Post Carbon Cities: Eco Urban Practices by RMIT Architecture

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

ECO URBAN PRACTICES

POST CARBON CITIES MUD

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DANNY TAN KAH AIK, DAVID VERNON, DENISSA LADY WIETARI, GEOFFREY BROADBENT, GEORGIA MACTAGGART, JYOTHI PATHIPATI, LACHLAN BAULCH, LIJIA YU, LIN SU, MACKENZIE TAYLOR, MATTHEW MELIA, PRIYEN NIRANJAN GAJJAR, XIAOLIN PANG, YASEEN MOHIDDIN, YING XU, YIQUN WANG with IAN NAZARETH

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

ECO URBAN PRACTICES

POST CARBON CITIES

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This elective is concerned with the re-forming of cities in response to shifting energy paradigms – from fossil fuels to renewable energy. While certain aspects like carbon footprint etc are quantifiable, others are more abstract. The focus is directed towards the relationship between architecture, urbanism and the organisation of cities. For centuries, carbon has been a dominant variable in the development of cities and patterns of settlement. Adjacent to the discussion of carbon and the climate / ecological crisis, we now inhabit the post-pandemic cities where the hierarchy and traditional role or the central city (ie the downtown and CBD) is challenged, elevating notions of decentralisation and localisation. How would new energy paradigms and distribution networks subvert the matrix of rules, formulas and relationships that underpin the contemporary city?

References: Log47, A New Normal, Roadmap 2050

MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Eco Urban Practices extends attitudes and approaches to understanding, describing and speculating about an urbanism that responds to a particular ecological pressure, placed in the broader context of discussion of sustainability, liveability, mobility, transformation and counterfactual proposition for the city.

Through this seminar we seek to better understand new possibilities for production, spatial organisation, and challenge the orthodoxies and the formal implications they have on the resolution of cities, suburbs, precincts and architecture.

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1.CARBON FORM 008 1.1 Infrastructure / Communication 010 (Yaseen Mohiddin, Yiqun Wang, Lijia Yu)

1.2 Logistics / Transportation 090

(Danny Tan Kah Aik, Lin Su, Priyen Niranjan Gajjar)

1.3 Production / Manufacturing / Working 188 (Mackenzie Taylor, Georgia Mactaggart)

1.4 Domestic / Living 234

(Matthew Melia, David Vernon, Lachlan Baulch)

1.5 Leisure / Recreation 252 (Ying Xu, Xiaolin Pang, Jyothi Pathipati)

2.ENERGY PARADIGMS 320 2.1 International Protocols and Agreements 322 (Matthew Melia, David Vernon, Lachlan Baulch)

2.2 Bioenergy 342

(Danny Tan Kah Aik, Lin Su, Priyen Niranjan Gajjar)

2.3 Solar Energy 378 6

(Yaseen Mohiddin, Yiqun Wang, Lijia Yu)

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2.4 Wind Energy 434

(Ying Xu, Xiaolin Pang, Jyothi Pathipati)

2.5 Energy Storage 470

(Mackenzie Taylor, Georgia Mactaggart)

3.POST CARBON CITIES 486 3.1 Data Hubs 488

(Danny Tan Kah Aik, Lin Su, Priyen Niranjan Gajjar)

3.3 Micro Factories 646

(Mackenzie Taylor, Georgia Mactaggart)

3.4 New Centralitiesv 720

(Matthew Melia, David Vernon, Lachlan Baulch)

3.5 VR Theme Park 736

(Ying Xu, Xiaolin Pang, Jyothi Pathipati)

3.2 Infralogics 568

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(Yaseen Mohiddin, Yiqun Wang, Lijia Yu)

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1.CARBON FORM

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1.1 Infrastructure / Comm

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munication MUD

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“infrastructure” “infrastructure” infrustructure projects are many and diverse: roads, tunnels, bridges, railways, airports harbors, canals, subways and tramways, dams, irrigation networks, water pipes, water purification plants, sewers, water treatment plants, dumps and incinerators, power plants, power lines and distribution networks, oil and gas pipelines, telephone exchanges and networks, and district heating equipment, among others.

TRASPORT

ENERGY

ROADS

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LINES

BRIDGES PORTS

INTERNET AND LARGE-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TELEPHONE LINES

RAILWAYS

SUBSTATIONS

AIRPORTS

GAS PIPELINES

MOBILE TRANSMISSION TOWERS

DATA CENTRES

WATER

WASTE

DAMS

LANDFILLS

WATER PIPELINES,PUMPS AND SOLID WASTE PIPELINES TREATMENT PLANTS RECOVERY CENTRES WASTEWATER PIPELINES, PUMPS AND TREATMENT PLANTS WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITIES STORMWATER DRAINS

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three types of infrastructure-related Operating emissions

Enabled emissions

From the production of materials used in the construction of infrastructure, as well as materials from the construction process itself. Infrastructure decision makers control these emissions through choices made at the project planning, site selection, design, and procurement stages (for example, purchasing less-emitting steel for the construction of a bridge). Controls on these emissions may be limited by cost, technology availability and supply chain constraints. However, the scale of infrastructure spending may be large enough that procurement preferences (for example, recycled materials or low-carbon building practices) can change the activity of its supply chain.

Result from the ongoing operations of infrastructure assets. Infrastructure decisionmakers and operators have direct control over these emissions through choices made in the planning, design and operating stages of the project (for example, installing LED lights rather than high pressure sodium bulbs in road street lights). As is the case for embodied emissions, control over these emissions may be limited by a project’s supply chain, but infrastructure project preferences may transform markets for low-emissions technologies and energy generation (for example, the Beryl Solar Farm in NSW was established to supply electricity for the Sydney Metro NorthWest project).

Result from the activities of infrastructure’s end-users. Infrastructure decision-makers have influence (but limited control) over these emissions. Choices about what infrastructure to build enables or restricts low-emission activity. For example, by offering port charge rebates for low-emitting ships, NSW Ports can influence the emissions of the marine transport sector20. Decisions regarding where infrastructure is built can also influence emissions (for example, the proximity of rail and public transport infrastructure to population centres will influence local road transport emissions)

Embodied emissions

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emissions

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ATER

(TRANSPORT) PORT

GY) 3% (ENER GAS

10 W %

12% RAILWAYS (TRANSPORT)

36 RO %

16% COMMUNICATIONS

21%

(TRANS AD S PO

ELECTRICITY(ENERGY)

)

2018 from infrastructure construction in the communications, energy, transport and water sectors

construction value added in

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Value added share of total infrastructure con-

Value

Estimated embodied emissions(Mt CO2 e)

Energy

15,537.6

24.1%

8.3

Eletricity

13,666.8

21.2%

7.3

Gas

1,870.8

2.9%

1.0

Transport

32,055.8

49.6%

17.0

Roads

21,091.8

32.7%

11.8

Airports

1,080.0

1.7%

0.6

Bridges

1,088.4

1.7%

0.6

Railways

7,916.8

12.3%

4.2

878.8

1.4%

0.5

Communications

10,408.8

16.1%

5.5

TOTAL Infrastracture

64,587.2

100.0%

34.3

Ports

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Infrastructure

construction,

australia’s infrastucture construction by value added($000’s), share of

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COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE

This could explain a degree of ambiguity often experienced towards this technology for it is hard to establish whether a technology is potentially apocalyptic or entirely benevolent if it cannot befully conceptualized or experienced. paradoxical nature of the internet as being physical and metaphysical: the internet is everywhere; the internet is nowhere. but indubitably, as invisible as the logical might seem, its physical counterpart is always there.Deregulation has changed the telecommunications industry by transforming local and longdistance monopolies into highly competitive suppliers of communications offerings. The telecommunications act of 1996 in the united states coincided with more carbon emissions than all of the aforementioned sectors.

As andrew blum explains, visualizing the physical structure of the internet is hard for many people due to the immaterial experiences of it in everyday life. thus, the internet, unlike many technologies, can be expertly used and yet be not entirely comprehended.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Communication infrastructure is a complex ecosystem of separate yet interconnected systems. it consists of a variety of networks, including the broader internet, cellular networks, optical backhaul networks, and local area networks. it provides service to almost all aspects of our daily life and is likely to become even more essential to us as we move toward a future involving the internet of things (iot) and vehicular systems.

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@ google/ google data centre-proves internet really is a series of tubes.

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Infrastructures are critical for satisfying human needs for food, water, energy, sanitation,shelter, transportation, and communication. Infrastructures, which represent the entirety of built environment stocks in this study, lie at the nexus between human development and climate change. Infrastructures are critical for satisfying human needs for food, water, energy, sanitation,shelter, transportation and communication, and their development is therefore essential for alleviating poverty and promoting economic growth. Infrastructures also cause anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions throughout the entire socio-metabolic system. These emissions first occur during the construction phase then in the use phase and finally, to a lesser extent, they occur in the end of life phase. Due to their long service lifetimes, infrastructures determine to a large extent how the carbon emissions of a society change over time. While most climate change activists are focused on limiting emissions from the automotive, aviation and energy sectors, It is the Communications industry that is on track to generate more carbon emissions than all of the aforementioned sectors.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

“VIRTUAL ACTUALLY LIVES IN PHYSICAL”

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Data Centres

Where “ Cloud” meets the “ Ground” `

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Case Study: 1 MUD

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INTRODUCTION

and cool the IT equipment. Data Centres are present in remote areas, Suburban , Rural and Urban locations. vary in size. (from small offices to Large facilities containing data halls which house racks of IT equipment; the remaining floor space houses power and cooling equipment. Typically, the extensive floor space required for the supporting infrastructures can be as much as two to four times greater than the data halls themselves. Tight controls on air quality mean that the data halls do not include windows and are often built using a steel frame and concrete floor construction resulting in large

windowless boxes.

considered the backbone of the IT networks across the globe, They are central nervous system of modern economy. These facilities contain IT equipment used for the processing and storage of data, and communications networking. and contain servers They need extensive supporting infrastructures to power

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

A Data Centre is a secure building, a dedicated space within a building, or a group of buildings used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems. Most people dont even know they exist. Data centers can be described as the factories of the 21st century. When we hear about data being stored “in the cloud,” those data are really being stored in a data center. They are not only

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DATA CENTRE COMPOSITION

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Asia Pacific : 1/2 of Global Data Centres. Data centre Energy consumption -3% Globally of all energy generated on the Planet. USA energy consumption grew from 2016 onwards…. 2010-2014 - 4% 2005-2010 -24% 2000-2005-90% $10 mil-425 Million -Average yearly cost to maintain.

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Pre-1990s: Data centers were formed using large rooms of computers, where computer bugs indicated ‘live’ bugs inside these large systems. 1990-2000: As internet and client-server computing started taking center stage, data centers became more reputed and drastic for growing businesses. People started relying on huge datasets that led to the growth of data center companies. 2000-2007: As the 21st century began, technology was reaching unprecedented heights. Major improvements like data center services, data center outsourcing demands, sharing hosting, coupled with application hosting and managed services, ISPs, ASP’s, MSP’s, etc came to light. People became more aware of data centers. 2005, modular, portable data center design concepts came to market. 2008-2011: During this period, data centers became more stabilized to society. Henceforth, the focus shifted to power efficiency, cooling technologies, and management facilities of the data center. 2013 – Google invested in massive internet infrastructure, driven by the expansion of Google’s global data center network. 2019 – A distributed computing paradigm is required which has changed the data center dynamics again with the prevalence of edge data centers. And this is how our modern data center came into being.

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HISTORY & EVOLUTION:

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ANALYSIS: The Law of Accelerating Returns and Moore’s Law are both central concepts to understanding exponential growth of technology over time.

Moore’s Law states that the number of transistors on mi-

crochips doubles every two years and that this advancement is important for other aspects of technological progress in computing with processing speed or price of these.

Time: Technology Space Cost

1964 ----------------2007 FORTRAN----------- IPHONE 150 M3--------------.0001M3 $120,000----------- $600

While the Technology, performance speed, processing capacity increased exponentially over time, the Size and Cost has relatively seen an exponential decline.

Coined by futurist Ray Kurzweil in 1999, the law of accelerating returns states that while most things progress linearly, technological change actually accelerates over time and rate of growth will continue to double approximately every decade and is exponential In simple terms, the GROWTH Trend is as below

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Law of Accelerated Return

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Moore's Law: Transistors per microprocessor

Number of transistors which fit into a microprocessor. This relationship was famously related to Moore's Law, which was the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years. World

10 billion 1 billion 100 million 10 million 1 million 100,000 10,000

2030 1000

1971

1980

1990

2000

2010

2017

Source: Karl Rupp. 40 Years of Microprocessor Trend Data.

CC BY

Computing efficiency, 1971 to 2015

Computer processing efficiency, measured as the number of watts needed per million instructions per second (Watts per MIPS).

5 W per MIPS

4 W per MIPS

3 W per MIPS

2 W per MIPS

1 W per MIPS

0 W per MIPS

Intel Frantz Smailagic

1971

1980

Source: Ray Kurzweil (2005, updated). The Singularity is Near.

1990

2000

2010

2015 CC BY

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Price changes in consumer goods and services in the USA

Price change in consumer goods and services in the USA, measured as the percentage change since 1997. Data is measured based on the reported consumer price index (CPI) for national average urban consumer prices.

150%

100% Household energy

50%

Public transportation

New cars Clothing

-50% Software

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TECNOLOGY GROWTH: MOORE’S LAW

TVs

2000

2005

Source: United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)

2010

2015 2017 OurWorldInData.org/technological-progress/ • CC BY

1997

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Data

Zetabytes (10^21 bytes)

135

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Year

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF DATA

180 Real Time Data Data

Zetabytes (10^21 bytes)

135

YEAR

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Website hosting There was a boom in the number of data centers as internet use grew and a dot.com bubble was created as companies of every size rushed to get on the internet with their own websites Cloud services For the last ten years or so, cloud services have grown from the likes of Microsoft, Google, Amazon, IBM, Oracle, SAP, Salesforce, China’s Alibaba and many others. The growth of cloud data centers took off when companies started to remotely access some or most of their key business software applications through the cloud. On Premise instead of deploying them and managing the data and websites on servers located at their sites. Hyperscale Data Centres: Because the demand for such services has dramatically increased, the size and number of the data centers being built to host them has accordingly grown too. Such data centers have become known as hyperscale data centers. Edge Computing:

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DATA CENTRE TRENDS

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Technological developments in many respects are growing exponentially. Moore’s early observation is important as it showed that the advances in technology does not progress linearly but grows at an EXPONENTIAL rate. More importantly for us is that the power and speed of computers increased exponentially; the doubling time of computational capacity for personal computers was 1.5 years between 1975 and 2009. The increasing power of a wider range of computers — starting with the first general purpose computer (ENIAC) in 1946. While the performance of computers and technological equipment increasesd exponentially, the relative space taken by these computers reduced exponentially as well. Surprisingly the price of computers and ICT equipments also dropped making it easily accessible to the wider community. The technology de regulation passed by governments also increased the use of computers and internet services.

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OBSERVATIONS:

0.3

0.2

0.1

Global data centre emissions (GtCO2)

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0.4

9% increase

0.07

2002

Global annual internet traffic Tracking Clean Energy progress

Global

annual

internet trafficww

1997

2007

2017

60 PB

54 EB

1.1 ZB

KB MB GB TB PB EB ZB YB

kilobyte megabyte gigabyte terabyte petabyte exabyte Zettabyte yottabyte

10 bytes 10 bytes 10 bytes 10 bytes 10 bytes 10 bytes 10 bytes 10 bytes 6

2022

4.2 ZB

7% increase

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INTERNET USE DEMOGRAPHY 0.29

0.16

DATA: INTERNET USE As global internet penetration ratescontinue to grow and connected technologies enter the mainstream, it’s clear that the number of data centres worldwide is going to keep on increasing. 2020

2011 Year

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A recent IDC study claims that by 2025, worldwide data traffic will have grown by 61 percent to 175 zettabytes, with roughly 75 percent of the population having at least one data interaction every 18 seconds. IT company Cisco, which tracks these things, reckons video will make up 82 percent of internet traffic by 2021, up from 73 percent in 2016.

International Energy Agency

Google estimates that a typical search using its services requires as much energy as illuminating a 60-watt light bulb for 17 seconds and typically is responsible for emitting 0.2 grams of CO2.

