Anti-Trafficking and Modern Slavery Bulletins - Vol 26

A regular digest of information and research related to human trafficking into and within the UK. Produced by the Research and Development Unit, on behalf of The Salvation Army’s Director of Anti-Trafficking and Modern Slavery.

Contents 1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 ‘Time to Deliver: Considering Pregnancy and Parenthood in the UK’s response to human trafficking’ 1.2 ‘Provider Responses Treatment and Care for Trafficked People (PROTECT): Optimising identi­­fication, referral and care of trafficked people within the NHS’ 2. Political and legislative 2.1 Parliamentary Questions 3. Campaigns 3.1 ‘International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade’ 3.2 ‘Hold online offenders financially accountable for child sexual abuse’ 4. In the news 4.1 ‘We are hopeful now’: brothers free from slavery seek British policy change 4.2 Three jailed for Preston rape and prostitution offences 4.3 Sex worker Laura Lee’s court challenge put on hold 4.4 Seven arrests in human trafficking operations in Bristol 4.5 ‘No hiding place for criminal kingpins’, NCA chief warns 1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 Time to Deliver: Considering Pregnancy and Parenthood in the UK’s response to human trafficking (February 2016) Anti-trafficking Monitoring Group publishes research report which looks at whether the UK complies with its obligation to protect and assist all trafficked persons, including those who are pregnant or have children. http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/ cm_docs/2016/a/atmg_time_to_deliver_report_for_ web_final.pdf

4.6 Three charged with slavery offences in Bolton 4.7 Cross-border crime task force: first operation expected to take place in March 4.8 Plymouth man arrested on ‘slavery’ offences 4.9 Government rejects call to end UK tied visas for domestic workers 4.10 ‘Juju’ sex trafficker Lizzy Idahosa ordered to repay £21k 4.11 People-trafficking hits record high in England and Wales 4.12 Trafficking prosecutions rise following new laws 4.13 Trafficking victim ‘forced to eat rubbish from bins’ 4.14 People-trafficking victims with children are ‘overlooked’ 4.15 Two arrested in Rotherham over slavery offences 4.16 Pair charged with slavery offences in Rochdale 4.17 Bed firm boss convicted over ‘slave workforce’ 4.18 Woman arrested in Sweden over prostitution and human trafficking in Northern Ireland 4.19 Men held on suspicion of human trafficking 4.20 UK visa policy ‘increasing abuse’ of foreign maids, says damning review 4.21 UK immigration bill will play into hands of traffickers, anti-slavery experts warn 4.22 Number of British trafficking victims more than doubles Findings of research commissioned by the Department of Health into health needs of trafficked people in England. http://www.kcl.ac.uk/ioppn/depts/hspr/research/ CEPH/wmh/assets/PROTECT-Report.pdf 2. Political and legislative 2.1 Parliamentary questions The following section, drawn from the Hansard Commons debates, covers responses to parliamentary questions asked by MPs, in reverse chronological order.

Oral Answers

1.2 Provider Responses Treatment and Care for Trafficked People (PROTECT): Optimising identification, referral and care of trafficked people within the NHS

22 February Jeremy Lefroy: What assessment she has made of the effectiveness of the Modern Slavery Act 2015.

This bulletin covers material produced during the period 8 December 2015 to 31 March 2016 although it should be noted that, due to space limitations, not all relevant material may have been included. The bulletin includes links to material and sources and is provided by way of information. The information included is not necessarily endorsed or supported by The Salvation Army.

Theresa May: The Modern Slavery Act received Royal Assent on 26 March 2015. It is too early to make a full assessment of the effectiveness of the Act, but I am pleased that key provisions are already having an impact.

The ports have already been using the slavery and trafficking prevention orders to stop offences occurring, and some businesses have already published statements setting out what steps they have taken to prevent modern slavery in their global supply chains.

Jeremy Lefroy: In the ‘Strategic Plan 2015-2017’, the independent anti-slavery commissioner writes: ‘The role that the private sector can play in the fight against slavery should not be underestimated.’

What assessment has the Home Secretary made of the effectiveness of the Act’s transparency and supply chain provisions for companies with turnovers of £36 million or more?

