Anti-Trafficking and Modern Slavery Bulletins - Vol 31

A regular digest of information and research related to human trafficking into and within the UK. Produced by the Research and Development Unit, on behalf of The Salvation Army’s Director of Anti-Trafficking and Modern Slavery.

Contents 1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Female Victims of Trafficking Using Narrative Exposure Therapy: A Retrospective Audit (June 2017) 1.2 Connecting the Dots: Supporting the Recovery and Reintegration of Children Affected by Sexual Exploitation (May 2017) 1.3 Barriers to Access to Justice for Child Victims of Sexual Exploitation: Legal Framework and Insights from Professionals in the Criminal Justice System in Moldova (April 2017) 1.4 National Referral Mechanism Statistics – End of Year Summary 2016 (April 2017) 1.5 Modern Slavery Statements: One Year On (April 2017) 2. Political and legislative 2.1 Scottish Government’s Trafficking and Exploitation Strategy (May 2017) 2.2 Letter to MPs from Kevin Hyland, Independent AntiSlavery Commissioner (April 2017) 2.3 Work and Pensions Committee 12th Report Victims of Modern Slavery (April 2017) 2.4 Letter to CEOs from Kevin Hyland, Independent AntiSlavery Commissioner on Section 54 of Modern Slavery Act one year on (April 2017) 2.5 Parliamentary questions 3. Campaigns and resources 3.1 CORE’s new short guides on modern slavery reporting for businesses 3.2 The Purple Teardrop Campaign’s call to action for AntiSlavery Day 3.3 #whomademyclothes? campaign: Fashion Revolution Week (April 2017)

1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 Robjant K., Roberts J. and Katona C. (2017), Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Female Victims of Trafficking Using Narrative Exposure Therapy: A Retrospective Audit. Frontiers in Psychiatry (June 2017, vol 8, article 63) Findings of a study funded by the Helen Bamber Foundation to assess the effectiveness of Narrative Exposure Therapy in female victims of trafficking, demonstrating its feasibility as a treatment option. http://www.helenbamber.org/wp-content/ uploads/2017/06/fpsyt-08-00063-2.pdf 1.2 Connecting the Dots: Supporting the Recovery and Reintegration of Children Affected by Sexual Exploitation (May 2017) ECPAT publishes research identifying key areas of effective support for child survivors of sexual exploitation.

4. In the news 4.1 ‘New powers to tackle human trafficking in Scotland’ 4.2 ‘Modern slavery “probably exists” in Welsh Social Care Sector’ 4.3 ‘Modern slavery: the next social care scandal?’

4.4 ‘Newcastle and Gateshead arrests in sex trafficking enquiry’ 4.5 ‘Slaves “as young as 14” rescued in East Midlands’ 4.6 ‘Airlines urged to train staff to help spot victims of trafficking’ 4.7 ‘Landlord admits modern slavery charges’ 4.8 ‘Two charged with slavery offences after police raid’ 4.9 ‘Tyneside Polish slave trafficking gang jailed’ 4.10 ‘Two charged after human trafficking raids in Belfast and Banbridge’ 4.11 ‘Woman rescued after human trafficking raids’ 4.12 ‘Five arrested in Milford Haven “modern slavery” operation’ 4.13 ‘Slavery and human trafficking aided by “porous borders”’ 4.14 ‘Derby man charged with slavery offences’ 4.15 ‘Gangmasters snare almost 4,000 new UK victims and put them to work as slaves’ 4.16 ‘Brothel slavery-accused men in Derby court’ 4.17 ‘Number of suspected slavery victims in London expected to leap by 60%’ 4.18 ‘“Inexcusable” failures in UK’s response to modern slavery leaving victims destitute while abusers go free, report warns’ 4.19 ‘Man charged with trafficking and sexually abusing woman’ 4.20 ‘North Wales Police plan for first modern slavery officer’ 4.21 ‘Eight held in Lancashire, Gateshead and Evesham trafficking raids’ 4.22 ‘UK slavery reports “have doubled”’

