of-modern-slavery-england-andwales https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/victimsof-trafficking-guidance-for-competent-bodies 19 December Vernon Coaker, Labour, Gedling: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what assessment she has made of the effectiveness of her Department’s procedures for identifying the exploitation and human trafficking of undocumented non-EEA nationals working in the UK fishing industry; and if she will make a statement.

Victoria Atkins, The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department: The Government has introduced mandatory training for Border Force and

UKVI staff to identify at risk seafarers from outside the EEA who enter the UK in order to join a vessel departing from a UK port. They are advised of their rights before they board vessels and any suspicious circumstances in relation to vessels and contracts are investigated further.

The Government also introduced specific maritime provisions in the Modern Slavery Act 2015 to provide powers to law enforcement agencies to tackle suspected slavery at sea and have provided significant additional funding to the police to improve the wider operational response to modern slavery. This funding includes provision for a dedicated ports and transport officer to provide tactical advice on all aspects of slavery and exploitation occurring in the maritime arena.

We keep the effectiveness of these measures under review, and will consider whether checks on those coming to join UK-based fishing vessels should be adjusted to reflect the ILO Work in Fishing Convention 2007 (ILO 188) which sets out minimum living and working conditions for fishermen.

14 December Heidi Allen, Conservative, South Cambridge: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what her Department’s timetable is for implementing the recommendations of the Human Trafficking Foundation’s Trafficking Survivor Care Standards, published in June 2015, for shelters caring for victims of modern day slavery in the UK. Victoria Atkins: The recent announcements on National Referral Mechanism (NRM) reform indicate the Government’s commitment to markedly improve the identification of, and support provided to, victims of modern slavery. This includes the adoption of the Human Trafficking Foundation’s Trafficking Survivor Care Standards as a minimum standard of victim support in all future contracts providing support to adult victims of modern slavery.

The Government is working with key stakeholders to ensure the standards reflect current best practice and to look at options for monitoring compliance. These will then be incorporated into the retendering of the Victim Care Contract in due course.

Vernon Coaker: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what the timetable is for implementing the recommendations of the Human Trafficking Foundation’s Care Standards for all shelters in the UK caring for victims of modern day slavery; and if she will make a statement.

Victoria Atkins: The recent announcements on National Referral Mechanism (NRM) reform indicate the Government’s commitment to markedly improve the identification of, and support provided to, victims of modern slavery. This includes the adoption of the Human Trafficking Foundation’s Trafficking Survivor Care Standards as a minimum standard of victim support in all future contracts providing support to adult victims of modern slavery.

Victoria Atkins: Tacking modern slavery and human trafficking is a high priority for HMG and we will continue to work closely with EU partners on this issue. The details of the UK’s future relationship with the EU will be subject to negotiation. Public safety in the UK and the rest of Europe will be at the heart of our negotiations.

The Government is working with key stakeholders to ensure the standards reflect current best practice and to look at options for monitoring compliance. These will then be incorporated into the retendering of the Victim Care Contract in due course.

12 December

4 December

Carolyn Harris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many positive conclusive grounds decisions were made in relation to modern slavery and human trafficking in (a) 2016 and (b) 2017.

Vernon Coaker: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, with reference to findings by ECPAT UK of November 2017 on calls for reform of the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) by front-line professionals, what assessment she has made of the potential merits of making the NRM part of the existing child protection system.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many positive conclusive grounds decisions in relation to modern slavery and human trafficking were made in respect of UK nationals in (a) 2016 and (b) 2017.

Victoria Atkins: We recognise the essential role local authorities play in the safeguarding of all children in their care, regardless of their backgrounds or experiences. It is absolutely right that local authorities continue to make decisions about the placement and welfare of children they have responsibility for, which includes assessing risks such as trafficking, and considering the need to refer them to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM).

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many positive conclusive grounds decisions were made concerning nationals of EU members states other than the UK in (a) 2016 and (b) 2017.

