Anti-Trafficking and Modern Slavery Bulletins - Vol 29

A regular digest of information and research related to human trafficking into and within the UK. Produced by the Research and Development Unit, on behalf of The Salvation Army’s Director of Anti-Trafficking and Modern Slavery.

Contents 1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 Legal aid in trafficking and modern slavery compensation claim cases review (December 2016) 1.2 National Referral Mechanism Statistics Quarter 2 April-June 2016 (December 2016) 1.3 Heading Back to Harm: A study on trafficked and unaccompanied children going missing from care in the UK (November 2016) 1.4 Day 46: Is there life after the safe house for survivors of modern slavery? (October 2016) 1.5 Supporting Adult Victims of Modern Slavery: Update on the 5th year of The Salvation Army’s Victim Care and Co-ordination Contract (October 2016) 1.6 Class Acts? Examining modern slavery legislation across the UK (October 2016) 1.7 Report Concerning the Implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings by the United Kingdom (October 2016) 2. Political and legislative 2.1 Northern Ireland Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery Strategy 2016/17 (November 2016) 2.2 2016 Report of the Inter-departmental Ministerial Group on Modern Slavery (October 2016) 2.3 Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner Annual Report 2015-16 (October 2016) 2.4 Parliamentary Questions 3. Campaigns 3.1 Anti-Slavery Day (18 October) 3.2 Freedom Sunday (16 October) 4. In the news 4.1 ‘Story of woman held captive in UK “shows how real slavery is”’

1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 Legal aid in trafficking and modern slavery compensation claim cases review (December 2016) A Ministry of Justice policy paper reviewing the civil legal aid arrangements for those seeking help for trafficking and modern slavery compensation claims, which aimed to identify potential barriers to accessing assistance. A number of issues were identified with specific actions to be explored, such as raising awareness; working with NGOs to increase referrals to legal aid providers; and addressing potential language barriers. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/legalaid-in-trafficking-and-modern-slavery-compensationclaim-cases-review

4.2

‘Modern slavery fears: Nearly 100 held in nail bar crackdown’ 4.3 ‘UN says more children and men falling prey to traffickers amid migration crisis’ 4.4 ‘“Slavery” case chicken catchers win £1m payout’ 4.5 ‘Gangmasters agree to pay more than £1m to settle modern slavery claim’ 4.6 ‘UK condemned for deporting survivors of trafficking back to Vietnam’ 4.7 ‘Brexit could harm fight against modern slavery – charities’ 4.8 ‘Kent slavery raids “uncover 21 victims”’ 4.9 ‘Four men charged with human trafficking offences’ 4.10 ‘‘Major UK hotels Hilton, Shiva join fight against modern slavery’ 4.11 ‘Forty children among 1,689 potential victims of modern slavery found in crackdown’ 4.12 ‘Greater Manchester Police in modern-day slavery arrests’ 4.13 ‘Amber Rudd to announce £11 million fund to tackle “barbaric” crime of modern slavery’ 4.14 ‘Anti-slavery operation leads to 14 people being “rescued”’ 4.15 ‘Anti-Slavery Day: “Thousands of people in the UK are suffering but no one can hear their voice”’ 4.16 ‘Police raid brothels in crackdown on modern-day slavery’ 4.17 ‘Modern Slavery Act gives UK companies a free pass to profit from slavery overseas’ 4.18 ‘Nottinghamshire Police and partners join forces to tackle modern slavery’ 4.19 ‘Scotland’s first human trafficking strategy launched’ 4.20 ‘Modern slavery: England and Wales police investigating “too few” cases’ 4.21 ‘Vulnerable man forced into “modern day slavery”’

1.2 National Referral Mechanism Statistics Quarter 2 April-June 2016 (December 2016) Quarterly statistics from the National Crime Agency detailing the information from the National Referral Mechanism between April-June 2016. http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/ national-referral-mechanism-statistics/762-modernslavery-and-human-trafficking-national-referralmechanism-statistics-q2-april-to-june-2016/file 1.3 Heading Back to Harm: A study on trafficked and unaccompanied children going missing from care in the UK (November 2016) ECPAT UK and Missing People publish their joint research into unaccompanied asylum-seeking children and those

This bulletin covers material produced during the period 1 October to 31 December 2016 although it should be noted that, due to space limitations, not all relevant material may have been included. The bulletin includes links to material and sources and is provided by way of information. The information included is not necessarily endorsed or supported by The Salvation Army.

who may have been trafficked who go missing from care.

It reveals that worrying numbers of children go missing whilst in care, and there are significant issues around the identification of trafficking victims and data collection amongst local authorities to ensure they are made visible and kept safe. The report calls for improvements to the child protection system and makes a number of recommendations. http://www.missingpeople.org.uk/files/Research%20 publications%20and%20presentations/Heading%20 back%20to%20harm/HBTH_Report2016_Final_web_ version.pdf 1.4 Day 46: Is there life after the safe house for survivors of modern slavery? (October 2016) A report for the Human Trafficking Foundation detailing the experiences of women receiving support from the Poppy Project to identify their needs beyond the National Referral Mechanism’s 45-day reflection and recovery period. The main themes include suitable accommodation; specialised advocacy; and support and stabilised immigration status. http://www.humantraffickingfoundation.org/sites/ default/files/Human%20Trafficking%20Foundation%20 Report%202016%20Day%2046.PDF 1.5 Supporting Adult Victims of Modern Slavery: Update on the 5th year of The Salvation Army’s Victim Care and Co-ordination Contract (October 2016) The Salvation Army publishes its review of Year Five of the victim care and co-ordination contract, providing statistics about the victims supported in addition to the care and support offered. http://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/sites/default/files/ media/year_5_report_1.pdf 1.6 Class Acts? Examining modern slavery legislation across the UK (October 2016) Report from the Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group to review and compare the key provisions made in the Modern Slavery Act, Human Trafficking and Exploitation (Criminal Justice and Support for Victims) Act (Northern Ireland) and the Human Trafficking and Exploitation Act (Scotland). It assesses the extent to which the Acts have better equipped the UK to respond adequately to modern slavery. http://www.ecpat.org.uk/sites/default/files/atmg_ class_acts_report_web_final.pdf 1.7 Report Concerning the Implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings by the United Kingdom (October 2016) The Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) report of their second round of evaluation of the UK’s implementation of the European Council Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings. http://www.ecpat.org.uk/sites/default/files/ greta_2016_21_fgr_uk_en_final.docx_.pdf 2. Political and legislative 2.1 Northern Ireland Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery Strategy 2016/17 (November 2016) The Department of Justice NI releases its second annual Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery strategy for