The research synthesised field-work interviews with survivor respondents and service providers with a review of existing literature. Key domains of support were addressed and recommendations were made for service providers, funders, states and governments, highlighting the need for ‘rights-based’ approaches. http://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ Access-to-Justice-Thematic-Report-Connecting-the-dots. pdf 1.3 Barriers to Access to Justice for Child Victims of Sexual Exploitation: Legal Framework and Insights from Professionals in the Criminal Justice System in Moldova (April 2017) A study from ECPAT looking into the experiences of sexually exploited children in the criminal justice system to identify the challenges they face in seeking justice in Moldova. Interviews with criminal justice officials with a review of national laws, policies and practices were

This bulletin covers material produced during the period 1 April to 30 June 2017 although it should be noted that, due to space limitations, not all relevant material may have been included. The bulletin includes links to material and sources and is provided by way of information. The information included is not necessarily endorsed or supported by The Salvation Army.

used to highlight key barriers faced by sexually exploited children, with recommendations for policy and practice. http://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/ Access-to-Justice_LF-and-Insights-from-Professionals-inthe-Criminal-Justice-System_Moldova.pdf 1.4 National Referral Mechanism Statistics – End of Year Summary 2016 (April 2017) The National Crime Agency publishes its annual summary on the number of victims referred into the National Referral Mechanism (NRM), showing a significant increase (15%) on the previous year’s figures. Labour exploitation was the most common form of exploitation recorded, with Albanian, UK and Vietnamese nationals as the most common nationalities. www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/nationalreferral-mechanism-statistics/2016-nrm-statistics/788national-referral-mechanism-statistics-end-of-yearsummary-2016/file 1.5 Modern Slavery Statements: One Year On (April 2017) This new analysis by Ergon Associates looks at 150 recent modern slavery statements, to provide an insight into what companies are reporting on their actions to combat forced labour and human trafficking, with a comparison on the previous year. http://www.ergononline.net/images/stories/articles/ msa_one_year_on_april_2017.pdf 2. Political and legislative 2.1 Scottish Government’s Trafficking and Exploitation Strategy (May 2017) http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00518587.pdf 2.2 Letter to MPs from Kevin Hyland, Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner (April 2017) http://www.antislaverycommissioner.co.uk/newsinsights/letter-to-mps-on-two-year-anniversary-ofmodern-slavery-act/ 2.3 Work and Pensions Committee 12th Report: Victims of Modern Slavery (April 2017) https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/ cmselect/cmworpen/803/80302.htm 2.4 Letter to CEOs from Kevin Hyland, Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner, on Section 54 of Modern Slavery Act one year on (April 2017) http://www.antislaverycommissioner.co.uk/ media/1134/letter-to-ceos-on-section-54-of-modernslavery-act-1-year-on.pdf 2.5 Parliamentary questions The following section, drawn from the Hansard Commons debates, covers responses to parliamentary questions asked by MPs, in reverse chronological order.

Oral Answers June 27 Queen’s Speech Debate Lord McColl of Dulwich (Con.): My Lords, I want to raise an issue of great concern to many, that of victims of

modern-day slavery. I welcome the commitments in the gracious Speech to continuing to work at an international level to tackle this terrible crime. However, I believe we must also continue to look for improvements in how we address this appalling abuse here in the United Kingdom.

At the end of March, the National Crime Agency published figures for the number of potential victims referred to the National Referral Mechanism in 2016. There were 3,805 potential victims in total, an increase of 17% compared with the year before.

Such an increase is, I believe, a clear indication that the police, front-line services and even the general public are becoming more aware of the signs of trafficking and exploitation, and more aware of how they can help people to access emergency support. I was particularly encouraged to hear of NGOs training flight attendants around the world how to spot the signs of their passengers who might be being trafficked. I encourage the Government to look into how we can encourage such training for all airline staff who fly into the United Kingdom.