Victoria Atkins: The table below shows the conclusive grounds decision outcomes for potential victims of modern slavery referred in to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) in 2016 and between January and June 2017. The NRM is the process that identifies and supports victims of modern slavery. The decision outcomes data are correct as of 10 November 2017.

The recently announced package of reforms to the NRM includes a number of measures that will improve the process for both adults and children. A single expert unit will be created in the Home Office to handle all cases

Year of Referral

Nationality of Potential Victim

Positive CG

Negative CG

Pending CG

Other Outcome (Suspended, Withdrawn, Negative RG, RG Pending)

Total

2016

UK

284

17

9

16

326

EUÂ (non-UK)

362

77

26

145

610

Other

429

530

1205

704

2868

Total

1075

624

1240

865

3804

UK

117

7

165

18

307

EU (non-UK)

91

16

87

76

270

Other

63

64

1200

455

1782

Total

271

87

1452

549

2359

2017 (Jan-Jun)

The Government has announced reforms to the NRM to improve the identification and support for victims of modern slavery. These reforms include the creation of a single, expert unit in the Home Office to handle all cases referred to the NRM and decision about whether someone is a victim of modern slavery. This will replace the current case management units in the National Crime Agency and the UK Visa and Immigration and will be separate from the immigration system. In addition, a multi-agency panel will be set up to monitor and quality assure negative decisions.

referred from front line staff and to make decisions about whether somebody is a victim of modern slavery.

This will replace the current case management units in the National Crime Agency and UK Visas and Immigration and will be separate from the immigration system.

5 December

Stephen Timms, Labour, East Ham: To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, how many victims of human trafficking have received Legal Aid in each of the last three years.

Hywel Williams, Shadow PC Spokesperson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what assessment she has made of the effect of the UK leaving the EU on human trafficking in Wales.

In addition government will be introducing an independent panel of experts to review all negative conclusive grounds decisions, adding significantly to the scrutiny such cases currently receive.

1 December

Dominic Raab, The Minister of State, Ministry of Justice: The Legal Aid Agency cannot identify all applicants for

legal aid that have been victims of trafficking, as such a status is only captured in certain cases, for example where an individual is bringing a compensation claim against their traffickers. Victims of trafficking can also access other forms of legal aid, although such cases will not be discernible from the LAA’s systems.

Financial Year

Trafficking/Modern Slavery Matters

2014-2015

51

2015-2016

34

2016-2017

39

The figures above are based on completed Legal Help/ CLR and Civil Representation workload for the time periods requested.

Although our databases record matters related to victims of trafficking, in practice this will also include victims of modern slavery, which cannot be separately reported on.

30 November Kate Osamor, Shadow Secretary of State for International Development: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what steps the Government is taking to end sex trafficking in the UK. Victoria Atkins: The Government has provided £8.5m of additional funding to the police in England and Wales to tackle all forms of modern slavery by providing bespoke and dedicated modern slavery capabilities, including intelligence and training functions. In addition, the National Crime Agency is co-ordinating a series of intensifications across the UK against key modern slavery threats, including sex trafficking.

Policing in Scotland and Northern Ireland is a devolved responsibility, however both police forces work closely with their English and Welsh counterparts to share intelligence and align resources against common modern slavery threats, including sex trafficking.

Carolyn Harris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what plans the Government has to reinstate data on decisions for people referred into the National Referral Mechanism.

Victoria Atkins: Data on the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) are published regularly by the National Crime Agency and in the UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery.

These reports include a number of different breakdowns of the data, including by the total conclusive grounds decision outcomes.

These reports are available via the following links: http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/ national-referral-mechanism-statistics https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2017-ukannual-report-on-modern-slavery Stephen Timms: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what estimate she has made of the

cost of providing weekly drop-in support services for victims of modern slavery.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what the timetable is for the introduction of weekly drop-in support services for victims of modern slavery.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, when she plans to publish guidance on victim identification and support for those who have been subject to human trafficking.

Victoria Atkins: The recent announcements on National Referral Mechanism (NRM) reform indicate the Government’s commitment to markedly improve the identification of, and support provided to, victims of modern slavery. This includes the provision of ‘drop in’ services for all confirmed victims for up to 6 months after leaving support to aid the transition, provided by The Salvation Army.

