Spectrum, Fall 2018, Volume 9 (2)

SPECTRUM Journal of Student Research at Saint Francis University

Abstracts of the Eighth Annual Saint Francis University Research Day

Volume 9 (2) Fall 2018

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SPECTRUM Journal of Student Research at Saint Francis University Fall 2018 Volume 9(2) EIGHTH ANNUAL SAINT FRANCIS UNIVERSITY RESEARCH DAY ABSTRACTS November 15, 2018 John F. Kennedy Student Center

Schedule 12:30 pm – 2:00 pm

Poster session A (Odd Abstract Numbers)

1:30 pm – 3:00 pm

Poster session B (Even Abstract Numbers)

3:00 pm – 4:00 pm

Lecture session

Cover photo by Magdolna Hargittai

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POSTER PRESENTATIONS P1

Marinak, Justin; Gella, Meghana; Evans, Shani; Kramer, Kelly A.; Reed, Miranda N.; Flaisher-Grinberg, Shlomit Stress-Induced Alterations in Corticotropin Hormone Gene Expression: Gender Differences Stress exposure has been demonstrated to affect a variety of physiological and psychological systems, increase susceptibility to illness and inflammation, and contribute to the development of pathological conditions such as PTSD, depression and anxiety. Our previous results demonstrated that that the exposure to repeated stress exert differential effects on the behavioral phenotype of male and female C57Bl/6J mice. While various systems may modulate such an effect, the Hypothalamic-PituitaryAdrenal (HPA) Axis has a crucial role in neurobehavioral effects of stress. The current project evaluated the effects of exposure to repeated stress on the expression of two key receptors within the HPA system, the Corticotropin Releasing Hormone-Receptor 1 (CRH-R1) and Receptor 2 (CRH-R2), in male and female mice. Thirty-six mice (18 males and 18 females), were randomly divided into stress and control groups, the ‘stress’ group was exposed to repeated forced swim stress, and brain tissues (medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus) were harvested and processed for Real-Time PCR analysis of CRH-R1 and CRH-R2. Melt curves were generated to assess primer specificity and primer dimer formation, and relative gene expression was calculated using the ΔΔCq method. Results demonstrated that the exposure to repeated stress exerts differential effects on various brain areas within both genders. While the exposure to repeated stress downregulated the expression of both receptors in the hypothalamus of both genders, receptor downregulation was more pronounced in the amygdala of female, compared to male mice, and receptor upregulation was evident only in the hippocampus of female, compared to male mice.

Further studies will assess the epigenetic factors which may underlie the differential effects of repeated stress on gene expression in male and female mice, and may expand the examination to address additional stress-related brain areas and/or additional genes of interest.

P2

Gella, Meghana; Marinak, Justin; Evans, Shani; Kramer, Kelly A.; Reed, Miranda N.; Flaisher-Grinberg, Shlomit The Effects of Repeated Stress on Behavior in C57BL/6J Mice The harmful effects of stress have been demonstrated to aggravate psychopathological conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression. A gender-based comparison of the epidemiology of stress shows that women are twice as likely as men to receive the diagnosis of stress disorders. While it has been suggested that women have a different response to stress compared to men, which makes them more susceptible to the effects of stress, it is possible that different stressors exert differential effects on the behavioral phenotype of males and females. The current project was designed to evaluate the effects of repeated stress exposure on male and female mice, tested using a battery of animal models of human behaviors. Thirty-six C57Bl/6J mice (18 males and 18 females), were randomly divided into stress and control groups. The ‘stress’ group was exposed to repeated forced swim stress sessions, and tested using tests for activity, anxiety, memory, social behavior and behavioral despair. Results demonstrated that exposure to repeated stress exerts differential effects on the behavior of male and female mice. While stress exposure led to an increase in anxiety and depression-like behaviors in both genders, the effects were more pronounced in males compared to females. On the other hand, stress exposure increased the social-preference of female, but not male mice. Further studies will assess the biological/molecular mechanism which may underlie the differential effects of repeated stress on the behavior of male and female mice, and may expand the repertoire of stressors evaluated in the current study.

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Havrilla, Jessica R.; Kindel, Curtis C. The Effects of Kinesio Tex Taping on Knee Stability With the increased prevalence of ACL injuries among female athletes, it is essential that health care professionals find a way to not only decrease this devastating injury, but also potentially prevent it, if possible. In the past, athletic taping using non-elastic tape has been used as a method in order to stabilize a joint or injured area. Within the last nine years, an elastic therapeutic tape, Kinesio Tex (KT) tape, was invented and is growing in popularity in today’s society. The study conducted aims to determine whether or not KT tape is as effective as the common athletic taping in stabilizing the knee, and if it can provide another option for female athletes to prevent and treat ACL injuries. Half of the subjects were given the correct taping method of the knee based on the appropriate degree of stretch to increase knee stability as suggested in the KT tape instructions. The other half of the subjects received sham taping using the same type of KT tape as the other group of subjects. Neither group was aware of which method they received. Vicon motion capture equipment was used to determine the valgus and varus movement of the knee. Overall, it was concluded that the average valgus movements of the knee were no less in the individuals who received correct full knee support KT taping than those of the sham taping group. Therefore, KT tape is not is not designed sufficiently enough to still provide enough support to prevent injuries.

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Kuehn, Julia F.; Flaisher-Grinberg, Shlomit Effect of Predictable Stress on Mice Behavior Stress exposure has been demonstrated to affect a variety of physiological and psychological systems, increase susceptibility to illness and inflammation, and contribute to the development of pathological conditions such as depression, anxiety and dementia. However, it is currently unclear if exposure to prenatal or postnatal stress yield differential effects. To test this question, the current project exposed C57BL6/J mice to predictable prenatal and postnatal stress paradigms and evaluated its behavior in adulthood. Pregnant dams were exposed to cold water immersion and removal of bedding for 21 hours every other day, 7 days prior to birth, to simulate prenatal stress. Nursing females were separated from pups for 1 hour/day, 10 days after birth, to simulate postnatal stress. Control females were left undisturbed throughout pregnancy and after birth. Five weeks after the procedure was completed, 7 weeks old female offspring were tested using the open field, elevated plus maze and forced swim test. Results demonstrated a differential effect on behavior in experimental mice compared to control mice. Further research on the effect of prenatal and postnatal stress on behavior will need to be conducted to support and interpret these findings.

P5

Herc, Hayden J.; Woods, Lori Eugenics Movement and Special Education Throughout the United States in the 20th century, a countless number of Americans were labeled as “undesirable” and subjected to forced sterilizations. This shameful part of American history is known as the eugenics movement. It affected immigrants, people of color, the poor, and anyone considered disabled or “feeble-minded”. These sterilizations were often times federally funded. In fact, in 1927 with the Supreme Court Decision of Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200, forced sterilizations were found to have a constitutional standing. My research project studies the relationship between the eugenics movement and the development of special education. My research focuses on a case study: The Pennhurst State School, and its evolution over the years. The institute opened its doors in 1908 as the “Eastern Pennsylvania Institution for the Feeble Minded and Epileptic”. The institute over the next 80 years would see more than 10,500 individuals at the 1400-acre facility in Pennsylvania.1 Patients at

5 this institute were exposed to forced segregation and sterilization and labeled as “defectives”. 1 With little to no care, many of the patients were neglected. This negligence lead to groups like the Association of Retarded Citizens (ARC) and Federal Program of Action for America’s Retarded Children and Adults (NARC’s) to step in and make civil rights lawsuits.1 Groups like ARC and NARC’s pushed for local and federal programs that would help people with disability become educated and gain rights. In 1988 the Pennhurst institute was shut down after the Halderman v.

