This book provides basic and advanced concepts of synthetic aperture radar (SAR), PolSAR, InSAR, PolInSAR, and all necessary information about various applications and analysis of data of multiple sensors. It includes information on SAR remote sensing, data processing, and separate applications of SAR technology, compiled in one place. It will help readers to use active microwave imaging sensor-based information in geospatial technology and applications.
This book:
• Covers basic and advanced concepts of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing.
• Introduces spaceborne SAR sensors, Calibration, Speckle Reduction, and Polarimetric SAR interferometry (PolInSAR).
• Discusses applications of SAR remote sensing in earth observation.
• Explores utilization of SAR data for solid earth, ecosystem, and cryosphere, including imaging of extra-terrestrial bodies.
• Includes PolSAR and PolInSAR for aboveground forest biomass retrieval, as well as InSAR and PolSAR for snow parameters retrieval.
This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in remote sensing, photogrammetry, geoscience, image processing, agriculture, environment, forestry, and image processing.
Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture
Radar Remote Sensing
Techniques and Applications
Edited by Shashi Kumar, Paul Siqueira, Himanshu Govil and Shefali Agrawal
First edition published 2023 by CRC Press
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Shahid Shuja Shafai, Shashi Kumar, Hossein Aghababaei, and Anurag Kulshrestha
Chapter 4 Implementation of Machine Learning Classification Models on Multifrequency Band SAR Dataset
Anil Kumar, Rajat Garg, and Shashi Kumar
Chapter 5 Implementation of Neural Network-Based Classification Models on Multifrequency Band SAR Dataset
Anil Kumar, Rajat Garg, and Shashi Kumar
Chapter 6 Improved Data Fusion-Based Land Use/Land Cover Classification Using PolSAR and Optical Remotely Sensed Satellite Data: A Machine Learning Approach 123
Akshar Tripathi, Shashi Kumar, and Sandeep Maithani
Chapter 7 Polarimetric SAR Descriptors for Rice Monitoring
Subhadip Dey, Lucio Mascolo, Avik Bhattacharya, and Juan M. Lopez-Sanchez
Chapter 8 Synergistic Fusion of Spaceborne Polarimetric SAR and Hyperspectral Data for Land Cover Classification
Vinay Kumar, Shenbaga Rajan Venkatachalaperumal, and C. Persello
Chapter 10 Spaceborne C-Band PolSAR Backscatter and PolInSAR CoherenceBased Modeling for Forest Aboveground Biomass Estimation ............................... 235
Ritwika Mukhopadhyay, Shashi Kumar, Hossein Aghababaei, and Anurag Kulshrestha
Chapter 11 Analysis of Polarimetric Techniques for Characterization of Glacial Feature 251
Shashwati Singh, Shashi Kumar, Praveen K. Thakur, and Varun N. Mshra
Chapter 12 Spaceborne SAR Application to Study Ice Flow Variation of Potsdam Glacier and Polar Record Glacier, East Antarctica 269
Kiledar Singh Tomar, Ashutosh Venkatesh Prasad, and Sangita Singh Tomar
Chapter 13 Multi-Temporal SAR Interferometry: Theory, Processing, and Applications 287
Devara Meghanadh and Ramji Dwivedi
Chapter 14 SAR for Cultural Heritage Monitoring .................................................................... 313
Vignesh Kandasamy and Shashi Kumar
Chapter 15 Extraction and Evaluation of Lineaments From DEMs Generated from Different Bands of Microwave Data and Optical Data: A Case Study for Jahazpur Area, Bhilwara, India .................................................... 329
Pralay Bhaumik, Himanshu Govil, Shashi Kumar, and Sankaran Rajendran
Chapter 16 Scatterer-Based Deformation Monitoring Induced Due to Coal Mining by DInSAR Techniques 351
Vinay Kumar, Nyamaa Tserendulam, and Rajat Subhra Chatterjee
Chapter 17 An Insight to the Lunar Surface: Characterization From the L- and S-Band Polarimetric Data 363
Awinash Singh, Shashi Kumar, and Ling Chang
Chapter 18 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Data Calibration and Validation 393
P. V. Jayasri, K. Niharika, H. S. V. Usha Sundari Ryali, and E. V. S. Sita Kumari
Preface
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing has been widely used in applications of solid earth, ecosystem, and cryosphere. Recognizing the importance of SAR remote sensing, many space agencies have launched state-of-the-art sensors into space and planned for many unique feature sensors in the future. The NASA-ISRO synthetic aperture radar (NISAR) mission is a unique spaceborne SAR mission with dual-frequency capability that will be launched in the future. Similarly, the P-band BIOMASS mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) will be the first mission in space dedicated to the biomass of the tropical forest. It is essential to recognize the requirements of advanced SAR remote sensing techniques, advancements in data processing, and innovation in modeling approaches for the characterization of manmade and natural features. The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing technique has shown its significance for retrieving information on manmade and natural features and has been widely used for land use and land cover mapping. Recently, many advances have been made in SAR remote sensing techniques to improve accuracy of the biophysical and geophysical characterization of manmade and natural features from a local level to a global scale. The active microwave imaging SAR system has the potential not only to characterize object parameters but also to measure the height of the terrain and vegetation cover, velocity of glacier and sea ice, movement of tectonic plates, lava flow direction of a volcanic eruption, and subsidence in the earth’s surface with very high accuracy. Spaceborne