Essentials of testing and assessment a practical guide for counselors social workers and psychologis

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Essentials of Testing and Assessment:

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EssentialsofTesting
andAssessment
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APracticalGuidetoCounselors, SocialWorkers,andPsychologists THIRDEDITION EdwardS.Neukrug OldDominionUniversity R.CharlesFawcett Director,RegionTenFluvannaCounselingCenter

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EssentialsofTestingandAssessment: APracticalGuidetoCounselors,Social Workers,andPsychologists, ThirdEdition

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Tomyfatherandmybrother,therealmathexpertsinthefamily. EdNeukrug

TomylovingwifeLaura,whomakesmylifericher. CharlieFawcett

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SECTIONI UNDERSTANDINGTHEASSESSMENTPROCESS:HISTORY, ETHICALANDPROFESSIONALISSUES,DIAGNOSIS, ANDTHEASSESSMENTREPORT1 1 HistoryofTestingandAssessment3 2 Ethical,Legal,andProfessionalIssuesinAssessment21 3 DiagnosisintheAssessmentProcess43 4 TheAssessmentReportProcess:InterviewingtheClientand WritingtheReport59 SECTIONII TESTWORTHINESSANDTESTSTATISTICS81 5 TestWorthiness:Validity,Reliability,Cross-CulturalFairness,and Practicality83 6 StatisticalConcepts:MakingMeaningOutofRawScores110 7 StatisticalConcepts:CreatingNewScorestoInterpretTestData127 iv Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
BriefContents
SECTIONIII COMMONLYUSEDASSESSMENTTECHNIQUES151 8 AssessmentofEducationalAbility:SurveyBattery,Diagnostic,Readiness, andCognitiveAbilityTests157 9 IntellectualandCognitiveFunctioning:IntelligenceTestingand NeuropsychologicalAssessment190 10 CareerandOccupationalAssessment:InterestInventories,Multiple Aptitude,andSpecialAptitudeTests221 11 ClinicalAssessment:ObjectiveandProjectivePersonalityTests247 12 InformalAssessment:Observation,RatingScales,ClassificationMethods, EnvironmentalAssessment,RecordsandPersonalDocuments,and Performance-BasedAssessment281 BRIEFCONTENTS v Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

DistinguishingBetweenTestingandAssessment4

TheHistoryofAssessment5

AncientHistory5

PrecursorstoModern-DayTestDevelopment5

TheEmergenceofAbilityTests(TestingintheCognitiveDomain)7

IntellectualandCognitiveFunctioning:IntelligenceTestingandNeuropsychological Assessment7

GroupTestsofAbility(GroupTestingintheCognitiveDomain)8

TheEmergenceofPersonalityTests(TestingintheAffectiveRealm)12

InterestInventoriesandVocationalAssessment12

ObjectivePersonalityAssessment12

ProjectiveTesting12

TheEmergenceofInformalAssessmentProcedures13

Modern-DayUseofAssessmentProcedures14

QuestionstoConsiderWhenAssessingIndividuals17

Summary17

ChapterReview18

References19

Contents
UnderstandingtheAssessmentProcess: History,EthicalandProfessionalIssues,Diagnosis, andtheAssessmentReport1
HistoryofTestingandAssessment3
PREFACEXV SECTIONI
1
vi Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

EthicalIssuesinAssessment22

OverviewoftheAssessmentSectionsoftheACAandAPAEthicalCodes22

ChoosingAppropriateAssessmentInstruments22

CompetenceintheUseofTests23

Confidentiality23

Cross-CulturalSensitivity24

InformedConsent24

InvasionofPrivacy24

ProperDiagnosis24

ReleaseofTestData24

TestAdministration25

TestSecurity25

TestScoringandInterpretation25

StandardsforResponsibleTestingPractices26

MakingEthicalDecisions27

LegalIssuesinAssessment28

TheFamilyEducationRightsandPrivacyAct(FERPA)of197429

TheHealthInsurancePortabilityandAccountabilityAct(HIPAA)29

PrivilegedCommunication30

TheFreedomofInformationAct30

CivilRightsActs(1964andAmendments)30

AmericanswithDisabilitiesAct(ADA)(PL101-336)32

IndividualswithDisabilitiesEducationAct(IDEA)32

Section504oftheRehabilitationAct33

CarlPerkinsCareerandTechnicalEducationImprovementActof200633

ProfessionalIssues33

ProfessionalAssociations34

AccreditationStandardsofProfessionalAssociations34

ForensicEvaluations34

AssessmentasaHolisticProcess35

Cross-CulturalIssuesinAssessment36

EmbracingTestingandAssessmentProcedures38 Summary38

ChapterReview39

TheDSM-546

Single-Axisvs.MultiaxialDiagnosis47

MakingandReportingDiagnosis47

OrderingDiagnoses47

Subtypes,Specifiers,andSeverity47

ProvisionalDiagnosis48

OtherSpecifiedDisordersandUnspecifiedDisorders48

SpecificDiagnosticCategories49

2
Ethical,Legal,andProfessionalIssuesinAssessment21
References40 3 DiagnosisintheAssessmentProcess43 TheImportanceofDiagnosis44
TheDiagnosticandStatisticalManual(DSM):ABriefHistory45
CONTENTS vii Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