Pennhurst State School and Hospital court case which shed light onto the mistreatment of people with disabilities.1 The closure of facilities like Pennhurst led to people with disabilities to receive a quality education and care that looks similar to services that are provided today.

Downey, D. “Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia.” philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/pennhurst-state-school-and-hospital/.

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Turnbaugh, Cody; Woods, Lori Hidden Wounds: A Comparative Study of Mental Trauma in American Military History From the first battle at Lexington, on April 19th, 1775, to the most recent fights in the Middle East in 2018, American soldiers have dealt with the mental trauma of combat. It is one of the few common denominators of wars fought over the centuries. By comparing several of the large-scale American military conflicts, we can better understand the knowledge and development of mental trauma suffered in combat. The six wars chosen for the purpose of this project are as follows: The American Revolution, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, Vietnam, and the current Middle East conflicts. This project intends to answer the question of how the understanding of combat trauma that American soldiers and veterans have suffered in each of the above conflicts has developed throughout American military history? Each war had its own version, ranging from “soldier’s heart” in the Civil War to “shell shock” in World War I. Today’s wars, such as the fight in the Middle East, understand mental trauma to be Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The disorder, as we understand it today, was not recognized until 1980. By trying to apply the disorder to previous American wars where it was not yet recognized is presentist, which is applying a modern concept to into a historical event. This project also examines whether the mental trauma we see in earlier wars is actually PTSD, or if those early diagnoses, such as “soldier’s heart” and “shell shock”, have built up to today’s understanding of PTSD. By examining each of these wars through first-hand accounts from the soldiers themselves, battlefield surgeons, or medical professionals of the time, we can begin to answer both of these questions, and attempt to solve a century-long mystery that has haunted millions.

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Caldwell, Courtney A.; Chverchko, Jessica; Decker, Samantha C.; Gabler, Josie G.; Helmer, Abigail D.; Lehman, Taylin M.; Link, Erin M.; Mills, Joshua P.; Schulte, Jacob A.; Theiss, Joseph R.; Winge, Andrew S.; Wright, Madison M.; Gleason, Jane L.; Hargittai, Michele R.S. Dunkin Donuts and Starbucks Caffeine Extraction The amount of caffeine in 6 ounce cups of Dunkin Donuts Original Blend and Starbucks House Blend coffee was determined using solubility and miniscale extraction methods. The coffee tannins were removed in the extraction due to their solubility in the aqueous layer using sodium carbonate.

Dichloromethane (DCM) was used to separate the caffeine from the coffee as the caffeine moved to the DCM layer due to its greater solubility in this solvent than in water. Sublimation technique was utilized to purify the caffeine. The results of the lab showed that Dunkin Donuts coffee has 21.85% yield of pure caffeine, whereas the study with Starbucks coffee resulted in a 18.62% yield of purified caffeine. The resulting analysis of the caffeine extraction experiment proved Dunkin Donuts as a more superior coffee when compared to Starbucks based on the higher percent yield of pure caffeine

6 extracted. The importance of this analysis reflects the differences between two major coffee houses in the United States.

P8

Boyd, Hannah E.; Link, Abigail R.; Link, Erin M.; Hargittai, Balazs Comparing the Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Tripeptides to Traditional Peptide Synthesis Methods Typically, each coupling reaction involved in a traditional peptide synthesis takes several hours to complete. However, the use of a microwave has been shown to shorten the reaction times to under an hour. Therefore, it is possible to synthesize tripeptides in a single day which would originally take several days to complete. By rotating the molecules, microwaves increase the frequency with which reactions occur. This not only saves time and increases yield, but also saves money and reagents, thus promoting the principles of green chemistry. The goal of this study was to develop and improve a “green” procedure for the synthesis of tripeptides which were needed for other investigations within the chemistry department. Though the use of a CEM microwave, the reaction time for each coupling step was decreased, with the hope that the percent yield and the effectiveness of the peptide would also improve. Several peptides were made both using the traditional procedure proposed by R.B. Merrifield and an altered synthesis method making use of a CEM microwave to expedite the coupling reactions. The final masses of these peptides were recorded and compared to their theoretical yields in order to evaluate the overall efficiency of the altered synthesis method when compared to traditional methods. From the data collected, it was determined that there was no statistical difference in the efficiency of the traditional synthesis pathway and the microwave-assisted synthesis. However, a very large sample size was used, suggesting that more peptides need to be analyzed before a definitive conclusion can be made.

P9

Boyd, Hannah E.; DeSalve, Dayna S.; Hargittai, B. The Comparison of -Crystallin and Caffeine in the Prevention of Cataracts For many individuals, cataracts can cause severe vision loss, which leads to unforeseen expenses and decreased quality of life. Cataracts form through the aggregation of misfolded peptides, which are the result of oxidation reactions. Naturally, α-crystallin proteins act as a chaperone to prevent the reactions. However, the amount of α-crystallin proteins present in the body is limited. Likewise, antioxidants such as caffeine halt oxidation reactions, and could potentially prevent cataract formation. Therefore, the goal of this study was to build upon previous studies focused on determining alternate pharmacological methods of preventing the development of cataracts. In order to determine possible compounds which could prevent the development of cataracts in lenses, the preventative effectiveness of α-crystallin and caffeine was compared. This was achieved by obtaining lenses from cow eyes, which were treated with solutions of either caffeine or α-crystallin, as well as a fixed amount of sodium selenite, which was added with the goal of expediting cataract formation via biochemical redox reactions. After 20 days of the dual exposure of selenite and caffeine, the development of cataracts was analyzed qualitatively through observations, and quantitatively through measuring the concentration of calcium in digested lenses via a Thermo S Series Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Calcium concentrations were determined by analyzing each supernatant via spectroscopy, since previous research suggested that higher concentrations of calcium indicate cataract formation. Qualitative evidence showing the development of cataracts suggested that cataract formation was slowed by the use of a caffeine solution treatment. However, statistical analysis of the measured calcium concentrations in the lenses showed that no conclusive evidence about the formation of cataracts was obtained. Further trials are being completed in order to verify the results of the study.

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Boehme, Jacob P.; Collins, Kevin P.; Currie, Lily N.; Elenchin, Mary Kate; Ezekwerre, Adaeze A.; Garbeglio, Rachel E.; Geiser, Victoria R.; Kovaloski, Madison N.; Krepps, Meghan P.; Mincin, Noah A.; Reed, Taylor L.; Replogle, Laura E.; Tozer, Devon E., Gleason, Jane L.; Hargittai, Michele R.S. Comparing Caffeine Extraction from Coffee and Red Bull Caffeine is a stimulant found in many popularly consumed beverages. It is found naturally in some drinks, such as coffee. It is also artificially added to other beverages, such as Red Bull. Caffeine extracted from NescafĂŠ instant coffee and Red Bull was compared to their given amounts to determine the efficiency of the indirect method. Sublimation was used to purify the extracted caffeine and purity was determined based on color in comparison to a standard sample of pure caffeine. The caffeine extracted from Red Bull was determined to be more pure than the caffeine extracted from coffee, based on color. The percent yield of pure caffeine from the Red Bull was 5.0% and the yield from the coffee was 2.6%. Overall, caffeine was more easily extracted from Red Bull than coffee.