The Government also announced its intention to invoke Section 50 of the Modern Slavery Act, setting out in regulation the support that victims are entitled to and to launch a consultation in the preparation of statutory guidance, under Section 49 of the Modern Slavery Act, on identification and support for victims of slavery. Detailed implementation plans for the reform programme are currently being developed which will identify likely timescales for each of the reform measures and the relevant cost implications will be factored into our routine financial planning process.

Vernon Coaker: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether she plans to update the 2014 figure for the estimated number of victims of modern slavery; and if she will make a statement.

Victoria Atkins: The Government recognises the importance of understanding the scale and nature of modern slavery in the UK. In 2014, the Home Office estimated there were 10,000-13,000 potential victims of modern slavery in the UK in 2013. This estimate used a methodology known as Multiple Systems Estimation.

The data this estimate was based on is no longer collected in a manner that enables Multiple Systems Estimation to be repeated. However, our understanding of the scale of modern slavery is evolving as more victims are identified and following increased operational activity.

Last month the Home Office published research that examined the nature of different types of modern slavery in the UK; this research can be accessed at the following link: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/atypology-of-modern-slavery-offences-in-the-uk 29 November Baroness Kennedy of Cradley, Labour: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what consideration they have given to introducing specific civil wrongs of (1) trafficking, (2) slavery, (3) servitude, and (4) forced labour, in legislation, to ensure that modern slavery victims can better access remedies for harms inflicted on them.

Baroness Williams of Trafford, The Minister of State, Home Department: Civil remedies in tort already exist for victims of trafficking and slavery to claim damages from perpetrators through ordinary civil law and the Human Rights Act 1998. Damages can, for example, be recovered for loss or damage caused to victims under the torts of intimidation, harassment, assault, unlawful imprisonment, negligence and breach of duty. As such, the Government is currently of the view that the existing civil law provides the necessary civil remedies for modern slavery cases.

To assist victims to bring a civil claim for compensation against their perpetrator, Section 47 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 extends civil legal aid to all victims of modern slavery who are identified and confirmed as being victims, through the National Referral Mechanism.

Additionally, criminal courts have powers to provide reparation to victims through both slavery and trafficking reparation orders (through the Modern Slavery Act 2015) and compensation orders. Victims of modern slavery can also pursue compensation by applying to the state funded Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme.

Baroness Doocey, Chair, Finance Committee (Lords): To ask Her Majesty’s Government how many requests have been made by police forces to provide victims of modern slavery with support under the UK Protected Persons Service, since the commencement of the Modern Slavery Act 2015.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: The UK Protected Persons Service (UKPPS) delivers protection and care to individuals (protected persons) who are considered by law enforcement agencies to be at risk of serious harm.

This includes victims, witnesses and offenders.

Given the operationally sensitive nature of the work undertaken by the UKPPS, it would not be appropriate for HMG to comment on any requests that may or may not have been made by police forces to provide victims of modern slavery with support under the service.

28 November Sarah Champion, Labour, Rotherham: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what assessment the Government has made of provision of discretionary leave to remain for survivors of modern slavery identified in the UK. To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether the Government has plans to protect the right to work for victims of modern slavery identified in the UK? Brandon Lewis, The Minister for Immigration: There is no right to work in the UK based on a person being confirmed as a victim of modern slavery. A person’s immigration status will determine whether a person has the right to work in the UK. Confirmed victims of modern slavery who do not qualify for leave to remain in another immigration route can be considered for a grant of Discretionary Leave to remain

in the UK based on the particular circumstances of the individual case. This can include needing to stay in the UK in order to pursue a claim for compensation against their traffickers, the need to assist with police enquiries or due to personal circumstances. Those granted Discretionary Leave have recourse to public funds and permission to work.

Not all victims of modern slavery will wish to remain in the UK and so the Government is also committed to supporting those who wish to return home. The Home Office’s Voluntary Returns Service can assist victims of modern slavery to return home.