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LOCATION STATISTICS: GLOBAL

Most of the largest data centers are in hot or temperate climates, consuming vast amounts of energy to keep them from overheating. The energy consumed by hardware inside the Data Centre makes up its Opex emissions but getting all that hardware built and installed as well as building the Data Centre itself contributes to greenhouse Gas emissions as well. These are the Capex emissions.

Source: Google/Hosting facts/largest data centres in the world

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Source: Google maps/Data Centres Ashburn

Source: Google/Largest Data centres/

Source: Google/Largest Data centres

Source: Google/ Data centres/Schultz New York

Source: Google/Largest Data centres/Telehouse west/London

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Source: Google/Largest Data centres/Telehouse west/London

Source: Google/Data centres/Lakeside Technology Centre

k / Surakarta/Central

DATA CENTRE TYPOLOGY

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0.4 7% increase

0.3

9% increase

0.2

0.1

0.16

0.07

0 2002

0.29

2011 Year

2020

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POLEMIC: DATA CENTRE ENERGY USE

Data centre Energy consumption -3% Globally of all energy generated on the Planet.

The gigantic data centers that power the internet consume vast amounts of electricity and emit as much CO2 as the airline industry. The biggest, covering a million square feet or more, consume as much power as a city of a million people “Energy costs can make up as much as 70 to 80 percent of operational expenses for a data centre. Power supply is a business-critical issue for data centres,” says de Rul. In 2013, U.S. data centers consumed an estimated 91 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity. This is the equivalent annual output of 34 large (500-megawatt) coal-fired power plants, enough electricity to power all the households in New York City twice over.

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Google estimates that a typical search using its services requires as much energy as illuminating a 60-watt light bulb for 17 seconds and typically is responsible for emitting 0.2 grams of CO2.

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the number of data centres doubled since mid 2015-2020 Challenges afoot: Covid19 Pandemic. The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic has tested the capacity of data centers. There was a huge rise in home working and a greater need to access business applications that support it through data centers and the cloud.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

going to grow.”

CULTURAL The launch of 5G, the new wave of IoT devices, and a thriving cryptocurrency scene will only compound the problem. Asmore devices become connected more data will need to be processed than ever before. At the rate at which data is generated, the use of Internet, streaming of videos, Meaning more and more data centres coming up and adding to the carbon footprint leading to climate change crisis. data generated with Bitcoins; Equivalent energy to country like Switzerland. The need for server farms is only going to increase as time passes and more people join the internet. This, in addition to the fact that the amount of data that each person creates is expanding exponentially, means that the pressure for data centres is actually

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That particular spot on the map is where an estimated 70 et’s Internet traffic flows each and every day.

Ashburn, a city in Virginia’s Loudoun County about 34 miles from Washington D.C., is widely known as the Data Center Capital of the World. Loudoun County has similar renown and is called “The Center of the Internet” and “Data Center Alley.” As of 2020, Data Center Alley in Virginia ‘s Ashburn is home to over 12 million square feet of commissioned data center space with over 800 megawatts of power. It is the Data Centre capital of the world. The Internet became available to the public in 1991, and by the late 1990s, Ashburn and its surrounding region of Northern Virginia was identified as an ideal location for data centers and storage of massive amounts of data. Why Ashburn? Cost of Land Cost of Electricity the cost of electricity is 20% lower than the natural average. This is significant because keeping servers cool is the greatest expense related to data centers, and the cost is tremendous. Almost 40% of the electricity required to keep the lights on in the United Kingdom is the amount used to provide electricity to data centers across the world. Another way to put it is that 3% of the total electricity used in the world recently went for data centers. The amount of electricity required just to power the growing number of centers increases exponentially each year.

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Introduction

0 percent of the plan-

CASE STUDY THE DATA CENTRE ALLEY, ASHBURN

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Geographical location: Virginia is less prone to shocks and earthquakes. Network: service providers have their The Local Government, Tax Cuts, and Incentives This level of infrastructure development is also supported by the local government. The data center industry is recognized as a vital component of the modern economy, as it impacts every other major industry. Locally, it is a large contributor to employment and a major source of revenue for the state. it was near a skilled and educated population. The demand for space in the Data Center Alley began to rise as more organizations realized the value of tapping into such a highly interconnected infrastructure leading to the development of more facilities. The region evolved at such a phenomenal rate that, by 1997, half of the world’s traffic was already flowing through it. According to Buddy Rizer, the Executive Director for Economic Development in Loudoun County, there has not been a single day without construction on a new data facility since 2008. With scalability a snap and plenty of land still available, the future continues to look bright for NOVA when it comes its reign as the data capital of the world.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MORPHOLOGY

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Footprint Trend

The DEQ is looking into another emerging concern related to data centers in Northern Virginia: air quality. A report by the state Secretary of Natural Resources in 2019 listed air emissions from data centers’ backup generators as a potential risk to air quality. Every data center has several generators that are intended to be used in an emergency should the conventional power grid go down for any period of time.

Energy: “it is no secret that energy usage is a large factor of operating a data center.” But, he said, aggregating servers into large data centers uses up to 84% less power than having servers located at each business or agency. The more servers per square foot, for example, the fewer feet in need of cooling as they operate around the clock. Air concerns

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

In 2019, Loudoun County had 13.5 million square feet of data centers in operation with another 4.5 million square feet under development, according to the county’s Department of Economic Development. Another 10 million square feet of data center space were reportedly in the pipeline. Their combined footprint from these buildings would cover approximately 640 acres, but that’s not including the parking lots that accompany them.

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An aerial view of just some of the many data centres that call Ashburn,VA home. As the loudoun Times Mirr the king of Data Centres for some time now”

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The region boasts some of the country’s most fiber dense roads as depicted in this image courtesy of NEFiber. Subsea fiber cables from Europe and South America land in Virginia Beach and much of the internet traffic is then routed through Loudoun County’s “Data Center Alley.” in order for the international Internet traffic to leave the state of Virginia and reach its destination in other parts of the world, it had to be first sent to New York, New Jersey or Florida. This is because the “landing stations” where the subsea fiber systems terminate existed only in these three states in the Eastern Seaboard. 60 Hudson street is one such example of downtown buildings with large concentration of network and connectivity of service providers giving rise to “Carrier Hotels”. A building housing the different networks A key piece of the business model is the meet-me room, a common area where providers can make connections between their networks. ”Carrier hotels are reinforcing the value of wired real estate in major cities.” This changed in 2017 as Virginia got its first subsea cable.

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Infrastructure

ror nots,”Loudoun has been known as

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DATA CENTRE FUTURE:

REPURPOSED/DECENTRALISED/OPTIMIZED/REVOLUTIONIZED While the COVID-19 pandemic led to a surprise surge in data center demand in 2020, we expect the underlying trends in Data Center Alley to continue beyond the pandemic. The new normalcy of work from home practices, continued growth in hybrid IT solutions, as well as a pro-technology government will continue to support the healthy data center environment in Looking forward, we expect emerging trends such as AI, IoT and VR/AR to drive data center demand while also revolutionizing operations.

Beyond trends in supply and demand, there are two specific trends surfacing, specifically. First, developers are building taller data centers to maximize the sellable space on each acre of land, and they are also buying offices or industrial properties and then demolishing existing structures to make way for data centers. These trends will work to influence the development and evolution of Data Centers in coming years.

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Data Center Trends to Watch

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Rem Koolhaas, OMA

MUSEUM IN THE COUNTRY SIDE AESTHETICS OF OF THE AESTHETICS

OMA, Museum in the Countryside, 2018 At a moment when our collective history is digital, the data centre is becoming one of our most significant cultural typologies. In this context the spaces of museum storage and experience are afforded new relevance in what would have once been an unexpected alliance.

blob:https://teams.microsoft. com/c0cea954-3d8a-4e62982d-5ba3610f326e

DATA DATA CENTRE CENTRE

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HYPOTHESIS:

The project proposal is for inner city Data centres, amidst the exisitng built fabric of residences, civic buildings, commercial spaces and warehouses. Data centres are the places where the ‘cloud’ meets the ‘ground’ – storing the increasing amount of zettabytes of data that enable us to stay connected, Particularly during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and the move to increased remote working, they are the new ‘essential infrastructure’ for our digital ecosystem. Increasing numbers of organisations are seeing merit in having their data stored closer to their office locations. Whether dissappointment with performance delivered by the large DataCentre facilities, Network latency or issue of security, the trend now is to retain sensitive data closer to their headquarters. Whilst there is a choice to continue to store large volumes of data within a large, distant Data Centre, they also want the flexibility to have some workloads running in a facility that is closer by. With 5G becoming prevalent, Virtual reality and Artificial intelligence applications require very high-performance computing platforms with low latency, hence It makes sense to have these Data Hubs in CBD and inner city suburbs as the trend for Edge computing increases. As a centralised precinct level or

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DATA CENTRES EMBEDDED IN CIVIC BUILDINGS

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Network

5G&IOT Physical infrastructure

Communications Infrastructure in basic terms involve technology, products and network connections that allow for the transmission of communications over large distances. This involves areas from single-purpose networks, to the advent of converged, multi-purpose networks.

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/Case Study2 MUD

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To CBD or not to CBD?

Decentralized Center

Source From: THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

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200,000 BC 500 BC

Energy

Fire used Records of the first controlled uses of fire for warmth and cooking

200 BC

Greece adopts passive solar heating

Solar power

644 AD

1100

Coal mining Chinese develop natural gas as an energy source using it to make salt from brine

First Windmill The first windmill, with a vertical axis, is recorded in Iran

Data Center

Telecommunications

No events

Windmills are introduced in Euroup with a horizontal axis to grind

1800

1850

1900

1920

1910

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1750

First US oil well First oil well in America is drilled in Pennsylvania

Widespread use of coal begins in Europe due to wood depletion

Geothermal power Māori use geothermal hot water and coal for cooking and heating

First modern solar power plant in Algiers used to heat water to drive a steam engine

Coal discovered in New Zealand

First windmill to generate electricity developed Widespread use of coal in USA begins in Europe due to wood depletion First geothermal district heating system built in USA

First hydroelectric power station in New Zealand

Invention of the telephone Invention of the telegraphy

The first official coast-to-coast call is made between A.G.Bell in New York to Thomas Watson in San Francisco

Radio Telephony Transatlantic telephone service inaugurated for commercial service （US to Britain)

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Coal replaces wood

First solar power plant

a d

1700

1960

First hydroelectric power station in the South Island Scheme in operation on the Kawerau River in the South Island

Petroleum Nuclear power

Becomes the most consumed fuel

Otto Hahn, in Germany, discovers the process of nuclear fission for energy

The earlist example of The first a data cen- transistre Was built in 1946 for the torised

comupter

Was introduced in 1954 by IBM for American Airlines

Satellites are first launched

The first trans-Atlantic telephone cable

1980

1990

First wind farm built in USA Energy shortages First silicon photovoltaic cell for harnessing solar power

First nuclear fission reactor

US Army

First gas well in New Zealand

1970

The first cell phone created

First w turbin New Z land

Solar One First large-scale solar-thermal power plant

Worst nuclear meltdown

Personal Computers (PCs)

The dotcom su caused a desire internet speeds and data centre struction increased Motorola International 3200 Motorola MicroTAC 9800X

1950

Email is invented

1940

Invention of Cellular phones

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1930

In 1983, the US approved the first 1G operations and the Motorola’s DynaTAC became one of the first ‘mobile’ phones to see widespread use stateside

The first generation of mobile networks(1G) 1G as they were retroactively dubbed when the next generation was introduced – was launched by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in Tokyo in 1979

2G: Th Cultura Revolu

For the first messages (SM multimedia phones. The the digital fu to mass-ado nesses alike

wind ne in Zea-

2005

2010

2015

2020

Year High

The Hydrogen Future Act is passed

New Zealand generates 85% of electricity from renrewable sources

FutureGen

Makeing the beginning of the Internet as we know it today. Most Americans get Internet connections through their phone lines

time, people could send text MS), picture messages, and messages (MMS) on their e analog past of 1G gave way to uture presented by 2G. This led option by consumers and busion a scale never before seen

Iphone 3G

Iphone

the most energy efficient data centres Iphone 3G

Nokia 1100

Nokia 1110 HTC TyTN 100

Nokia 3310

Ericsson T68 Nokia 3510(i)

Facebook lauches Data Centre Efficiency policy for creating

3G: The ‘Packet-Switching’ RevoluUsers could access data from any location in the world as the ‘data packets’ that drive web connectivity were standardized. This made international roaming services a real possibility for the first time

The Web Phone

Combines a traditional telephone with an LCD touch-screen and a retractable keyboard to let customers surf the Internet, check email, make phone calls and check voice mail from a single device

4G: The Streaming Era while transitioning from 2G to 3G was as simple as switching SIM cards, mobile devices needed to be specifically designed to support 4G

Information Appliances Make Internet mobile, wirless ‘‘Web to Go’’, voice-activated dialing, phone numbers for life, phone calls and Internet on TVW

5G: The Internet of Things Era Beyond

The World Wide Wed is born

Nokia 8210

Nokia 9000 Communicator Motorola StarTAC

BellSouth/IBM Simon

Nokia 9110i

First time wireless internet

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The Environmental Protection Agency proposes the first ever rules to reduce carbon emissions

The world’s first zero emission coal power plant

urqe e for faster s re con-

he al ution

2000

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1995

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the communications infrastructure The communications infrastructure may contain up to three levels of transport - local, regional/ metropolitan, and global, as shown in figure the names of the transport components are based on their respective geographic extent, but there is also a hierarchical relationship among them. the transport components correspond to a network management structure in which management and control of network resources are distributed across the different levels.

COMMUNGlobal or wide area networks (WANs) Located throughout the world, providing connectivity for regional and metropolitan networks in the fixed and deployed environment. In addition, mobile units, shared databases, and central processing centers can connect directly to the global network as required. Standard interfaces will be provided to connect regional and metropolitan networks and end devices.

Regional and metropolitan area networks (MANs) geographically dispersed over a large area. A regional or metropolitan network could connect local components at several fixed bases or connect separate remote outposts. In most cases, regional and metropolitan networks are used to connect local networks.

Local Areas Networks (LANs) Relate to assets that are located relatively close together geographically. This component contains fixed communications equipment and small units of mobile communications equipment. Local area networks (LANs), to which the majority of end devices will be connected, are included in this component. Standard interfaces will facilitate portability, flexibility, and interoperability of LANs and end devices.

MUD Satellite

Mobile networks

2G 3G

Traffic

4G 5G

Routers

Printer

e abl

Laptop

Mobile Users

Desktop

Enterprise/Commercial/ Residential

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Teleport

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THE WORLD IS CHANGING

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the impacts of the covid-19 pandemic on different categories

Working form home four million people (approximately 30% of the total australian workforce) worked from home from march 2020 to slow the virus’s spread. this change in working patterns has been significant, shifting the distribution of demand for telecommunications, energy and transport infrastructure from central business district (cbd) areas to the suburbs.

million in March 2020 to 75 million in April 2020. Zoom’s videoconference adoption rate has been 85% higher during the COVID-19 period. Over a third of people in the survey indicate they are likely to continue to use online collaboration tools at least weekly post-COVID-19.

Working from home and the increasing need for physical distance are driving a rapid adoption of digital collaboration tools and accelerating the use of the cloud by businesses. new ways of working are being used by businesses, and personal connections are relying more on video calls than on face-to-face interactions.

While there was an initial fall in road traffic, current private vehicle use is already higher than preCOVID-19 levels, reflecting a material increase in mode share. Car purchases act as a leading indicator for future private vehicle use, given the high initial cost of purchase and the low incremental cost of each trip. During 2020, demand for second-hand vehicles surged, suggesting that the increase in private vehicle use is likely to continue, raising potential challenges for traffic congestion if the modal shift is not reversed.

Microsoft Teams is experiencing a surge in usage as the new ways of working are established globally, with the number of daily active users increasing from 32

Transport

Telecommunications& Digital

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Located throughout the world, providing connectivity for regional and metropolitan networks in the fixed and deployed environment. In addition, mobile units, shared databases, and central processing centers can connect directly to the global network as required. Standard interfaces will be provided to connect regional and metropolitan networks and end devices.