However, we cannot afford to rest on our laurels. The number of potential victims identified in 2016 is still less than half, and possibly only a third, of the 10,000 to 13,000 potential victims estimated by the Home Office’s chief scientific adviser in the year 2014. This suggests that many more people are suffering extraordinary exploitation and abuse, who are not being offered help.

Some, of course, will receive assistance from charities, and others may even be treated in the National Health Service or encountered by immigration officials or by the police. However, they may be either not recognised as possible victims of modern-day slavery or may be too afraid to come forward.

In April, just at the end of the last Session, a report was published by the Work and Pensions Committee which highlighted another key problem. What happens to victims after the initial period of emergency support while their victim status is assessed by the NRM? The report found: “There is very little structured support for confirmed victims once they have been given a ‘Conclusive Grounds’ decision from the NRM that they are a modern slavery victim.”

It is simply unacceptable that our authorities can send someone a letter confirming that we recognise that they have been trafficked, yet from that point on they may be homeless. They may not even be eligible for benefits and they may be told that they have no right to remain in the UK. We can, and must, do better.

The gracious Speech reaffirmed the Prime Minister’s commitment to lead the fight against modern slavery.

However, as the Minister knows, addressing modern slavery must go beyond just battling criminals who commit these terrible crimes. Leading this fight must also take seriously the need to support victims. Vulnerable victims are at risk of re-trafficking, entering an ongoing cycle of exploitation. Moreover, victims who are supported on a pathway to recovery are much better placed to assist the police with investigations, which can only increase the

chances of convicting the perpetrators. I echo the call of the Work and Pensions Committee report that “the Government must introduce a system that will help victims to start piecing their lives back together. Not only is there a moral case for doing this but it can help to bring the perpetrators of these horrendous crimes to justice”.

I was disappointed that the gracious Speech did not contain reference to plans to address the longer-term support and recovery of victims of modern slavery.

I reassure the Minister that help is on the way, in that yesterday was the first reading of the Modern Slavery (Victims Support) Bill that I have brought forward to address this very issue. I hope that the Government will give it their support.

I was pleased to hear that the Scottish Government announced two weeks ago that they will be doubling the basic period of support provided to adult victims of trafficking, from 45 days to 90 days. I urge the Government to consider the need for victims in England and Wales to receive support for a longer period to prepare them better for their continued rehabilitation.

I close my remarks by seeking an assurance from the Minister that supporting victims of modern slavery will be a priority for the Government in the coming year.

Baroness Manzoor (Con): My Lords, more than 200 years after the abolition of slavery, there are still an estimated 45.8 million men, women and children trapped in modern slavery, and up to 11,700 potential victims in the UK alone. It is unacceptable that in our society there are vulnerable people who find that they have been duped, forced into hard labour, locked up and abused. Therefore, I am pleased to note that in the gracious Speech tackling human trafficking and modern slavery remains a priority for this Government and that we are committed to stamping out this abhorrent crime.

Much has been achieved by the Government in the relatively short two years since the Modern Slavery Act was enacted in 2015. An Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner whose office is working in partnership to tackle modern slavery in all its forms is now fully established, and the Government made available a £33.5 million package to support victims from countries where they are regularly trafficked to the UK. Part of this was £11 million invested to tackle modern slavery in the community. But more needs to be done, as we heard earlier from my noble friend Lord McColl in relation to victims.

An independent review in 2015 alone found that there was a 40% rise in the number of victims identified and hundreds prosecuted for this crime – and, as we heard from my noble friend Lord McColl, this number continues to rise.

But we need to further strengthen our law – and I mean our company law. To that end, it is right that the debate now moves to the question of what should be the legal obligations on business to ensure that there is respect for human rights throughout company activities and business relationships, including their supply chains. Evidence from the European Coalition for Corporate Justice shows a welcome increase in initiatives to improve corporate

accountability at national, European and international level. But more still needs to be done. It is interesting to note that the French have gone further. They have been bold and made new company law. The new French corporate duty of vigilance law, applicable only to the largest French companies, shows that respect for human rights and the environment can be legally mandated into business activities. This is a first.