Mrs May: First, the independent anti-slavery commissioner is absolutely right, because this is not just about law enforcement and Government taking action in this area; it is also about working with the private sector and businesses. I am pleased that, although the first set of declarations in relation to supply chains will only be compulsory from 31 March, a number of companies have already made those declarations. In a month or so, I will hold an event with companies to share good practice among them so that we can ensure that we are getting the best information out there, and then consumers can make their decisions.

Andrew Gwynne: Despite some of the good measures in the Act, child trafficking is still taking place across the European Union, hidden within the scandal that is the migration crisis, which is engulfing the entire continent. What work is the Home Secretary doing with her colleagues across the European Union to make sure that the issue is adequately tackled across all 28 member states?

Mrs May: I am encouraging other member states to take the step that we took with the Modern Slavery Act and introduce new legislation. We and other member states are working on organised immigration crime and human trafficking. We have put resources into that and are working with a number of countries to identify the traffickers and to ensure that proper action is taken.

The independent anti-slavery commissioner has made his expertise available to a number of countries across the European Union. That is of enormous benefit, because he is expert in this area.

Michael Tomlinson: Further to the question asked by my hon. Friend the Member for Stafford (Jeremy Lefroy), will my right hon. Friend set out in more detail the importance of the transparency in supply chains provision in the Modern Slavery Act, and how it will be monitored?

Mr Speaker: Yes, but not too much detail, given the time.

Mrs May: The measure has two important impacts. First, it makes companies think about whether there is slavery in their supply chains. Secondly, their declarations of the action they have taken – or of the fact that they have

taken no action – will be available to consumers, who will be able to make choices about which companies to do business with as a result. We are looking at a number of options for ensuring that that information is publicly available in one place.

Greg Mulholland: May I make the right hon. Lady aware of the excellent work of the Palm Cove Society in Headingley, in my constituency? I was shocked to hear about the extent of modern slavery in this country. Does she think that people are sufficiently aware of that, and what more can she do to highlight it?

Mrs May: We are aware of the work that the Palm Cove Society does. The hon. Gentleman is right; I think that most people are shocked to know that slavery takes place in this country, and they would be even more shocked to see the degree and extent of it. It is up to everybody in this House, not just the Government, to make people aware of that and aware of the action that they can take to stop it.

Written answers 21 March Paul Blomfield: To ask Mr Chancellor of the Exchequer, how many (a) enforcement actions have been undertaken

by HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) involving victims of modern slavery and (b) victims of modern slavery HMRC recovered national minimum wage arrears for in each of the last five years; and how much in national minimum wage arrears HMRC has recovered for victims of modern slavery in that period.

David Gauke: HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) has developed a specific training package targeting Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking which is mandatory for all visiting officers. This training advises officers on the indicators to look for and the responses to take where exploitation is suspected. HMRC participates in multiagency investigations into cases of Modern Slavery where there are potential tax or National Minimum Wage (NMW) offences. Since February 2015, HMRC has opened 73 tax investigations in cases where Modern Slavery is suspected. HMRC does not collate specific data on any NMW arrears identified in cases involving Modern Slavery.

Sarah Champion: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what steps the Government has taken to strengthen its data collection strategy to help combat human trafficking.

Karen Bradley: We are strengthening data collection on human trafficking and other forms of modern slavery in several ways. In the Modern Slavery Act we introduced a duty on named public authorities to notify the Home Office every time they have reasonable grounds to believe they have encountered a victim of modern slavery.

These notifications can be anonymous so that data is collected even if the potential victim does not want to engage with the authorities. We are reviewing the National Referral Mechanism form, so that it better captures key data about potential victims and perpetrators. Polaris

and Unseen UK are working with other NGOs and law enforcement to launch an enhanced modern slavery helpline later this year which will capture more data and help to shine a light on the scale and nature of this appalling crime.

17 March Diana Johnson: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many women referred to the National Referral Mechanism for trafficking victims were subsequently removed from the UK in each year since 2012.