and airborne polarimetric SAR data have been used for different applications, including soil moisture estimation, forest aboveground biomass estimation, snow parameter retrieval, dielectric characterization, and oil spill detection ship identification, among others. Polarimetric SAR tomography (PolTomSAR) and polarimetric SAR interferometry (PolInSAR) are being developed as emerging techniques to derive forest parameters for canopy height and aboveground biomass retrieval. The PolInSAR inversion-based approaches use complex coherence optimization to retrieve forest height, and the PolTomSAR technique is implemented for forest height estimation using a large number of polarimetric acquisitions to create vertical resolution. The ability of quad-pole and hybrid-pole SAR data has been not only evaluated for the Earth’s surface but also used for the surface and sub-characterization of planetary bodies. Several valuable studies have been conducted with the help of SAR remote sensing to characterize the surface and subsurface of planetary bodies.
To date, several spaceborne SAR missions have been launched, and datasets are available for land use and land cover mapping and monitoring. Several spaceborne SAR missions have been planned by different space agencies to be launched in the future. Understanding the different applications and implementation of modeling approaches on the SAR data for information retrieval can be difficult for both researchers and learners. This book provides basic and advanced concepts of spaceborne SAR, PolSAR, InSAR, PolInSAR, and all necessary information about various applications and data analysis of multiple sensors. The chapters of this book have been written with the aim of compiling in one place all information on SAR remote sensing, including basic and advanced concepts, data processing, and separate applications of SAR technology. This book will be very useful for those who want to use active microwave imaging sensor-based information in geospatial technology and applications.
Editor Biographies
Shashi Kumar, PhD, received an MSc in Physics from Patna University, Patna, India, in 2006; an MSc in Geoinformatics under the joint education program of the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Dehradun, India, and the International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, the Netherlands, in 2009; and a PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, India, in 2019. Since 2009, he has been working as a scientist with the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Dehradun, India. Dr. Shashi Kumar is a dedicated researcher contributing to capacity building through education and research in the field of advanced synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing, including polarimetric SAR (PolSAR), polarimetric SAR interferometry (PolInSAR), and polarimetric tomographic SAR (PolTomSAR), its data processing techniques, and applications. Over the past 14 years, Dr. Shashi Kumar has shown intellectual prowess in cutting-edge research works on PolSAR remote sensing and has over 200 publications. He has shown excellent collaborative skills through collaborative research work with scientists and professors from various universities and institutions. He has edited two journal issues on the special topics of ‘Advances in Spaceborne SAR Remote Sensing for Characterization of Natural and Manmade Features – I &II’ for the COSPAR journal Advances in Space Research (ASR). Currently, Dr. Kumar is a guest editor for a special issue of Advances in Space Research (ASR) on ‘Synergistic Use of Remote Sensing Data and In-Situ Investigations to Reveal the Hidden Secrets of the Moon’, as well as a special issue of AGU Wiley’s Earth and Space Science on ‘Synthetic Aperture Radar Remote Sensing for Characterization of Land Use and Land Cover’.
Dr. Shashi Kumar worked as a member of the SAR Task Group to develop SAR protocols under the partnership of the Government of India (GoI) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Forest-PLUS in collaboration with the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. He has also performed his duties as a committee member for the Commonwealth Scholarship 2016 at the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Research Development. He is a science team member for the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission for the Science Products, Calibration, and Tools Development team as well as for the Chandrayaan-2 mission’s Working Group 3 for Lunar Poles and Microwave Remote Sensing. As a science team member of the NISAR mission, Dr. Shashi Kumar has contributed to PolSAR calibration and processing of fully and hybrid polarimetric Airborne L- & S-band SAR data acquired for India's calibration sites and the United States and as a science team member of Chandrayaan-2 mission, Dr. Shashi Kumar did the polarimetric analysis and dielectric characterization of L-band DFSAR data for the craters of permanently shadowed regions (PSRs). One of his significant contributions has been the development of a methodological framework for polarimetric calibration (PolCal) of airborne and spaceborne fully polarimetric and hybrid/compact-pol SAR data to minimize distortions for scattering-based characterization of manmade and natural objects. In recognition of outstanding contributions toward ‘polarimetric calibration of SAR data and development of PolSAR’ and ‘PolInSAR modelling approaches for scattering-based characterization of manmade and natural objects’, the Indian Society of Remote Sensing (ISRS) conferred the Indian National Geospatial Award 2021 on Dr. Kumar.