The Home Office has recently produced a leaflet to raise awareness about immigration options for victims of modern slavery which can be found at the following link: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/help-for adult-victims-of-modern-slavery 27 November Stephen Timms: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, in how many cases involving British children exploited in (a) gang crime, (b) violence and (c) drug crime has the statutory defence set out in the Modern Slavery Act 2015 been invoked.

Victoria Atkins: Data on the number and type of cases where the statutory defence set out in section 45 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 has been applied are not collated centrally. The statutory defence could arise in any category of offence and may be a consideration in the decision as to whether to charge an individual in circumstances where the defence could apply.

Sarah Champion: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what additional funding she plans to provide to implement the National Referral Mechanism reforms announced on 17 and 26 October 2017.

Victoria Atkins: The recent announcements on National Referral Mechanism (NRM) reform indicate the Government’s commitment to markedly improve the identification of, and support provided to, victims of modern slavery. Detailed implementation plans for the reform programme are now being developed and the relevant cost implications will be factored into our routine financial planning process.

23 November Baroness Kennedy of Cradley: To ask Her Majesty’s Government how they intend to ensure compliance with the Transparency in Supply Chains requirement of the Modern Slavery Act 2015, in the light of the absence of a publicly-available list of companies that are in scope.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: The legislation was designed to harness pressure from civil society and we are pleased that NGOs are using company statements to scrutinise businesses and hold them to account, including contacting businesses that have not yet published statements.

The Government is taking action to improve compliance but we know that new legislation takes time to embed.

We recently wrote to over 10,000 businesses that may be required to publish statements reminding them of their obligations and pointing them towards relevant guidance. We have also strengthened the wording in our guidance to set out our expectations for these statements more clearly. The Home Secretary can apply for a court injunction requiring businesses to comply. If they still refuse, they will be liable to an unlimited fine for contempt of court.

statements published so far. The latest estimates can be accessed online at http://www.modernslaveryregistry. org/ and https://tiscreport.org/

Baroness Kennedy of Cradley: To ask Her Majesty’s Government whether they have made an estimate of the cost of preparing a list of companies covered by section 54 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015.

Victoria Atkins: No slavery and trafficking reparation orders have been made since their introduction under the Modern Slavery Act 2015 coming into force for offences committed after 31st July 2015. They can only be made once someone has been convicted of a relevant offence and the Crown Court has made a confiscation order against them. Modern slavery prosecutions are complex and often take a long time to complete. As the number of concluded prosecutions rise, we expect to see a rise in the number of reparation orders.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: For the time being, we have concluded that demand for a list can be better met by the private sector which holds more comprehensive and easily accessible data. Two independent registries have been set up to monitor companies’ progress in publishing high quality statements. We will continue to work with businesses to ensure that all large companies report properly and take effective action to force these crimes out of their supply chains.

Baroness Kennedy of Cradley: To ask Her Majesty’s Government how many Slavery and Trafficking Reparation Orders have been made to date; how many compensation awards have been made to victims as a result of those Orders; and what was the (1) total, and (2) average, amount of those awards.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: No slavery and trafficking reparation orders have been made since their introduction under the Modern Slavery Act 2015 coming into force for offences committed after 31st July 2015. They can only be made once someone has been convicted of a relevant offence and the Crown Court has made a confiscation order against them. Modern slavery prosecutions are complex and often take a long time to complete. As the number of concluded prosecutions rise, we expect to see a rise in the number of reparation orders.

22 November Jim McMahon, Shadow Minister (Communities and Local Government) (Devolution): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what estimate she has made of the number of businesses that are compliant with the provisions of the Modern Day Slavery Act 2015.

Victoria Atkins: As a result of the world-leading provisions in the Modern Slavery Act 2015, more companies than ever before are lifting the stone to identify exploitation in their supply chains and taking action to address it.

The Government does not maintain a central register of ‘slavery and human trafficking statements’ published in accordance with section 54 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015. Two independent repository websites have been set up to collate these statements. The Government is not involved in running or funding either website. Both websites make different estimates of the total number of

20 November Stephen Timms: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many reparation orders have been made under section 8 of the Modern Slavery Act in the last 12 months.