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2015

2018 (estimate)

ICT

Data Center

Networks

User Devices

Tvs and TV peripherals

Gaming consoles

Surveillance cameras

Cryptocurrencies

100

200

300

400

TWh(1Twh= 1 billion Kwh

The operation aspects of ICT electricity consumption

REDUCE

compared to 2005

compared to 2013

of 2005 levels

by 2020

of 2005 levels

by 2030

CARBON EMISSIONS

Canada 17% by 2020 30% by 2030 Japan 3.8% by 2020 26% by 2030 China 40%-45% 60%-65%

CARBON INTENSITY

Embodied Emissions

Operation

User Devices

Networks

Data Center

100

200

300

400

Mt CO2-eq

Distribution of ICT’s carbon footprint (2015)

500

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Exponential data growth – constant ICT footprints Digital devices are becoming increasingly widespread, but the carbon footprint of the ICT sector remains fairly stable, at around 1.4 % of overall global carbon emissions and uses about 3.6% of global electricity consumption, while making up around 6% of the global economy. the ICT sector’s carbon footprint could be reduced by over 80% if all electricity consumed came from renewable energy sources.

How badly is your steamimpacting the environment？

user devices, networks and data centers are the three main parts of the ict sector. user devices, including phones, tablets and computers, now account for the largest part of the industry’s overall carbon footprint. a large part of the industry’s carbon footprint can be traced back to electricity consumption, but many major ict players are investing in renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, to reduce carbon emissions. emissions during use are almost entirely from electricity consumption, but other life cycle phases also consume electricity, such as in manufacturing. if the ict industry and its users consume only electricity generated from renewable

sources, the ict carbon footprint can be reduced by more than 80%. ict can play a key role in essential global efforts to improve energy efficiency and reduce ghgemissions. ict can bring remote healthcare to rural areas, improve efficiency of electricity grids and introduce smoother traffic flows. ICT solutions, including IoT, machine learning and automation, have great potential to reduce carbon emissions globally, in numerous sectors and industries. Existing ICT solutions have an estimated potential to reduce global carbon emissions by up to 15 percent.[8] In terms of global decarbonization, this equals around one‑third of the halving of emissions deemed crucial by 2030.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Data explosion will result in major electricity consump-

rapid digitalization and ongoing increases in data traffic might raise questions about how the carbon footprint of ict could change in the near future, particularly with the building of larger data centers and the launch of new communications networks. The best starting point for understanding the future is to dig into the past, analyzing historical developments and evaluating realworld measurements of electricity consumption and data traffic.

Smartphones consume as much energy as fridges

MAS User equipment

Older phones

Access networks

Operator activities

Including the operator’s data centers

Fixed cordiess phones

Routers, moderns Customer premises equipment

Offices and stores travel and vehicles

Fixed telephoney networks

Mobile phones smartphones and tables

Mobile networks Desktop and laptop PCs

User equipment Business PCs and office equipment

Connected devices Fixed broadband networks

Enterprise networks& Data Centers

the ict globally

& IOT

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ict-networks-5G What is Network Infrastructure?

Routers

Switches

Hubs

Bridges

Gateways

Proxies

Servers

Load Balancers

Reverse Proxy

Ethernet

Wireless Access Points

Optional Fiber

Repeaters

Optional Amplifier

Innterconnects

Firewalls

Key Management

Certificate Authority

DNS

DHCP

VPN

Content Delivery Network

Edge Computing

Network Management System

Intrusion

Identify& Access

Detection Systems

Management

SMTP

VoIP

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Network infrastructure is a category of information technology that is used to provide network services that allow devices to connect and communicate. This includes foundational networking hardware, software, servives and facilities.

common examples of network infrastructure

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Live Commercial 5G Networks Planned Commercial 5G Networks

Investment in 5G

a map showing current and pl

planned

5G networks globally POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

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eMBB: enhanced Mobile Broadband mIOT: massive Internet of Things uRLLC: Ultra reliable and low latency communications V2X: Vehicle to everything

5G’s enabling effect in other

industry verticals

techniques to improve energy efficiency in operations （image source from website)

5g network Image Source from Website

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a significant enabler of

Since the late 19th century humans have been aware of how their actions can cause climate change, but it was only in the 1970s that this became a significant area of international study. During the 21st century, it has become clear that the effects of global warming pose a huge threat to the environment and to life as we know it. As humans have developed new transport, industrial, technology and lifestyle systems, so our consumption of energy has increased, mainly based on fossil fuels such as oil and coal. in 2018, fossil fuels were the source of about 85% of primary energy consumption (that is, the total energy demand, excluding energy carriers used for non-energy purposes) worldwide, and the growth of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from energy use continues to rise every year. combined with other trends such as deforestation, this has driven higher emissions of GHG, especially CO2, which contributes to global warming by thickening the layer of gases surrounding the earth and limiting the escape of heat.

There are many other areas where 5G and other related technologies can have a huge impact on sustainability. some are particularly important because they affect every industry. traffic contribute about a third of the total emissions, for example, in many areas, so there is considerable interest in using 5G support vehicle autonomy levels rise, vehicles, electricity by renewable energy, with real-time information on route choice they need to make the best decisions, parking lot, etc., thus the most efficient use of electricity, to avoid traffic congestion and pollution. smart cities are one of the best examples of how 5G can interact with other emerging technologies such as ai analytics, edge computing and the massive Internet of Things to support fully efficient, digital and sustainable ways of living, working and traveling. like the C40 City project, the four smart city projects have achieved significant results, with connectivity being a key enabler. in europe, for example, greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles in London, berlin and madrid are all down 30 per cent from their peak levels, and copenhagen is down 61%.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

energy efficiency

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typology

Image Source from Web

Image Source from Website

MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Image Source from Website

bsite

To show actually the infrastructure is becoming a part of the society...Even churches being the religious building are accepting to have these on top of their structures and even stand tall above the highest.

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michigan’s mcity is a digital ghost town DIGITAL GHOST TOWN

But the most important part of Mcity is invisible. Though its streets look to be empty of all but Mcity’s test vehicles, they teem with virtual cars, trucks, cyclists, and pedestrians. These can be seen on a computer screen in Mcity’s experimental car: a Lincoln MKZ updated with sensors, transceivers, and computers that make it both autonomous and connected.

Image Source from Website

Mcity is a sort of digital ghost town that replicates almost any environment that today’s motorists — and tomorrow’s autonomous vehicles — might experience. Its 32 acres contain highways, ramps, tunnels, and roads made of concrete, asphalt, brick, and dirt. There are crosswalks, bike lanes, curbs, and fire hydrants, all surrounded by fake buildings and populated by eerily lifelike crash test dummy pedestrians.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

The controlled test environment, which opened today (July 20) at the University of Michigan (U-M) in Ann Arbor, covers 32 acres (the size of about 24 football fields) and contains all the trappings of a real suburb or small city. There is an entire network of roads lined with sidewalks, streetlights, stop signs and traffic signals. There’s even a “downtown” area complete with fake building facades and outdoor dining areas.

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Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a city with many pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods surrounded by heavily car-centric development

the relationship between cars and our cities hasn’t always been an easy one. for all the opportunity and convenience our cars offer, they also have a more destructive legacy: the omnipresent parking lot. parking takes up a lot of space and capital in any construction project, even the most efficient parking

300 sf per car (or about the size of an entire micro-apartment). The space we allocate layouts still require almost

for parking varies for political and economic reasons but many municipalities around the us have parking minimums

retail centers that reserve more site for parking than for the building itself, area which is

100% overhead expenditure

(paved surfaces still require maintenance and taxes must still be paid, after all) and we spend millions on parking structures that cover entire city blocks. and these costs are not taking into account the ecological cost of the materials used, the runoff from poorly maintained engines, or the burden on municipal infrastructure needed to support the impermeable surfaces.

Image Source from Website

plentiful and convenient parking. this leads to suburban

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

to enforce, and developers base project feasibility around,

MAS 86

A 2013 study examined land use patterns in Downtown Milwaukee and how much space could be reallocated to new uses if less parking is required. Reducing demand through autonomous transit could further open up over 260 acres of downtown lots currently devoted to parking.( Image Source from Website)

MUD irrelevance of these asphalt fields.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

5Gcould lead to the

implementation of self-driving cars,

How could our communities improve if parking lots were obsolete? How much more housing could we build? How many more parks could we provide? By supporting the

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problems/challenge

Will some committed utopians handcraft an urban landscape with nothing but landlines?

5G networks will require substantial new infrastructure, creating both cost, planning and security challenges. In cities, this means retrofitting new cells into existing streetscapes, and in rural and remote areas,this means creating adequate densities and improving coverage beyond that of 3G and 4G. While 3G and 4G networks have the ability to penetrate larger areas of our cities and villages, 5G has a much shorter reach. the consequence of this short reach gives rise to the need to build more towers(in clusters) and add more smaller, newer cells to maintain connectivity. this means high cost of building new infrastructure for the 5G network, which could be result in extra and higher charges to the end consumer. The initial cost to build a 5G network far exceeds the expected initial revenues, such that payback on the network build is not expected until 2022 at the earliest and 2023 or later (depending on the global region) for any significant revenues.

Activists demonstrate against 5G cell towers in Los Angeles, Californ 2020. Photography by Damian Dovarganes

Ballons at the 5G global protest day in Osijek, Croatia, January 202 from video by Matej Volarevic

20. Still POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque.

GET SMART: WILL 5G-POWERED CITIES MEAN MORE INTELLIGENT DESIGN OR JUST A DATA DUMP?

nia, May Sed ut perspiciatis unde

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MAS 90

1.2 Logistics / Transportati

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ion MUD

MAS

A overview on Marina bay sands Singapore.

SING

A self sustain permeable

The Logistics and a key cornerstone contributing $27.9 country’s GDP. Its s class infrastructure is a leading logis Pacific region, with nation as the No. in the 2014 Logis Currently, Singapo major logistics firm global logistics firm UPS etc. conducti Breaking down by the largest contribu total turnover in th cargo at 17.9% and at 2.5%.

Singapore is one connected countri along the world’s m aviation routes.

Changi Airport – world’s best airpor

MUD

GAPORE

nable ecosytem and shopping space.

regularly ranked as the t – serves more than 100

We also link you to more than 600 ports globally, with 200 shipping lines passing through Singapore. Annually, more than 130,000 ships call at Singapore. Business opportunities in Southeast Asia have increased dramatically, with the region boasting remarkable growth in the past decade and attracting record investments from around the world. Singapore’s strategic location – we are within a six-hour radius of any Southeast Asian country – means that we are an ideal hub from which you can access the region and its growing consumer market. Our strong historical and trade connections to the region also put your business on the fast track to understanding the nuances of operating in different parts of Southeast Asia.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

e of the world’s most ies, strategically located major trade, shipping and

airlines flying to about 100 countries and territories globally. Over 62 million passengers pass through the airport a year.

Transportation industry is of Singapore’s economy, 9billion or 6.9% of the strategic location and world e meant that Singapore stical player in the Asia h World Bank ranking the .1 Logistics Hub in Asia stics Performance Index. ore is a prime location for ms, with 20 of the top 25 ms such as DHL, Schenker, ing their operations here. sectors, marine cargo is utor, generating 64.7% of he industry followed by air d warehousing and storage

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Main Freeway Singapore

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MRT Network MUD

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Jurong Port

Pasir Panjang Terminal MUD

100

MAS

101

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102

MAS

103

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MID SCALE LOGISTIC

Community neighbourhood (The Last Mile)

104

Imported Supplies

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MID SCALE LOGISITC SHAPING THE URBAN REALM

Through the observation of the middle scale logistic networking, it allow us to be design our carbon form through understanding the carbon paradigm and emission forms.

105

Mid scale logistic services look into distribution of goods from imported supplies such as airport and ports. The system examined the conditions of dispersing the item by its various scale and delivering to the its regional locations through different methodology.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

A logistic chains that distributed channel from international to regional logistic services.

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LOGISTIC SIZE BREAKDOWN A chart show the detail breakdown of the cost efficiency of each logistic methodology.

10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1

Parcel

LTL Truck

Truckload

Railcar load

Due to the demand of the market and cost efficiency of shipping, the observation are projecting a better efficiency in large size of shipment than smaller parcel.

Multi-railcar

Unit Train

Barge load

Shipment Size (Ibs)

106

Transportation Charges ($ / ton)

107

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MUD

108

MAS

109

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STRATEGY TO REDUCE CARBON FOOTPRINT BY LOGISTIC SECTOR

MID SCALE LOGIS

110

Potiential Focus Areas 1.Enable cleaner sourcing / manufacturing 2. Lower emissions in traansit 3. Enable cleaner warehouse operations 4. Reduce transit distances 5.Remove nodes/ legs 6. Reduce total volume and mass shipped 7.Consolidate movements 8.Contribute to reductions elsewhere 9. Increase recycling / re use

111

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STIC CUSTOMIZE MUD

112

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VEHICLE ACCESS TO THE NETWORK

5-15 KM 10-50 KM

80-150 KM

100-200 KM

150-300 KM

113

40-100 KM

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20-80 KM

114

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MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 115

The Mobility Cluster of Karlsruhe in Germany has launched a a series of research and pilot projects under the umbrella name “regioKArgo”, leveraging on the city’s exceptional tram and commuter train network. The goal: developing a demonstrator cargo tram under the leadership of Karlsruhe’s public transport providers.

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Bicycle

Car Lane

Tram Lines

Car Lane

Bicycle

Street Condition A: Bicycle + Pesdestrian + Car Lane + Tram Line Only

Freight height limit - 5m

Pesdestrian walk

Tram Lines

Street Condition B: Bicycle + Pesdestrian + Tram Line Only

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Freight height limit - 2m

Pesdestrian walk

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Bicycle

Car Lane

Bicycle

2m Pesdestrian walk

Car Lane

Pesdestrian walk

Street Condition D: Pesdestrian + Car Lane Only

Freight height limit - 2m

117

Freight height limit - 5m

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Street Condition C: Bicycle + Pesdestrian + Car Lane Only

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Image Credit / Image Caption

119

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Image Credit / Image Caption MUD

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Image Credit / Image Caption

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Image Credit / Image Caption MUD

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Logistics / Transport

122

Xiamen, Fujian Province, China

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123

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TRANSPORTATION & LOGISTIC

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Logistics / Transport

124

Xiamen, Fujian Province, China

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125

In Fujian: 1-2 days MUD

TRANSPORTATION & LOGISTIC

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Logistics / Transport

Xiamen, Fujian Province, China

126

Xiamen city is divided into five different districts, each of which has its own logistics cluste

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127

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TRANSPORTATION & LOGISTIC

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Logistics / Transport

Xiamen, Fujian Province, China

128

"fengchao":which has cabinets of different sizes, which is placed in each residential building obtain their belongings through a password. During the period of COVID-19, it is also a goo logistics delivery measure.

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129

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TRANSPORTATION & LOGISTIC

g. Residents can od zero-contact

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Logistics / Transport

Xiamen, Fujian Province, China

130

Drone/robot/car delivery: All of the distribution energy is electricity to achieve a certain level of low carbon distributio

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131

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TRANSPORTATION & LOGISTIC

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Logistics / Transport

Xiamen, Fujian Province, China Delivery in the same city： In the same city, people can place orders through the app and have their goods delivered.The same use of electric cars, often in about 1-2 hours.

132

For example, my family and I live in the same city, but not in the same area. I can deliver goods through it.

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133

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TRANSPORTATION & LOGISTIC

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Logistics / Transport

Xiamen, Fujian Province, China

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Community delivery in 30 minutes:People can buy all kinds of daily necessities by placing orders receive what they want in 30 minutes.Because the delivery of logistics has become a community.T own separate warehouse.People don't need to wait too long, and they don't need to go far by car to office workers.

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TRANSPORTATION & LOGISTIC

on the app.And they can The community has its to shop.It's very friendly

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SMALL SCALE LOGISTIC

Logistics chain from regional logistics service to final delivery(person) service Small-scale logistics service is to study the distribution of materials from regional locations (local warehouses). The system classifies items according to different scales and uses different tools (minivans, Community cubic bicycles, cabinets, drones, etc.) ) To achieve the final delivery.

Regional locations (local warehouses).

Local merchants Minivan

136

Community warehouse

Community cubic bicycles

Parcel Lockers POST POST CARBON CARBON CITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES- -2021 2021

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Drone

17 137

Community neighbourhood (The 5 km)

Electric car

final delivery

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DIFFERENT TOOL DELIVERY ANALYSIS

The Drone

Using the most advanced Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in EHang’s newly-launched Falcon series, featuring the highest level of intelligence, automation, safety and reliability, the new intelligent drone delivery solution overcomes the complex road conditions and traffic congestion common to urban areas. It reduces one-way delivery time from 40 minutes to only eight minutes and can save costs of up to 80% per delivery, with reduced energy consumption and carbon footprint compared with road transportation.