Paul Siqueira, PhD, was a senior engineer with the Radar Science and Engineering Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA. He was a visiting scientist with the Joint Research Center, European Commission, Ispra, Italy. He is currently a professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA. He is also the co-director of the university’s Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory (MIRSL), where he is involved in the design, development, and use of microwave remote sensing instruments for earth science applications, such as deployable three-frequency weather radar (Ku-, Ka-, and W-band) and two-frequency polarimetric radiometers (KPR and KaPR) for characterizing rain and snowfall. He has also developed a twofrequency (S- and Ka-band) airborne interferometric SAR that can measure the surface topography and the volume scattering characteristics of natural targets (e.g. vegetation and snow). He teaches courses in microwave engineering, microwave metrology, and microwave systems engineering. Dr. Siqueira is Principal Investigator for NASA’s Terrestrial Ecology and Earth Science Technology programs, the Science Definition Team Ecosystems Lead for NASA’s next-generation SAR (NISAR) that will launch in 2022, and Science Advisor for JAXA’s ALOS-2 instrument. He was a recipient of the Harvard Forest Bullard Fellowship and the chairman of the Alaska Satellite Facilities’ User Working Group. He also participates in the National Academy of Sciences’ Committee on Radio Frequencies (CORF).
Himanshu Govil, PhD, received an MSc in Geology from Aligarh Muslim University, India, in 2006; a PG Diploma in Geoinformatics under the joint education program of the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Dehradun, India, and the International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, the Netherlands, in 2008; and a PhD from Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India, in 2015. Since 2015, he has been working as an assistant professor in the Department Applied Geology, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Raipur, Chhatisgarh, India. Dr. Govil is handles research announcement (RA) projects related to the NASA-ISRO synthetic aperture radar (NISAR) and NASA-ISRO hyperspectral mission (AVIRIS-NG) missions. His research interests include hyperspectral remote sensing, thermal remote sensing, and SAR remote sensing with special emphasis on mineral mapping, subsidence, and subsurface monitoring.
Shefali Agrawal is a physicist at the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing with academic qualifications obtained both in India and in abroad (ITC, Netherlands). Her academic interests include both fundamental and applied aspects of remote sensing, GIS, and allied spatial technology, with an emphasis on satellite photogrammetry, Lidar remote sensing, hyperspectral remote sensing, UAV remote sensing, underwater image processing, and advanced image processing related to land use/land cover characterization and vegetation physics dynamics. She has had many accomplishments in her professional career and has contributed to various national and international projects, such as mapping and monitoring of land use/land cover vegetation types across south-central Asia for the first time, using SPOT vegetation satellite data for spectral modeling under the European Commission program. She is currently group head of the Geospatial Technology and Outreach Programme Group, which consists of all technology departments at IIRS, and is engaged in 3-D surface characterization and simulation through the integration of satellite stereo imageries, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and UAV-based data at IIRS for natural resources and archaeological applications. She has over 25 years of experience and has produced around 100 papers in national and international journals.
Contributors
Aghababaei, Hossein
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation
University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands
Bhattacharya, Avik
Microwave Remote Sensing Lab
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Bhaumik, Pralay
Department of Applied Geology
National Institute of Technology (NIT) Raipur
Chhattisgarh, India
Chang, Ling
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation
University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands
Chatterjee, Rajat Subhra
Geosciences Department
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), ISRO
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Chaudhary, Vaishali
Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources
University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Dey, Subhadip
Microwave Remote Sensing Lab
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Dwivedi, Ramji
GIS Cell
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad Prayagraj, India
Garg, Rajat
School of Computer Science
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Govil, Himanshu
Department of Applied Geology
National Institute of Technology (NIT) Raipur
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Jayasri, P. V.
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), ISRO
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Kandasamy, Vignesh
Thazhal Geospatial Analytics Private Limited Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
Kulshrestha, Anurag
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation
University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands
Kumar, Anil
School of Computer Science
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Kumar, Shashi
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Department
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), ISRO
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Kumar, Vinay
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Department
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), ISRO
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Kumari, E. V. S. Sita
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), ISRO
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Tomar Sangita Singh
Department of Geography
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim, Norway
Lopez-Sanchez, Juan M.