P11

Patterson, Kelsey D.; Torres, Michelle; Salyards, Amy; Almirall, Jose Open Air Vapor Source Sampling of Ignitable Liquid Residues Using Octyl and Phenyl Modified Capillary Microextraction of Volatiles Capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV) is a sorbent device used to extract volatiles from ambient air. The CMV device is comprised of glass filter strips covered in a sol-gel polymer inside of a glass capillary tube. The precursor in the synthesis of the sol-gel has been altered to change the adsorption chemistry of the device to potentially increase the extraction efficiency of ignitable liquid residues (ILRs). The original precursor, trimethoxymethylsilane, was substituted out for trimethoxyoctylsilane and trimethoxyphenylsilane to produce CMV A and CMV C. The extraction efficiency of the two different CMVs were compared by using open air vapor source sampling to extract a group of six compounds representative of ILRs. Low and high mass loadings were examined at several sampled total air volumes. Both CMV devices were observed microscopically using a Keyence digital microscope, up to 1000x magnification. Optimized parameters for the sampling set up such as the injector temperature and the flow rate of nitrogen are presented here.

After sampling, the compounds were desorbed from the CMV using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both CMV A and CMV C successfully extracted all six compounds from the mix at 50 and 200 ppm. The percent recoveries were slightly higher for CMV A compared to CMV C. However, CMV C did extract a higher amount of dodecane, one of the six compounds, at the two different concentrations and three different sampling volumes. A trend of higher recoveries was noticed as the sampling volumes increased as well.

P12

Link, Erin M.; Claar, Ashley E.; Fetsko, Bethany A.; Moriconi, Brock A.; Rupp, Ashton B.; Hargittai, B. Peptides for Designer Self-Assembled Monolayer Electrodes Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) modified electrode surfaces are chemically diverse and the surface chemistry can be modified to enhance coupling and control adsorption of biological molecules.

Designer SAM electrodes are routinely created with biological recognition elements, such as peptides, antigens, and DNA. In order to assist SAM modified electrode studies in the laboratory of Dr. Rose Clark, peptide SAMs with three amino acids have been created to better emulate the cell environment for Cytochrome c and the interaction zone of natural protein partners. The peptides were synthesized using known solid-phase peptide synthesis methods and characterized by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry.

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Reid, Teresa M.; He, Qin Property Study and Reservoir Modeling of Marcellus Shale, PA Shale Revolution brings a huge change in terms of energy supply and consumption in the United States. Marcellus Shale plays an important role in this energy game, which is deposited throughout the Appalachian Basin running through portions of New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, and Maryland with huge amounts of natural gas reserve. With proper use of technology, the Marcellus Shale formation can be exploited to provide “abundant clean natural gas, lower energy costs, and create jobs for citizens in the Appalachia” (Bartuska, et al. 2012). Reservoir properties includes porosity, permeability, thickness, etc. are essential for Petroleum Engineers to “estimate the gas resources, predict the reserves, and optimize the hydraulic fracturing treatments” (Elsaig, et al.

2017). One commonly adopted method to predict reservoir performance is reservoir modeling and simulation in the oil and gas industry. It typically involves the construction of a computational model of a petroleum reservoir, which requires all reservoir properties, geological information, and well information in order to have a valid model. This reservoir model can be directed to estimating reserves and making decisions regarding the development of the field, predicting future production, placing additional wells, and evaluating alternative reservoir management scenarios. In this research project, shale reservoir properties are studied along with the reservoir modeling process that has been practiced for future production analysis.

P14

Currier, Timothy C.; Donoughe, Kelsey M.; Fife, Ryan C.; Krise, Ivory A.; Lagan, Kari A.; Maas, Brittany M.; McElheny, Mandy L.; Rotello, Alyson I.; Ruis, Morgan A.; Swartz, James M.; Sybert, Gabrielle E.; Wesser, Cieran P.; Hargittai, Michele R.S.; Gleason, Jane L. Comparison of caffeine extraction from Lipton's Natural Energy premium black tea with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate Caffeine is a compound that is found in many beverages and medications. While caffeinated beverages are popularly consumed on a frequent basis, some people prefer to enjoy them without the effects of a stimulant. The extraction of caffeine from tea was explored in this lab using microscale extraction and sublimation. In order to isolate the caffeine from tea, organic solvents of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and dichloromethane (DCM) were added to otherwise identical solutions of tea and Na2CO3.

Caffeine was dissolved in the organic layer which was separated through extraction and dried by evaporation. The resulting crude caffeine was placed in a sublimator to separate it from residual impurities. The final percent yields for the DCM and EtOAc pure caffeine samples were 7.00% and 9.93%, respectively. This data demonstrates that EtOAc is more effective at removing caffeine from tea.

P15

Elenchin, Mary Kate; Surma, Renee N.; Merry, Justin W. Should students change their answers on multiple choice exams?

This study addressed the question of whether students are well-served by changing their initial answers on multiple choice exam questions. It consisted of two components. First, a survey was conducted of students and faculty during Spring 2018 to assess opinions on this question of testtaking strategy. Second, an analysis was done of past paper exams to determine the outcome of answer changes. Based on visible eraser marks on the exams, each answer change was classified as a change from a right answer to a wrong answer, a change from wrong to right, or a change from wrong to wrong. There was disagreement between students and faculty about whether one should change her/his answer. 52% of students felt answer changes helped their test scores, versus 27% feeling it would hurt scores. In contrast, only 8% of faculty felt answer changes helped scores, while

9 37% felt they would hurt scores. When directly measured, answer changes were three times more likely to help a score than they were to hurt a score. This applied across all courses measured, and matches prior published work on this subject. Although some individuals consistently changed their answers more often than others, there was no indication that some individuals were consistently more likely to change answers in helpful or unhelpful directions than others. There was also a significant and steady decrease in how often students changed answers with age: freshman changed answers more often than upperclassmen.

P16

Bruni, Benjamin T.; Woods, Lori Uncovering the CIA Role of Covert Warfare in Afghanistan There has been a long history of instability in the Middle East, from the complete collapse of governments to the rise of terrorist groups which subsequently carried out direct attacks upon the United States. How did Middle Eastern states, specifically Afghanistan and Pakistan, get to the point where they lost all control to radicals and terrorists? My research focuses on the history of U.S. involvement in Afghanistan, specifically, the role played by the United States intelligence services.

Stephen Kinzer, the author of Overthrow, and Steve Coll, the Pulitzer Prize winning author of Ghost Wars and Directorate S, have both written in great depth about the CIA’s involvement in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Specifically, they document how the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in the 1980s (towards the end of the Cold War), causing the CIA to take action and attempt to assert control by funding radical groups, who became known as the Taliban and Al Qaeda. My research draws upon the studies of Kinzer and Coll, as well as CIA reports from the National Security Archives, to investigate the role of the CIA in the states. I argue that the CIA’s involvement directly paralleled to the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan during the Cold War. In order to stop communism, the CIA funded radical groups who were willing to fight the Soviets or Soviet-backed radicals. However, collateral damage was caused to adjacent states, money had to be channeled through Pakistan.Using CIA reports and third-party observations, my research studies this role and these interactions to better understand how he CIA “Funded their own assassins,” which eventually led to the horrific events on 9/11.