James Brokenshire: Year Referred

Total

Subsequently Removed

2012

626

45

2013

839

48

2014

1,095

44

2015

1,338

14

Data refreshed 09 March 2016 l

l

Data shows number of women referrals recorded on the Case Immigration Database since Jan 2012, broken down by year of referral at the reasonable grounds stage.

Removed subsequently shows the people removed after their referral, the removal might have occurred in subsequent years.

l Voluntary

returns consist of Assisted Voluntary Returns, Notified Voluntary Departures, and Confirmed Voluntary Departures.

l

The figures quoted have been derived from management information and are therefore provisional and subject to change.

l

This information has not been quality assured under National Statistics protocols.

The Work in Freedom programme is helping to prevent trafficking of girls and women from South Asia. We have also supported the work of the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner, who has visited source countries and identified further opportunities for prevention activity.

Our world-leading Transparency in Supply Chains provision in the Modern Slavery Act 2015 will encourage business to eradicate slavery from global supply chains.

10 March Fiona Mactaggart: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what criteria she plans to use for determining which non-governmental organisations will collaborate with Polaris on providing helpline services for trafficking victims; and if she will make a statement.

Karen Bradley: Polaris, a US-based Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO), is establishing an enhanced UK helpline in collaboration with Unseen, a UK-based NGO. Polaris chose to partner with Unseen based on criteria that it had identified and which reflect its experience of delivering a similar helpline in the US. Polaris and Unseen intend to work closely with other NGOs and law enforcement to ensure that the helpline is as effective as possible in supporting victims and bringing perpetrators to justice. The Government was not involved in the selection process.

8 March Baroness Doocey: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what discussions they have had with Save the Children about identifying whether any of the unaccompanied children found at the ‘Jungle’ camp in Calais were potential child victims of trafficking.

Lord Bates: The Home Secretary and French Interior Minister agreed in the UK-France Joint Declaration in August 2015 to set up a project to identify potential victims of trafficking (including children) in the Calais migrant camp and direct them to existing protection, support and advice within France. The project is being delivered by the French non-governmental organisation, France Terre D’Asile.

The UK has contributed €750,000 (£530,000) to fund the project which formally launched in December 2015.

16 March Kate Osamor: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what recent steps she has taken to tackle human trafficking into the UK at source.

Karen Bradley: We are committed to tackling all forms of modern slavery, including human trafficking.

The Government has secured commitment from other governments and institutions, including the UN, the Commonwealth and the EU, to tackle modern slavery. We have successfully lobbied for the establishment of the first ever UN Sustainable Development Goal to end modern slavery. We are also working bilaterally with priority countries to deepen law enforcement co-operation.

7 March Baroness Doocey: To ask Her Majesty’s Government how many cases of child labour and child domestic servitude have been recorded by the National Referral Mechanism in the last three years.

Lord Bates: Data on the number of child cases of forced labour or domestic servitude recorded through the National Referral Mechanism is already publicly available on the National Crime Agency website and can be found here: www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/ national-referral-mechanism-statistics.

The National Referral Mechanism is designed to gather evidence in order to determine whether someone is considered to be a victim of ‘slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour’ or ‘human trafficking’ in line with the offences set out in the Modern Slavery Act 2015. Whether an individual is considered to be a victim of either of these offences in the form of domestic servitude or forced labour will be determined on the indicators present and the facts of each case. Additional consideration is given to the particular vulnerabilities of children and their inability to consent. Information on how many cases of domestic servitude have been prosecuted where the victim was a child or how many cases of domestic servitude have been recorded which involved more than one person from the same family is not recorded centrally.

Keith Vaz: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what information her Department holds on individuals or groups involved in smuggling people from mainland Europe to the UK; and what estimate her Department has made of the number of people who are engaged in such activities.

James Brokenshire: Europol holds intelligence on more than 40,000 individuals suspected of being involved in migrant smuggling. It would not be appropriate to comment further on ongoing UK operational activity to investigate groups and individuals engaged in smuggling people to the UK from mainland Europe. We will relentlessly pursue those who are engaged in people smuggling. Between 1 April 2015 and 8 March 2016, Immigration Enforcement has achieved 132 disruptions against criminals involved in organised immigration crime.