Institute for Computer Research (IUII)
University of Alicante
Alicante, Spain
Maithani, Sandeep
Urban and Regional Studies Department
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), ISRO
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Mascolo, Lucio
Institute for Computer Research (IUII)
University of Alicante Alicante, Spain
Meghanadh, Devara
GIS Cell
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad
Prayagraj, India
Mishra, Varun N.
Amity Institute of Geo-Informatics and Remote Sensing (AIGIRS)
Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Mukhopadhyay, Ritwika
Department of Forest Resource Management
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Umeå, Sweden
Niharika, K
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), ISRO
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Persello, C.
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation
University of Twente
Enschede, Netherlands
Prasad, Ashutosh Venkatesh
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR)
Vasco da Gama, Goa, India
Rajendran, Sankaran
Environmental Science Center
Qatar University
Doha, Qatar
Ryali, H. S. V. Usha Sundari
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), ISRO
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Shafai, Shahid Shuja
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation
University of Twente
Enschede, Netherlands
Sharma, Aanchal
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Department
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), ISRO
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Singh, Awinash
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation
University of Twente
Enschede, Netherlands
Singh, Shashwati
Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Uttar Pradesh (RSAC-UP)
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Stein, Alfred
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation
University of Twente
Enschede, Netherlands
Thakur, Praveen K.
Water Resources Department
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), ISRO
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Tomar, Kiledar Singh
Department of Geography
University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Tripathi, Akshar
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
Rupnagar, Punjab, India
Tserendulam, Nyamaa
Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia Pacific (CSSTEAP)
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Venkatachalaperumal, Shenbaga Rajan
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation
University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands
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that in the conditions surrounding the Titanic its use on a clear night might have revealed the iceberg in time to have saved the ship. Major Peuchen, of Toronto, said emphatically that it would have done so.
Mr. Lightoller, however, pointed out that, while the searchlight is often a useful device for those who stand behind it, its rays invariably blind those upon whom they are trained. Should the use of searchlights become general upon merchant vessels, he thought, it would be a matter for careful consideration, experiment and regulation.
The Senatorial inquiry has indicated that the single lifeboat drill upon the Titanic had been a rather perfunctory performance; there had been neither a boat drill nor a fire drill from the time the great ship left Southampton until she struck the iceberg. While she lay in harbor before starting on her maiden voyage, and with her port side against the company pier, two of her lifeboats had been lowered away from her starboard side, manned by a junior or a warrant officer and a crew of four men each, who rowed them around a few minutes and then returned to the ship.
There had also been an inspection in the home port to see whether the lifeboats contained all the gear specified by the Board of Trade regulations and Officer Boxhall testified that they did. Yet, when the emergency came, many of the boats were found to contain no lights, while others lacked extra oars, biscuits and other specified requisites.
UTILITY OF WATER-TIGHT COMPARTMENTS DOUBTED.
The Titanic’s loss has completely exploded the fallacy that watertight compartments, of which the big ship had fifteen in her main divisions, can save a vessel from foundering after having sustained a raking blow, tearing and ripping out her plates from thirty feet aft of the bow almost to midships.
Mr. Lightoller expressed the belief under oath that the starboard side of the Titanic had been pierced through compartments 1, 2, 3 and probably 4, numbering from the collision bulkhead toward the midship section. The testimony of Quartermaster Hitchins showed that the vessel filled so fast that when the captain looked at the commutator five minutes after the ship struck, the Titanic showed a list of five degrees to starboard. Rushing water drove the clerks out of the mail room before they could save their letter bags.
One reform that is likely to take shape early as a result of the Senatorial investigation is a more thorough regulation of wireless telegraphy both in shore stations and on ships at sea. Interference by irresponsible operators will probably be checked by governmental action, and the whole subject may come up for uniform international regulation in the Berlin conference.
It is conceded that on all ships the receiving apparatus of the wireless instruments should be manned at all hours of the day and night, just as are the ship’s bridge and the engine rooms. The Senate inquiry has showed that had the death call of the Titanic gone out five minutes later it would never have reached the Carpathia, whose one wireless operator was about to retire for the night when he heard the signal that took the Cunarder to the rescue of the seven hundred who survived.
There has been shown, too, grave need of some cure for the jealousies and rivalries between competing systems of wireless. To the Frankfurt, which was one of the nearest, if not the nearest, of the several ships to the sinking Titanic, her operator sent the curt message, “Shut up!” From the Californian the operator refused to take a message, which proved to be an ice warning, because “he was busy with his accounts.” With the sanction of high officers of their company wireless operators have suppressed vital public information for the purpose of commercializing their exclusive knowledge for personal profit.