UAV model: Falcon series UAV Load weight: 5KG The longest mileage: 130KM Flying speed: 130KM/h Functional characteristics: face recognition, ID card scanning, intelligent path planning Time ratio: Traditional vehicle: UAV=5:1

https://www.dhl.com/discover/business/business-ethics/parcelcopter-drone-technology

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https://www.dhl.com/tw-en/home/press/press-archive/2019/dhl-express-launches-its-first-regular-fully-automatedand-intelligent-urban-drone-delivery-service.html

19 139

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TRANSPORTATION & LOGISTIC MUD

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DIFFERENT TOOL DELIVERY ANALYSIS

Electric car

Fifty electric motorcycles used in logistics distribution can achieve annual reduction of emissions equivalent to planting 10,000 trees.

Vehicle model: Gogoro 2 Utility Type of use: small parcels and documents Load weight: 20KG The longest mileage: 115KM The fastest speed: 85KM/h Features: uses 100% electrical systems

140

https://lot.dhl.com/electric-motorcycles-powered-up-for-deliveries-in-thailand/

21 141

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DIFFERENT TOOL DELIVERY ANALYSIS

Community cubic bicycles

The use of low-power cargo bicycles can reduce 101,000 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent per year.

Vehicle model: Cubicycle Use type: small and medium package Load weight: 125KG Freight volume: 1 cubic Range of use: the last kilometer The fastest speed: depends on the rider Reduce carbon emissions: 398.5 kg/year Function: manual pedal drive produces 250 watts of power, two built-in batteries can accumulate 50 kilometers mileage per day

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https://www.environmentalleader.com/2020/05/dhl-electric-cargo-bikes-miami/ https://www.dhl.com/tw-en/home/press/press-archive/2019/first-cubicycle-to-electrify-dhl-express-green-fleet-in-taiwan.html

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TRANSPORTATION & LOGISTIC

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DIFFERENT TOOL DELIVERY ANALYSIS

Parcel Lockers

Self-service lockers that store parcels for customers to pick up any time.It is located in the center of daily life, so customers can easily combine receiving and delivering packages with going to work or shopping for groceries. By bundling cargo and transporting it to Packstation, saving more routes, Packstation is also a sustainable service that reduces traffic pressure and helps reduce carbon dioxide.

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https://lot.dhl.com/electric-motorcycles-powered-up-for-deliveries-in-thailand/ https://www.sellerforum.de/themen/dhl-packstation-ausbau/

25145

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REVERSE ENGINEERING

The study selects different logistics delivery tools according to different population density

Parcel Lockers

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Low to high

29 147

Image Credit / Image Caption TRANSPORTATION & LOGISTIC MUD

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REVERSE ENGINEERING

The study selects different logistics delivery tools according to different population density

I：0-35persons/hectare II：35-70persons/hectare

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III：70-400persons/hectare

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Esri Community Maps Contributors, City of Melbourne, Vicmap, Esri, HERE,

(1) The population density is over 70 persons/hectare， Save courier delivery time and improve efficiency (2)Residence for working/schooling crowd，have the time of waiting for the package, the pickup time can be 24 hours (3)The experience of returning items purchased online has become simpler. Just store it in the locker and notify the courier. (4)Privacy and security, will not reveal the personal information on the express parcel. Pick up with password (5)Contactless pickup, safe pickup when the pandemic locks the city (6)In densely populated areas, set up lockers at bus stops on daily commuting roads. It is convenient for people in the suburbs to mail packages when the post office is not open.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

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Esri, HERE, COM, Vicmap, Esri, HERE, Garmin, USGS

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Image Credit / Image Caption TRANSPORTATION & LOGISTIC MUD

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The Unit of Logistic

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The shipping container can be termed as the unit of logistic as everything in the world moves within this container. The 20’x8’x8’ (1 TEU) size is so important that the port traffic, ship capacity and so on is measured in its’ multiples.

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MUD https://www.toposmagazine.com/containerization-topos113/

155

The container made shipping cheap, and by doing so changed the shape of the world economy. The armies of ill-paid, ill-treated workers who once made their livings loading and unloading ships in every port are no more, their tight-knit waterfront communities now just memories. Cities that had been centers of maritime commerce for centuries, such as New York and Liverpool, saw their waterfronts decline with startling speed, unsuited to the container trade or simply unneeded, and the manufacturers that endured high costs and antiquated urban plants in order to be near their suppliers and their customers have long since moved away. The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger, Marc Levinson

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Shipping Container as Unit of Logistics

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https://portshippingcontainers.com.au/shipping-container-dimensions/

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Abdulrahman, Ahmed. (2021). Introduction to Shipping Container Architecture. 10.13140/RG.2.2.26065.86887.

MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 159

https://www.csiu.co/resources-and-links/container-cost-breakdown

MAS

Rome - Gallic Invasion - 225 BC I follow the same policy toward the enemy as did many doctors when dealing with physical ailments, namely, that of conquering the foe by hunger rather than by steel. Logistics in Campaign Planning Traditionally, Roman campaigns began on March 1st: in part to ensure the availability of fodder.

East India Company - 1600 1800

Egypt-7000BC

160

Based upon an examination of archeological evidence and the extant literature, elements of logistics present themselves as the essential tools that enabled the Ancient Egyptian kingdom to function and survive. -From Ancient to Modern Logistics:Evidence in Ancient Egypt & the Early Development of Marketing, Jennifer A. Pelletier College of Business, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA

Silk Route - 130BC to 1453 AD

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WW I and II - 28 July 1914 – 11 Nov 1918 and 1 Sept 1939 – 2 Sept 1945

Timeline

161

Shipping Container Malcolm Purcell McLean April 26, 1956 - New Jersey to Texas

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Present

MAS 162

l aboard the China-to-London freight train - BBC News

It demonstrates how market demand and the realities increasingly allowing China's President Xi Jinping to r

China New Silk Route

On land, trains are efficient whereas the trucks allows the containers to reach its final destination. An overview of the comparison between them in terms of efficiency and cost has been shared.

https://www.bbc.com/news/business-38654176

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Logistics plays a key role in the economy of the country. The ancient silk route which served as the trade route allowing the culture, language to spread throughout the world is now being rebuilt to boost the economy of the nation. The mode of transfer is through long freight trains carrying shipping containers in hundreds.

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s of globalisation are realise his ambitious

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8/9/21, 3:25 am

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How Freight Trains Connect the World https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9poImReDFeY

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How Freight Trains Connect the World https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9poImReDFeY

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The Growth of Container Ship As the shipping container became the standard unit of logistic, the vessels that transported them grew bigger in size. But is the increase in capacity the answer to lower the carbon emissions.

Furthermore, the port will have to house the neccessary infrastructure for docking, loading/unloading. Moreover, what happens to such large quantities of containers stored at the port which are comparatively cheap to manufacture and costlier to transport empty.

https-//maritimecyprus.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/50-Years-ContainerShip-Growth.jpg

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For instance, more number of containres per ship will result in more time to load/unload. This will result in longer duration for a ship to be engaged at the port. Additionally, this will impact the other ships in queue to wait increase the carbon emissions.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

The logistics system incoporates quite a lot of steps in order to close the loop where necessary or reach its final destination.

168

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Port of Melbourne welcomes largest container capacity ship to dock in Melbourne 14,000 TEU unloaded at Port Philip in 44 hours. According to US Department of Transportation figures, ‘more than 700,000 loaded containers are abandoned each year in the US alone – most of them ending up at ports. Worldwide, it is hard to determine a total’.

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https://mhdsupplychain.com.au/2020/06/26/port-of-melbourne-welcomeslargest-container-capacity-ship-to-dock-in-melbourne/

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- Abdulrahman, Ahmed. (2021). Introduction to Shipping Container Architecture. 10.13140/RG.2.2.26065.86887.

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ESI

https-//www.environmentalshipindex.org/assets/img/lp_ports_map2

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The ESI evaluates the amount of nitrogen oxide (NOX), sulphur oxide (SOX) that is released by a ship and includes a reporting scheme on the greenhouse gas emission of the ship. The ESI is a good indication of the environmental performance of oceangoing vessels and will assist in identifying cleaner ships in a general way.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

The Environmental Ship Index (ESI) identifies seagoing ships that perform better in reducing air emissions than required by the current emission standards of the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

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Growth of Cities for Logisctics

Historical-development-of-Port-of-Rotterdam-Source-PoR

173

The method for distibuting for the arrived containers or units varies. And sometime this unit is fragmented to perforate in the city as per the restrictions set-up by the city.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Rotterdam is part of the ancient silk route and allows the logistics to channel troughout Europe. The more exchange and thoroughfare in the city for logistics has encouraged them to develop more ports and has defined the shape of the city and the infrastructure that gets developed. With geographically challenges like the city being below sea level it has an advantage to be part of the logistics route.

MAS 174

Detroit

MUD

New York

The shipping container quickly and drastically cut the number of dock workers needed to handle goods at ports. In Britain, for instance, the number of people employed in the port industry declined by 72 per cent between 1961 and 2001, while the number of people employed as dock workers declined by 90 per cent. With no need to have so many people present on the docks, what followed was the mass abandonment of inner city ports, with large swathes of warehouses left empty (and ripe for redevelopment). At the same time, with no need to have a large pool of labour on-hand in nearby neighbourhoods, the port-side areas of these cities turned into ghost towns. - https://www.toposmagazine.com/containerization-topos113/

175

It was not just port cities that were affected, either. In America, cities like Detroit went from being the centre of the world’s car industry to a hollow shell in a matter of decades. The reason for this: not only did the shipping container make dock work redundant, it also made it possible to displace manufacturing work to other parts of the world where labour costs were lower and workers less unionised. Eventually, many of these cities found a way to bounce back from the desolation, converting the abandoned warehouses or demolishing them and putting luxury condos in their place. They slowly managed to draw people back in with the promise of various sorts of service work, instead of the dirty work of processing and manufacturing goods that had fuelled their economic growth in the first place. In more ways than one, the shipping container took the city’s dirt elsewhere.

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“The shipping container took the city’s dirt elsewhere”

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MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 177

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-hong-kong-dock-workers-laborers-pullingloaded-cart-on-wharf-hong-53900802.html

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Holden Dock

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

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Rail

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Williamstown

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Public Spaces

Water Precinct

Source Document: https://thehold.ad.melbport.com.au/id:A2630789/document/versions/published

https://www.portofmelbourne.com/about-us/port-map/ POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

- https://www.portofmelbourne.com/about-us/factsandfigures/

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PoM Precincts

Williamstown

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

Map Reference: GDA_00257_Precinct_Plan_A3

Date: 29/10/2019

DISCLAIMER: Port of Melbourne gives no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, currency or completeness of the information it makes available. All liability is expressly disclaimed and excluded.

Williamstown

Water Precinct

Per Year Occupied by Containers

Largest container port in Australia Over 2.88 million TEU handled annually Over 7890 containers and 696 new motor vehicles per day on average Total trade of over 91 million revenue tonnes Total trade value around $110 billion Over 500 hectares of port land 21 kilometres of waterfront 14 metre shipping channel draught Borders four municipal councils

MUD

MAS

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Historic Import Volumes by Import Category (per capita)

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140

Other Consumer Gooods

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160

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(both arts, e

100

COVID retail boom

port-of-melbourne-2021-22-tariff-compliance-statement-bisoe-port-ofmelbourne-trade-forecasts-outlook-to-fy22-appendix-k-20210531.pdf

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Peak of Victoria Building boom

Bass Strait

Empties and Transhipments

Bulk Liquid

Break Bulk

Dry Bulk

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Exports

nd mapping

containerised imports to a BoPBEC, we categorised each of the Port of ets with common drivers FY20 Full exports by Category (TEUs)

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port-of-melbourne-2021-22-tariff-compliance-statement-bisoe-port-ofmelbourne-trade-forecasts-outlook-to-fy22-appendix-k-20210531.pdf

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rts,

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DARWIN

80% IRON ORE

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70% of the rail freight task is undertaken in the Pilbara region of WA

50%

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Rail carries 50% of the total domestic freight task

2,200

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Total domestic freight task = 726 billion tonne-kms

BILLION TONNE KM

in last 10 years

Locomotives carry domestic freight over our rail network

Road carries 30% of the domestic freight task

9.4

DISTANCE TRAVELLED BILLION KM

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50%

Domestic freight is forecast to grow

30%

Road freight largely services the Australian import market, carrying general non-bulk freight items

45.5

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Victoria - Freight Stats

Road freight vehicles

SYDNEY

MELBOURNE

17% Coastal sea freight carries 17% of domestic freight task

HOBART

Who Moves What Where Report, Final Report, Aug 2016 - NTC 22

183

LLION

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

- https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/map/melbournecontainer-terminal-capacity-and-land-transport-access

BRISBANE

ERRA

Who Moves What Where – Freight and Passenger Transport in Australia

10% freight moves by rail while the rest 90% is delivered with the road transport.

MAS

Final report

Figure 23: Inter-regional road freight task, 2000-01

Source: BITRE, 2014a, sourced from ABS(2002) and BITRE estimates

Please note Chapter 5 explores the road freight task in more detail.

184

Who Moves What Where Report, Final Report, Aug 2016 - NTC

The Australian freight task is diverse, and encompasses the movement of bulk export commodities, such as iron ore, coal, liquefied natural gas (LNG) and grains, the transport of imported motor vehicles, machinery and other manufactured goods, and the transport of finished products for household consumption through distribution centres to retail outlets. Figure 40 provides a stylistic representation of the major elements of Australian freight movements in 2011–12. Several of the more notable aspects of the freight task are described below (BITRE, 2014a).

MUD

5.1.3 Origin-destination pattern

ABS (2014b) also gives freight volume and freight task between states which has been shown in the following figures.

185

Source: BITRE, 2014a Who Moves What Where Report, Final Report, Aug 2016 - NTC

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Figure 40: Major freight flows in Australia, 2011–12

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Shipping Container as Unit of Urban Morphology

2400 ≈ 60 ≈ 17 ≈

3≈

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24 ≈

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18 ≈

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1.3 Production / Manufact

189

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turing / Working MUD

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MUD TITLE / TOPIC

PRODUCTION & MANUFACTURING

PRODUCTION: Production is a broader term that encompasses the financial activities of a company as well as other non-tangible elements. The term production refers to the conversion of input into output. For the purpose of this discussion, production has been defined all the steps necessary to deliver an output, including processes such as the supply chain, transportation of the output, and the use and disposal of the product.

191 5

MANUFACTURING: Manufacturing is a multistep process that involves the conversion of raw materials into finished products using machinery. Such manufacturing companies operate by mining raw materials and converting them into products. The raw materials are cut, sized and/or shaped to create a new product.

CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021 POST CARBON

While manufacturing and production have similar fundamentals they are two unique processes.

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THE FOUR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS

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The Industrial Revolution was the transition from creating goods by hand to using machines. This turning point in history is responsible for an increase in population, an increase in the standard of living, the emergence of the capitalist economy, the urban design and planning of cities, and the increased carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

MUD TITLE / TOPIC 193 7

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

Manufacturing trends show how companies now are adopting decentralized and offshore manufacturing strategies. As the market continues to expand through processes such as globalisation, the demand for customized products has also expanded. New technologies are emerging that make it easier for companies to build customization into their manufacturing processes, decreasing the costs of flexibility but not dramatically increasing the per-unit cost.