2016/17, which now extends support under the National Referral Mechanism from victims of trafficking to include all victims of modern slavery in Northern Ireland. https://www.justice-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/ publications/justice/ni-human-trafficking-and-modernslavery-strategy-2016-17.pdf 2.2 2016 Report of the Inter-departmental Ministerial Group on Modern Slavery (October 2016) The Inter-departmental Ministerial Group on Modern Slavery presents an assessment of modern slavery in the UK and details its response to the issue over the past 12 months, in addition to what it will do in the future. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/559690/Modern_Slavery_ IDMG_Report_2016.pdf 2.3 Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner Annual Report 2015-16 (October 2016) Annual Review from the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner detailing key achievements for the previous year and the strategic plan for 2015-17 with key priorities for 2017. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/559571/IASC_Annual_ Report_WebReadyFinal.pdf 2.4 Parliamentary questions The following section, drawn from the Hansard Commons debates, covers responses to parliamentary questions asked by MPs, in reverse chronological order.

Oral answers 14 December Heidi Allen: I came to Prime Minister’s questions today from an incredibly moving and powerful private session with the Work and Pensions Committee, where we talked and listened to victims of modern slavery who are now living in safe houses – I do not think I will ever forget it in my life. Please will the Prime Minister take her enthusiasm and the passion with which she drove this issue as Home Secretary and work with the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions? These people are vulnerable. When they come to the job centre, so often their background and their cases are not understood. As with survivors of domestic violence, they need to be fast-tracked through the system. If ever vulnerable people needed the state to step up and support them, it is these people. Please can we do more?

The Prime Minister: My hon. Friend is absolutely right.

Nothing brings home the absolutely horrific nature of the crime of modern slavery than actually sitting down and hearing the testimony of a victim. These people have, very often, gone through the most horrendous, dehumanising experiences. It is absolutely right that the Government brought forward the Modern Slavery Act 2015. It is right that we have been looking at how victim support is provided and at the national referral mechanism – a whole number of steps – and of course we will work with the DWP in looking at the support that is given. She makes an important point in referring to job

centres, but of course it is not just about job centres.

One of the things we need to do is to ensure that those in authority who come into contact with people who have been the victims of modern slavery are able to recognise the signs, and able to treat it in the right way and deal with people sensitively and sympathetically in an appropriate way.

8 December The Attorney General responded to questions from the Commons on Modern Slavery, which can be viewed here: https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2016-12-08/ debates/24C30EEF-5E22-4C8B-B74A-A0806622C4EC/ ModernSlavery 5 December Jess Phillips: T8. Why do the Government have no data at all on what happens to victims of human trafficking after they exit Government-funded shelters, or about how many go back to their traffickers? The all-party group specifically raised this matter in a report five years ago, and the Government promised to respond. Will the Secretary of State tell us what the Department has done?

Amber Rudd: I thank the hon. Lady for raising this issue; we are pressing to do exactly that. I have spoken to Kevin Hyland, the independent commissioner, about this subject, and I have had a round table on working with commissioners and the police force to ensure that the police not only press charges, but collect the information from the victims of modern slavery, so that we can make sure that investigations can lead to convictions. I share the hon. Lady’s views.

Tim Loughton: As the Home Secretary knows, those of us with coastal constituencies in the south of England are feeling particularly vulnerable to the activities of peopletraffickers who are bringing illegal immigrants across in private boats. What measures have been taken since the review of small ports and airports that was promised by the previous intelligence Minister?

Amber Rudd: I share my hon. Friend’s view that we need to be constantly vigilant in case people-traffickers are trying to get ahead of us, and if they fall between the cracks of our security and ply their evil trade. We have launched a number of initiatives, including Operation Kraken, which enables us to work closely with voluntary and private sector groups along the coast to ensure that any incidents are reported.

2 November Mr Julian Brazier: May I congratulate my right hon.

Friend on her recent announcement of a taskforce to stamp out the vile business of modern slavery? Will she join me in congratulating my constituent Mike Emberson and the Medaille Trust on their 10 years of work with the victims and the 70 places they now provide across their homes for these most unfortunate women?

The Prime Minister: I am very pleased to endorse my hon. Friend’s comments. I have met representatives of the Medaille Trust and talked to some of the victims

they have helped. It is absolutely right that we continue the momentum in our fight against modern slavery. This country is leading the world and we should continue the fight because, sadly, too much slavery is still taking place on the streets and in the towns and villages of this country. That is why the taskforce I have set up will continue that momentum. We will be relentless in our pursuit of eradicating modern slavery.

31 October Alberto Costa: If she will make a statement on her departmental responsibilities.

The Secretary of State for the Home Department (Amber Rudd): The Modern Slavery Act 2015 gave law enforcement agencies new powers, which must now lead to results. Progress is being made, but there is still much more to do. That was why on Anti-Slavery Day last week, I announced an £8.5 million fund to transform our domestic police response. That will include funding for more than 50 additional analysts, specialists and investigators. Last week at the Vatican, I announced the £11 million modern slavery innovation fund, which forms part of the £33 million that we have dedicated to overseas aid. The fund will support, trial and test innovative ways of tackling modern slavery. These funds reflect the Government’s commitment to apprehend the perpetrators and protect the victims of these terrible crimes. I look forward to the first meeting of the prime ministerial modern slavery taskforce this week.