So much for the Titanic’s boasted equipment—or the lack of it. There remains to be summarized the evidence adduced as to the personnel and discipline, as these were indicated by what occurred after the ship confronted the direst of all emergencies.
The Titanic was expected to make a record on her maiden voyage. She made one unapproached in ocean annals; one which, it is hoped, may long stand unparalleled.
R C
C C .
Says All Passengers Might Have been Saved
but for Captain Lord’s Indifference.
TITANIC COMMITTEE’S REPORT.
That the Titanic was rushing at a speed of 24½ miles an hour when she crashed into the iceberg.
That of 2223 persons aboard, only 32 per cent. were saved.
That all might have been saved but for “negligent indifference” of the steamship Californian to the Titanic’s distress signals
That those rescued comprised: Sixty per cent. of the first-class passengers, 42 per cent. of second-class, 25 per cent. of third-class and 24 per cent. of the crew.
That four warnings of “ice ahead” were ignored by the Titanic’s officers.
That the Titanic struck at 10 13 P M on Sunday, April 14, and sank at 12 47 A M (New York time) on April 15
That eight vessels were near at time of the collision with the iceberg and only the Carpathia went to the assistance of the Titanic.
That there was no panic, but a “short” crew, poorly drilled and poorly commanded, only enough men to partially man the twenty lifeboats.
Teeming with eloquence, combining praise for heroism and scathing rebuke for negligence and cowardice in the most appalling marine tragedy of history, was the final and official requiem on May 28 in the Senate for the victims of the Titanic. Senator Smith, of Michigan, chairman of the Senate Investigating Committee, summed up his views of the evidence developed.
That every soul aboard the giant liner might have been saved but for the indifference, inattention and almost criminal neglect of Captain Stanley Lord and the other officers of the Californian was the most startling charge Smith bitterly made.
“Needless sacrifice” of at least five hundred lives because the “strangely insufficient number of life boats” were not filled was also charged.
“Obsolete and antiquated shipping laws” and “laxity of regulation and hasty inspection” by the British Board of Trade were denounced by Smith. As a contributory cause he named the indifference of Captain Smith, of the Titanic, for ignoring ice warnings and forcing the Titanic full speed through the northern waters. That Captain Smith had expiated his offense by a heroic death was Smith’s tribute to the dead commander.
LACK OF DISCIPLINE ARRAIGNED.
Lack of discipline among the crew and cowardice of some of its members indicated after the crash was scathingly arraigned. To the two Titanic wireless operators—Phillips and Bride—the speaker paid a glowing tribute. He lauded Captain Rostrom, of the rescue ship, Carpathia.
In eloquent terms the chairman, Senator Smith, depicted the folly of sending out the greatest ship afloat without sufficiently testing a strange crew and with no drills or discipline. The Titanic, he said, was following the proper course, although one known to be dangerous at that season, but the speed was gradually and continually increased until the maximum was the death-blow.
Rebuke for those in half-filled lifeboats who “stood by” and refused aid to struggling, drowning swimmers until “all the noise had ceased” was voiced.
“Upon that broken hull,” the Senator concluded, “new vows were taken, new fealty expressed, old love renewed, and those who had been devoted in life went proudly and defiantly on the last life pilgrimage together. In such a heritage we must feel ourselves more intimately related to the sea than ever before, and henceforth it will send back to us on its rising tide the cheerful salutations from those we have lost.
“At 10 o’clock on that fateful Sunday evening this latest maritime creation was cutting its first pathway through the North Atlantic Ocean with scarcely a ripple to retard its progress.
“From the builders’ hands she was plunged straightway to her fate and christening salvos acclaimed at once her birth and death. Builders of renown had launched her on the billows with confident assurance of her strength, while every port rang with praise for their achievement;
shipbuilding to them was both a science and a religion; parent ships and sister ships had easily withstood the waves, while the mark of their hammer was all that was needed to give assurance of the high quality of the work.
“In the construction of the Titanic no limit of cost circumscribed their endeavor, and when this vessel took its place at the head of the line every modern improvement in shipbuilding was supposed to have been realized; so confident were they that both owner and builder were eager to go upon the trial trip; no sufficient tests were made of boilers or bulkheads or gearing or equipment, and no life-saving or signal devices were reviewed; officers and crew were strangers to one another and passengers to both.
PASSENGERS AND CREW STUPEFIED.