16 November Alex Norris, Labour/Cooperative, Nottingham North: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the Answer of 6 November 2017 to Question 110772, on slavery, whether she will publish a list of the 10,000 businesses her Department wrote to reminding them of their obligations and pointing them towards relevant guidance in relation to the Modern Slavery Act 2015.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the Answer of 6 November 2017 to Question 110772, on slavery, if she will place in the Library a copy of the letter her Department sent to 10,000 businesses reminding them of their obligations and highlighting guidance on the Modern Slavery Act 2015.

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the Answer of 6 November 2017 to Question 110772, on slavery, what criteria her Department applied when selecting 10,000 businesses to write to reminding them of their obligations and pointing them towards relevant guidance in relation to the Modern Slavery Act 2015.

Victoria Atkins: The Home Office estimates that between 9,000 and 11,000 businesses are required to publish a slavery and human trafficking statement. The correspondence was also shared with NGOs and trade associations to share with their members.

The Government does not hold a definitive list of eligible organisations and used private sector data to identify relevant businesses and filtered the data based on turnover size. This data is not comprehensive and the Government does not own this data to publish it. I will arrange for a copy of the letter to be placed in the House Library.

Alex Norris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many times the civil proceedings for an

injunction provision under Section 54(11) of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 has been used since it came into force in March 2016.

Victoria Atkins: No injunctions have yet been used.

New legislation takes time to embed and the first year of compliance has just passed. Thousands of statements have been published and the Government wrote to 10,000 businesses who may be required to publish statements to remind them of their obligations. We expect this activity will further increase the number of statements published.

7 November Carolyn Harris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what assessment she has made of how the changes to the National Referral Mechanism announced on 17 October 2017 will affect children; and whether she has made an assessment of the potential merits of implementing multi-agency decision-making in cases involving potential child victims of trafficking.

Sarah Newton, The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department: The recently announced package of reforms for the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) incorporated a number of measures that will improve the NRM process for children. These measures were informed by an evaluation of an 18 month pilot testing changes to the NRM process, including multiagency decision-making, for both adult and child cases.

The creation of a single, expert unit within the Home Office, to make decisions about whether somebody is a victim of modern slavery, will replace the current case management units in the National Crime Agency and UK Visas and Immigration, and will be separate from the immigration system. A priority for the new unit will be to ensure that it has the right balance of diverse expertise to be able to make effective decisions.

The creation of an independent multi-agency panel to review all negative NRM decisions will not only increase confidence in the decision making process but will also significantly add to the scrutiny each case currently receives.

In addition, we will roll out Independent Child Trafficking Advocates (ICTAs) nationally, and continue testing innovative ways of supporting trafficked children through the £2.2m funding we granted as part of the Child Trafficking Protection Fund. We will also explore how to make the NRM decision-making process more ‘childfriendly’, including looking at how we communicate NRM decisions to children and considering how local authorities can contribute to the decision-making process in a more consistent and structured way.

Sarah Champion: To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, what reasons the Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority gave to victims of modern slavery who were denied compensation after 1 January 2012.

To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, what the mean compensation paid by the Criminal Injuries Compensation

Authority to victims of modern slavery was after 1 January 2012.

To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, how many victims of modern slavery have been awarded compensation by the Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority since 1 January 2012.

Phillip Lee: The information requested is not held centrally.