The French law establishes a legally binding obligation for parent companies to identify and prevent adverse human rights and environmental impacts resulting from their own activities, from the activities of companies they control and from the activities of the subcontractors and suppliers with whom they have a commercial relationship. This is a great enhancement of French company law, bringing a greater focus and clarity of responsibility to company directors and their shareholders in a key priority area.

In my view, UK company law could likewise be amended to reflect this kind of law in relation to Section 54 of the Modern Slavery Act. Currently, directors of UK public companies have to report on “human rights” matters in the directors’ strategic report, but under Section 54 of the MSA they have a separate obligation to report on supply chains via a website. This makes little sense. How can the issue of human rights be separated from the supply chains of the companies? Regrettably, in my view, when the human rights reporting requirements were put into UK company law, an opportunity was missed to include five small words: “including in its supply chain”.

The Government now have an excellent opportunity to correct and strengthen this in UK company law.

There are very few good companies or consumers who would wish to provide or receive goods and services made on the backs of the most vulnerable people in the world.

No one needs to turn a blind eye. Despite modern slavery and trafficking being illegal in many countries, sadly it remains very profitable, especially if the fruits can be sold into the legitimate business sector unwittingly through its supply chains and subcontractors. It will not escape noble Lords that many countries do not have a modern slavery Act, but that every country does have a company Act, which is the best vehicle to strengthen and amend the law to prevent modern slavery.

I will conclude by asking my noble friend the Minister two questions. First, what further action are the Government taking and what resources are they making available to ensure that they continue to tackle modern slavery?

Secondly, will the Minister give consideration to the French duty of vigilance law and/or incorporate or link Section 54 of the MSA into UK company law?

June 26 The Modern Slavery (Victim Support) Bill (for England and Wales) was introduced in the House of Lords by Lord McCull of Dulwich, read a first time and ordered to be printed.

June 13 A debate was held in Scottish Parliament regarding making Scotland a hostile place for traffickers and

providing effective support for victims. The full debate can be found here: https://www.theyworkforyou.com/sp/?id=2017-0613.8.0&s=trafficking The Decision reached can be found here: https://www.theyworkforyou.com/sp/?id=2017-0613.9.0&s=trafficking#g9.1 April 25 Andrew Selous (South West Bedfordshire) (Con): The all-party group on preventing modern slavery, chaired in an excellent manner by the sadly departing right hon.

Member for Slough (Fiona Mactaggart), heard from the parents of a young man who had been imprisoned for 15 years as a slave. The culprits were sent to prison for only two and a half years. Will the Justice Secretary agree to speak to the Sentencing Council about the severity of sentences for those who imprison our fellow citizens as slaves?

Elizabeth Truss: First, I echo my hon. Friend in paying tribute to the right hon. Member for Slough (Fiona Mactaggart) for her work on modern slavery. I also pay tribute to our Prime Minister, who has made huge strides in putting people away for these heinous crimes.

We are doing more, and I am working closely with the Home Secretary to make sure that we crack down on this further.

Written answers April 27 Baroness Kennedy of Cradley: To ask Her Majesty’s Government whether they are planning to require public bodies to include a statement on slavery and human trafficking in their annual report and accounts.

Baroness Williams of Trafford, The Minister of State, Home Department: Section 54 of the Modern Slavery Act was designed to shine a light on action that private sector organisations are taking to prevent slavery in their supply chains. Public bodies are subject to different transparency and accountability arrangements. We have added a question to the cross-government procurement selection questionnaire, so that we can assess whether would-be suppliers to HMG are compliant with the Modern Slavery Act. We are also considering whether further steps are needed to support public bodies to do more.

Baroness Kennedy of Cradley: To ask Her Majesty’s Government when they plan to publish a list of companies that are required to report under the transparency in supply chains provisions of the Modern Slavery Act 2015.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: Every year, thousands of businesses will be required to publish a statement on the action they have taken to prevent slavery in their business and supply chains. We are considering what more the Government can do to amplify the value of company statements to customers, shareholders, investors and activists.