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Snider, Megan V.; Augustine, Katherine A.; Fry, Cathleen M.; Blake, Sabrina J.; Bailey, Jenna M.; Hargittai, Balazs Synthesis and Clinical Use of LS-2616, a Drug Used to Treat Ocular Cancer Ocular melanoma (OM) is the most common eye cancer in adults. Between 2,500 and 3,000 adults are diagnosed with this type of cancer every year in the United States. Within the past year, there have been over 2,600 cases - with an equal distribution between men and women. The purpose of the research project is to propose a green, organic synthesis of LS-2616, an antibiotic substance with immunomodulating properties that has the possibility to treat ocular cancer. A novel multi-step synthesis using reactions discussed in sophomore level organic chemistry classes is proposed and reaction conditions are tested for each step of the proposed synthesis.

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Cavallaro, Marielle C.; Woods, Lori The Relationship of Sports and Female Success The point of my project is to make a short (two hour) program that will be useful in teaching teenage girls about the importance of sports involvement. The importance of athletics is the increased confidence, empowerment, health, and mental benefits that research shows. These will also help girls

10 then do better not only in their sport, but also in their schoolwork, jobs, and personal life. I am doing this through an internship with the GetSTEAM program. GetSTEAM is a partnership between Saint Francis’s new STEAM program and the NAACP and AAUW of Indiana, Pennsylvania. The goal is to bring STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) interest to girls aged 8-15 years old. The “A� in STEAM stands for Arts because they are a vital part of grabbing interest. My project will be important because sports help girls in so many ways and aspects of their lives. My job with this project is to find a framework to make this have an impact on those who are being taught.

Anyone can teach these topics of confidence, empowerment, and physical and mental health over an hour or two, but the point is to have this program inspire the girls to make personal life changes that will help them reap the benefits of being involved in sports. In addition, a major part of this project is identifying the issue of my own race while helping those of another. These social and cultural barriers will be addressed in my program. The project is not an attempt for a white woman to help or save unfortunate young African American girls, but rather a communal approach to elevating young African American girls by giving them the skills necessary to succeed in a world where education, confidence, and empowerment can get a person very far in life.

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Cavallaro, Marielle C.; Bujdos, Mary Jean Female Athletes in Italy and the United States: A Comparative Project This project focused on the similarities and differences between high-caliber female athletes in the United States (Division I athletes) and high-caliber female athletes in Italy. I did this project while in Parma, Italy this summer with Saint Francis. I was able to meet and interact first-hand with female athletes in Italy. I compared them to female athletes here in America from both research and my own personal experiences with my own team at a Division I program. This was not only cross-cultural, but it also focused on many different sports and goals as well. Here in the U.S. we clump academics and athletics together whereas in Italy this is different. The culture of equality is also very different so in many ways the United States has far more opportunity for female athletes. Overall, this project was done through research and interviews focusing on the context of the female athlete in each country how they are perceived by others, how they perceive themselves, their outlooks on nutrition, travel, occupations, and academics.

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Krise, Ivory A.; Potopa, Andrew J.; Varner, Erika L. Paper Microfluidics Paper based microfluidic devices are analytical devices made with filter paper and wax to create inexpensive, disposable, chemical tests that are transportable and easy to use. These devices can be used in a number of different areas including medicinal, biological, environmental, and chemical applications. To develop these devices in our lab, this research project created devices capable of measuring glucose with both colorimetric and electrochemical detection. The colorimetric devices allow one to determine the concentration of glucose using the intensity of the color produced following a chemical reaction. These devices are created using enzymes (glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase) and potassium iodide as the color indicator. The color intensity is then analyzed using ImageJ software. Standards were used to create a calibration curve and determine the concentration of an unknown amount of glucose. Chitosan was added to the colorimetric devices in order to reduced running of the color. This kept the color more uniform allowing for better results.

This work showed the devices are reproducible, insensitive to common interferences, have a limit of detection comparable to literature values, and can be stored for a week before use without compromising the function of the device. The electrochemical devices are created using 0.5mm graphite as the working electrode, 0.9mm graphite as the counter electrode, silver paint as the

11 reference electrode. When the devices are tested an enzyme solution consisting of ferricyanide and glucose oxidase, a spike of 10x phosphate-buffered saline, and the glucose sample are added to the filter paper. A Pine WaveNow potentiostat is then used to measure the amount of ferricyanide that is reduced and converted into ferrocyanide. This work used cyclic voltammetry to characterize the device function, then used chronoamperometry to create a calibration curve for glucose detection.

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Jegerski, Maura L.; Wonders, Karen; LoRusso, Stephen M. Taxane Based Chemotherapies Impact on Balance and VO2 in Female Cancer Survivors The purpose of this study was to determine if taxane based chemotherapies have an impact on VO2 and or balance versus non-taxane based chemotherapies in female cancer survivors. Twenty-six females (Avg. 58.11 years 29-72), enrolled in a cancer rehabilitation program underwent a treadmill assessment of VO2 and four measures of balance (TUG, 4stage, sittostand, 6MWT). No differences were found in measures of balance or VO2 between those who received taxane based chemotherapies vs. non-taxane based chemotherapies (p>0.05). Significant increases in HR (t=10.71, p=0.000) and Dyspnea (t=5.96,p=0.000) occurred with significant correlations between pre-exercise ( r=0.605,p=0.001) and post-exercise (r=.729,p=0.001) Dyspnea and RPE. Trends in associations between TUG and 6MWT (p=0.073), 4stage and VO2 (p=0.057), 6MWT and 4stage (p=0.08) were also observed. Significant positive correlation between 6MWT and VO2 (r=0.487, p=0.012) and a negative correlation between %change in Dyspnea and VO2 (r= -0.474,p=0.014) were found. A negative correlation between pre-exercise HR and 6MWT speed (r=-441, p=0.027) and strong positive correlation between 6MWT distance and 6MWT Speed (r=.968,p=0.000). 6MWT distance moderately predicted VO2 (r=0.487, F=7.461 p=0.012). The data does not support the hypothesis that taxane based chemotherapies affect VO2 values, or measures of balance. However, trends suggest a larger population might detect an association among the balance measures and VO2 and therefore perhaps detect a difference. Expected changes and associations between RPE and Dyspnea were found, with lower scores likely associated with higher fitness as evidenced by negative correlation between %change in Dyspnea, 6MWT speed and pre-exercise HR and 6MWT speed and distance.

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Piascik, Henry; Wonders, Karen, LoRusso, Stephen M. Do Taxane Based Chemotherapies Impair Improvements in VO2 in Female Cancer Survivors?

The purpose of this study was to determine if Taxane based chemotherapies have an impact on measures of VO2 versus non-taxane based chemotherapies. Retrospectively, 101 females (57.88 + 11.59), with female cancers (Breast (79), Ovarian (10), Endometrial (4), Uterine (2), and Cervical (1)) enrolled in a cancer rehabilitation program underwent a variety of fitness assessments, but only measures of VO2 are reported here. Each subject was provided an individualized mixed home (2 days) and facility based (1 day) 12 week exercise intervention. A strong positive correlation between VO21-VO22 (r=0.802, p=0.000), a low to moderate negative correlation between VO21+age (r= 0.365 p=0.000), a low negative correlation between VO22+age (r= - 0.215 p=0.036) were found. A significant change from VO21 to VO22 (t=-5.372 p=0.000) was determined. While there were no differences between Taxane and Non-Taxane measures of VO2, there was a trend in percent change in VO2 (F=3.306 p=0.073). There were also no differences in any measure of VO2 between taxane and non-taxane treatments by cancer type. Regression analysis indicated only age (t=2.775 p=0.007) predicted percent change in VO2 values and VO2 1 values (t=-3.606, p=0.001), while age and cancer type predicted VO22 values (t=-2.117, p=0.037; t=-2.217, p=0.029 respectively). The data does not support the hypothesis that taxane based chemotherapies result in lower VO2 values, as both age and cancer type had greater overall effects on VO2. Additionally, significant improvements in VO2 after the 12-week exercise intervention, regardless of treatment type, age, or cancer type supports the

12 effectiveness of exercise-based cancer rehabilitation program to improve VO2 in a female cancer population.