“Neither was familiar with the vessel or its implements or tools; no drill or station practice or helpful discipline disturbed the tranquillity of that voyage, and when the crisis came a state of absolute unpreparedness stupefied both passengers and crew and, in their despair, the ship went down, carrying as needless a sacrifice of noble women and brave men as ever clustered about the judgment seat in any single moment of passing time.
“We shall leave to the honest judgment of England its painstaking chastisement of the British Board of Trade, to whose laxity of regulation and hasty inspection the world is largely indebted for this awful fatality. Of contributing causes there were very many. In the face of warning signals, speed was increased and messages of danger seemed to stimulate her to action rather than to persuade her to fear.
“Captain Smith knew the sea and his clear eye and steady hand had often guided his ship through dangerous paths. For forty years storms sought in vain to vex him or menace his craft. But once before in all his honorable career was his pride humbled or his vessel maimed. Each new advancing type of ship built by his company was handed over to him as a reward for faithful service and as an evidence of confidence in his skill.
“Strong of limb, intent of purpose, pure in character, dauntless as a sailor should be, he walked the deck of this majestic structure as master of her keel, titanic though she was. His indifference to danger was one of the direct and contributing causes of this unnecessary tragedy, while his own willingness to die was the expiating evidence of his fitness to live.
OVERCONFIDENCE AND NEGLECT.
“Those of us who knew him well—not in anger, but in sorrow—file one specific charge against him, overconfidence and neglect to heed the oftrepeated warnings of his friends; but, in his horrible dismay, when his brain was afire with honest retribution, we can still see, in his manly bearing and his tender solicitude for the safety of women and little children, some traces of his lofty spirit when dark clouds lowered all about him and angry elements stripped him of his command.
“His devotion to his craft, even as it writhed and twisted and struggled for mastery over its foe, calmed the fears of many of the stricken multitude who hung upon his words, lending dignity to a parting scene as inspiring as it is beautiful to remember.
“Life belts were finally adjusted and the lifeboats were cleared away, and, although strangely insufficient in number, were only partially loaded, and in instances unprovided with compasses and only three of them had lamps. They were manned so badly that, in the absence of prompt relief, they would have fallen easy victims to the advancing ice floe, nearly thirty miles in width and rising sixteen feet above the surface of the water.
“Their danger would have been as great as if they had remained on the deck of the broken hull, and if the sea had risen these toy targets, with over 700 exhausted people, would have been helplessly tossed about upon the waves without food or water. The lifeboats were filled so indifferently and lowered so quickly that, according to the uncontradicted evidence, nearly 500 persons were needlessly sacrificed to want of orderly discipline in loading the few that were provided.
“The lifeboats would have easily cared for 1,176, and only contained 704, 12 of whom were taken into the boats from the water, while the weather conditions were favorable and the sea perfectly calm. And yet it is said by some well-meaning persons that the best of discipline prevailed. If this is discipline, what would have been disorder?
“Among the passengers were many strong men who had been accustomed to command, whose lives had marked every avenue of endeavor, and whose business experience and military training especially fitted them for such an emergency.
MEN RUDELY SILENCED.
“These men were rudely silenced and forbidden to speak, as was the president of the company, by junior officers, a few of whom, I regret to say, availed themselves of the first opportunity to leave the ship. Some of the men to whom had been intrusted the care of passengers never reported to their official stations, and quickly deserted the ship with a recklessness and indifference to the responsibilities of their positions as culpable and amazing as it is impossible to believe.
“And some of these men say that they ‘laid by’ in their partially filled lifeboats and listened to the cries of distress ‘until the noise quieted down’ and surveyed from a safe distance the unselfish men and women and faithful fellow-officers and seamen, whose heroism lightens up this tragedy and recalls the noblest traditions of the sea.
“Some things are dearer than life itself, and the refusal of Phillips and Bride, wireless operators, to desert their posts of duty, even after the water had mounted to the upper deck, because the captain had not given them permission to leave, is an example of faithfulness worthy of the highest praise, while the final exit of the Phillips boy from the ship and from the world was not so swift as to prevent him from pausing long enough to pass a cup of water to a fainting woman, who fell from her husband’s arm into the operator’s chair, as he was tardily fleeing from his wireless apparatus, where he had ticked off the last message from his ship and from his brain.
“It is no excuse that the apparatus on the Carpathia was antiquated; it easily caught the signal of distress and spoke with other ships nearly 200 miles away, both before and after the accident, while the operator says it was good for 250 miles. The steamship Californian was within easy reach of this ship for nearly four hours after all the facts were known to Operator Cottam.