Written answers 22 December Diane Abbott: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what steps she has taken to ensure that any refugee children who were recently accommodated at Calais and who were entitled to come to the UK have not been trafficked, become domestic slaves or forced into prostitution.

Mr Robert Goodwill: We continue to work closely with local authorities, the Department for Education, the Local Government Association, non-governmental organisations, and other Government departments to ensure the safety and wellbeing of the children transferred from France to the UK. The Government recently announced its intention to publish a Safeguarding Strategy which will bring together a number of strands of ongoing work and develop a more holistic, robust and evidence-based strategy to supporting these vulnerable children.

Children transferred to the UK were assessed on arrival

by Home Office officials who are trained to identify indicators of human trafficking and modern slavery.

Under the Dublin Regulation, safeguarding checks are conducted ahead of the children being reunited with their relatives.

The Government takes its responsibilities towards all vulnerable children extremely seriously. That is why when a child goes missing from care, agencies work

closely with local authorities and local police forces in order to find them.

21 December Martin Dochery-Hughes: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what preparations her Department is making for the co-ordination of efforts to tackle human trafficking with EU member states after the UK leaves the EU. Sarah Newton: The UK will in due course be leaving the EU. Co-operation with our EU and global allies will continue on the important issue of tackling modern slavery after our exit. We are determined to do whatever is necessary to turn the tide on perpetrators as well as ensure victims are appropriately supported. It would be wrong to set out unilateral positions on specific measures in advance of negotiations.

During the period of the negotiations to exit the EU, the UK remains a full member of the EU and we will continue our work with EU partners to tackle modern slavery including through the EU Directive on Trafficking of Human Beings 2011.

20 December Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, with reference to the Prime Minister’s announcement during her visit to the Gulf of December 2016 on co-operation to end modern slavery, how many UK personnel will be allocated to help tackle such slavery in each of the six Gulf states.

Sarah Newton: Modern slavery is a complex, transnational crime and a wide range of UK diplomatic, policy and operational staff are involved in supporting HMG’s response to this issue, based both in the UK and overseas. The co-operation agreed at the Gulf Summit will primarily be taken forward by Immigration Regional Liaison Officers and diplomatic staff based in the region, supported by teams in London, as part of a wider range of tasks.

19 December Fiona Mactaggart: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many victims of trafficking were witnesses or accused in criminal proceedings in each year from 2010 to 2015.

Sarah Newton: Records on the number of trafficking victims appearing as witnesses or defendants in criminal proceedings are not collated. We have introduced a range of measures to protect victims of modern slavery who may find themselves part of criminal proceedings, including a statutory defence for those compelled to commit certain offences as a direct consequence of their exploitation and the provision of special support services for witnesses in courts.

8 December Karl McCartney: To ask the Attorney General, what steps the Government is taking to increase the number of prosecutions for modern slavery.

Robert Buckland: We have the strongest legal framework in place including the Modern Slavery Act, which came into force in July 2015. The Law Officers are supporting the Prime Minister’s Taskforce on Modern Slavery, and the CPS continues to see a year on year increase in the numbers of prosecutions.

23 November Alison McGovern: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what steps her Department is taking to promote the guidance, Transparency in supply chains: a practical guide, issued under section 54(9) of the Modern Slavery Act 2015.

Sarah Newton: Ministers and officials promote the guidance at events on transparency in supply chains and in response to a range of queries from businesses, trade bodies and non-governmental organisations.

We have also promoted transparency in supply chains legislation to other governments, both in bilateral meetings and through multilateral fora, including at G7, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe events.

Alison McGovern: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what estimate she has made of the proportion of businesses with a turnover of £36 million or more which are complying with the provisions of section 54 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015.

Sarah Newton: The Government has not estimated what proportion of businesses have complied so far.

We published guidance in October 2015 advising that businesses should report as soon as reasonably practicable after their financial year end, which in practice should mean within six months of an organisation’s financial year end.

21 November Lady Hermon: To ask the Secretary Home Department, what proportion of trafficking rescued in the UK during allowed to remain in the UK; and if statement.

of State for the victims of human 2016 have been she will make a

Robert Goodwill: All potential victims of modern slavery are eligible for support through the National Referral Mechanism (NRM), but not all of those confirmed as victims of modern slavery will require permission to remain in the UK. Some potential victims are British citizens, others will already have valid leave to remain in the UK or will be EEA nationals exercising Treaty Rights.

Many victims who do not have an automatic or preexisting right to remain in the UK also claim asylum.

Some of them will be granted leave to remain if eligible for international protection. Where appropriate, confirmed victims of modern slavery can also be considered for a grant of Discretionary Leave to remain in the UK based on the particular circumstances of the individual case. This can include needing to stay in the UK in order to pursue a claim for compensation against their traffickers or the need to assist with police enquiries. An overall figure for

the proportion of confirmed victims of modern slavery allowed to remain in the UK could only be provided at disproportionate cost by examination of individual records.

government funding was provided for decisions that were taken longer than 45 days in each of those years.

Sarah Newton: The information requested is set out in the table below:

15 November Baroness Doocey: To ask Her Majesty’s Government whether all unaccompanied children they have brought to the UK from the Jungle camp in Calais are assessed by social workers or specialist charities for human trafficking or modern slavery indicators immediately upon their arrival.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: Asylum claimants who display possible indicators of trafficking are referred to the National Referral Mechanism by the appropriate First Responders. Those unaccompanied asylum-seeking children who have recently been brought to the UK from Calais are assessed on arrival by Home Office officials who are trained to identify indicators of human trafficking or modern slavery and who are working closely with social workers and specialist organisations. Safeguarding checks are conducted before children brought to the UK in accordance with the Dublin Regulation are allowed to join relatives.