P23

Tafesse, Rakeb Y.; Trimble, John J. Isolation of lytic bacteriophage from sewage that infects an oral bacteria causing intestinal inflammation in humans This research sought to isolate and characterize bacteriophages from sewage that could selectively kill oral bacteria that have been identified as inducing gut inflammation such as in Irritable Bowel Disease (IBD). Certain oral bacteria may ectopically colonize the intestine causing immune system reactions leading to chronic inflammation. Antibiotics haven’t been an effective treatment and cause disruption to the normal flora, therefore, bacteriophages may be a possible treatment option due to their ability to specifically killing their host bacteria. The bacteria strains K. pneumoniae; subsp. pneumoniae 700603 (a strong inducer) and K. variicola; strain 342 BAA-2552 (a weak inducer) were isolated from IDB patients and identified in published reports as pathogens contributing to IBD in a mouse model. We characterized these bacteria using selective and differential media, motility test (SIM tube), antibiotic sensitivity tests, oxidase test, and biochemical tests (Enterotube). Sewage from the Saint Francis University sewage treatment plant went through an enrichment step, before isolating bacteriophages able to infect the bacteria under study. From the enrichment step, a serial 10-fold dilution up to 10-10 dilution was used. In a typical plaque assay, 100μl of the serial dilution, 100μl of an overnight culture of host bacteria and 2.5ml of soft agar were mixed, plated and incubated over night at 35⁰C. Three consecutive rounds of serial dilution purification were used to isolate nine morphologically different plaques. Filtered phage stocks were prepared and the titer of morphologically different phages for K. pneumoniae;subsp. pneumoniae were determined and the specificity for the strong inducing bacterial host assayed.

P24

Burge, McKenzie J.; Ruis, Morgan A.; Loya, Lane J. A Comparison of Flying Insect Communities in Polluted and Clean Stream Environments Insects are a critical part of many ecosystems. One of the most important services insects provide is pollination, with many flowering plants relying on insects to transport their pollen to other flowers, ensuring fertilization. Insects also act as a key food source for many organisms in the food web, including humans, and are crucial in their role as decomposers and predators. However, recent studies have shown flying insects have taken a sharp decline globally. A study in Germany found that over a 27-year span, the biomass of flying insects declined at an alarming rate of about 75%. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to collect baseline data to determine if a similar decline will be seen locally over time, and to investigate the impact of aquatic pollution on flying insect communities. We hypothesized that there would be lower numbers of flying insects along streams impacted by acid mine drainage (AMD) in comparison to clean streams, particularly for insects with aquatic larvae that are sensitive to pollution. Using Malaise traps set up on the SFU campus stream (unpolluted) and on Coal Run in Somerset County (AMD stream), we captured flying insects for a 3-week period in the spring of 2018. Although more total insects were captured along the polluted stream, our results showed significant differences in the proportions of Diptera (p=0.004), Coleoptera (p=0.000), Trichoptera (p=0.000), and Plecoptera (p=0.000) found between the sites. There were higher proportions of Diptera (flies) and Coleoptera (beetles), and lower proportions of Trichoptera (caddisflies) and Plecoptera (stoneflies), at the polluted stream compared to the clean stream. Overall, this research contributes to a better understanding of how stream pollution affects the diversity of adult flying insects, and provides baseline information for a continued study planned for the next several years.

13 P25

Miller, Bethany A.; DeArmin, Gale K.; Anderson, Geneka Service Learning with Community Partners A community partner sent a request for one-on-one ASL instruction for a newly diagnosed Deaf preschool student. When the need was presented to Ms. Bethany Miller, she quickly volunteered the time she could in order to give one-on-one sessions to the Deaf student. A course was created for Ms. Miller that benefited both her, as a future Occupational Therapist, and the Deaf student. However, this only allotted a few hours of one-on-one time per week. She worked on creating material to aid her in her one-on-one time with the student. She created lesson plans and set specific goals for each week, along with creating interactive games and flashcards. She needed to be flexible because her obligation was to make sure the student was learning as many signs as possible, but also retaining the information previously learned. Ms. Miller spent two hours on Monday’s, Wednesday’s and Friday’s with the student teaching him mostly colors and animals, the alphabet, numbers and how to write the students name; things that are necessary for a student to move on to kindergarten. Ms. Miller worked alongside Ms. Gale DeArmin and Ms. Geneka Anderson in order to produce the best outcome for the Deaf student as possible.

P26

Grasso, Kayla M.; Karpinsky, Michelle M.; Schulte, Jessica M.; Troxell, Kassidy L.; Vassalotti, Anthony M.; Youmbi, Perez B.; Zovinka, Edward P. AFM Imaging of Calcite Surfaces Calcite, or limestone, is found in most regions in Pennsylvania. Limestone rocks are used in Open Limestone Channels (OLCs) to remediate acid mine drainage (AMD). It is expected that the basic calcite (CaCO3) will react when it comes in contact with AMD, creating large pits on the surface.

AFM was used within this research and is a technique that allows surfaces to be examined on the nanometer scale. The AFM is a scanning probe microscope designed to measure local properties such as height, friction, and magnetism.The AFM will help determine if the pits are actually forming and how rapidly will the pits form. The focus of the experiment is to determine what is happening on the surface of calcite in a low pH solution. Three different solutions were utilized: 1) Millipore water, 2) 5% nitric acid solution at pH 3.35, and 3) 20 ppm aluminum solution at pH 3.18. calcite was imaged using a nanoScience TraxAFM at SFU and with a Hitachi AFM5100N with a liquid cell AFM at West Chester University. The longer the calcite stayed in solution, the more it reacted and the deeper the pits on the image got. The height of the image spot was 85 nm then transformed into a dark, misshapen hole that had reached the depth of 98 nm. The same process is expected to happening in Open Limestone Channels exposed to AMD. However, upon exposure to AMD, there are concerns about armoring on the limestone rocks. The armoring effect is rocks are covered in precipitate and cannot dissolve correctly within the runoff, thereby failing to raise the pH. This could be happening in Swank 13, this is something to be tested in a future experiment.

P27

Grasso, Kayla M.; Karpinsky, Michelle M.; Troxell, Kassidy L.; Schulte, Jessica M.; Vassalotti, Anthony M.; Youmbi, Perez B.; Zovinka, Edward P. Revisiting the Laboratory Simulation of Open Limestone Channels Abandoned mine drainage (AMD) is polluted water containing metals that are a direct result from contact with mining sites. Minerals, such as pyrite, oxidize when exposed to air and water, releasing a proton to cause a decrease in pH. This decrease in pH results in an increase of the solubilities of metals including aluminum and manganese. These metals are toxic to marine organisms and humans if found in drinking water so remediation is necessary to increase the pH to neutral which will then cause the metals to precipitate out of solution. Treating AMD channels with calcium carbonate,

14 known simply as limestone, is one method AMD sites use for remediation. Within this study we made two Model Open Limestone channels (OLC) and created synthetic AMD. The solution for the columns was composed of 5% Nitric Acid mixed with 6M Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH (aq), and Millipore water until the desired pH of 3.31 was acquired. Millipore water was run through the column first as a control. The synthetic AMD was pumped at a flow rate of 1200 mL/min using a MasterFlex L/S Digital Economy Drive pump from the Cole-Parmer Instrument Company. The model OLC raised the pH from 3.31 to 9.33. The future direction of this research is to add 20ppm Al to the acidic AMD and find the retention time needed to raise pH and get complete precipitation of the metal.