Baroness Kennedy of Cradley: To ask Her Majesty’s Government further to the answer by Baroness Vere of Norbiton on 16 October (HL Deb, col 398), what is their estimate of the length of time that the Modern Slavery Act will take to embed; and what measures they are taking in the meantime to ensure that slavery and human trafficking is targeted.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: Since the world-leading Modern Slavery Act 2015 was introduced, more victims and survivors are being rescued and supported than ever before, more perpetrators are being brought to justice, and thousands of businesses have published slavery and human trafficking statements. The Government is actively monitoring progress and recently published the UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery setting out the steps we are taking to tackle this abhorrent crime, which can be accessed via: www.gov.uk/government/ publications/2017-uk-annual-report-on-modern-slavery The Home Secretary also commissioned Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire and Rescue Services to assess the police response to modern slavery. The report was published on 24 October and the findings will serve as a benchmark against which to measure police progress and address the issues identified. The report can be accessed via: https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov. uk/hmicfrs/publications/stolen-freedom-the-policingresponse-to-modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking/ 2017 - UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery Justice Inspectors - Modern Slavery Lord Wigley, Plaid Cymru: To ask Her Majesty’s Government how many police officers have received specialist training to investigate allegations of modern human slavery, broken down by each of the police forces in England and Wales.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: Data on the number of police officers who have received specialist modern slavery training are not held centrally. Through the £8.5m grant the Government has provided to support the police modern slavery transformation programme, an accredited modern slavery training course has been developed for all frontline officers and staff. This is supplemented by a specialist investigators’ course for detectives. Both courses are being rolled out across England and Wales.

3 November Alex Norris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether Ministers and officials of her Department have (a) received or (b) been offered data

on non-compliance with section 54 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015.

Sarah Newton: A number of NGOs and other organisations are monitoring and analysing the ‘slavery and human trafficking statements’ being produced by businesses under section 54 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015. We have regular conversations with a range of these organisations who often provide or offer to provide data and analysis of the statements they have scrutinised, including their estimates of non-compliance. We are pleased that NGOs are using these statements to scrutinise businesses and hold them to account. The legislation was designed to harness this kind of pressure.

30 October Thangam Debonnair, Opposition Whip (Commons): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether an assessment of the (a) number and (b) types of calls made to the modern slavery helpline has been made since that helpline was established.

Sarah Newton: The Modern Slavery Helpline is operated by an organisation called Unseen, and is completely independent of Government.

Information about the number and types of calls received by the Modern Slavery Helpline can be found on the Unseen website: www.modernslaveryhelpline.org/information/stats 24 October Alex Norris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many companies have been required to publish a modern slavery and human trafficking statement in accordance with section 54 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 in (a) 2016 and (b) 2017; and whether the identities of those companies are known to (i) her or (ii) her Department.

Sarah Newton: The Home Office estimates that between 9,000–11,000 businesses are required to publish a slavery and human trafficking statement. The Government does not hold a definitive list of eligible organisations.

18 October Vernon Coaker: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what proportion of people convicted of human trafficking offences were (a) UK nationals, (b) other EU nationals and (c) nationals from outside the EU in each of the last three years.

Sarah Newton: Data relating to the number of people prosecuted and convicted for modern slavery and human trafficking offences in England and Wales can be found in the ‘criminal justice system outcomes by offence’ data tool table contained in the annual Criminal Justice Statistics publication, linked below. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/criminaljustice-system-statistics-quarterly-december-2016

It is not possible to disaggregate this data by the nationality of defendants as this information is not held centrally.

Vernon Coaker: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many meetings of the antislavery task force there have been since that task force was established; and if she will make a statement.

Sarah Newton: The Prime Minister has held a number of meetings on modern slavery, including with the Task Force, to bring the collective weight of Government to bear against this terrible crime.

Alister Jack, Conservative, Dumfries and Galloway: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what estimate she has made of the number of people who have been trafficked into the UK through the Port of Cairnryan in each of the last three years.

Sarah Newton: Information is not held centrally on the specific location from which potential victims of modern slavery and human trafficking are first identified. For Scotland as a whole, the number of potential victims first identified in Scotland and referred to the National Referral Mechanism (the support service provided to potential victims of modern slavery and human trafficking) for the last three years are:

Year

Total number of potential victims of modern slavery and human trafficking first identified in Scotland and referred to the National Referral Mechanism

2016

150

2015

145

2014

111

16 October Carolyn Harris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what measures are currently in place to combat sex trafficking in the Swansea area.