MAS

SPATIAL PATTERNS OF INDUSTRIALISATION & PRODUCTION INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • Originated in Great Britain and North-western Europe • Regions where water power and easily mined resources became important industrial centres • Railroad introduction was a driving feature in urban patterns of industrialisation • Enabled goods to be sold nation wide

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DECENTRALISATION

• Decentralised manufacturin an organisation with multiple locations with the goal to pro or coverage for large areas • As the industrial revolution factories moved out of the ce to the outskirts of cities or to regional towns where land is • Production sites were wide or diffused throughout a regi by population growth and sp areas

URBAN DECLINE • Urban decline is the deterioration of the inner-city suburbs cause by the lack of investment and maintenance of existing infrastructure and business • Attributed to larger production companies decentralising and offshoring • This urban process is accompanies by a decline in population numbers, decreasing economic performance and unemployment • E.g. the mass movement of automobile manufacturing out of Detroit, USA

MUD TITLE / TOPIC POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

n evolved, entre of cities o smaller s cheaper ely scattered ion, followed prawl in these

• Offshoring is the relocation of a business process from one country to another • More commonly from developed countries to developing countries • China emerges as a prominent destination for production warehouses • Offshore movement to developing nations is attributed to the lower cost of labour, materials and land. • Also includes nearshoring processes: relocation of business to foreign locations within close geographical proximity (e.g. USA to Mexico or Canada)

195 9

ng involves e factories or ovide service

OFFSHORE MOVEMENT

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Demand for service US & Canada 51.3%

Emerging Locations 15-15 centres Mature Locations >50 centres Demand for offshore service Nascent Locations 5-15 centres

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No major activity 0-5 centres

Demand for service EU 30.6%

Edison Luo, James Ley/Metal Bulletin/2019

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Demand for service Asia-Pacific 16.2%

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DEFINITIONS While there are many definitions of production, simply put, it is the transformation of inputs into outputs, with added value. The primary function of production is to create utility out of the available resources to satisfy the human wants. Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) to make something for consumption (output). It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals and society SUPPLY CHAIN: A supply chain is a network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final purchaser and end user. It includes phases of coordination, management, and strategy to drive the flow of data, information, resources and materials to deliver the best product and service to all stakeholders in the process of converting raw goods to a saleable product and delivering it to the customer.

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PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE: From the product being put together on the supply chain, to transportation, to use, to end of life and disposal.

Raw Materials

Suppli

Manufacturer Transportation Retailer POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

Consumer

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ier MUD TITLE / TOPIC

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HOW CARBON MANIFESTS IN PRODUCTION Carbon emissions from industrial processes are substantial and unsustainable, with 21% of global carbon emissions coming from the manufacturing sector alone (IPCC, 2021). It is easily understood how carbon is produced during the manufacturing and transportation stages of production, however it should be noted that the endless need for consumption engrained into society through capitalistic and market driven processes, which lends itself to the cycle of constantly upgrading and disposing of products, is also a key contributor to global carbon emissions.

CARBON IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN •

•

The following breaks down the stages of production and discusses how and why each stage is responsible for the production of unsustainable amounts of carbon emissions. Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector

Industry & Manufacturing 21%

Other Energy 10%

Electricity & Heat Production 25%

Transportation 14%

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Building 6%

IPCC/2018

1st Qtr

2nd Qtr

Agriculture, Forestry & Other Land Use 25%

3rd Q tr

4th Qtr

5th Qtr

6th Qtr

•

A supply chain is defined as the entire process of making and selling commercial goods, including every stage from the supply of materials and the manufacture of the goods. The report from the McKinsey Institute notes that the supply chains related to CPG organizations account for more than 80% of a companys greenhouse gas emissions (McKinsey Institute, 2018) Manufacturing is the largest sector of China’s fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissons. Chinas manufacturing CO2 emissions increased from 1.91 billion tons in 1995 to 6.25 billion tons in 2015, with an average annual growth rate of 6%. The carbon emissions produced from food supply chains is the largest, followed by construction (the production of materials such as steel, glass, concrete etc) and clothing.

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

CARBON INTRANSPORTATION

•

CARBON DURING THE END OF LIFE STAGES OF A PRODUCT • •

•

The disposal of goods through dumping, incinerating, recycling and composting all release carbon dioxide. Landfill gases are produced when bacteria break down organic waste. Methane and carbon dioxide make up 90 to 98% of landfill gas. The remaining 2 to 10% includes nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, sulfides, hydrogen and various other gases. Engrained capitalistic consumerist behaviours ensures customers continue to buy updated products, discarding old, still functioning, products. The emissions from plastic disposal in 2015 were equivalent to nearly 1.8 billion metric tons of CO2 (University of California, 2019). Of the almost 3 million tonnes of plastic that Australia produces each year, 95% is discarded after a single use. Less than 12% is recycled, leaving a high amount to be disposed of in landfills or incinerated, or ending up in the ocean. Currently, 90.5% of plastic goes un-recycled worldwide (NY Department of Health, 2015).

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

•

Transport accounts for around onefifth of global CO2 emissions, and while not all of these emissions can be attributed to the transportation of goods from factories to consumers, a large portion of transportation emissions are produced through the movement of goods, not people. 29.4% of road travel emissions in australia comes from trucks carrying freight. Processes such as offshoring and decentralisaion of factories result in larger distances for freight to be transported. Growing processes of globalisation also means companies are able to expand their influence in the market and therefore must transport their goods to all corners of the globe. During the Black Friday sale in the UK in November 2020, research found that, in total, online deliveries contriubted to 429,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere (Lorenzen, 2020).

201 15

•

MAS

SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAINS Sustainable or closed loop chains refer to the idea of integrating sustainable environmental processes into the traditional supply chain model. This can include processes such as supplier selection and purchasing material, product design, product manufacturing and assembling, distribution and end-of-life management.

202

The design, control and operation of a system to maximize value creation over the entire life-cycle of a product with dynamic recovery of value from different types and volumes of returns over time.

In practice, Close Loop Supply Chain relies on a set of innovative practices, technologies, and services enabling the recycling, remanufacturing, and refurbishing/reconditioning of products, carried out by the manufacturer itself, or through partnerships within an extended supply chain network. This network could include trading partners, sponsored startups, firms involved in other activities (networks in eco-industrial parks), an also partnership with consumers (Guide & Van Wassenhove, 2009).

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

Distribution

Manufacturing

Material

Consumer

Test & Inspection

FORWARD CHANNEL REVERSE CHANNEL

203 17

Collecting

Disposal

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RECOVERY PROCESS

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CASE STUDY: DELL’S SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN

• •

•

E-waste is the world’s fastest-growing waste stream, with a relatively low recycling rate overall (approximately 15% globally). Rapid technology innovation and shortening product lifespans contribute to the increase of ewaste. Of the components that comprise e-waste, gold, copper and plastic content dominate the material value of e-waste material. Although recyclers have made technical progress in recent years, companies face challenges sourcing a sufficient supply of high-quality postconsumer recycled plastic that meets the technical, economic and aesthetic requirements of ICT product manufacturers

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THE PROBLEM

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Dell is one of the world’s largest computer manufacturers and technology companies, and is estimated to have a networth of US$51.7 Billion. Dell offers a wide range of IT hardware, software products and services. Its clients include numerous governments, large enterprises, small businesses and consumer markets. In order to reduce their carbon emissions, Dell has launched a program named Dell Reconnect, where it recycles used technological goods to produce new, environementally consious technologies.

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DELL’S SOLUTION

Dell has partnered with Goodwill in regards to the circular economy – where waste materials are continuously restored to Recovering materials before they exit the use – by sourcing recycled plastic for new economy and turning them into another products, closing the loop on electronic valuable product is a key concept within the waste and forging ahead with ambitious circular economy. technological innovations. This reduces the need for virgin materials while avoiding the Dell has become the first company to offer creation of waste. a computer made via the UL Environment certified closed-loop process with the So far, the Dell Recycling programme launch of the Opti-Plex 3030 All-in-One. has recovered 1.76 billion pounds of By using plastics collected through our electronics since 2007. Since mid-2014, the existing takeback and recycling programs programme’s closed-loop recycled plastic to build new systems, Dell is emphasising supply chain has used plastics recovered the importance of a circular economy for from recycled computers to create nearly the IT Industry. 5,000 tonnes of new parts for more than 90 products across millions of units (Dell Technologies, 2015).

Collect & recycle

Purchase & use

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Assemble & ship

Closed-Loop Plastics Supply Chain

Sort & shred

Mold & manufacture

Dell’s Asset Resale and Recycling service is available to commerical customers in

44 countries

The closed loop process is ULEnvironment certified, making the OptiPlex 3030 the first product to meet this criteria. Dell’s design team also won the 2014 ISRI Design for Recycling Award. The recycled mix is used to make new parts, such as the stand and backing for the OptiPlex 3030 All in One. Plastic pellets are mixed with virgin plastics

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

Materials brought in through Dells takeback efforts are recycled. The plastics in this pilot are turned back into new computers Plastics are sorted and packed for transport to Asia

Dell is also working with suppliers to send plastics via empty cargo containers to Asia

Once at there destination, plastics are shredded ad melted into pellets.

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78countries

Metals such as gold, tin and tungsten are resold in the commodeties markets

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Home customers can recycle for free

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MUD TITLE / TOPIC

Manufacturing engineering, or the manufacturing process, are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are then modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part.

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Manufacturing is the production of goods through the use of labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation. It is the essence of secondary sector of the economy. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high-tech, but it is most commonly applied to industrial design, in which raw materials from the primary sector are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such goods may be sold to other manufacturers for the production of other more complex products (such as aircraft, household appliances, furniture, sports equipment or automobiles), or distributed via the tertiary industry to end users and consumers (usually through wholesalers, who in turn sell to retailers, who then sell them to individual customers).

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MANUFACTURING

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CAse sTUdy: INdUsTRIAl RevolUTIoN -Professor Veena Sahajwalla is the inventor of polymer injection technology, known as green steel, an eco-friendly process for using recycled tyres in steel production.

-A second microfactory was launched at UNSW last year, to transform waste materials such as glass and textiles into tiles, ceramics and panels that can be used for building products and furniture.

Brain Study/ Industrial Revolution

211 25

-She views waste as an opportunity, not a problem, and hopes to roll out the microfactory model across the world.

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-Sahajwalla launched the first e-waste microfactory, which processes metal alloys from old laptops, circuit boards and smartphones.

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Manufacturing: timeline, key events, policies, periods

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Micro-factories diagram MUD TITLE / TOPIC

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MUD TITLE / TOPIC CAse sTUdy:

e-WAsTe MICRoFACToRy

-Professor Veena Sahajwalla is the inventor of polymer injection technology, known as green steel, an eco-friendly process for using recycled tyres in steel production.

-A second microfactory was launched at UNSW last year, to transform waste materials such as glass and textiles into tiles, ceramics and panels that can be used for building products and furniture.

UNSW/ Veena Sahajwalla’s Micro-factory

215 29

-She views waste as an opportunity, not a problem, and hopes to roll out the microfactory model across the world.

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-Sahajwalla launched the first e-waste microfactory, which processes metal alloys from old laptops, circuit boards and smartphones.

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Net Zero 2050

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‘Net zero emissions’ refers to achieving an overall balance between greenhouse gas emissions produced and greenhouse gas emissions taken out of the atmosphere. Like a set of scales: producing greenhouse gas emissions tips the scales, and we want to get those scales back into balance with no new greenhouse gas being added to the atmosphere in any given year. Eventually, we will probably need to tip them the other way to repair past harm. Once we stop emitting greenhouse gases from fossil fuels, we still need to deal with all the emissions we’ve already pumped into the atmosphere over the years. That’s the difference between zero and net zero.

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After referring back to the Net Zero 2050 document, I raised I needed to spend more time investigating the energy in manufacturing. Energy efficiency is one of the key objectives outlined.

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Australia’s Primary Energy Supply by Share in 2017

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Distribution of Manufacturing Energy Consumption in Australia in Financial Year 2019 MUD TITLE / TOPIC

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Primary Energy Consumption Worldwide 2020

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Primary Energy Consumption Worldwide 2020 MUD TITLE / TOPIC

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MUD TITLE / TOPIC

Aluminum is highly sought after in industries where strength and lightweight products are required, such as aerospace, transportation, construction, packaging and many others. UNSW/ Veena Sahajwalla’s Micro-factory

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Bauxite is one of the most abundant base minerals in Australia, and thus being the foundation for producing aluminium. Aluminium is a metal that has characteristics of being durable, malleable and lightweight. With its great versatility, aluminum is a vital metal for a modern society.

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Case study: MalverN PaNalytiCal

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MUD TITLE / TOPIC

Today, Amazon recently announced that it will build a second headquarters that could effectively turn the chosen city into a company town — much like what happened to Seattle when the online retail giant came to Seattle in the late 1990s. Dubbed HQ2, approximately 50,000 employees will work there.

Brain Study/ Industrial Revolution

225 39

Long recognized as the historic heart of the American automotive industry, Detroit took on the nickname “Motor City.” The state’s automotive industry provided the model for mass production that other industries later adopted. Henry Ford pioneered the use of the assembly line in manufacturing automobiles. Using conveyor belts, factory workers put different parts together quickly and relatively inexpensively, like a mechanical puzzle. Ford’s Model-T was the first car produced in this fashion, and it could be assembled more quickly and consistently than had ever been possible before.

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Case study: Motor City detroit + aMaZoN

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Automobile timeline

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Scotia California ‘The last company town’ MUD TITLE / TOPIC

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MUD TITLE / TOPIC

C Ase sTUdy: IphoNe CITy Half of the world’s iPhones are made at a sprawling Foxconn factory complex in Zhengzhou, China.

The story that emerged was one of low pay and long hours, but altogether not that different from other factories in China. Foxconn, the workers told us, is no better or worse than any of the other factories they had worked at. But few saw a way out of the grinding factory lifestyle in which they work six days a week, see their spouses once weekly if they are lucky, and frequently work dozens of hours of overtime. Employees of Foxconn Technology Group work at a production line of the company in Zhengzhou, capital of Henan province.

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We spent a day in iPhone City, talking with residents, shop owners, and factory workers to hear about their lives.

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It employs as many as 350,000 people and has spawned a mini city that residents have taken to calling “iPhone City.”

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Toyota suppliers (internationally)

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Toyota suppliers (nationally) MUD TITLE / TOPIC

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C Ase sTUdy: AlToNA plANT ToyoTA Toyota Australia, with funding assistance from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA), unveiled plans to build a $7.4 million Hydrogen Centre at the mobility company’s former site of car manufacturing at Altona in Melbourne’s west.

“Hydrogen has the potential to play a pivotal role in the future because it can be used to store and transport energy from wind, solar and other Altona Plant

233 47

As part of the Hydrogen Centre project, existing manufacturing infrastructure will be repurposed into Victoria’s first integrated hydrogen site, complete with electrolyser, commercial grade hydrogen refuelling station and an education centre with live demonstrations.

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The Hydrogen Centre is part of a larger plan to transform the former Altona site into a Centre of Excellence.

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1.4 Domestic / Living

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Carbon Form Domestic/Living

A major issue confronting the living/domestic condition in the Australian City has been the separation between where people live and where they work or require other needs like education, health/service and grocery/ retail. Cesare Marchetti realized that human travel times are highly patterned. The so called Marchetti constant perceived the cost of commuting rises steeply after a one-way commute exceeds 35 minutes. Generally, where people live are affected by a number of issues like family, work and school zones. Fundamentally it appears to be about affordability, although Marchetti contends personal travel is related to a basic instinct rather than economic ones. (Marchetti 1994)

BERLIN

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2.5km walking

7km electric trams

15km subways

20km cars

Carbon State Domestic Living MUD

Marchetti’s Constant and the Evolution of Transport Berlin and Melbourne

2.5km subway, walking

15km electric trams

20km cars

3 237

MELBOURNE

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By comparison London commuting times for near 2/3 of the population is greater than 30 minutes. Although notably the majority of commuters use public transport whereas in the remainder of the country that use is only 9% (ons.gov.uk/census/2011census)

MAS Prime Minister Ben Chifley and Car 48-215 Holden Factory, Fishermans Bend Social Hall, 1948 credit: National Archives of Australia

Car 48-215 Holden Factory, Fishermans Bend The official unveiling by Prime Minister Ben Chifley commenced at 2:30 pm on Monday, 29 November 1948, in the Fishermans Bend Social Hall. Car ownership significantly increased after the Second World War especially following launch of the new Holden motor car by Prime Minister Tom Chifley at Fisherman’s Bend.

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Since the Second World War, the rise in ownership of private motor vehicles greatly shaped Australian Cities as they began to spread as changes in manufacturing technology demanded single storey factories on greenfield sites. Melbourne’s geographical expanse especially with increased population growth and migration led to the primacy of private vehicle travel with greater travelling distances.