14 November Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many people who passed through the National Referral Mechanism categorised as victims of modern slavery and trafficking had no legal right of residence in the UK at the time of their passage and were potentially subject to immigration enforcement action in the event that they had not received a Reasonable Grounds decision in each year since 2009-10.

Sarah Newton: The National Crime Agency regularly publishes National Referral Mechanism data but this data does not enable us to assess how many had no right of residence in the UK and/or were potentially subject to immigration enforcement action.

Lady Hermon: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what proportion of victims of human trafficking rescued in the UK in the last five years are (a) EU nationals and (b) non-EU nationals; and if she will make a statement.

Sarah Newton: Information on all potential victims of modern slavery who are identified by the National Referral Mechanism is published by the National Crime Agency on a quarterly basis. This includes the country of origin of victims and can be found here: http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/ national-referral-mechanism-statistics.

3 November Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many Conclusive Grounds decisions reached through the National Referral Mechanism for victims of human trafficking and slavery took longer than 45 days in each year since 2009-10; and what central

Financial Year 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

Cases where Conclusive Decision exceeded 45 days* 298 353 429 636 1089 1314

Whilst significant anomalies have been removed from the data, all statistical information has been drawn from internal management information and has not been quality assured to the same standard as published information. It includes unknown. Specialist and tailored support continues to be offered to all potential victims until a Conclusive Grounds decision is made. It is not possible to accurately specify the precise costs of those cases which take longer than 45 days to conclude.

1 November Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how (a) much funding from the public purse has been allocated to and (b) many full-time equivalent staff were employed by (i) UK Visas and Immigration and (ii) the UK Human Trafficking Centre for their work in relation to the National Referral Mechanism in each year since 2009-10.

Sarah Newton: Staff in the Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking Unit (MSHTU, formerly UKHTC), and the Home Office UKVI who engage in work related to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) often undertake additional or different work based on changing priorities. It is therefore not possible to provide figures on the budget and fulltime equivalent staff dedicated to the NRM function.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what data her Department holds on the average length of time people going through the National Referral Mechanism remain supported by The Salvation Army following a Reasonable Grounds decision, in each fiscal year since 2009-10.

Sarah Newton: This information has been provided by The Salvation Army.

YEAR, JULY-JUNE 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016

AVE. SUPPORT PERIOD, DAYS 91 115 80 130 129

This data only includes individuals who have received a Conclusive Grounds decision and have exited support.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, with reference to paragraph 5.2.13 of

the Review of the National Referral Mechanism for victims of human trafficking, published in November 2014, on country-by-country differences in acceptance rates not suggesting a nationality bias, whether her Department conducted statistical tests to inform that conclusion.

Sarah Newton: The paragraph in question was informed by the data shown in Figure 6 of the National Referral Mechanism Review. The review can be found here: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/467434/Review_of_the_ National Fiona Mactaggart: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many asylum seekers who are also either identified or potential victims of trafficking were housed in safe house accommodation rather than National Asylum Support Service accommodation in 2015.

Sarah Newton: Potential victims of modern slavery in England and Wales are supported through a Governmentfunded contract, delivered by The Salvation Army. This provides extremely vulnerable victims with a tailored and specialised package of care and support. This can include accommodation in a shelter.

Fiona Mactaggart: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how potential victims of trafficking whose type of exploitation is recorded as ‘unknown’ in the National Referral Mechanism Statistics, end of year summary 2015, published on 11 February 2016 were identified; and if she will make a statement.

Sarah Newton: Potential victims who are recorded in the National Referral Mechanism Statistics (NRM) statistics as having suffered an ‘unknown’ type of exploitation are identified and referred through the same process as other victims. The breakdown of agencies who referred them to the NRM are included in published statistics, data for which is derived from initial referral forms. An ‘unknown’ categorisation can result from missing or incomplete information on this form, which may be collected at a later stage as part of the ongoing assessment and safeguarding of the potential victim concerned.

27 October Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether it is the practice of the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner to analyse the supply chain statements of private companies in relation to modern slavery and human trafficking.

Sarah Newton: The Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner has a remit to encourage good practice in the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of modern slavery offences and in the identification of victims.

This can include encouraging good practice among businesses. It is for the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner to determine how to carry out this work.

He made ‘private sector engagement to encourage supply chain transparency’ one of his five priorities in his Strategic Plan for 2015-2017 and reported on progress

in his first annual report, which was published on 12 October.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what estimate she has made of the proportion of companies which have published details of the measures they are taking to eradicate slavery and human trafficking from their supply chains.

Sarah Newton: The Government has not estimated what proportion of businesses have reported so far.

We published guidance in October 2015 advising that businesses should report as soon as reasonably practicable after their financial year end, which in practice should mean within six months of an organisation’s financial year end.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether the Government plans to extend the time period for a Conclusive Grounds Decision in the National Referral Mechanism from 45 to 90 days.

Sarah Newton: All potential victims of modern slavery receive intensive and specialist support for a minimum of 45 days, plus a further 14 days if they are conclusively found to be a victim to assist with their return home, their reintegration into society or their transfer to mainstream support.

This level of support means that the UK is exceeding its obligations under Article 12 of the European Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings (ECAT). The Government is piloting changes to aspects of the National Referral Mechanism and we will consider whether changes to existing arrangements are needed once the pilot has been evaluated.

25 October Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether the Government plans to put the National Referral Mechanism on a statutory footing after it is reformed; and whether such plans would require primary or secondary legislation.

Sarah Newton: We are committed to doing all we can to identify and support UK-based victims of modern slavery.