Last summer, the Prime Minister announced the creation of the Organised Immigration Crime Taskforce bringing together officers from the National Crime Agency, Border Force, Immigration Enforcement and the Crown Prosecution Service to exploit every opportunity at source, in transit countries and in Europe to identify and tackle organised crime groups’ criminal operations.

The Taskforce funding was subsequently expanded in November 2015 to increase resources to 100 dedicated officers until 2020.

2 March Ivan Lewis: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what steps the Government is taking to reduce the level of human trafficking and exploitation in the UK. Karen Bradley: The Government is taking significant steps forward in tackling the abhorrent crime of modern slavery. We passed the Modern Slavery Act in 2015 which gives law enforcement agencies the tools they need to tackle human trafficking and modern slavery, places a duty on large businesses to report on the actions they are taking to prevent modern slavery in their global supply chains and ensures that perpetrators can receive suitably severe sentences of up to life imprisonment. We have also enhanced support and protection for those victims of this crime. We have extended the definition for those who are entitled to support under the government-funded victim

care contract and we are piloting a new model of the National Referral Mechanism to ensure we have the right processes in place for identifying and supporting victims.

1 March Lord Empey: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what assessment they have made of the part played by people traffickers in the arrival in northern France of large numbers of refugees and migrants seeking access to the UK. Lord Bates: We are deeply concerned by the migration crisis in Europe. We believe that organised criminal gangs are operating in and around the camps in Northern France and fuelling organised immigration crime. We are working closely with our French counterparts through the Joint Operational Command and Control Centre which includes intelligence sharing and developing the intelligence picture and we will continue to assess this crime type.

In addition, the UK has provided specific financial assistance to fund a project aimed at protecting the most vulnerable people in the camps, agreed in the UKFrance Declaration of August 2015. This project is set up to identify vulnerable people in the camps in Calais and is being delivered by a French non-Government organisation, France Terre D’Asile. It seeks to identify potential victims of trafficking and exploitation (including children), and direct them to existing protection, support and advice within France. The UK has contributed £530,000 (€750,000) towards the costs of this project.

29 February Tulip Siddiq: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how much funding the Government has allocated to the NSPCC’s Modern Slavery helpline in financial year (a) 2014-15 and (b) 2015-16; how many full-time equivalent staff have been employed by that helpline; how many calls the helpline has received; and how much funding the Government plans to allocate to the helpline in 2016-17.

Karen Bradley: The NSPCC-run modern slavery helpline was launched in July 2014, as part of a wider awarenessraising campaign, to better support potential victims of modern slavery. For the financial year 2014-15, £35,000 was made available to the NSPCC to run the modern slavery helpline and, in 2015-16, £15,000 was made available. The NSPCC-run Modern Slavery helpline does not employ dedicated staff. Instead, training was provided to existing NSPCC call handlers by existing staff in the NSPCC child trafficking advice centre, the Metropolitan Police’s Human Trafficking Unit and the Modern Slavery Unit. For the period 31 July 2014 to 11 February 2016 the helpline received 1,005 contacts. No funding has been allocated for the financial year 2016-17. Polaris, a US-based Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO), is establishing an enhanced UK helpline in collaboration with a UK-based NGO, which will supersede the current NSPCC helpline. The new helpline will provide increased analytical capability and is expected to be in operation later this year.

22 February

4 February

Diane Abbott: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what assessment she has made of the implications of the findings of the report by Europol, Migrant Smuggling in the EU, published in February 2016, for her policies on tackling smuggling through the criminal justice system.

Baroness Doocey: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what assessment they have made of how many suspected child victims of modern slavery were subsequently retrafficked after being referred to the National Referral Mechanism in each of the last three years.

James Brokenshire: The Government’s system-wide approach to tackling Organised Immigration Crime is based on information and intelligence from a wide variety of sources. The Government takes Organised Immigration Crime very seriously – we are working to smash the criminal gangs that are fuelling this terrible trade in people. In June 2015 the Prime Minister announced the creation of the Organised Immigration Crime Taskforce bringing together officers from the NCA, Border Force, Immigration Enforcement and the Crown Prosecution Service. The Taskforce was subsequently expanded in November 2015 to more than 100 officers, and has had its funding extended until 2020. The Government values the intelligence-led approach to tackling Organised Immigration Crime Europol helps to facilitate, including through Joint Operational Team Mare, and welcomes the launch by Europol on 22 February 2016 of the new European Migrant Smuggling Centre which will proactively support EU Member States in dismantling criminal networks involved in organised migrant smuggling. The UK has been at the forefront of calls in the EU for a robust approach to tackling Organised Immigration Crime.