P28

Miller, Emily M.; Weidner, John D.; Hogue, Mitchell E.; Sangrey, Griffin E.; Schoeppner, Hannah M.; Drus, Gail M.; Radford, Samantha A.; Eckenrode, James A. Hydroponic Rhizoremediation of Acid Mine Drainage Sites Utilizing Fallopia japonica and Typha angustifolia Acid mine drainage (AMD) is an issue local to the Saint Francis University area due to a long history of mining. Environmentally toxic chemicals released from mining drain into soil and waterways, creating barrens uninhabitable to many of the native species. Traditional AMD cleanup is expensive and labor intensive. While phytoremediation methods may take longer to elicit results, the process is cost effective, aesthetically pleasing, and causes less disturbance to an already stressed ecosystem.

The purpose of this investigation was to investigate hydroponic rhizoremediation of AMD sites, in both a laboratory and field experiment, utilizing Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) and Typha angustifolia (narrow leaf cattail) as remediating plants. T. angustifolia a known aquatic bioaccumulator, was used for comparison to F. japonica, a terrestrial plant with dense root systems conducive to remediation, but with unknown bioaccumulating abilities. Plants were exposed to AMD conditions for 10 weeks in both a field experiment at a passive AMD treatment facility in Galitzen, Pa and in a greenhouse experiment. Plants were harvested and dried before sample processing.

Samples will be digested then analyzed by flame spectrophotometry for iron content of both the roots and the shoots. Concentration of iron in samples will be compared to leaf area, root to shoot ratio by mass, and root lacunarity in order to determine the ability of each species to remove iron from an aquatic system. Sample processing is ongoing and results and statistical analysis are forthcoming.

P29

Ferko, Andrew D.; Bandstra, Joel Z. Relating Mineral Surface Topography to Weathering Rate for a 3D Crystal Model The optimization and improvement of an existing Monte Carlo dissolution model, and the classification of the model into the Kardi-Parisi-Zhang universality class is pursued. The original model was designed by Dr. Joel Bandstra. The beginning of the research primarily concerned of improving the speed of the simulations. The code was transposed from Python 2.7 to Python 3.

Several methods to improve speed beyond python updating were attempted. Several compilers including Numba Jit and CPython were incorporated. Simulations were ran on home devices and the time to complete runs was measured. A Startup Allocation was obtained through XSEDE which allowed the code to be ran on a high performance computer via network file transfer applications.

Furtherly, the model was updated to incorporate certain measurements necessary for KPZ analysis.

Log-Log plots of surface deposit width vs time were generated in attempt to observe a steady state region. Surfaces 128x128 and 1024x1024 were studied under a varying number of reactions. The tests were repeated a number of times with different amounts of defects in the initial surface. Results were transferred back to university computing devices for data analysis. The code performance was significantly improved by updating to Python 3. Code compilers showed unsatisfying results and

15 were taken back out of the current model. The number of reactions to achieve steady state was found in surfaces with no defects. Surfaces with defects did not show width vs time plots that agreed with the literature. An attempt at calculating the KPZ exponents was made. Alpha was found through statistical analysis of the width vs time plots. The values of alpha did not agree with literature. The calculation of Beta and Z exponents was not able to be made due to time constraints. It was concluded that there is potential for the model to be part of the KPZ universality class and that more research needs to be done in order solidify this assumption.

P30

O’Hearn, Amy R.; Hudkins, Amy E. The Effect of the ILS Dreampad on Children with Sensory Disorders The research study, The Effect of the ILS Dreampad on Children with Sensory Disorders, analyzed the sleep quality and quantity of a boy who is deaf, blind, has sensory needs, and has a seizure disorder. This single-case design study took place over a four-week period in the client’s natural environment. Throughout the study, sleep was measured using the Children’s Sleep Habits for Preschool and School-Aged Children assessment as well as the Children’s Sleep Diary. The Children’s sleep Habits for Preschool and School-Aged Children assessment was filled out weekly and the Children’s Sleep Dairy was filled out daily by the subject’s mother. The results of the study indicated that while sleep quantity was not significantly affected by the use of the ILS Dreampad pillow, sleep quality improved slightly. This improvement was indicated by a reduction in the number of times the subject awoke throughout the night, when he was not experiencing seizures.

Since the research study was a single case design, the results may not be generalizable to all people.

However, one may conclude that the ILS Dreampad may assist in enhancing the quality of sleep.

P31

Gaughan, John E.; Strom, Marius

L6

Flow Visualization Utilizing Airborne Thermography This research worked to visualize flow characteristics of AMD discharge using an unmanned aerial system (UAS) equipped with a FLIR thermal camera. Surface flow at AMD seeps is often difficult to characterize due to frequent short-circuiting, but with thermography the analyst has the opportunity to evaluated a discharge directly with high contrast imagery beyond the visible light spectrum. Coupling UAS with thermal remote sensing then allows the analyst to rapidly collect this thermal data over large areas. The first field test of this system was conducted at Squatter Falls passive treatment site, where a thermal tracer was added above a sedimentation basin. The camera clearly picked up the temperature difference and proved that thermal tracer enables high-contrast visualization of influent flow and provides a basis for future velocimetry experiments. Currently velocimetry tests are being conducted at two additional AMD discharge sites, Spaghetti Hole and Brubaker Run, to estimate flow rates and investigate possible short-circuiting.

P32

Anton, Alexandra C.; Woods, Lori Empowered Mongolian and European Queens throughout the 13th-15th Century The Mongolian Empire was one of the largest in History and one of the most remembered due to the famed leader, Genghis Khan. Many remember him and his sons, yet, not the daughters and granddaughters who contributed to the success of his empire. There were also successes due to queens in Europe, yet their male counterparts, husbands or sons, receive all the recognition and the glory. Why were women during medieval times barely recognized for their contributions? What roles did the women play behind the scenes? My research focuses on the women, rather than the men who

16 rule our history books during the 13th- 15th century; the analysis will delve deep into what roles select queens played during the times of well-known men; comparing Asian queens to European queens. I will take writing from well-known author Jack Weatherford’s The Secret History of the Mongol Queens, who is a best-selling author of Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World.

As well as information from J.L. Laynesmith’s book, Last Medieval Queens: English Queenship 1445-1503, Laynesmith is well versed in the subject due to her focus in medieval queenship and being a scholar of medieval studies. Other great authors contribute to the women in this period as well and my research will be compiled accordingly in order to help understand the differences in Asian and European queenship and the roles they played to help their kingdoms/empires thrive.