Following a review of the NRM, and in consultation with law enforcement and NGOs, we are piloting ways of improving the efficacy and efficiency of existing arrangements in two regions. The pilot will be evaluated and the findings will inform any reforms that we decide to roll out. Putting the NRM on a statutory footing would require secondary legislation and we will consider whether there is a need do so at the end of the pilot.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many cases for (a) adults and (b) children going through the National Referral Mechanism for the victims of human trafficking and slavery were suspended before a (i) Reasonable Grounds decision and (ii) Conclusive Grounds decision could be made; and what steps the Government is taking to ensure that child victims of trafficking and slavery do not go missing from care.

Sarah Newton: The table below sets out the number of National Referral Mechanism (NRM) referrals that have been suspended at Reasonable and Conclusive Grounds decision stages between 2009 and 2015. NRM decisions are suspended when it is not possible to gather further information to make a decision as the individual referred has gone missing. In these cases, the Competent Authority decision maker must ensure the missing individual has been reported to the police.

Year

2009

2010

2011 2012 2013

2014 2015

Suspended Total at Number Adult/Minor Reasonable of Grounds Referrals Stage 535 Adult (390) 3 Minor (143) 2 Unknown (2) 0 714 Adult (544) 3 Minor (168) 6 Unknown (2) 0 946 Adult (713) 1 Minor (233) 3 1186 Adult (894) 5 1746 Minor (292) 7 Adult (1370) 9 Minor (376) 13 2340 Adult (1741) 8 Minors (599) 5 3266 Adult (2387) 7 Minor (879) 31

Suspended at Conclusive Grounds Stage 13 11 0 10 7 0 10 19 14 32 23 16 24 18 35 47

Year

2009

2010

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

The Government is committed to ensuring that children who have been trafficked receive the right support, including through the national roll-out of Independent Child Trafficking Advocates. The Advocates will help to protect trafficked children from further harm, including preventing children from being re-trafficked or going missing. We will also launch the Child Trafficking Protection Fund this year, providing up to £3m over the next three years for innovative projects to deliver positive outcomes for potentially trafficked children.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many convictions for slavery and human trafficking there have been under (a) each of the old offences before the passage of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 and (b) each of the new offences following the passage of that Act in each year since 2009-10; and how many of those convicted were imprisoned for the maximum possible period for each of these offences.

Sarah Newton: The table shows the numbers of defendants prosecuted, convicted and sentenced for slavery and trafficking offences, on a principal offence basis, between 2009 and 2015. The figures do not cover instances where perpetrators of modern slavery have been prosecuted and convicted using non-slavery offences, or where their illegal activities were disrupted by other means.

The criminal justice provisions in the Modern Slavery Act were commenced on 31 July 2015, so prosecutions under the Act only apply to criminal conduct alleged to have taken place since that date. Offences occurring before

the commencement of the Modern Slavery Act will still be prosecuted under the previous legislation. Despite the very recent introduction of the new offences and the time it takes for law enforcement to bring complex cases involving modern slavery to trial, 12 defendants had already been prosecuted under the Act in 2015.

Offence category Total

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Proceeded 47 31 43 33 against Found guilty 25 16 9 13 Sentenced 25 16 9 13 – – – – of which were given a maximum custodial sentence (3) (4) Slavery, servitude and forced labour Proceeded – 1 22 4 against Found guilty – – 1 1 Sentenced – – 1 1 of which – – – – were given a maximum custodial sentence (14 years) (3)(4) Trafficking for sexual exploitation Proceeded 33 24 10 16 against Found guilty 23 10 8 10 Sentenced 23 10 8 10 of which – – – – were given a maximum custodial sentence (14 years) (3)(4) Trafficking for non-sexual exploitation Proceeded 14 6 11 13 against Found guilty 2 6 – 2 Sentenced 2 6 – 2 of which – – – – were given a maximum custodial sentence (14 years) (3)(4)

60

98

117

28 28 1

39 39 –

31 30 –

10

25

30

9 9 –

8 8 –

9 9 –

33

49

38

12 12 –

4 4 –

14 14 –

17

24

37

7 7 1

27 27 –

8 7 –

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether the Government plans to implement the recommendations in paragraph 6.3.15 in the Review of the National Referral Mechanism for victims of human trafficking, published in November 2014, on using European and other funding to afford victims of human trafficking and slavery the option to return safely to their country of origin.

Sarah Newton: The Home Office’s Voluntary Returns Service supports those who are confirmed victims of modern slavery to return home if they voluntarily choose to do so. The programme for non-EU nationals is part-funded by the EU Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund. The Home Office also support the return of confirmed victims from EU countries and this work is centrally funded at this time.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, with reference to the Review of the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) for victims of human trafficking, published in November 2014, whether her Department plans ultimately to remove the reasonable grounds stage in the NRM. Sarah Newton: We are committed to doing all we can to identify and support UK-based victims of modern slavery. Following a review of the NRM, and in consultation with law enforcement and NGOs, we are piloting ways of improving the efficacy and efficiency of existing arrangements in two regions. The pilot will be evaluated and the findings will inform any reforms that we decide to roll out. Putting the NRM on a statutory footing would require secondary legislation and we will consider whether there is a need do so at the end of the pilot.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, with reference to the Review of the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) for victims of human trafficking, published in November 2014, whether her Department plans to increase the exit times from support for people going through the NRM for victims of slavery and human trafficking to (a) 14 days for reasonable grounds decision and (b) 28 days for a conclusive grounds decision.

Sarah Newton: We are committed to doing all we can to identify and support UK-based victims of modern slavery. Following a review of the NRM, and in consultation with law enforcement and NGOs, we are piloting ways of improving the efficacy and efficiency of existing arrangements in two regions. The pilot will be evaluated and the findings will inform any reforms that we decide to roll out. Putting the NRM on a statutory footing would require secondary legislation and we will consider whether there is a need do so at the end of the pilot.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether her Department plans to implement the recommendation of the Review of the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) for victims of human trafficking, published in November 2014, on contacting all relevant people going through the NRM to remind them when their immigration leave expires.