9 February Baroness Doocey: To ask Her Majesty’s Government how many prosecutions have been double flagged by the Crown Prosecution Service over the past three years using the flag for monitoring human trafficking, and the flag for monitoring child abuse.

Lord Keen of Elie: The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) identifies both human trafficking and child abuse cases by way of a database monitoring flag applied to the electronic case record. The number of defendants prosecuted for flagged human trafficking offences where the child abuse flag was also applied are as follows: 2012-2013

2013-2014

2014-2015

19

59

24

The figures provided represent the number of defendants prosecuted. Cases of trafficking for child exploitation (particularly child sexual exploitation) can involve networks of multi-defendants who have sexually exploited young female victims. Therefore, in the relatively low numbers of cases cross flagged, a small number of additional cases in one year involving upwards of 9 to 12 defendants each will have a significant effect on the annual figures. This, in part, explains the reduction in the number of defendants prosecuted for both human trafficking and child abuse; down from 59 in 2013/14 to 24 in 2014/15.

Lord Bates: The National Crime Agency is responsible for the assessment of threats, including methods of trafficking by criminals. Information on this is not centrally recorded on the National Referral Mechanism (NRM). Data included in NRM referral forms concentrates on detail specifically required to prove the three constituent elements of human trafficking. This would not necessarily include the detail required to assess methodology used to re-traffick victims and as such does not form part of assessment reporting. The independent evaluation of the trial by the University of Bedfordshire collected data on the number of all potentially trafficked children referred to the trial, along with their characteristics including age, gender and geographical location, as well as the number of children that were recorded as missing. However the evaluation did not collect data on the number of children in the trial that were re-trafficked and it is not possible to determine how many of those children who went missing were subsequently re-trafficked.

1 February Kate Osamor: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what information her Department holds on the correlation between smuggling rings which bring people into the EU and human trafficking gangs which exploit migrants for sex and slavery.

Karen Bradley: Organised crime groups are known to be involved in smuggling and trafficking operations, and in some cases both. We are working closely with operational partners including the National Crime Agency, Border Force and Immigration Enforcement, as well as partners across Europe and Africa, to develop the intelligence picture on both of these crime types. We will continue to monitor the development of links between these two crime types. We are working with partners across Europe and Africa, including through the Organised Immigration Crime Taskforce to identify and disrupt organised crime groups facilitating irregular migration in source and transit countries.

27 January Baroness Doocey: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what data they collect, and from whom, about the number of children trafficked, and attempted to be trafficked, on Eurostar services.

Lord Bates: The UK Government takes child trafficking extremely seriously. All Border Force officers at the Eurostar ports in the UK France and Belgium have received training in keeping children safe and all operational

processes involving children comply with requirements as set out in the Children and Young Persons Act. Border Force and Eurostar have daily contact on operational matters. When passengers are identified by Border Force officers as potential victims of trafficking, immediate action is taken to safeguard the individual by following Home Office guidance on the treatment of the victims of trafficking. Border Force collects data on these cases in order to notify the Human Trafficking Centre. Contact is also made with Camden Social Services Safeguarding Team as soon as possible in order to establish safe care of the child. Eurostar has its own policy on unaccompanied children travelling on its services which can be found on the internet at: http://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/travelinfo/travel-planning/accessibility#unaccompanied_ children. Border Force has not provided training to French border officials on UK child trafficking patterns.

All cases of suspected trafficking detected by the French border officials at St Pancras are handed to the BTP to action. In France and Belgium any concerns Border Force officers have about vulnerable children attempting to travel to the UK would be referred to the French and Belgian frontier control authorities. The Home Office has not had any discussions with Patina Rail about a proposed new routing between St Pancras and Ashford.