“The captain of the Carpathia says he gave explicit directions that all official messages should be immediately sent through other ships, and messages of passengers should be given preference. According to Binns, the inspector, the apparatus on the Californian was practically new and easily tuned to carry every detail of that calamity to the coast stations at Cape Sable and Cape Race, and should have done so.”
CRITICISM FOR CAPTAIN LORD.
Regarding the part played after the disaster by Captain Lord, of the steamship Californian, Senator Smith declares that, while it is not a pleasant duty to criticize the conduct of others, the plain truth should be told. Referring to the testimony of repeated signals given from the Californian with Morse lights, he declared:
“Most of the witnesses of the ill-fated vessel before the committee saw plainly the light, which Captain Lord says was displayed for nearly two hours after the accident, while the captain and some of the officers of the Titanic directed the lifeboats to pull for that light and return with the empty boats to the side of the ship.
“Why did the Californian display its Morse signal lamp from the moment of the collision continuously for nearly two hours if they saw nothing? And the signals which were visible to Mr. Gill at 12.30 o’clock and afterward, and which were also seen by the captain and officer of the watch, should have excited more solicitude than was displayed by the officers of that vessel, and the failure of Captain Lord to arouse the wireless operator on his ship, who could have easily ascertained the name of the vessel in distress, and reached her in time to avert loss of life, places a tremendous responsibility upon this officer from which it will be very difficult for him to escape.
“Had he been as vigilant in the movement of his vessel as he was active in displaying his own signal lamp, there is a very strong probability that every human life that was sacrificed through this disaster could have been saved. The dictates of humanity should have prompted vigilance under such conditions, and the law of Great Britain, giving effect to Article II of the Brussels convention in regard to assistance and salvage at sea, is as follows:
“ ‘The master or person in charge of a vessel shall, so far as he can do so without serious danger to his own vessel, her crew and her passengers (if any), render assistance to every person, even if such person be a subject of a foreign state at war with his Majesty, who is found at sea in danger of being lost, and if he fails to do so, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.’
PRAISE FOR CAPTAIN OF CARPATHIA.
“The Senate passed on the 18th day of April last a bill giving effect to the same treaty, which clearly indicates the disposition of the Government of England, and our own as well, in matters of this character. Contrast, if
you will, the conduct of the captain of the Carpathia in this emergency and imagine what must be the consolation of that thoughtful and sympathetic mariner, who rescued the shipwrecked and left the people of the world his debtor as his ship sailed for distant seas a few days ago.
“By his utter self-effacement and his own indifference to peril, by his promptness and his knightly sympathy, he rendered a great service to humanity. He should be made to realize the debt of gratitude this nation owes to him, while the book of good deeds, which had so often been familiar with his unaffected valor, should henceforth carry the name of Captain Rostrom to the remotest period of time.
“With most touching detail he promptly ordered the ship’s officers to their stations, distributed the doctors into positions of the greatest usefulness, prepared comforts for man and mother and babe; with foresight and tenderness he lifted them from their watery imprisonment and, when the rescue had been completed, summoned all of the rescued together and ordered the ship’s bell tolled for the lost, and asked that prayers of thankfulness be offered by those who had been spared. It falls to the lot of few men to perform a service so unselfish, and the American Congress can honor itself no more by any single act than by writing into its laws the gratitude we feel toward this modest and kindly man.
“The lessons of this hour are, indeed, fruitless and its precepts illconceived if rules of action do not follow hard upon the day of reckoning. Obsolete and antiquated shipping laws should no longer encumber the parliamentary records of any government, and over-ripe administrative boards should be pruned of dead branches and less sterile precepts taught and applied.”
LIST OF TITANIC PASSENGERS
MISSING AND RESCUED
The following passengers on the Titanic were lost:
FIRST CABIN
A.
Anderson, Harry. Allison, H. J.
Allison, Mrs. and maid. Allison, Miss. Andrews, Thomas.
Artagavoytia, Mr. Ramon.
Astor, Col. J. J., and servant. Anderson, Walker.
B.
Beattie, T.
Brandies, E.
Mrs. William Bucknell’s maid.
Baumann, J.
Baxter, Mr. and Mrs. Quigg. Bjornstrom, H. Birnbaum, Jacob.
Blackwell, S. W. Borebank, J. J. Bowden, Miss.
Brady, John B.
Brewe, Arthur J. Butt, Major A.
C.
Clark, Walter M.
Clifford, George Q.
Colley, E. P.
Cardeza, T. D. M., servant of.
Cardeza, Mrs. J. W., maid of.
Carlson, Frank.
Case, Howard B.
Cavendish, W. Tyrrell.
Corran, F. M.
Corran, J. P.
Chaffee, H. I.
Chisholm, Robert.