Sarah Newton: To support police forces in England and Wales tackle all forms of modern slavery, the Government has provided £8.5m of additional funding to provide bespoke and dedicated modern slavery capabilities, including intelligence and training functions. How these capabilities are utilised in the Swansea area is an operational decision for the Chief Constable of South Wales Police, working with the Police and Crime Commissioner, the NCA and other partners where necessary.

Carolyn Harris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what recent steps she has taken to tackle the involvement of sex trafficking in the sex and prostitution industries; what assessment she has made of regional disparities in the quantom of that involvement; and what steps she is taking to help protect female sex workers.

Sarah Newton: To support police forces in England and Wales tackle all forms of modern slavery, the Government

has provided £8.5m of additional funding to provide bespoke and dedicated modern slavery capabilities, including intelligence and training functions.

We recognise the need to gather a robust evidence base on the scale and nature of all forms of prostitution and sex work in England and Wales, including geographical variations. The Home Office has begun the process of commissioning this research, with academics and researchers invited to bid to develop a comprehensive understanding of the nature, prevalence and composition of prostitution and sex work in England and Wales.

The Government is committed to protecting those selling sex from harm and enabling the police to target those who exploit vulnerable people involved in prostitution.

We have provided £389,000 to organisations which help those who want to leave prostitution and sex work.

Merseyside PCC have also been awarded £650,000 from the VAWG Transformation Fund to provide a victimfocused service for sex workers who are victims, or at risk of sexual or domestic violence and abuse, exploitation or human trafficking.

Vernon Coaker: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what progress has been made on implementing sections (a) 54, (b) 49 and (c) 50 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015; and if she will make a statement.

Sarah Newton: The majority of the provisions in the Modern Slavery Act 2015 have now commenced. Section 54 came into force on 29 October 2015 and thousands of slavery and human trafficking statements have been published since. Interim guidance for frontline staff has already been published and we will consult with stakeholders on statutory guidance required under Section 49 prior to publication. Both this guidance and the question of exercising section 50 of the Act are under active consideration as part of the reform of the National Referral Mechanism.

3. Campaigns and initiatives 3.1 Stop Slavery Award (November): The annual awards were held to recognise the steps taken by companies to eradicate slavery from their supply chains. This year’s ceremony saw Adidas, C&A, Intel and Co-op being awarded, with an honourable mention for FSI. 3.2 The Clewer Initiative (October): A new initiative was launched by the Church of England to encourage parishes to spot the signs of modern slavery, and support victims in their communities. https://www.theclewerinitiative.org/ 3.3 Walk for freedom (October): The annual protest march, organised by A21, was held in London and other cities across the world to demand action against forced labour, servitude and sexual exploitation.

3.4 Anti-Slavery Day (October) The annual day was held to raise awareness of trafficking and modern slavery and encourage action. A series of events and activities were organised to mark the occasion.

These include the Anti-Slavery Day Awards, hosted by the Human Trafficking Foundation, to recognise film makers and the media who have made an outstanding contribution to the fight against modern slavery.

The Purple Teardrop Campaign also ran a series of activities to mark the day: http://www.purpleteardrop.org.uk/what-you-can-do/ anti-slavery-day-18-october/ 3.5 #FilmYourFreedom Unseen campaign using film to raise awareness of modern slavery within communities. Participants made videos explaining what freedom meant to them, and shared them on social media platforms and with friends and family.

9 October Carolyn Harris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, from which public authorities her Department has received notifications under section 52 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015.

Sarah Newton: Since November 2015 we have received notifications under section 52 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 from the following public authorities:

• • • • • • •

Police forces in England and Wales Border Force UK Visas and Immigration Immigration Enforcement National Crime Agency Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority Local Authorities

We have also received notifications from a range of organisations within the NHS, including NHS Trusts and General Practitioners.