P33

Blair, Bartholomew S.; Wesser, Ciaran P.; Wagner, Rachel C. Effects of the Application of a Weak Magnetic Field on Microbial Fuel Cell Performance Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are a newer type of renewable energy system that utilizes the bacteria present in wastewater to consume organic matter and create electricity. Currently, peak voltage output from MFCs are relatively low, but many strategies are being explored to increase the output, including the application of a weak static magnetic field on the anode of the MFC. It is this hypothesis that we were testing. Investigation into the influence of a magnetic field on MFC performance by comparing reactors with 121 mT magnets applied over the anode to controls with no magnetic field applied. All reactors used platinum-catalyzed carbon cloth air cathodes with PTFE diffusion layers and carbon felt anodes that were heat treated at 450ºC for 30 minutes. Each reactor was connected with a 1000 Ω resister and the voltage was measured every two hours. Each reactor was inoculated with a 50/50 mixture of wastewater from the Saint Francis University wastewater treatment plant and a 100 mM PBS media with 1.4 g/L sodium acetate for three feedings, after which they were fed 100% PBS media with acetate as substrate. While data analysis is still being performed, preliminary analysis has revealed a slight increase in peak voltage output in the MFCs with a 121 mT magnet applied to the anode over the control MFCs. Further testing will include power density comparisons and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to explore the effects of the magnetic field.

P34

Maas, Brittany M.; Gray, Aleksia D.; Meadows, Melissa G. The Practicality of Shark Repellents During the 2018 spring semester an experiment was conducted to test the practicality of two different shark repellents on a brown banded cat shark. The two repellents used in the experiment were a “Sharkbanz” bracelet and six iron magnets. Sharks have a phenomenal sensitivity to electromagnetic charges, hence why the two materials were chosen. Each week a randomized experiment was conducted to test the two different repellents. The objects were put into a PVC pipe and set on different sides of the tank. For one minute it was counted how many times the shark would go near the repellent. From the data obtained in the experiment, it was shown that neither of the repellents work. This being known, a few minor changes were made to the experiment for the future research that will be done on the shark. This experiment is still ongoing and more data will be provided at the end of the Fall 2018 semester.

17 P35

Alu, Ryan T.; Pollack, Emily E.; Vargo, Emily A.; Timmons, Edward CSOR Summer Research Students contributed this summer to an ongoing project of the Knee Center for the Study of Occupational Regulation (CSOR). Students read state statutes and rules and compiled the data to place into CSOR's database. Some of the data was utilized in a report prepared for the PA Department of State and Governor's office that lead to Governor Wolf recommending new reforms.

Students will speak about their experiences conducting research and discuss ongoing projects of CSOR.

LECTURE SESSION PRESENTATIONS L1

Cottle, Hayley M.; Bintrim, Timothy W. Poems about Invisible Disabilities: Redefining Standards The contributions of Pitt writing professor Ellen McGrath Smith to the groundbreaking disability poetry anthology "Beauty is a Verb"1 defy the foundations the editors establish for Crip Poetics.

“Crip” poets face down stares and remarks about their physical disabilities. For example, Vassar Miller, a Texan poet with cerebral palsy, writes about people viewing her as a monster escaped from a scary movie or a brain inside a body that embarrasses onlookers. While having a visible disability is demoralizing at times, having an invisible one also poses difficulty in a world where no one knows to accommodate one’s difference. Smith’s work offers a new definition to what a disability is, proposing a scale of disability. I can attest to how Smith feels when being in a crowded room, unable to understand the presenter, but afraid to ask to have the sentence repeated again; she and I both have an “invisible disability” of sensorineural hearing loss. We suffer from what most audiologists call a “cookie bite,” meaning the ability to hear normal frequencies never developed properly. Reading Smith’s essay “‘Hearing a Pear’: The Poetry Reading on a New Frequency” and her poem “Spelling Down,” I felt as if I were reading my autobiography. By publishing Smith’s works in "Beauty is a Verb" despite her disability being invisible, the editors open up the door for disabilities to be defined as individual trials each must endure to reach the finish line.

1

L2

Beauty is a Verb: The New Poetry of Disability. Ed. J. Bartlett; S. Black; M. Northen, Cinco Puntos Press, 2011.

Udziela, Kyra; Damico, Denise H. Donald Trumps the UN Executive orders are used by presidents in the United States to pass legislation without Congress’ approval. The very first executive order was signed by George Washington in 1789, the year the presidential office was officially created. They have been used hundreds of times throughout the history of the States, but this project focuses solely on a few of the 49 executive orders President Trump released within his first year of presidency. Donald Trump has become a household name, not only in the United States, but globally as well. When he took office in 2017, he immediately began releasing new legislation that has since become the topic of conversation in human rights’ offices across the world. By analyzing Trump’s executive orders relative to immigration, then comparing the orders to the Declaration of Human Rights and scholars’ definitions of a violation of human rights, a concrete conclusion will be produced as to if a violation is present. The Declaration of Human Rights, released by the United Nations in 1948, is used as the basis for this analysis as it is the document currently used by the UN to protect global citizens’ human rights, as well as it is a

18 document created and signed by the United States. Because this declaration is considered a standard of human rights, it is only fair that it should be the final say for or against Trump’s legislation.

L3

Bintrim, Wendelyn F.; Bintrim, Timothy W. Slings, Arrows, and Inaction: Succumbing to Fate in Faust and Hamlet Goethe’s Faust and Shakespeare’s Hamlet both grapple with fate and human striving. Hamlet was a major influence on Goethe as he wrote Faust, so it is not so surprising that these two plays have the same major themes.1 What is curious is how differently Faust and Hamlet treat destiny and the human struggle to be good. My paper aims to compare and contrast the role of fate in these, the most famous of, Goethe’s and Shakespeare’s plays. While in Hamlet, the protagonist is damned if he does kill Claudius or doesn’t kill Claudius, the protagonist lovers Faust and Gretchen in Faust escape eternal, if not earthly, damnation thanks to their love for each other and their not giving up.2,3 In Hamlet, on the other hand, love does not triumph even in the afterlife: Ophelia, according to the religious doctrine of the day, would have gone to hell because of her suicide; in contrast, Hamlet is claimed by Horatio to have “flights of angels sing [him] to [his] rest”.3 Lovers are separated in the afterlife. In short, while Hamlet’s characters are helpless to fate, Faust’s characters are not totally damned by fate and live in a Christian, humanistic universe in which people must strive for salvation.

1

Woznak, J.F. ENGL 204: World Literature II, St. Francis University, Loretto, PA., 13 Nov. 2017, Lecture.

Von Goethe, J.W. Faust. Translated by W. Kauffman, Anchor Books, 1990.

3 Shakespeare, W. Hamlet. Ed. A.R. Braunmuller, Penguin Books, 2001.

2

L4

Gresko, James J.; Ruggieri, Mary G.; Graham, Joshua D.; Fitzgerald, Patricia I.; Wisniewski, Kristofer S. Effects of an Eight Week Periodization Training Program in Adolescents The purpose of the study is to determine if an abridged periodization training program of 8 weeks will produce performance changes in adolescents. Eight (7 males, 1 female) individuals, aged 13.3±1.0 years, and BMI 25.9±6.0 kg/m² were tested on percent body fat (%BF), lean body mass (LBM), Functional Movement Screen (FMS), single leg hop (SLH), lower limb symmetry calculated as percent difference between right and left leg SLH, SLH relative to height, bench press reps at 25% of weight, squat reps at 50% of weight, T-test for agility, 40-yard sprint, and a half mile. Training was completed centering around the above tests. The training included 90 minute sessions, three days a week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). These sessions consisted of 60 minutes of technique and resistance training, 15-20 minutes of speed and agility training, and 10-15 minutes of flexibility training. Post-testing was completed after 8-weeks. Paired sample t-tests showed significant improvements from pre- to post-test in FMS scores (16.5±2.7 to 20.0±0.8, p<0.01), right SLH (48.2±15.6 in to 51.6±16.2 in, p<0.05), left SLH (43.0±16.0 in to 50.1±15.7 in, p<0.01), limb symmetry (88.5±6.5 % to 95.3±4.8 %, p<0.01), right SLH relative to height (73.3±20.4 % to 78.1±21.3 %, p<0.05), left SLH relative to height (65.4±21.3 % to 76.8±22.2 %, p<0.01), bench press (21.5±14.6 reps to 29.5±14.1 reps, p<0.05), and squat (12.9±8.8 reps to 20.6±10.0 reps, p<0.05).