Compton, A. T.
Crafton, John B.
Crosby, Edward G.
Cumings, John Bradley.
D.
Davidson, Thornton.
Dulles, William C.
Douglas, W. D.
Nurse of Douglas, Master, R.
E.
Eustis, Miss E. M. (may be reported saved as Miss Ellis).
Evans, Miss E.
F.
Fortune, Mark.
Foreman, B. L.
Fortune, Clarels.
Franklin, T. P.
Futrelle, J. G.
Gee, Arthur.
Goldenberg, E. L.
Goldschmidt, G. B.
Greenfield, G. B.
Giglio, Victor.
Guggenheim, Benjamin.
H.
Servant of Harper, Henry S.
Hays, Charles M.
Maid of Hays, Mrs. Charles M.
Head, Christopher.
Hilliard, H. H.
Hopkins, W. F.
Hogenheim, Mrs. A.
Harris, Henry B.
Harp, Mr. and Mrs. Charles M.
Harp, Miss Margaret, and maid.
Hoyt. W. F.
Holverson, A. M.
I.
Isham, Miss A. E.
Servant of J. Bruce Ismay.
J.
Julian, H. F.
Jones, C. C.
K.
Kent, Edward A.
Kenyon, Mr. and Mrs. F. R., (may be reported saved as Kenchen and Kennyman).
Kimball, Mr. and Mrs. E. N., (may be reported saved as Mr. and Mrs. E. Kimberley).
Lindsholm, J., (may be reported saved as Mrs. Sigrid Lindstrom).
Loring, J. H.
Lingrey, Edward.
M.
Maguire, J. E.
McCaffry, T.
McCaffry, T., Jr.
McCarthy, T., Jr.
Marvin, D. W.
Middleton, J. C.
Millett, Frank D. Minahan, Dr. and Mrs. Marechal, Pierre.
Meyer, Edgar J. Molson, H. M. Moore, C., servant. N.
Natsch, Charles. Newall, Miss T. Nicholson, A. S.
O.
Ovies, S. Ostby, E. C.
Ornout, Alfred T.
P.
Parr, M. H. W.
Pears, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas. Penasco, Mr. Victor. Partner, M. A. Payne, V.
Pond, Florence, and maid. Porter, Walter.
R.
Reuchlin, J.
Maid of Robert, Mrs. E.
Roebling, Washington A., 2d. Rood, Hugh R. Roes, J. Hugo. Maid of Countess Rothes.
Rothschild, M. Rowe, Arthur.
Ryerson, A. S.
Shutes, Miss E. W., (probably reported saved as Miss Shutter).
Maid of Mrs. George Stone.
Straus, Mr. and Mrs. Isidor.
Silvey, William B.
Maid of Mrs. D. C. Spedden. Spedden, Master D., and nurse.
Spencer, W. A.
Stead, W. T.
Stehli, Mr. and Mrs. Max Frolisher. Sutton, Frederick.
Smart, John M.
Smith, Clinch.
Smith, R. W.
Stewart, A. A., (may be reported saved as Frederick Stewart).
Smith, L. P. T.
Taussig, Mrs. Emil. Maid of Mrs. Thayer.
Thayer, John B. Thorne, C.
V. Vanderhoof, Wyckoff.
W.
Walker, W. A.
Warren, F. M.
White, Percival A.
White, Richard F.
Widener, G. D. and servant.
Widener, Harry.
Wood, Mr. and Mrs. Frank P.
Weir, J.
Wick, George D. Williams, Duane. Wright, George.
SECOND CABIN
A. Abelson, Samson. Andrew, Frank. Ashby, John. Aldsworth. C. Andrew, Edgar.
B.
Beacken, James H. Brown, Mrs. Banfield, Fred. Beight, Nail.
Braily, Bandsman. Breicoux, Bandsman. Bailey, Percy. Bainbridge, C. R.
Byles, the Rev. Thomas Beauchamp, H. J. Beesley, Lawrence. Berg, Miss E. Bentham, I. Bateman, Robert J. Butler, Reginald. Botsford, Hull. Bowener, Solomon. Berriman, William.
C.
Clarke, Charles. Clark, Bandsman. Corey, Mrs. Carter, the Rev. Ernest Carter, Mrs. Coleridge, Reginald. Chapman, Charles. Cunningham, Alfred Campbell, William. Collyer, Harvey. Corbett, Mrs. Irene. Chapman, John R. Chapman, Mrs. E. Colander, Erie. Cotterill, Harry. Charles, William, (probably reported saved as William, Charles).
D.
Deacon, Percy.
Davis, Charles, (may be reported saved as John Davies).