Sarah Newton: We are committed to doing all we can to identify and support UK-based victims of modern slavery. Following the NRM, and in consultation with law enforcement and NGOs, we are piloting ways of improving the efficacy and efficiency of existing arrangements in two regions. The pilot will be evaluated and the findings will inform any reforms that we decide to roll out. Putting the NRM on a statutory footing would

require secondary legislation and we will consider whether there is a need do so at the end of the pilot.

However, following the commencement of the Immigration (Variation of Leave) Order 2016, individuals on an Overseas Domestic Workers (ODW) visa only, who are also potential victims of modern slavery, are informed of the date that their visa will expire and whether they can continue to work. They will be updated up until 28 days after a conclusive grounds decision is made.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, with reference to the Review of the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) for victims of human trafficking, published in November 2014, whether her Department plans to encourage the collection of biometric identification for those going through the NRM for victims of slavery and human trafficking.

Sarah Newton: We are committed to doing all we can to identify and support UK-based victims of modern slavery.

Following a review of the NRM, and in consultation with law enforcement and NGOs, we are piloting ways of improving the efficacy and efficiency of existing arrangements in two regions. The pilot will be evaluated and the findings will inform any reforms that we decide to roll out. Putting the NRM on a statutory footing would require secondary legislation and we will consider whether there is a need do so at the end of the pilot.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether her Department plans to implement the recommendations of the Review of the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) for victims of human trafficking, published in November 2014, on (a) requiring providers of housing of people going through the NRM to an audit process, (b) ensuring closer working between her Department, housing providers and local councils and (c) gathering data on the outcomes of people going through the NRM for two years after a conclusive grounds decision.

Sarah Newton: We are committed to doing all we can to identify and support UK-based victims of modern slavery.

Following a review of the NRM, and in consultation with law enforcement and NGOs, we are piloting ways of improving the efficacy and efficiency of existing arrangements in two regions. The pilot will be evaluated and the findings will inform any reforms that we decide to roll out. Putting the NRM on a statutory footing would require secondary legislation and we will consider whether there is a need do so at the end of the pilot.

24 October Lord Hylton: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what steps they have taken to establish an enhanced Modern Slavery Helpline following the Home Secretary’s announcement on 9 December 2015.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: In December 2015, the Government welcomed an announcement by Google and Polaris that they intend to establish an enhanced modern slavery helpline in the UK. Partnerships between business and civil society are vital if we are to eradicate modern slavery, and this project has the potential to

make it easier for people to report suspected cases of modern slavery.

Over the past two years, the Government’s modern slavery reforms have resulted in record high numbers of victim referrals and of prosecutions and convictions for slavery-related offences. But there is more to do and projects such as this will help to ensure that even more victims are helped and even more slave-drivers are brought to justice.

Lord Brown of Belmont: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what recent assessment they have made of the extent of human trafficking in Northern Ireland.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: An in-depth assessment of the scale and nature of modern slavery and human trafficking across the UK, including in Northern Ireland, can be found in the recently published Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group (IDMG) report on modern slavery, available via the following link: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/reportof-the-inter-departmental-ministerial-group-on-modernslavery-2016.

The latest published figures from the National Crime Agency reveal that in 2015, the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) – the framework which identifies and supports potential human trafficking victims – received 53 referrals of potential victims first encountered in Northern Ireland. This represents a 17% increase on 2014 referrals and 1.6% of UK referrals to the NRM. Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how (a) much funding from the public purse has been allocated to and (b) many full-time equivalent staff have been employed by the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner in each of the last two years.

Sarah Newton: The Government allocation to the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner was £500,000 in 2015/16 and £575,000 in 2016/17. The Independent AntiSlavery Commissioner employed six full-time staff and one part-time staff in 2015/16, and seven full-time and one part-time staff in 2016/17.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many people who passed through the National Referral Mechanism as victims of modern slavery and trafficking were granted discretionary leave to remain in the UK in order to assist in police investigations and prosecutions in each fiscal year since 2009-10.

Sarah Newton: Our records indicate that the number of individuals who received a positive conclusive grounds decision from the National Referral Mechanism (see Note 1) who were granted discretionary leave to remain in the UK with the requirement that they assist the police in their investigations (see Note 2) were as shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1 – Number of individuals granted discretionary leave to remain in the UK with the requirement that they assist the police in their investigations, following a positive conclusive grounds outcome from the National Referral Mechanism.

Referral Year 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 2015/2016

Number granted discretionary leave to remain in the UK with the requirement that they assist the police in their investigations 20 30 28 57 31 73 80

1. The National Referral Mechanism (NRM) is the process by which people who may have been victims of modern slavery are identified, referred, assessed and supported in the United Kingdom. (‘Modern slavery’ is a term that covers slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour and human trafficking.) The initial referral goes through a two-stage process: a reasonable grounds stage and then, for those with a positive reasonable grounds outcome (where it is considered that the person is a potential victim of trafficking/slavery), a conclusive grounds stage (where the person is considered to be a confirmed victim of trafficking/slavery).

2. The data in the table shows those with a positive conclusive grounds outcome only with a particular outcome type (‘VOT DL Granted’), identifying them as someone granted discretionary leave to remain in the UK with the requirement that they assist the police in their investigations.

3. Data extracted on 1 September 2016.

4. Data is broken down into Financial Years, showing the year the referral was made.

5. The data has been extracted from the Case Immigration Database.

6. These statistics have been taken from a live operational database. As such, numbers may change as information on that system is updated.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many Reasonable Grounds decisions reached through the National Referral Mechanism took longer than five days in each year since 2009-10; and whether the decision-making in each of those decisions was by (a) UK Visa and Immigration or (b) the UK Human Trafficking Centre.

