circumstances defined by adapted local plans decrees in a given time period. The difference
between
bottom-up
embracing
bottom-up
initiatives
and
merely
incorporating local aspirations is that in the first case bottom-up input would form a base for a common strategic vision while consequences of the latter leading to system of fragmented plan patches. Instead of coordinating the local plans the Budapest Agglomeration plan only incorporates local plans preserving a status quo. 2.7.
Sand in the machinery –the forces of urbanisation
The Budapest agglomeration saw rapid urbanisation in the last two decades: complete restructuring of the economy and labour markets, emergence of commuting and traffic congestions (Foldi, 2012), the appearance and integration of out-of-town retail, logistics, new office zones (Soóki-Tóth et al, 2013), gentrification (Kovács, Wiessner, Zischner, 2013) mass migration into the agglomeration ( HSO, 2014; Kok and Kovács, 1999; Foldi, 2012; Szabó, 2003; Váradi, 2012; Szirmai, 1998 and 2007). The extent of the area affected also expanded (Lukovich, 2002b). The newly formed social, economic relations took roots and the new functional connections weaved the settlements into the knit of the city-region. Kovács et al. (2007) concluded that (Figure 3) the outer rim of the agglomeration is still slowly shifting outwards followed by the review of the administrative boundaries - always one step behind. Figure 3 Expansion of the administrative area of the agglomeration
Source: 5 Kovács et al. ( 2007) pp. 16
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