Significant changes were observed in technique as shown by FMS scores. Muscular power and endurance also improved, thus representing the specificity principle of exercise training as this received the most attention (60 min/session). No significant changes were observed in LBM, suggesting that the changes in muscular power and endurance may have been from neurological adaptations. This conclusion is further supported given the maturity status and duration of the training program.

19 L5

Yahner, Travis P.; Wonders, Karen; LoRusso, Stephen M. Patient Perceptions of a Cancer Rehabilitation Program Which Provides 12 Weeks Of Individualized Exercise Prescription The purpose of this study was to determine why cancer patients choose to participate and remain in an exercise rehabilitation program. 79 participants in a cancer rehabilitation program were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of 6 open ended questions asking 1. Who referred them, 2. Why did they follow through with the referral, 3. Why they have chosen to remain in the program, 4. What their initial thoughts of the program were, 5. What their current thoughts about the program are, and 6. Are they satisfied with the program. This study was approved by the Saint Francis University IRB. 38% of clients were referred by either an oncologist or family doctor, 25% by hospital staff, 24% by friend or support group and 13% by media outlets. 59% of clients followed though for their health, and 15% for supervision of their exercise sessions. 51% of clients continued in the program because of the results they obtained and 25% because they had not yet met their goals, while 24% continued because of their cancer exercise trainer. 73% of clients had positive thoughts about the program, and 99% had the same or improved thoughts. Finally 94% of clients were satisfied with the program. The majority of clients were referred by their oncologist, or hospital staff indicating the power that physicians and hospital staff have in providing guidance for their clients. Further, once clients join a cancer rehabilitation program the benefits motivate them to continue in the program. Clearly they are satisfied with the program which is a program which provides individualized personalized exercise prescription and a cancer trainer for support and motivation.

L6

Gaughan, John E.; Strom, Marius

P31

Flow Visualization Utilizing Airborne Thermography This research worked to visualize flow characteristics of AMD discharge using an unmanned aerial system (UAS) equipped with a FLIR thermal camera. Surface flow at AMD seeps is often difficult to characterize due to frequent short-circuiting, but with thermography the analyst has the opportunity to evaluated a discharge directly with high contrast imagery beyond the visible light spectrum. Coupling UAS with thermal remote sensing then allows the analyst to rapidly collect this thermal data over large areas. The first field test of this system was conducted at Squatter Falls passive treatment site, where a thermal tracer was added above a sedimentation basin. The camera clearly picked up the temperature difference and proved that thermal tracer enables high-contrast visualization of influent flow and provides a basis for future velocimetry experiments. Currently velocimetry tests are being conducted at two additional AMD discharge sites, Spaghetti Hole and Brubaker Run, to estimate flow rates and investigate possible short-circuiting.

AUTHOR INDEX (Saint Francis University student presenters in bold) Almirall, J. Alu, R.T. Anderson, G. Anton, A.C. Augustine, K.A. Bailey, J.M. Bandstra, J.Z. Bintrim, T.W.

P11 P35 P25 P32 P17 P17 P29 L1, L3

Bintrim, W.F. Blair, B.S. Blake, S.J. Boehme, J.P. Boyd, H.E. Bruni, B.T. Bujdos, M.J. Burge, M.J.

L3 P33 P17 P10 P8, P9 P16 P19 P24

20 Caldwell, C.A. Cavallaro, M.C. Chverchko, J. Claar, A.E. Collins, K.P. Cottle, H.M. Currie, L.N. Currier, T.C. Damico, D.H. DeArmin, G.K. Decker, S.C. DeSalve, D.S. Donoughe, K.M. Drus, G.M. Eckenrode, J.A. Elenchin, M.K. Evans, S. Ezekwerre, A.A. Ferko, A.D. Fetsko, B.A. Fife, R.C. Fitzgerald, P.I. Flaisher-Grinberg, S. Fry, C.M. Gabler, J.G. Garbeglio, R.E. Gaughan, J.E. Geiser, V.R. Gella, M. Gleason, J.L. Graham, J.D. Grasso, K.M. Gray, A.D. Gresko, J.J. Hargittai, B. Hargittai, M.R.S. Havrilla, J.R. He, Q. Helmer, A.D. Herc, H.J. Hogue, M.E. Hudkins, A.E. Jegerski, M.L. Karpinsky, M.M. Kindel, C.C. Kovaloski, M.N. Kramer, K.A. Krepps, M.P. Krise, I.A. Kuehn, J.F. Lagan, K.A. Lehman, T.M. Link, A.R. Link, E.M. LoRusso, S.M. Loya, L.J.

P7 P18, P19 P7 P12 P10 L1 P10 P14 L2 P25 P7 P9 P14 P28 P28 P10, P15 P1, P2 P10 P29 P12 P14 L4 P1, P2, P4 P17 P7 P10 L6, P31 P10 P1, P2 P7, P10, P14 L4 P26, P27 P34 L4 P8, P9, P12, P17 P7, P10, P14 P3 P13 P7 P5 P28 P30 P21 P26, P27 P3 P10 P1, P2 P10 P14, P20 P4 P14 P7 P8 P7, P8, P12 L5, P21, P22 P24

Maas, B.M. Marinak, J. McElheny, M.L. Meadows, M.G. Merry, J.W. Miller, B.A. Miller, E.M. Mills, J.P. Mincin, N.A. Moriconi, B.A. Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Hearn, A.R. Patterson, K.S. Piascik, H. Pollack, E.E. Potopa, A.J. Radford, S.A. Reed, M.N. Reed, T.L. Reid, T.M. Replogle, L.E. Rotello, A.I. Ruggieri, M.G. Ruis, M.A. Rupp, A.B. Salyards, A. Sangrey, G.E. Schoeppner, H.M. Schulte, J.A. Schulte, J.M. Snider, M.V. Strom, M. Surma, R.N. Swartz, J.M. Sybert, G.E. Tafesse, R.Y. Theiss, J.R. Timmons, E. Torres, M. Tozer, D.E. Trimble, J.J. Troxell, K.L. Turnbaugh, C. Udziela, K. Vargo, E.A. Varner, E.L. Vassalotti, A.M. Wagner, R.C. Weidner, J.D. Wesser, C.P. Winge, A.S. Wisniewski, K.S. Wonders, K. Woods, L. Wright, M.M. Yahner, T.P. Zovinka, E.P.

P14, P34 P1, P2 P14 P34 P15 P25 P28 P7 P10 P12 P30 P11 P22 P35 P20 P28 P1, P2 P10 P13 P10 P14 L4 P14, P24 P12 P11 P28 P28 P7 P26, P27 P17 L6, P31 P15 P14 P14 P23 P7 P35 P11 P10 P23 P26, P27 P6 L2 P35 P20 P26, P27 P33 P28 P14, P33 P7 L4 L5, P21, P22 P5, P6, P16, P18, P32 P7 L5 P26, P2