Sarah Newton: The National Crime Agency (NCA) regularly publishes National Referral Mechanism data but does not collect data about the timescales for reaching a Reasonable Grounds decision by either UKVI or the Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking Unit (previously known as the UKHTC).

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the Answer of 14 July 2016 to Question 42399, what the equivalent data is for the most recent period for which such data exists, broken down by whether the application was made by (a) the police, (b) the National Crime Agency or (c) immigration officers.

Sarah Newton: Up to end March 2016: Sixteen Slavery and Trafficking Prevention Orders (STPOs) have been made on sentencing in the Crown Court under section 14 of the Modern Slavery Act, as decided by the Court. Data

on the number of STPOs applied for on sentencing is not collated centrally.

No STPOs have been applied for or made on application under section 15 of the Modern Slavery Act in the Magistrates’ Court.

Nine Slavery and Trafficking Risk Orders (STROs) have been applied for on application to the Magistrates’ Court, of which seven were applied for by the police and two by Immigration Enforcement.

The two STROs applied for by Immigration Enforcement have been made. Of the seven STROs applied for by the police, one has been made. Of the remaining six, two were refused, one was withdrawn and three cases were adjourned.

This data was run in July 2016 specifically to answer Question 42399 and is not verified to the same standard as Official Statistics.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Attorney General, on how many occasions since the passage of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 have adult victims (a) applied for and (b) been granted the statutory defence for crimes they were compelled to commit while being enslaved or trafficked.

Robert Buckland: CPS do not have a central record of cases where the statutory defence has been applied, as it could arise in any category of offences.

Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether her Department has any plans routinely to collect and publish data on (a) the response times and (b) the number of referrals through the National Referral Mechanism by First Responders.

Sarah Newton: The National Crime Agency (NCA) publishes quarterly data on the number of referrals made by different First Responder organisations, which can be accessed through the following link: http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/ national-referral-mechanism-statistics The NCA does not collect data about response times

by First Responders. The Government is piloting a new approach to the NRM, at the end of which we will consider, among other things, which data should be routinely collected.

17 October Martyn Day: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what support her Department offers to victims of labour exploitation; and what steps her Department is taking against individuals and businesses involved in such exploitation.

Sarah Newton: The Home Office sponsors the National Referral Mechanism to provide support to victims of modern slavery offences, whilst support for workers who have experienced exploitative treatment from employers and employment agencies is available from other enforcement authorities across Government,

including the HMRC national minimum wage team, the BEIS Employment Agency Standards’ Inspectorate and the Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority. All potential adult victims of modern slavery, including those who suffer labour exploitation, are able to access a tailored and specialised package of care and support through the £40m government-funded Salvation Army victim care contract.

The Modern Slavery Act 2015 consolidated and strengthened modern slavery offences and introduced a world-leading provision which requires all commercial organisations operating in the UK with a turnover above £36m to set out what steps they are taking to prevent modern slavery in their business and supply chains. This transparency will drive improvements in tackling modern slavery throughout the business community.

The Immigration Act 2016 established the Director of Labour Market Enforcement to provide closer integration between the authorities responsible for enforcing labour market protections and a stronger intelligence capability, reformed the Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority with new powers to investigate labour market offences wherever they occur in the economy, and stronger sanctions for non-compliant businesses. The Immigration Act 2016 also includes new powers to tackle employers of migrants working illegally on the UK. Bob Stewart: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether she plans to make the punishment of people traffickers more severe to increase its deterrent effect.

Sarah Newton: The Modern Slavery Act 2015 increased the maximum sentence for modern slavery offences from 14 years to life imprisonment. The Act also gave law enforcement agencies the power to seize traffickers’ assets and introduced risk and prevention orders which restrict the activities of traffickers outside prison if they are judged to pose a serious threat.

Earlier this year, the Government commissioned the barrister Caroline Haughey to carry out an independent review of the operation of the criminal justice provisions in the Modern Slavery Act. Ms Haughey found that the Act had set an international benchmark to which other jurisdictions aspire, and recommended that we do more to ensure that law enforcement agencies use the Act to full effect.

The Government agrees and the Prime Minister recently announced that she will be chairing a modern slavery taskforce to ensure that we leave no stone unturned in bringing the perpetrators of this vile crime to justice.

Vernon Coaker: To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, what plans she has for her Department to (a) acknowledge and (b) celebrate Anti-Slavery Day 2016; and if she will make a statement.

Dr Phillip Lee: The Ministry of Justice continues to support cross-government work to tackle modern slavery and will support Home Office plans for Anti-Slavery Day 2016 through social media.

13 October Lord Smith of Hindhead: To ask Her Majesty’s Government how many (1) Slavery and Trafficking Prevention Orders, and (2) Slavery and Trafficking Risk Orders, have been made in the last 12 months.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: 16 Slavery and Trafficking Prevention Orders (STPOs) have been made on sentencing in the Crown Court under section 14 of the Modern Slavery Act. Three Slavery and Trafficking Risk Orders (STRO) have been made on application to the Magistrates’ Court, of which three have been made.

No persons under 18 years old have been given an STPO or an STRO. This data has been run specifically to answer this question and is not verified to the same standard as Official Statistics.

Lord Smith of Hindhead: To ask Her Majesty’s Government how many (1) Slavery and Trafficking Prevention Orders, and (2) Slavery and Trafficking Risk Orders, have been made in the last 12 months relating to persons under 18 years old.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: 16 Slavery and Trafficking Prevention Orders (STPOs) have been made on sentencing in the Crown Court under section 14 of the Modern Slavery Act. Three Slavery and Trafficking Risk Orders (STRO) have been made on application to the Magistrates’ Court, of which three have been made.