Carolyn Harris, Shadow Minister (Home Affairs): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what information her Department holds on local authority capacity to accept refugee children under the Dubs scheme and allegations that the Dubs scheme has encouraged traffickers to exploit such children.

Robert Goodwill, The Minister for Immigration: The Home Office consulted extensively with local authorities on their capacity to host unaccompanied children to arrive at the number of additional children they could take under section 67. Over 400 local authority representatives attended events in England, Scotland and Wales. On 8 September 2016, the Minister for Immigration wrote to local authorities to ask them to confirm their capacity to host all unaccompanied asylum-seeking children, regardless of how they reached the UK. Local authorities told us they had the capacity to support 480 unaccompanied children. This capacity was in addition to the more than 4,000 unaccompanied children already in local authority care.

The migration crisis has shown that pull factors, such as policy changes and political messaging, can influence the movements of migrants. Approximately two thirds of asylum-seekers in the EU last year chose to travel to Germany and Sweden after passing through many safe countries en route. Whether it is push or pull factors that motivate children to come to Europe, it is always in the child’s best interest to enable them to come before they need to make dangerous journeys to Europe and before they become unaccompanied. That is why the Government’s strategy is to resettle the most vulnerable refugees directly from the regions; this is how we stop traffickers and smugglers from exploiting vulnerable people and children affected by conflict. In 2016, we resettled more than 5,000 people under the Syrian Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme and the Vulnerable Children’s Resettlement Scheme.

April 26 Lyn Brown, Shadow Minister (Home Office) (Policing): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, if she will make an assessment of the effect on the prevalence of modern slavery of the use of third party agencies to supply temporary workers in the retail and distribution sectors.

Sarah Newton, The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department: Modern slavery can occur in all sectors of business or industry. We are determined to reduce the risk of worker exploitation in all sectors. That is why we have appointed a Director of Labour Market Enforcement. The Director will advise the Government on the threat and how best to counter it. All businesses must stay vigilant to prevent modern slavery and other forms of worker exploitation in their supply chains.

Paul Blomfield, Shadow Minister (Exiting the European Union): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the Answer of 18 April 2017 to Question 69878, whether the terms and outcome of the performance appraisal for the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner will be published.

Sarah Newton: In line with the Public Appointments Governance Code that was published on 16 December 2016, there is no plan to publish the terms or outcome of the performance appraisal for the Independent AntiSlavery Commissioner.

April 18 Paul Blomfield: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, which organisations will receive funding under the Modern Slavery Innovation Fund round that concluded on 8 March 2017.

Sarah Newton: The following organisations will receive funding under the Modern Slavery Innovation Fund round that concluded in March 2017: The Salvation Army, The Freedom Fund, Retrak, Pacific Links Foundation, NSPCC, Alliance HR, GoodWeave International, St Mary’s University, University of Bedfordshire and United Nations University.

Paul Blomfield: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what the formal relationship is between the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner and the Director of Labour Market Enforcement.

Sarah Newton: The Director of Labour Market Enforcement has a statutory duty to co-operate with the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner, by virtue of section 43 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 and Schedule 3 to that Act, as amended by the Modern Slavery Act 2015 (Duty to Cooperate with Commissioner) Regulations 2016.

Paul Blomfield: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what operating budget was set for the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner in (a) 201516, (b) 2016-17 and (c) 2017-18.

Sarah Newton: The Government allocation to the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner was £500,000 in 2015/16 and £575,000 in 2016/17. The figures for 2017/18 figures are currently unavailable.

Paul Blomfield: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the Answer of 20 February 2017 to Question 63858, what process will be used to decide whether the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner will be appointed for a second term.

Sarah Newton: The first Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner was appointed by Government on a threeyear fixed-term contract which ends later this year. The appointment process for this post will comply with the New Public Appointments Governance Code published on 16 December 2016.

April 6 Fiona Mactaggart (Lab), (Slough): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, when the evaluation of the National Referral Mechanism pilot will be completed; and if she will make a statement.