14 January Fiona Mactaggart: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what steps she is taking to support unaccompanied trafficked and asylum seeking children; and if she will make a statement.

James Brokenshire: The Home Office takes its responsibility for the welfare of children very seriously and recognises the additional vulnerability of unaccompanied children. The best interests of the child are a primary consideration in every decision taken in respect of children and we work closely with local authorities, children’s services and other agencies to ensure unaccompanied trafficked and asylum seeking children receive appropriate support and care.

Immigration staffs are trained to identify potential victims of trafficking and to refer them to the National Referral Mechanism – a multi-agency victim identification and support process for responsible agencies to co-operate, share information and facilitate access to support. The Home Office also has dedicated asylum decision makers for children’s cases who receive additional training on specific child-related issues.

3. Campaigns 3.1 ‘International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade’ (held on 25 March) An international day which offers the opportunity to honour and remember those who suffered and died at the hands of the brutal slavery system. http://www.un.org/en/events/ slaveryremembranceday/

3.2 ‘Hold online offenders financially accountable for child sexual abuse’ (launched on 19 January) ECPAT UK launches an online campaign with petition website Care2 calling on Michael Gove MP, UK Secretary of State for Justice, to grant access to recovery funds for child victims of online sexual abuse. http://www.ecpat.org.uk/content/new-campaign-holdonline-offenders-financially-accountable-child-sexualabuse

4. In the News 4.1 ‘We are hopeful now’: brothers freed from slavery seek British policy change The Guardian, 30 March http://www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2016/mar/30/we-are-hopeful-nowbrothers-freed-from-slavery-seek-british-policy-change 4.2 Three jailed for Preston rape and prostitution offences BBC News, 18 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandlancashire-35846197 4.3 Sex worker Laura Lee’s court challenge put on hold BBC News, 14 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northernireland-35806423 4.4 Seven arrests in human trafficking operation in Bristol BBC News, 11 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandwiltshire-35789706 4.5 ‘No hiding place for criminal kingpins’, NCA chief warns BBC News, 10 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35777296 4.6 Three charged with slavery offences in Bolton BBC News, 10 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandmanchester-35761822 4.7 Cross-border crime task force: first operation expected to take place in March BBC News, 9 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northernireland-35749528 4.8 Plymouth man arrested on ‘slavery’ offences BBC News, 9 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englanddevon-35761533 4.9 Government rejects call to end UK tied visas for domestic workers The Guardian, 7 March http://www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2016/mar/07/government-rejects-callscrap-uk-tied-visas-domestic-workers

4.10 ‘Juju’ sex trafficker Lizzy Idahosa ordered to repay £21k BBC News, 7 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-eastwales-35747691 4.11 People-trafficking hits record high in England and Wales BBC News, 26 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35667042 4.12 Trafficking prosecutions rise following new laws BBC News, 26 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35665503 4.13 Trafficking victim ‘forced to eat rubbish from bins’ BBC News, 23 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandbirmingham-35641609 4.14 People-trafficking victims with children are ‘overlooked’ BBC News, 23 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35636955 4.15 Two arrested in Rotherham over slavery offences BBC News, 18 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-southyorkshire-35607843 4.16 Pair charged with slavery offences in Rochdale BBC News, 14 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-35574470

4.17 Bed firm boss convicted over ‘slave workforce’ BBC News, 20 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandleeds-35363259 4.18 Woman arrested in Sweden over prostitution and human trafficking in Northern Ireland BBC News, 20 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northernireland-35365411 4.19 Men held on suspicion of human trafficking BBC News, 15 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-35326200 4.20 UK visa policy ‘increasing abuse’ of foreign maids, says damning review The Guardian, 11 January http://www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2016/jan/11/uk-increasing-abuse-foreignmaids-tied-visas 4.21 UK immigration bill will play into hands of traffickers, anti-slavery experts warn The Guardian, 21 December http://www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2015/dec/21/uk-immigration-billtrafficking-anti-slavery-experts-modern-slavery-act-2015 4.22 Number of British trafficking victims more than doubles The Guardian, 16 December http://www.theguardian.com/law/2015/dec/16/ british-victims-human-trafficking-increase-2014-ncareport

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