No persons under 18 years old have been given an STPO or an STRO. This data has been run specifically to answer this question and is not verified to the same standard as Official Statistics.

11 October Lord Smith of Hindhead: To ask Her Majesty’s Government how many police forces in England and Wales have dedicated slavery and trafficking units.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: This information is not held centrally by the Home Office. Decisions about the size and composition of the police workforce are an operational matter for chief officers, in line with the local priorities set by their Police and Crime Commissioner.

10 October Sir Edward Garnier: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what plans she has to mark AntiSlavery Day 2016; and if she will make a statement.

Sarah Newton: Anti-Slavery Day on 18 October is an important opportunity to continue to raise awareness of this appalling crime. We have made good progress in tackling it, but there is more to do.

A range of events will mark the day and the Government will announce its plans in due course.

Martyn Day: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what funding her Department has provided to support victims of human trafficking in each year since 2010.

Sarah Newton: The Home Office and Ministry of Justice jointly fund the Adult Victims of Modern Slavery Care and Co-ordination Contract in England and Wales. Since July 2011, The Salvation Army has been delivering this service. The total Government funding over this period has been: Year 2011-2012 (July-June) 2012-2013 (Jul-Jun) 2013-2014 (July-June) 2014-2015 (July -March) 2015-2016 (April -March)

Funding £2.3 million £3.8 million £3.9 million £4 million £9 million

Martyn Day: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what recent estimate her Department has made of the number of people in the UK who have been trafficked.

Sarah Newton: The Home Office estimates that in 2013 there were between 10,000 and 13,000 potential victims of modern slavery in the UK. In 2015 there were 3,266 of victims of human trafficking and other forms of modern slavery referred to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) – the UK’s framework for referring and supporting victims of human trafficking and modern slavery.

In addition, 427 potential victims of modern slavery were identified in England and Wales via the ‘duty to notify’ requirement which requires specified public bodies to report to the Government all potential adult victims of modern slavery encountered in England and Wales who do not wish to be referred to the NRM. Similar provisions will shortly be in place in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

3. Campaigns 3.1 Anti-Slavery Day (18 October): A series of events were held to mark the occasion. http://www.antislaveryday.com/2016-events/ 3.1 Freedom Sunday (16 October): A global day of worship and action against human trafficking for faith communities. https://freedomsundayglobal.org/ 4. In the News 4.1 Story of woman held captive in UK ‘shows how real slavery is’ The Guardian, 29 December https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/29/ story-of-woman-held-captive-in-uk-shows-how-realslavery-is

4.2 Modern slavery fears: Nearly 100 held in nail bar crackdown BBC News, 28 December http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38447101 4.3 UN says more children and men falling prey to traffickers amid migration crisis The Guardian, 21 December https://www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2016/dec/21/un-more-children-and-menfalling-prey-human-trafficking-migration-crisis 4.4 ‘Slavery’ case chicken catchers win £1m payout BBC News, 21 December http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-38381050 4.5 Gangmasters agree to pay more than £1m to settle modern slavery claim The Guardian, 20 December https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/dec/20/ gangmasters-agree-1m-payout-to-settle-modern-slaveryclaim 4.6 UK condemned for deporting survivors of trafficking back to Vietnam The Guardian, 20 December https://www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2016/dec/20/uk-condemned-fordeporting-survivors-of-trafficking-back-to-vietnam 4.7 Brexit could harm fight against modern slavery – charities Sky News, 10 December http://news.sky.com/story/brexit-could-harm-fightagainst-modern-slavery-10689978 4.8 Kent slavery raids ‘uncover 21 victims’ BBC News, 7 December http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-38239099 4.9 Four men charged with human trafficking offences BBC News, 6 December http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgheast-fife-38229376 4.10 Major UK hotels Hilton, Shiva join fight against modern slavery Daily Mail, 30 November http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/reuters/ article-3984366/Major-UK-hotels-Hilton-Shiva-join-fightagainst-modern-slavery.html 4.11 Forty children among 1,689 potential victims of modern slavery found in crackdown The Mirror, 21 November http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/forty-childrenamong-1689-potential-9298175

4.12 Greater Manchester Police in modern-day slavery arrests BBC News, 27 October http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandmanchester-37794537 4.13 Amber Rudd to announce £11 million fund to tackle ‘barbaric’ crime of modern slavery The Independent, 26 October http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/ amber-rudd-11-million-fund-barbaric-crime-modernslavery-a7381911.html 4.14 Anti-slavery operation leads to 14 people being ‘rescued’ BBC News, 21 October http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-37732545 4.15 Anti-Slavery Day: ‘Thousands of people in the UK are suffering but no one can hear their voice’ The Independent, 18 October http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ anti-slavery-day-modern-slavery-nigeria-cynthia-policeessex-a7366376.html 4.16 Police raid brothels in crackdown on modern-day slavery ITV News, 18 October http://www.itv.com/news/meridian/ update/2016-10-18/police-raid-brothels-to-rescue-girlsfrom-modern-day-slavery/ 4.17 Modern Slavery Act gives UK companies a free pass to profit from slavery overseas The Guardian, 18 October https://www.theguardian.com/sustainablebusiness/2016/oct/18/modern-slavery-act-gives-ukcompanies-a-free-pass-to-profit-from-slavery-overseas 4.18 Nottinghamshire Police and partners join forces to tackle modern slavery ITV News, 18 October http://www.itv.com/news/central/2016-10-18/ nottinghamshire-police-and-partners-join-forces-totackle-modern-slavery/ 4.19 Scotland’s first human trafficking strategy launched BBC News, 12 October http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-37624067 4.20 Modern slavery: England and Wales police investigating ‘too few’ cases BBC News, 12 October http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37622798?

4.21 Vulnerable man forced into ‘modern-day slavery’ BBC News, 8 October http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-29543668

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