OtherMedicalConsiderations52

PsychosocialandEnvironmentalConsiderations53 CulturalConsiderations54

FinalThoughtsonDSM-5intheAssessmentProcess54 Summary56

ChapterReview56

Structured,Unstructured,andSemi-StructuredInterviews61

Computer-DrivenAssessment63

ChoosinganAppropriateAssessmentInstrument64

WritingtheReport65

DemographicInformation65

PresentingProblemorReasonforReferral66 FamilyBackground66

SignificantMedical/CounselingHistory67 SubstanceUseandAbuse67

Diagnosis73

SummaryandConclusions74

Recommendations75

SummarizingtheWritingofanAssessmentReport75

Summary77

ChapterReview78

References78

4 TheAssessmentReportProcess:InterviewingtheClientand WritingtheReport59
AnswerstoExercise57 References57
PurposeoftheAssessmentReport60 GatheringInformationfortheReport:GarbageIn,GarbageOut60
EducationalandVocationalHistory68 OtherPertinentInformation68 MentalStatus68 AppearanceandBehavior68 EmotionalState68 ThoughtComponents70 Cognition71 AssessmentResults72
SECTIONII TestWorthinessandTestStatistics81 5 TestWorthiness:Validity,Reliability,Cross-CulturalFairness,and Practicality83 CorrelationCoefficient84 CoefficientofDetermination(SharedVariance)86 viii CONTENTS Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Validity87

ContentValidity87

Criterion-RelatedValidity89

ConcurrentValidity89

PredictiveValidity89

ConstructValidity91

ExperimentalDesignValidity91

FactorAnalysis92

ConvergencewithOtherInstruments(ConvergentValidity)92

DiscriminationwithOtherMeasures(DiscriminantValidity)92

VisualRepresentationofTypesofValidity93

Reliability94

Test-RetestReliability95

Alternate,Parallel,orEquivalentFormsReliability96

InternalConsistency96

Split-HalforOdd-EvenReliability96

Cronbach’sCoefficientAlphaandKuder–Richardson97

VisualRepresentationofTypesofReliability97

ItemResponseTheory:AnotherWayofLookingatReliability98

Cross-CulturalFairness99

Practicality102

Time102

Cost102

Format102

Readability103

EaseofAdministration,Scoring,andInterpretation103

SelectingandAdministeringaGoodTest103

Step1:DeterminetheGoalsofYourClient103

Step2:ChooseInstrumentTypestoReachClientGoals104

Step3:AccessInformationAboutPossibleInstruments104

Step4:ExamineValidity,Reliability,Cross-CulturalFairness,andPracticalityofthePossible Instruments105

Step5:ChooseanInstrumentWisely106

Summary106

ChapterReview107

References107

6 StatisticalConcepts:MakingMeaningOutofRawScores110 RawScores111 FrequencyDistributions112 HistogramsandFrequencyPolygons113 CumulativeDistributions115 NormalCurvesandSkewedCurves116 TheNormalCurve116 SkewedCurves117 CONTENTS ix Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

MeasuresofCentralTendency118

Mean118

Median118

Mode119

MeasuresofVariability119

Range120

InterquartileRange120

StandardDeviation122

RememberingthePerson124

Summary125

ChapterReview126

AnswerstoItems5through8126

Reference126

NormReferencingversusCriterionReferencing128

NormativeComparisonsandDerivedScores129

Percentiles130

StandardScores130

z-Scores131

T-scores133

DeviationIQ133

Stanines135

StenScores136

NormalCurveEquivalents(NCE)Scores136

CollegeandGraduateSchoolEntranceExamScores136

Publisher-TypeScores138

DevelopmentalNorms139

AgeComparisons139

GradeEquivalents139

PuttingItAllTogether140

StandardErrorofMeasurement141

StandardErrorofEstimate143

ScalesofMeasurement145

NominalScale146

OrdinalScale146

IntervalScale146

RatioScale146

Summary147

ChapterReview148

AnswerstoItems4through10149

References149

7 StatisticalConcepts:CreatingNewScorestoInterpretTestData127
x CONTENTS Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

8

DefiningAssessmentofEducationalAbility158

SurveyBatteryAchievementTesting159

NationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress(NAEP)160

StanfordAchievementTest162

IowaTestofBasicSkills(ITBS)163

MetropolitanAchievementTest165

DiagnosticTesting165

TheWideRangeAchievementTest4(WRAT4)166

WechslerIndividualAchievementTest ThirdEdition(WIAT-III)167

PeabodyIndividualAchievementTest(PIAT-R/NU)167

Woodcock-Johnson® III170

KeyMath3™ DiagnosticAssessment170

ReadinessTesting171

KindergartenReadinessTest(KRT)(Anderhalter&Perney)172

KindergartenReadinessTest(KRT)(LarsonandVitali)172

MetropolitanReadinessTest(MRT6)173

GesellDevelopmentalObservation Revised173

CognitiveAbilityTests174

Otis-LennonSchoolAbilityTest,EighthEdition(OLSAT8)174

TheCognitiveAbilityTest(CogAT)177

CollegeandGraduateSchoolAdmissionExams178

ACT178

SAT179

GREGeneralTest180

GRESubjectTests181

MillerAnalogyTest(MAT)181

LawSchoolAdmissionTest(LSAT)181

MedicalCollegeAdmissionTest(MCAT)182

TheRoleofHelpersintheAssessmentofEducationalAbility182

FinalThoughtsAbouttheAssessmentofEducationalAbility183

Summary184

ChapterReview185

References186

ABriefHistoryofIntelligenceTesting191

DefiningIntelligenceTesting191

ModelsofIntelligence192

Spearman’sTwo-FactorApproach192

Thurstone’sMultifactorApproach193

Vernon’sHierarchicalModelofIntelligence193

SECTIONIII CommonlyUsedAssessmentTechniques151
AssessmentofEducationalAbility:SurveyBattery,Diagnostic, Readiness,andCognitiveAbilityTests157
9 IntellectualandCognitiveFunctioning:IntelligenceTestingand NeuropsychologicalAssessment190
CONTENTS xi Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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