MUD Carbon State Domestic Living

The shift also to a service economy and focus on revitalizing the Melbourne city centre has created a 24-hour city which attracts over 450,000 people a day. Further a significant residential population growth over the last 25 years is expected to continue to grow with 180,000 by 2035. (MCC) However, the impact of the COVID pandemic cannot be under estimated as the city’s offices have been vacant due to extended lockdowns and higher vacancy rates of residential apartments due to reduced international students and overseas visitors. According to a recent Productivity Commission Report (2021) up to 20% of city workers will not likely return to the CBD anytime soon long soon. The reasons for this may suggest a greater change of work habit, flexibility, and new technologies which will allow people either remain at home to work or commute to local co-working hubs which are now expanding into shopping centres and other areas in the outer middle ring suburbs. (The Age )

There are of course other factors than employment which determines travel and movement habits and our innate behaviour to roam as argued by Marchetti. Melbourne as an ‘event city’ with extended services, education, entertainment and leisure will continue to drive greater demand for transport needs. We would argue this mean to be maximizing existing services with further enhancements to increase ALL EMPLOYED DISTANCE TRAVELLED TO WORK BASED ON POSTCODE (NATIONAL) 2018-2019 HILDA REPORT 60

ALL EMPLOYED

OVER 50% OF COMMUTERS TRAVEL LESS THAN 10KMS TO WORK

40 30 20 10 0

0-9km

10-29km

DISTANCE TRAVELLED TO WORK

Hilda Report 2018-2019 Distance Travelled in Australia (Postcode)

30+km

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Opening of the SE Freeway 1962 Image: Museum Victoria

239 5

Presently 25% of commuters work within the same postcode, with 54.2% commuting within only 9km of their home. (Hilda 2020). These are national figures based upon the central location of postcode and therefore the dynamics of various metropolitan areas will vary according to the size of postcode area, type of work, or whether someone is self-employed, full time or casually worker. However, given the impacts post COVID this figure my increase and therefore the importance of living and working locally will be greatly increase.

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House of Tomorrow Restrictions on materials after the Second World War, which brought a willingness to embrace new materials inspired by functionalist architecture. In 1946, Arthur Baldwinson developed the Beaufort Home for the Department of Aircraft Production in association with the Victorian State Housing Commission and the Commonwealth Department of Works and Housing through their Experimental Building Station. The high use of steel meant the project was abandoned. However, following the Beaufort House further innovative ideas were explored with the staging of an exhibition the ‘House of the Tomorrow’ designed by Robin Boyd with the assistance of Peter McIntyre and architecture students Whilst the exhibit created significant curiosity it was the establishment of the Small Homes Service by Robin Boyd with Neil Clerehan which arguably made a more significant contribution to domestic housing in Melbourne. However, the vast majority of houses from the 1950s were designed by building companies like AV Jennings rather than individual architects and therefore the construction followed the preference for timber framed with brick veneer and roof tiles.

1954 Plan of Melbourne The new radial suburbs have continued to grow where local connections were established and major arterial roads which can be traced back to the late 19 century land boom. Melbourne’s first planning strategy was undertaken in 1948 by the Melbourne Metropolitan Board of Works which was finally issued in 1954. (MMBW 1954) Arguments for decentralization and ensuring activity centres and manufacturing areas were identified as well as the recognition of Melbourne’s spatial growth and density in comparison to other major cities.

240

As foreseen in the 1954 MMBW Melbourne Plan, new suburban shopping centres modelled upon the north American city model of Detroit in particular, saw the establishment of Chadstone, Eastland, Northland and Southland were to emerge. Chadstone is limited to public transport by bus only and despite its increasing size and new activities such as a recently added hotel and office towers with serviced apartments its disconnection only exacerbates private vehicle use with now more than 10,000 car spaces. Presently there is a proposal for a tram connection to along Dandenong Road to address this and another for an underground rail connection between East Malvern and Oakleigh. We would argue this will be fundamental for the future.

Modern Home Exhibition Image: Dharn

1954 Planning Scheme Image: DELWP

Melbourne’s Main Shopping Centres c1960’s Image: Author

Kitchen/Laundry 14%

Landfill 5%

TRANSPORT = 34% OF HOUSEHOLD GHG EMISSIONS

Appliances 15% Transport 34% Water heating 16% Lighting 5%

MUD Carbon State Domestic Living

Household Greenhouse Gas Emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculator for EPA/Victorian Government developed by RMIT School of Global Studies, Social Science and Planning

Heating/Cooling 11%

Household Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculator/ RMIT School of Global, Urban and Social Studies

2021 Chadstone Shopping Centre /Vicinity Centres

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Present building regulatory standards for energy efficiency require a minimum NatHers rating of 6 stars out of a score of 10 which is well below the equivalent European standards which has been around 8 stars for more than 10 years. Further Passive House regulations has also been adopted for over the past10 years creating energy neutral buildings and significantly contributing to many countries meeting their emission targets. Further still needs to be done and especially in Australia but one promising development has seen nearly 30% of dwellings now have a rooftop solar PV system and this number continues to increase. (Australian PV Institute). Transformation will be necessary and the means by which we move around suburbs will play vital role, to ensure connection to community, access to services and ensure we maintain a healthy environment.

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Domestic Living Carbon Form According to a Greenhouse Gas Calculator developed by RMIT up to 34% of household emissions are attributable to Transport which is significantly more than other uses within a typical dwelling such as hot water heating 16% and heating/cooling 11%. Further in Australia are significantly larger house sizes than other comparable OCED economies, which contributes significant energy consumption and more so when reliant upon fossil fuels. (Moore 2010).

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Carbon Form/ high -rise & high density The relationship between urban form and energy consumption is often a focal point of discussion around dwelling. Particularly, in reviewing the matter of urban density and agglomeration in the face of the perpetually expanding city. Roberts (2007) concludes that density will be a factor in considering the future sustainability of Australian cities. Australia’s historical fetishisation of suburbia (predominantly in the 20th century) is at odds with the compact city typologies of places like Shanghai, Bangkok and Tokyo which average around 10,000 people per square kilometer.Susan Roaf (2009) states that ‘high density (not high rise) is probably the inevitable urban future.’ In analysing the dwelling at different scales and sociocultural contexts, contrasts, complexes and potentials were eminent.The encouragement of the use of public transit, proximity of amenities and the increased efciencies of infrastructure and land use are likely to reduce emissions. However careful consideration is needed in making neighbourhoods more compact in order to mitigate potentially adverse impacts. (Lehmann 2016)

242

Le Corbusier’s ideas of housing and its relation to the city had a slow yet undoubtable inuence on designers and councils in the postwar period. CIAM’S 1933 Athen’s charter on the functional city, highlighted high-rise dwellings, placed wide apart independently of road alignment and built with ‘modern building techniques’ as an urban form to free ground for large open spaces, to give dwellings sufcient sunlight and to eliminate noise, dust and air pollution.

Energy Paradigm /MUD Convention

An embodiement of the intrinsic link between carbon form, modernism and urban living, Marina City was at the time of construction one of the tallest residential projects in the world.

1961 Brochure of Edgewater

Marina City ad circa 1960’s

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Idealistic visions like Le Corbusier’s and their subsequent adaptations reect both the limitless optimism and the inhuman replicative process engendered by modenism. Carbon form is underpinned by this notion of mass-produceability.

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The arrival and subsequent marketing of Edgewater evokes the conversation of commodifying high rise urban living. Fetishising a lifestyle of ‘own your own luxury housing’ or ‘sophisticated living with beautful views’. Considering that Melbourne’s prolic housing commission construction was in full swing, this project embodies the other side of the coin.

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Timeline

1954 The Unmade Road John Brack

1948 Beaufort Hous

1835 Melbourne European Settlement begins

1889 The first electric tram Box Hill to Doncaster 1920 Yallourn Power Station A

1854 Princess Bridge First bridge over the Yarra River 1850 Gold discovered Victorian Gold Rush begins

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40,000 yrs approx

1840

1835

1850

1860

1870

1880

1948 The House of T

1901 Federation Melbourne is Capital

1890

1910

1900

1954 Pl

1920

1930

1940

195

MUD Timeline 1962 Opening of the SE Freeway

1969 First Kmart Opens in Australia, Burwood. The emergence of ‘Big Box’ retail

1971 VFL Park, Waverly 2015 Metro Tunnel 1971 -1985 Melbourne Underground City Loop

Tomorrow

2035 New Suburban Rail Loop

1969 Transport Plan lan Melbourne

1960

1970

2025 Level Crossing Removal

1997 Privatization of Trams 1993-2000 City Link 1980

1990

2010

2000

2020

2030

2040

2060

2050

2070

2080

2090

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se NSW

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1962 Chadstone Shopping Centre 16.5km from the CBD

MAS

1760-1840 The Industrial Revolution transfigures and radicalises production capabilities of Western Europe and the USA. Urban Centers such as London are overwhelmed with explosive population demands for dwelling.

1853 The Otis Elevator company demonstrates its safety elevator at the New York Worlds Fair. This industrial age innovation shapes the modern city and our way of living.

246

1851 Gold is discovered in Victoria at the height of the industrial revolution. Miners brought the knowledge of industrial age Britain with them. 90,000 people arrived in Melbourne in 1852. With a population of 411,000 by 1857 Melbourne grew rapidly out of the paradigm of industrialisation.

1885 The 10-story Home Insurance Building constructed in Chicago, widely regarded as the world’s first skyscraper. A defininitve urban type going into the 20th century. 1889 The 12-story APA building is constructed in Melbourne. It remained Australia’s tallest building until 1929.

1922 Le Corbusier proposes his vision for Ville Contemporaine. An utopic urban plan consisting of vertical office towers and 17 storey high density dwellings. Considered mass housing the ‘problem of the epoch’, adamant his efforts shouldnt be limited to lower classes.(Marmot,81)

1951-70’s Postwar Br sees a boom in tower-bloc building a solution to housing. Urban pla are unmis influenced Corbusier The mass-prod model is p

1938 Housing slums are ubiquitos throughout inner city Melbourne since the boom in the 1850’s. A ‘War on Slums’ is initiated by the Victorian Government. The Housing Commission tasked with ‘excising the slum pockets’ for ‘common good’. Land is acquired in places like Brunswick,Fitzroy and Richmond.

anners stakably d by Le ’s visions.

ducable picked up

1964 - 1984 The Housing Commission begins constructing vast quantities of prefabricated concrete dwellings postwar. By 1970 almost 4000 private residencies had been acquired and replaced with 20-30 story tower blocks.

2015 Penthouse of Australia 108 sells for a national record of $25 million.

MUD Energy Paradigm / Conventions CARBON CITIES CITIES --ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES- -2021 2021 POST CARBON

ck as a o public

2016 At this point 3 out of every 4 apartment buildings in the US are luxury designs geared toward high-end clients. The penthouse of New York’s 432 Park Ave. is sold for $88 million.

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s ritain

1972 The Pruitt-Igoe housing project is demolisehed in St. Louis. This was due to community distaste for the high level of crime. This event encompassed issues of race, class and poor planning.

1990 Kowloon Walled-City in HK reaches 50,000 residents, roughly 2 million per km2. It’s density precipitated by HK and East Asia’s explosive growth in the latter half of the century. The precinct is demolished between Mar 1953 and Apr 1994.

MAS

References Marmot, Alexi Ferster. 1981. “The Legacy Of Le Corbusier And High-Rise Housing”. Alexandrine Press 7 (02). Lehmann, Steffen. 2016. “Sustainable Urbanism: Towards A Framework For Quality And Optimal Density?”. Future Cities And Environment 2 (0): 11. doi:10.1186/ s40984-016-0021-3. Perkins, Alan, Steve Hamnett, Stephen Pullen, Rocco Zito, and David Trebilcock. 2009. “Transport, Housing And Urban Form: The Life Cycle Energy Consumption And Emissions Of City Centre Apartments Compared With Suburban Dwellings”. Urban Policy And Research 27 (4): 377-396. doi:10.1080/08111140903308859. Risen, Clay. 2021. “How To Heat And Cool A Supertall”. Architect. https://www. architectmagazine.com/technology/how-to-heat-and-cool-a-supertall. Dodson, Jago. 2021. “The Carbon Devil In The Detail On Urban Density”. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/the-carbon-devil-in-the-detail-on-urbandensity-4226. Silva, Kristian. 2021. “Hard Times To Hard Lockdowns: Melbourne’s Endless Housing Challenges”. Abc.Net.Au. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-12/century-ofchallenges-for-melbourne-public-housing/12445604. Schulze, Franz. 2014. “Review: Marina City: Bertrand Goldberg’S Urban Vision By Igor Marjanović And Katerina Rüedi Ray; Bertrand Goldberg: Architecture Of Invention By Zoë Ryan, Ed.”. Journal Of The Society Of Architectural Historians 73 (2): 279-281. doi:10.1525/jsah.2014.73.2.279.

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Ltd, Built. 2021. “Mordechai BENSHEMESH”. Builtheritage.Com.Au. http://www. builtheritage.com.au/dua_benshemesh.html.

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References ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016) 2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census Architecture: Arrival of Modernism State of Library NSW https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/architecture-arrival-modernism/beaufort-homes BITRE (2016) A dozen facts about Transport in Australia The Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics, Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, Commonwealth of Australia Stephen Clune, John Morrissey, Trivess Moore (2012) Size matters: House size and thermal efficiency as policy strategies to reduce net emissions of new developments, Energy Policy, Volume 48, pp 657-667, ISSN 0301-4215, Melbourne Metropolitan Planning Scheme (MMPS) Maps and Interim Development Orders (IDO's) Maps; Modifications, Amendments and Revocations https://researchdata.edu.au/melbourne-metropolitan-planning-amendments-revocations/161821 Citation: PROV VPRS 16157 Lewis, Miles (1995) Melbourne: The City's History and Development Melbourne: City of Melbourne. pp. 25–29 Marchetti, Cesare (1994) ‘Anthropological invariants in travel behaviour’ Technological Forecasting and Social Change pp75-88 Mills, Nicole (2018) The original tiny kit homes that helped solve Melbourne's gold rush housing crisis Radio National, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-03/tiny-kit-homes-helped-solve-melbourne-goldrush-housing-crisis/9680898 Plan Melbourne 2017-2050 Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning https://www.planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/ 1954 Melbourne Metropolitan Planning Scheme Report MMBW, 1948-1954, https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/policy-and-strategy/planning-for-melbourne/melbournes-strategic-planning-history/melbourne-metropolitan-planning-scheme-1954-report

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Denise Whitehouse (2017) The Modern Home Exhibition: The Society of Designers for Industry Design History Australia Research Network, www.dharn.com.au

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1.5 Leisure / Recreation

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MUD TITLE / TOPIC Leisure

‘Leisure’- an experience usually emphasizing dimensions of perceived freedom and choice. The idea of leisure never died but continues to exist, or to reemerge, in various forms.

5 255 5

POSTCARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES- -ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES- -2021 2021 POST

The modern world is fascinated with the activities we label as “leisure.” While leisure might be considered now as somewhat fanciful, it arose following a period of history. Rather than simply being the opposite of ‘work,’ ‘leisure’ today can be viewed as a form of social and cultural life in which ‘work’ and ‘leisure’ intersect and mutually inform one another.

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Timeline

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Timeline

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TITLE / TOPIC

MUD Leisure

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Definition

MUD TITLE / TOPIC Leisure POSTCARBON POST CARBONCITIES CITIES- -ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES- -2021 2021

Solarium Lido in Northampton, UK

259 99

Leisure time is highly variable in its dimension and its consumption intensity. In addition, it is highly relevant for carbon footprints, since leisure time can be spent with very high (e.g. weekend city trips by plane) or very low carbon intensity (e.g. socializing with friends). Leisure, by its very nature, has an element of free choice. However, its carbon intensity can be linked to individual time squeeze and the socio-economic situation.

MAS 260

Leisure mobility

TITLE / TOPIC MUD Leisure Leisure mobiLity:

The American summer road trip

11 261 11

The consumption of leisure products and services has increased steadily despite the second world war and the great depression. Although two-thirds of leisure time is spent at home, out-ofhome activities have typically increased distance consumption. The automobile and airline invention can be regarded as the primary catalyst of the growth of leisure mobility. The concept of an affordable personal motor vehicle provided the consumer with the means to explore an area larger than ever before individually. The availability of the car meant that actual distance barriers disappeared. The car and the rapid development of a convenient road infrastructure sustained the freedom of travel along with air travel.

POST POSTCARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES- -ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES- -2021 2021

Leisure mobility is unique in several ways and one being it is primarily based on choice and preference spatially dispersed across a territory and non-routine in nature.

MAS 262

Leisure Expanded

MUD TITLE / Leisure TOPIC Coney Island in Brooklyn, 1950

263 13 13

Parallel to the spread of the automobile industry, some socioeconomic trends provided the necessary conditions for the rapid growth of leisure consumption. Considerable increases in work productivity and technological advancement allowed a reduction of working hours and caused growing affluence, especially among the lower and middle classes. It meant that the individual had more time and money to spend on leisure activities.