4. In the News 4.1 Britain needs ‘change in culture’ to stamp out modern slavery Daily Mail, 20 December h t t p : / / w w w. d a i l y m a i l . c o . u k / w i r e s / r e u t e r s / article-5197145/Britain-needs-change-culture-stampmodern-slavery.html 4.2 Three arrests in Oldham modern slavery raids BBC News, 19 December h t t p : / / w w w. b b c . c o . u k / n e w s / u k - e n g l a n d manchester-42416796 4.3 Government failing in its bid to tackle modern slavery, audit report finds The Independent, 15 December http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/homenews/modern-slavery-government-failing-bid-tacklereport-a8111431.html

4.4 UK police rescue nine suspected victims of slavery from British trawlers The Guardian, 12 December https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/12/ukpolice-rescue-nine-suspected-victims-of-slavery-frombritish-trawlers

4.15 Man arrested as police raid Lincolnshire modern slavery site BBC News, 1 November http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandlincolnshire-41833198

4.5 Derbyshire trafficker paid ‘slaves’ 35p an hour BBC News, 11 December http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandderbyshire-42308614

4.16 Greetings card slave worker kept in Nottingham loft BBC News, 31 October http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandnottinghamshire-41805454

4.6 Drug dealers who used girl are found guilty of slavery The Times, 7 December https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/drug-dealers-whoused-girl-are-found-guilty-of-slavery-gqzmvqt80

4.17 People-smuggling raids lead to 11 UK arrests BBC News, 26 October http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-41764002

4.7 Darlington modern slavery raid: Three arrested BBC News, 6 December http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-42259464 4.8 Thames Valley modern slavery rates ‘higher than estimated’ BBC News, 1 December http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-42198029 4.9 Six men and one woman arrested over human trafficking BBC News, 29 November http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandlancashire-42163801 4.10 North Wales Police boss wants new law to beat slavery BBC News, 21 November http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-north-westwales-42067114 4.11 London ‘a hub for modern slavery’ in the UK says report ITV News, 20 November http://www.itv.com/news/london/2017-11-20/londona-hub-for-modern-slavery-in-the-uk-says-report/ 4.12 Charity for victims of modern slavery in London sees 30% rise in cases The Guardian, 20 November https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/20/ modern-slavery-victims-helped-london-charity-hestiarisen-30-per-cent-forced-prostitution 4.13 Trafficking victims ‘being wrongly sent to immigration detention centres’ The Guardian, 15 November https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/15/ trafficking-victims-being-wrongly-sent-to-immigrationdetention-centres 4.14 Northamptonshire travellers’ sites: Six arrested in modern slavery raids BBC News, 10 November http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandnorthamptonshire-41935223

4.18 Police ‘let down’ modern slavery victims says report BBC News, 24 October http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-41729255 4.19 How police miss chances to investigate modern slavery The Guardian, 24 October https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/oct/24/ how-police-miss-chances-to-investigate-modern-slavery 4.20 North Wales Police investigate over 100 slavery cases BBC News, 24 October http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-41732250 4.21 Hundreds march demanding end to modern slavery in London The Independent, 16 October http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ slaves-on-our-streets-walk-for-freedom-protestersmarch-modern-slavery-a21-a8002706.html 4.22 Modern slavery referrals up 300% in UK due to improved identification The Guardian, 16 October https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/16/ukmodern-slavery-referrals-up-due-to-better-identification 4.23 Derby modern slavery investigation: Sixth person charged BBC News, 14 October http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandderbyshire-41621418 4.24 Government urged to overhaul slavery policy as child victims slip back into exploitation after being rescued The Independent, 13 October http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/ home-news/slavery-policy-child-victims-nationalreferral-mechanism-government-overhaulexploitation-a7998656.html

4.25 Anti-slavery teams swoop on London car washes after Independent exposé The Independent, 12 October http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/slaveson-our-streets-exploitation-people-trafficking-policelondon-car-washes-a7997221.html

4.27 Major companies fail to disclose slavery and trafficking risks, warn UK experts The Independent, 4 October http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/ major-companies-slavery-trafficking-risks-failure-lorealestee-lauder-a7982101.html

4.26 Exploitation rife in London’s car washes investigation finds The Independent, 11 October http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/slaveson-our-streets-hand-car-wash-exploitation-londonundocumented-workers-a7994151.html

4.28 Slavery victim support officer role starts in north Wales BBC News, 3 October http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-41732250

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