Sarah Newton: The National Referral Mechanism pilot has been testing a new model for identifying and referring victims, processing cases and making effective decisions.

The pilot has been dealing with both child and adult potential cases of modern slavery and the evaluation will consider decision making and timeliness for both cohorts.

The final stage of the evaluation is currently under way and it is anticipated that the findings will be ready for publication summer 2017.

3. Campaigns and resources 3.1 CORE’s new short guides on modern slavery reporting for businesses: Three short guides for businesses to complement the existing guidance: http://corporate-responsibility.org/mini-briefingsmodern-slavery/ 3.2 The Purple Teardrop Campaign’s call to action for Anti-Slavery Day: The Purple Teardrop outlined key calls to action in the run-up to Anti-Slavery Day October 2017: http://www.purpleteardrop.org.uk/what-you-can-do/ anti-slavery-day-18-october/ 3.3 #whomademyclothes? campaign: Fashion Revolution Week (April 2017): The campaign runs on the anniversary week of the Rana Plaza factory collapse, encouraging people to ask brands ‘Who made my clothes?’ and demand greater transparency in the fashion supply chain.

4. In the News 4.1 New powers to tackle human trafficking in Scotland BBC News, 30 June www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-40449501 4.2 Modern slavery ‘probably exists’ in Welsh Social Care Sector The Guardian, 30 June www.theguardian.com/social-care-network/2017/ jun/30/modern-slavery-welsh-social-care-sector 4.3 Modern slavery: the next social care scandal?

The Guardian, 26 June www.theguardian.com/social-care-network/2017/ jun/26/modern-slavery-social-care-scandal 4.4 Newcastle and Gateshead arrests in sex trafficking enquiry BBC News, 23 June www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-40379833 4.5 Slaves ‘as young as 14’ rescued in East Midlands BBC News, 14 June www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandnottinghamshire-40279904 4.6 Airlines urged to train staff to help spot victims of trafficking The Guardian, 12 June www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/ jun/12/airlines-urged-to-train-staff-to-help-spotvictims-of-trafficking-sexual-exploitation-forced-labour 4.7 Landlord admits modern slavery charges BBC News, 6 June www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandnottinghamshire-40171496

4.8 Two charged with slavery offences after police raid BBC News, 3 June www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandnottinghamshire-40142840 4.9 Tyneside Polish slave trafficking gang jailed BBC News, 31 May www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-40105793 4.10 Two charged after human trafficking raids in Belfast and Banbridge BBC News, 27 May www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-40070709 4.11 Woman rescued after human trafficking raids BBC News, 26 May www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-40053096 4.12 Five arrested in Milford Haven ‘modern slavery’ operation BBC News, 17 May www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-westwales-39952315 4.13 Slavery and human trafficking aided by ‘porous borders’ BBC News, 16 May www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-39924457 4.14 Derby man charged with slavery offences BBC News, 13 May www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-derbyshire-39907919 4.15 Gangmasters snare almost 4,000 new UK victims and put them to work as slaves The Mirror, 13 May www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/gangmasters-snare4000-new-uk-10415996

4.16 Brothel slavery-accused men in Derby court BBC News, 12 May www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-39894816 4.17 Number of suspected slavery victims in London expected to leap by 60% The Guardian, 10 May www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/10/numbermodern-slavery-victims-referred-met-london-expectedleap 4.18 ‘Inexcusable’ failures in UK’s response to modern slavery leaving victims destitute while abusers go free, report warns Independent, 29 April www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/modernslavery-failures-inexcusable-department-work-pensionspeople-trafficking-a7709711.html 4.19 Man charged with trafficking and sexually abusing woman BBC News, 27 April www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-39731072 4.20 North Wales Police plan for first modern slavery officer BBC News, 21 April www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-39664758 4.21 Eight held in Lancashire, Gateshead and Evesham trafficking raids BBC News, 19 April www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-39644242 4.22 UK slavery reports ‘have doubled’ BBC News, 4 April www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-39478016

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