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Leisure expanded

MAS 264

Leisure segregated

TITLE / TOPIC MUD Leisure A parking space at full capacity during summer at a public park

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From the early decades of the twentieth century onwards, leisure and recreation have been regarded as a necessity to escape from the bustling city life. During this period, government policies were influenced by the paradigm of spatial segregation of work, living and play/ leisure. Planning aimed at providing recreation facilities far away from urban life. The mental distance from the urban life was achieved by travelling a substantial physical distance. The perceived freedom of choice and the evolved spatial pattem of deconcentration require the use of car for leisure purpose.

15 265 15

Leisure segregated

MAS 266

Leisure mobility

MUD Leisure TITLE / TOPIC drivers for Leisure mobiLity

Living environments -urban form -type of housing -accessibilty to private/ public amenities -accessibilty to own/ public transport -proximity

267 17 17

Leisure mobility

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Socio-economic factors -income/ lifestyle -occupation/ free-time

MAS 268

Carbon Form

MUD Leisure

TITLE / TOPIC Leisure mobiLity and carbon form

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Emissions by a private vehicle

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Although people often walk or cycle for their leisure trips, almost half of the trips and nearly three quarters of all distance is covered by car either as a driver or a passenger. With the importance of its mobility component, leisure thus accounts for substantial environmental pollution and carbon emissions.

MAS 270

Importance

MUD Leisure TITLE / TOPIC Leisure- human right

can leisure be availble at community scale? can leisure be accessible by walk? will feasibility of programs change the modal split of leisure? will it reduce the car trips?

A green plastic ski slope attraction in Copenhagen.

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Leisure- quaLity of Life

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Leisure

272

Library as leisure spac

273 23

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ce MUD Leisure

274

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MUD Leisure

Leisure activities are activities that people do in their free time. Such as sports, travel, reading and so on. Many people like to go to the library to read, rest, and think in their free time, so the library has also become a space for people to relax.

275 25

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As a leisure space, the library has many factors that lead to its changes, such as changes in carbon forms, changes in people’s leisure habits, changes in policies, and cultural development.

MAS

Timeline

Major events in the development of the library

TVideo library

The emergence of paper

The earliest library In prehistoric times, people carved words on stone slabs to preserve information and stories. This is the earliest library. The main function is to save information. The carbon form at this time is stone

prehistoric

AD350

The invention and popularization of paper accelerated the development of libraries. Changed people’s The development of the reading mode. People novel no longer hold bulky parchment books to read Most of the previous libraries but light paper books. kept some knowledge and history books. Since 1850, the library has introduced a large number of novels and magazines. The introduction of these books makes people’s reading more casual. More and more people like to come to the library to read novels and magazines.

276

This is one of the greatest libraries Constantinople of mankind. It Library records nearly 1,000 years of history and knowledge. From this time on, the material for recording information was changed from grass sandpaper to sheepskin. This will keep the books longer.

8th century

19th century

1850

DVD can not only sav save video. Since the DVD, people’s readin been upgraded. Not o the content of the boo also see the video sav This way of reading m easier and more vivid who do not like to rea come to the library to even borrow DVDs an their own homes.

1950

198

Audio library

The Industrial Revolution

After the Industrial Revolution, a large number of rural people entered cities to work. Most of these people drank alcohol, violence, and even prostitution in urban public spaces. In order to change this situation, the government has to build more libraries to encourage people to use reading instead of bad leisure methods. The library has become a real leisure space.

The tape can save sound. Since the introduction of tapes, many libraries have stored the contents of books on tapes in the form of audio. People only need to come to the library to borrow tapes to hear the contents of the book. This is the beginning of the digital library.

MUD Leisure With the popularization of 5G networks and the development of virtual reality technology, libraries will usher in a big change. Perhaps, in the near future, people only need a pair of glasses to have the reading power of an entire library no matter where they are.

computer With the popularization of computers and the Internet, digital libraries came into being. People can read the stored digital books on the computer in the library. At the same time, you can log in to the library website to read through the Internet at home. This has changed the way people read.

21th

1975

smart phone The emergence of smart phones is a revolution in libraries. People can read books, newspapers, news, etc. anytime, anywhere through the Internet with their mobile phones.

2007

2009

2013

future

Ebook

Multifunctional library

In order to adapt to the changes in people’s leisure styles and the changes in people’s reading habits, the functions of the library have also changed accordingly. After the 21st century, more and more libraries have added more functions, such as cafes, art galleries, exhibition halls, activity rooms and so on. This enriches the leisure functions of the library. People can not only read books, but also have more activities.

The emergence of e-book readers has also changed people’s reading habits. A lot of e-books can be stored in an e-reader. People can take this reader to any place. As long as the reader is powered, people can read it anywhere. 4G The popularity of 4G networks allows people not only to read through the Internet through mobile phones, but also to watch videos, games and other leisure activities through mobile phones. People can use the trivial time such as commuting to entertain through mobile phones. This makes people’s leisure activities more flexible.

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Virtual reality library

277 27

ve sound, but also introduction of ng experience has only can you hear ok, but you can ved in the DVD. makes reading d. Let people ad, also willing to o read. People can nd watch them in

MAS

Carbon Form

paper

stone

prehistoric

AD350

8th century

19th century

1850

1950

198

electricity paper

278

sheep skin

paper

Meltal stone

MUD Leisure

paper

timber

plastic

Meltal

electricity

plastic

electricity

plastic 21th

1975

2007

2009

electricity

Meltal

plastic

2013

? future

electricity

Meltal

plastic

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Meltal

279 29

electricity

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Carbon Consumption Trend

prehistoric

AD350

Prehistoric library

280

rock

8th century

19th century

1850

1950

Tradi libr

MUD Leisure

aper

1975

2007

2009

2013

Digital library

electricity

future

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itional rary

21th

281 31

MAS

Number of books in collection

282

prehistoric

AD350

8th century

19th century

1850

1950

21th 1975 2007 2009 2013 POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

future

283 33

80 MUD Leisure

MAS

Compared Number of people going to the library each year

50000000

40000000

30000000

20000000

10000000

284

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

MUD Leisure

Number of people going to the e-library each year

50000000

20000000

10000000

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

285 35

30000000

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40000000

MAS

The number of people going to the

The number of people going to ghe library

Traditional library

286

prehistoric

AD350

8th century

19th century

1850

1950

80 21th 1975 2007 2009 2013 POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

future

287 37

MUD Leisure

library Digital library

MAS

The relationship between the library

288

prehistoric

AD350

8th century

19th century

1850

1950

198

80 21th 1975 2007 2009 2013 POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

future

289 39

MUD Leisure

y and the architecture

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The relationship between the library https://www.stat.fi/uutinen/ number-of-libraries-has-halvedin-35-years

290

prehistoric

AD350

8th century

https://www.researchgate. net/figure/Number-of-publiclibraries-in-Russia-in-1000_ fig1_325731027

19th century

1850

1950

80 21th 1975 2007 2009 2013 POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

future

41 291

Leisure MUD

y and the city

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Case study

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EXAMPLE ------------The evolution of the Melbourne Libraries

MUD Leisure POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Melbourne is Australia’s second largest city and has the title of cultural capital. Melbourne’s library is also very famous in the world. From the state library in 1854 to the recent north fitzroy library, the development of the library is closely related to the development of the city. There are 44 libraries and 250 branch libraries in the city.

293 43

Melbourne library evolution

MAS

The evolution of the Melbourne libra 1850s

294

state library victoria

1950

Brunswick

k library library at the dock POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

295 45

MUD Leisure

aries

2010s

MAS 296

1850s

1950

297 47

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0s 2010s MUD Leisure

MAS

The evolution of the Melbourne libra

298

1850s

1950s

299 49

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MUD Leisure

aries 2010s

300

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MUD Leisure

receation-theMe park Recreation is a more precise form of entertainment based on leisure, which needs to be free time for leisure. not only self relaxation, need to spend a certain amount of money, through external forces to obtain pleasure. A theme park is a large outdoor area where people pay to go to enjoy themselves. All the different activities in a theme park are usually based on a particular idea or theme.

301 51

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This section will discuss the current problems faced by theme parks and the future changes in the form of theme parks planting carbon in cities

MAS 302

Timeline

303 53

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MUD Leisure

MAS

Polemics

304

As theme parks require large plots of land, they therefore tend to be located near urban fringes and away from the city. As tourist have to travel to these parks, Carbon dioxide emissions are generated when the excess gasoline is used as tourist have to use transport to get to these parks.

MUD Leisure

BUS METRO

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CAR

305 55

What kind of transportation do people use to go to the theme park

MAS 306

Case-ShangHai Disney

MUD Leisure

Shanghai pudong airport is 36,8 kilometers away from Disneyland

Distance and drive from different areas of Shanghai to DisneylandDistance and drive from different areas of Shanghai to Disneyland

307 57

Xuhui district in central Shanghai is 39,8 kilometers away from Disneyland

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Jingan district in central Shanghai is 36,8 kilometers away from Disneyland

MAS

Data

Tourist source distance (km) and customer accumulation

Calculated according to the distance of tourist source, the space scope of Shanghai Disney tourist source market has expanded to 3400km, and the proportion of tourists within 700km from Shanghai has reached 61.6%, reaching cities such as Yantai, Jinan, Wuhan and Fuzhou from north to south

308

The average daily attendance at Shanghai Disneyland is 80,000, but in order to limit the number of visitors, the daily attendance will be limited to 24,000, or 30 percent of the average

MUD Leisure

10,000 parking lots are used every day, accounting for one-third of the passenger flow

There’s a traffic jam on the highway to Disneyland

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63.3 million grams of carbon emissions per day if

309 59

The parking lot of Shanghai Disneyland is full of cars

Shanghai Disneyland has 20,000 parking lots, which will produce

MAS 310

The development of entertainment a

311 61

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MUD Leisure

architecture

MAS 312

City as a theme park--Docklands co

313 63

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MUD Leisure

ombines business and entertainment

MAS 314

City as a theme park--South bank

315 65

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MUD Leisure

316

MAS

317 67

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MUD Leisure

MAS 318

City as a theme park--Melbourne

69 319

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Leisure MUD

MAS 320

2.ENERGY PARADIGM

321

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MS MUD

MAS 322

2.1 International Protocols

323

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/ Agreements MUD

MAS

energy/paradigms International Protocols/Agreements Early Uses of Fossil Fuels First use of Natural Gas in China 2500 years ago, by using bamboo pipes The Age of Coal First use of coal as a heating source for thermal baths by the Romans Coal especially important driving the Industrial Revolution in the UK with the age of steam. 1797 Coal first discovered in Australia, NSW 1825 Coal discovered at Cape Patterson, Victoria

324

Fuel History 1850’s USA - The Black Gold Rush 1860’s First use of coal as a heating source, especially kerosene. However the difficulty of handling oil still meant coal was the preferred fuel until the First World War and internal combustion engine.

The first oil boom Titusville, Pennsylvania 1852 Image: AP

Image: International Energy Agency

33 325

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Holborn Viaduct UK 1882 Worlds First Coal Fired Power Station Image: Fox Photos/Getty Images Energy Paradigm / Conventions MUD

MAS

1911 Birth of the US Oil Majors

326

A horse-drawn truck employed by Standard Oil in 1902 delivers gasoline for the first automobiles and stationary engine use. Image: AP

Image: ‘There will be Blood‘ Credit: Paul Thomas Anderson Miramax Films 2008

Energy Paradigm / Conventions MUD 5 327

The Red Line Agreement New sources of oil were required and the so called Red Line Agreement is created between the UK, France and the USA after WW1 Image: dailyhistory.org

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Model T Ford Production 1908 -1927 The Ford Model T drives USA’s demand for oil. By the First World War it becomes apparent that domestic supply will not be sufficient. Image: Library of Congress, Washington DC

MAS 328

Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). 1975-77. At 1300km long delivered nearly 25% of US’s need at its peak in the 1980’s (Alyeska Pipeline) Image: Getty Images Plus

1954-1971 Pollution of the Sea by Oil OILPOL 54 prohibited the dumping of oily wastes within a certain distance from land and in ‘special areas’ where the danger to the environment was especially acute. Further amendments were made leading to the most comprehensive anti-pollution convention ever MARPOL 1974 Image: Getty Images

MUD Energy Paradigm / Conventions CARBON CITIES CITIES --ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES- -2021 2021 POST CARBON 329 7

Signing of Timor Gap Treaty between Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Gareth Evans and then Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas,11th December 1989. Arguably one of the more controversial international agreements Australia signed in recent times and especially in light of the plight of the people of East Timor Image: National Archives of Australia

MAS

1960 Creation of OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Nations (OPEC) is formed with the purpose of defending oil prices The Oil Crisis and creation of the International Energy Agency 1974 Following the Nixon’s Administration support of Isreal following the Yom Kippor War, OPEC nations impose an embargo on all US exports raising the cost of oil by 40 percent. By 1975-1977 The US administration launches the Department of Energy and signs legislation in 1978 to drive new energy switching by energy utilities. In 1974, the International Energy Agency was established as an autonomous agency within the framework of the OECD. The impetus for creating the Agency was the urgent need for major energy consuming countries to cooperate effectively on a broad spectrum of energy issues, particularly oil supply security, to buffer the effects of the 1970s OIl Crisis

330

Between 1971 and 2019 world total energy supply (TES) increased 2.6 times (from 230 EJ to 606 EJ) and its structure changed markedly. Oil fell from 44% to 31% of TES between 1971 and 2010; its share has held steady since then and it remains the most important fuel in 2019. Coal has consistently remained in second place in the global energy mix, at more than a quarter of the total, or 162 EJ in 2019. Natural gas consolidated its third rank, growing from 16% in 1971 to 23% in 2019. (ref https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-balances-overview/world)

A burning fuel tank bombed by Iran in Baghdad, October 1980 Image Francoise De Mulder/Getty

MUD Energy Paradigm / Conventions 331 9

Close up of a solar trombe wall using 55 gallon/228 litres water tanks in a modular house built near Corrales, New Mexico April, 1974 Image: Yale Energy Innovation

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U.S. President Jimmy Carter delivering his energy speech on television, July 15, 1979 Image: Dale G. Young/AP Images

MAS

1945 The Nuclear Age Following the creation of the first bomb and end of the Pacific War the new Nuclear Age begins Treaties and agreements eventually follows as the USSR, Great Britain, France, China join the USA Subsequently India, Pakistan, Israel and Iran. South Africa discontinued its nuclear program

332

President John F Kennedy signs the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 7th October 1963 Image: Robert Knudsen, White House Photographs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston

Energy Paradigm/ /Conventions Conventions Energy Paradigm MUD

3 Mile Island Accident March 28th 1979 Image: Report of The President’s Commission / Public Domain

333 11

First Nuclear Reactor MIT by Enrico Fermi Nobel Physicist 2nd December 1942 Image: Chicago Tribune

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‘Trinity’ First Nuclear Atomic Test 16th July 1945 New Mexico Image: Getty Images

MAS

The Climate Crisis 1972 UN General Assembly Resolution 1721 (XVI) which triggered the establishment of the WMO World Weather Watch (WWW) and the WMO-ICSU Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) and, later and less directly, the convening of the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE) 1979 First World Climate Conference Vienna “Carbon dioxide plays a fundamental role in determining the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere, and it appears plausible that an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can contribute to a gradual warming … but the details of the changes are still poorly understood.” 1987 Montreal Protocol A multi-lateral agreement created to protect the Ozone layer and established a means to limit harmful HCFC gases and which has been effectively managed to this day since 1988 Following the issue of the Brundtland Report in 1987, the UN forms panel on Climate Change / IPCC one of the largest scientific studies of its kind to date 1990 First IPCC Assessment Report (FAR) underlined the importance of climate change as a challenge with global consequences and requiring international cooperation. It played a decisive role in the creation of the UNFCCC, the key international treaty to reduce global warming and cope with the consequences of climate change 1992 Rio UN Convention, the so called Earth Summit marked 20 years since the first conference in Stockholm . The primary objective of the Rio ‘Earth Summit’ was to produce a broad agenda and a new blueprint for international action on environmental and development issues that would help guide international cooperation and development policy in the twenty-first century with the Agenda 21. (UNFCCC)

334

1997 Kyoto Protocol First Adopted and came in to force 16 February 2005 (UNFCCC)

2001 USA and Australia withdraw from Kyoto Agreement. Australia later ratified this agreement in 2007

Energy Paradigm / Conventions MUD 1987 The Brundtland Report Our Common Future Image: UNFCCC

The New York Times front page June 24, 1988 Image: NY Times

13 335

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James Hansen gives testimony to the US Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on June 23, 1988. Many regard Hansen’s testimony significantly increased public awareness of the issue of Climate Change Image: AAP

MAS

2015 Paris Climate Agreement COP21, December 12 2015 The 2015 Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 parties at COP21 in Paris on the 12th of December 2015 and entered into force on the 4th of November 2016. Its primary objective is to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees celsius compared to pre-industrial levels.To reach this long-term temperature goal, signatory countries aim to reach the global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible to acheive a climate neutral world by around 2050. In the multilateral climate change strategy, there is, for the  rst time, a binding agreement that brings all nations into a common cause. Implementation requires economic and social transformation. The agreement works on a 5 year cycle of exponentially ambitious climate action carried out by nations.Nations submit their plan of action at the end of these cycles, known as NDC’S (Nationally Determined Contributions).

Sustainable Development Goal 13 Goal 13 outlined in the UN’S 17 Sustainable development goals, calls for urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. This goal is intrinsically linked to the other 16 as well as the Paris Agreement.

336

Goal 13 is contingent on the adoption of the Paris Agreement and its aim of limiting the global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees celsius.

337 9

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2015 Paris Climate Agreement COP21, December 12 2015 MUD Energy Paradigm / Conventions

MAS

As of 2015, Brussels, Belgium became the  rst region in the world to require the passive house standard for all new construction. The offering of incentives to build 243 low-energy projects, the ‘Exemplary Buildings’ or ‘BatEX’ program galvanised the market to seek zero-carbon or passive house solutions. The program proved that these solutions could be sought with minimal cost premiums. This resulted in a 90% reduction in heating demand and around 50-60% for electricity and cooling in built projects. In 1992 it was forseen that Belgium should achieve a drop in gas emissions of 12%, it has reached -20%. The example of Brussels is a testament to the substantial role that cities and civic governments play in the attainment of climate goals. In Vaxjo, Sweden, city funded high rises havent suffered in recent winters due to the implementation of the Passive-house style. ‘taking this route works very well for us as a municipality, since we want to become CO2 neutral and homes account for 30% of energy use’- Henrik Johansson- Vaxjo’s environmental coordinator.

338

The domestic building scale with the mildest ecological impact in terms of energy, carbon and water use per capita tends to be medium-rise, between 3-6 storeys. The work of Alan Perkins (2009), and his colleagues in the eldofurbanpolicyandresearchdemonstratesthatbasedonpercapita analysis, attached low-rise dwellings perform best in terms of carbon emissions.

MUD Energy Paradigm / Conventions

Winter

Air exhaust

Subsoil Heat Exchanger

EMBODIED CARBON DISTRIBUTION

47% 40%

23% 17%

23%

19%

25%

16% 7%

STRUCTURAL FOUNDATIONS

42%

3% STRUCTURAL COLUMNS

COMMERCIAL

13%

11% 6%

WALLS

FLOORS

EDUCATION

FRAMING

RESIDENTIAL

CARBON CITIES CITIES --ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES- -2021 2021 POST CARBON

Air supply

339 11

Summer

MAS

References Moreno-Vacca, Sebastian. 2021. “BTTF NAC - Presentation 13 - Permacity, Renewable Cities”. Presentation, , 2021. Braw, Elizabeth. 2014. “Swedish City Builds ‘Passive Houses’ As Part Of Ambitious CO2 Reduction Targets”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sustainablebusiness/sweden-passive-housing-co2-reduction-targets. “Climate Action”. 2021. United Nations Sustainable Development. https://www. un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-action/. 2021. Unfccc.Int. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/theparis-agreement. Finding Innity. 2020. “A New Normal”. Melbourne: Finding Innity.

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“Brussels Exemplary Buildings Program + Passive House Law Of 2011 – Building Innovations”. 2011. Buildinginnovations.Org. https://www.buildinginnovations.org/ policy/brussels-exemplary-buildings-program-passive-house-law-of-2011/.

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MUD Energy Paradigm / Conventions

MAS 342

2.2 BioEnergy

343

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MUD

344

MAS

MUD

Bioenergy Bioenergy is a form of renewable energy generated from the conversion of biomass into heat, electricity, biogas and liquid fuels. Biomass is organic matter derived from forestry, agriculture or waste streams available on a renewable basis. It can also include combustible components of municipal solid waste.

Some conversion processes also produce byproducts that can be used to make useful materials such as renewable bitumen and even biomass- based concrete. Additional benefits include emissions reduction, waste disposal, providing support for rural economies, and improving air quality.

https://arena.gov.au/renewable-energy/bioenergy/

345

Biomass can be converted to bioenergy using a range of technologies depending on the type of feedstock (raw material), scale/size of the project and form of energy to be produced. Conversion technologies include combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, transesterification, anaerobic digestion and fermentation, or may be linked to processes such as biorefining.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

How is biomass produced?

MAS

CLEAN ENERGY AUSTRAL THE CONSTRUCTION BOOM FOR LARGE-SCALE RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS*

Megawatts $

119m

Investment

388

272

Megawatts $

Jobs

2019m

Investment

1861 Jobs

1414

Megawatts

2395m

$ Investment

998 Jobs

Megawatts $

Investment

346

Jobs

ANNUAL ELECTRICITY

RENEWABLE GENERATION

MUD

LIA 2021 Renewable Energy

1962

Megawatts $

3441m

Investment

2594

The renewable energy can be generated through various systems like solar, wind, hydrogen, bioenergy and so on. The Clean Energy Australia invests in projects, in order to increase the production capacity of renewable energy in Australia. Of the 2955MW generated energy 5% comes from the bioenergy and the Council is determined to enable construction of large scale facilites at the outskirts of city to cater to the needs.

3612

Megawatts

5600m

Investment

4194 Jobs

2955

Megawatts

5064m

Investment

3584 Jobs

Clean Energy Australia, Report 2021 - Clean Energy Council

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Jobs

HAT MAKES UP YOUR

347

* From 2017 to 19 March 2021

3612

Megawatts

5600m

MAS

Investment

4194 Jobs

1414

Megawatts

2955

2395m

$ Investment

Megawatts

998

5064m

Jobs

Investment

Megawatts $

3584

Jobs

Investment

Jobs

ANNUAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN 2020

* From 2017 to 19 March 2021

RENEWABLE GENERATION BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE

WHAT MAKES UP YOUR POWER BILL, 2019–20

Coal Renewables Gas Waste coal mine gas Liquids

62.0% 27.7% 9.9% 0.4% 0.1%

Wind Small-scale solar Hydro Large-scale solar Bioenergy Medium-scale solar

35.9% 23.5% 23.3% 10.9% 5.0% 1.4%

CLEANENERGYCOUNCIL.ORG.AU/CLEANENERGYAUSTRALIA

348

Clean Energy Australia, Report 2021 - Clean Energy Council

Poles and wires $579 Generating electricity $556 Environmental costs $104 Electricity company costs $98

MUD

CLEAN ENERGY AUSTRALIA 2021 RENEWABLE ENERGY PENETRATION BY STATE IN 2020

99.2% TASMANIA

59.7%

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

VICTORIA

24.2%

WESTERN AUSTRALIA

21.0%

NEW SOUTH WALES*

16.6%

QUEENSLAND *NSW includes the ACT

ANNUAL INSTALLED CAPACITY OF SMALL-SCALE SOLAR SYSTEMS UP TO 100 KW Clean Energy Australia, Report 2021 - Clean Energy Council 3200 3000 3800

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

27.7%

2400 2200 2000 1800 1600

349

installed annually

3600

MAS

Organic M anure

General Waste

Algae

350

Organic Waste

MUD

R aw M aterial Collection

https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/renewable-energy/bioenergy

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Timber

351

Dry Vegetation

The State of Victora has the opportunity to generate biofuel from a varied number of sources. The general waste seems like an ideal choice to produce energy and at the same time reduce the landfill. But with the technology that is present which source should be used as ‘Biofuel’ while benefiting the society and reduce stress on the environment.

MAS

Landmark project targets twin challenges The East Rockingham Waste to Energy (ERWtE) facility addresses the twin challenges of increasing the supply of cleaner energy and reducing landfill volumes. Both are central to Australia’s transition to a low emissions economy. Located in the Rockingham Industry Zone to the south of Perth, the ERWtE will be capable of treating around a quarter of the city’s residual municipal solid waste and commercial and industrial waste. The waste will be converted into enough renewable energy each year to power more than 36,000 homes. In addition, an estimated 72,000 tonnes of ‘bottom ash’ will be recovered each year, for use in road bases and construction. The measures are expected to deliver an annual reduction in carbon emissions of more than 300,000 tonnes per year, the equivalent of taking almost 64,000 cars off the road. The ERWtE is expected to have an economic life of more than 40 years, supporting an estimated 300 jobs during construction and up to 50 fulltime jobs once operational. The facility, which benefits from $18 million in Australian Renewable Energy Agency grant funding, is expected to be operational in 2023.

$511m

96%

$57.5m

~300,000 tonnes

energy from waste project

CEFC finance

First

‘waste arising’ contract to be banked in Australia

less waste into landfill

waste processing each year

29MW

352

baseload energy

CEFC Investment Insights

MUD

Australia’s waste profile The amount of waste generated per person in Australia fell by 10 per cent in the decade to 2016-17, with the recovery rate (including recycling and energy from waste) increasing from 50 per cent to 58 per cent over the same period.

Australians generate some 2.7 tonnes of waste per person per year – with the combined 67 million tonnes of waste driving some two per cent of national greenhouse gas emissions. Australia’s 2018 National Waste Policy estimates a hypothetical five per cent improvement in the efficient use of materials across the economy could benefit gross domestic product by as much as $24 billion – with 9.2 jobs created for every 10,000 tonnes of waste recycled.

East Rockingham Waste to Energy, Perth The Bioenergy project to use landfill/ general waste as a source to generate renewable energy requires a hefty investment to begin with. In this case it is assumed that the fuel has served its life and the carbon stored inside the rubbish during it’s lifecycle can now be used for generating energy which is renewable.

The Australian waste-toenergy sector provides excellent commercial potential in the long-term. The problem of dealing with everyday waste is a global challenge, with more than 2 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste generated each year.” Mohamed Jameel Al Ramahi Masdar

Australian waste flows

32.7MT commercial and industrial waste

20.4MT construction and demolition waste

13.8MT municipal solid waste

Clean Energy and the Opportunity for Waste CEFC - - https-//www.cefc.com. au/media/c0bbqrfh/cefc_investmentinsights_eastrockingham_aug2021

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Despite this, waste generation overall continues to rise, driven by growing population levels.

CEFC Investment Insights

353

Source: 2018 National Waste Policy: less waste more resources, Commonwealth of Australia 2018.

354

MAS

MUD

Biomass Less Efficiency

355

https://studiohc.org/contemplations/2018/6/25/the-curious-case-of-biomassenergy

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The study showcases the burning landfill rubbish as biofuel generates 50% more CO2 per MW than coal.

MAS 356

https://www.fastcompany.com/3033019/this-algae-powered-building-actuallyworks

MUD https://www.ribaj.com/buildings/little-green-cells

https://www.designboom.com/art/worlds-first-algae-powered-building-bysplitterwek/

357

The £3.95m BIQ (Bio Intelligent Quotient) pilot project is the realisation of a competition launched in 2009 by the International Building Exhibition (IBA Hamburg) for a Smart Material House. The IBA wanted smart materials on the facade, asking entrants to look at ‘materials, systems and products that behave dynamically, unlike conventional building materials, which are static’. Installed on the south-west and south-east elevations (those most exposed to sunlight) of the square-shaped BIQ building, are 129 bioreactors. These are flat glass aluminium-framed panels that create an environment in which algae can flourish. The panels are like slimline vertical tanks, each filled with about 25 litres of water containing liquid nutrients. They are 2.5m tall by 0.7m wide with an 18mm cavity, and consist of two 10mm thick sheets of transparent glass – to optimise solar gain and therefore algae productivity.

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Bio Intelligent Quotient, Germany

MAS 358

https://www.ribaj.com/buildings/little-green-cells

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clean energy image © splitterwerk

then be converted into

359

https://www.designboom.com/art/worlds-first-algae-powered-building-bysplitterwek/ the algal matter generates biomass, which can

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

world's first algae powered building by splitterwerk

360

MAS

MUD https://www.fastcompany.com/3033019/this-algae-powered-building-actuallyworks

https://www.designboom.com/art/worlds-first-algae-powered-building-bysplitterwek/

361

Unveilied as part of International Building Exhibition in 2013. The panels are 0.78 inches thick and cover about 200 square meters in total. They’re filled with algae from the Elbe River and pumped full of carbon dioxide and nutrients. When sunlight hits the 129 “bioreactors,” photosynthesis causes the microorganisms to multiply and give off heat (the water goes to about 40 degrees C). The warmth is then captured for heating water or storing in saline tanks underground, while algae biomass is harvested and dried. It can either be converted to biogas, or used in secondary pharmaceutical and food products. Algae power has the additional advantage of taking CO2 out of the atmosphere, though the amounts involved are not huge. Wurm says each square meter of panel reduces emissions by eight tons a year, which includes two tons sucked up in the green gunk and six tons left unproduced by generating energy using dirtier methods. The building currently reduces overall energy needs by 50%, and Wurm says 100% is achievable. Combined with solar panels to power the pumps and heat exchangers, the building could be completely self-sufficient. The problem is cost. Wurm estimates total expenses of $2,500 per square meter–a lot more than a typical apartment building. The algae would significantly reduce ongoing energy costs (perhaps get them to zero) but a substantial upfront capital would be necessary to see the long-term benefit.

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Bio Intelligent Quotient, Germany

MAS https://www.designboom.com/art/worlds-first-algae-powered-building-byearly drawings of the graphic faces splitterwek/

362

image © splitterwerk

MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

splitterwek/

363

image © splitterwerk https://www.designboom.com/art/worlds-first-algae-powered-building-by-

MAS 364

LogicStudio hope that the plastic sheets will be hung over new and existin

MUD

Algae curtain by EcoLogicStudio The architects displayed a prototype of the system during the Climate Innovation Summit 2018 in Dublin. The 16 curtains each 2x7m (244 m2) can absorb 1kg of CO2 each day which is equivallent to 20 large trees.

ng buildings in an effort to avert

365

https://www.dezeen.com/2018/12/10/ecologicstudio-algae-curtain-photosynth-etica/

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

The curtains capture air from bottom which passes through the algae pipes and is released back into the atmosphere from the top. The algae absorbs carbon in the process and generates more algae which can be used to manufature the curtain or used as biofuel.

MAS Algae curtain by EcoLogicStudio could make buildings more eco-friendly

366

Serpentine tubes embedded into bioplastic panels contain the algae https://www.dezeen.com/2018/12/10/ecologicstudio-algae-curtain-photosynth-etica/

25/8/21, 6:53 am

The Photo.Synth.Etica prototype is made of 16 bioplastic modules, each measuring two by seven metres. The serpentine tubes embedded into the panels optimise the carbon sequestration process, according to the architects.

MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

https://www.dezeen.com/2018/12/10/ecologicstudio-algae-curtain-photosynth-etica/

Page 6 of 8

367

https://www.dezeen.com/2018/12/10/ecologicstudio-algae-curtain-photo-synth-etica/

368

MAS

MUD 369

Algae-fuel is fast becoming a viable green power production solution and alternative to finite fuel sources such as crude oil, which is both costly and harmful to the environment. The report states that if grown in specific areas where conditions for algae growth are epically favourable, the problem of water is significantly reduced. Many non-renewable power industries rely heavily on water use for production, most notably hydraulic fracking, which has experienced a boom in the US in recent years, so by this comparison, a high reliance on water shouldn’t necessarily hold large scale production of algae bio-fuel back, especially as algae farms can be used to absorb harmful carbon emissions from power plants and other sources.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

ALGAE BIOENERGY FACADE

MAS 370

ALGAE ENERGY EXTRACTION PROCESS

MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 371

Algae biomass is rich in nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore a process to recycle algal waste after lipid extraction is desirable. Anaerobic digestion may be suitable for this because the biotechnological process can mineralize algal waste containing organic nitrogen and phosphorus. The anaerobic digestion of algal waste not only recycles the nutrients but also provides biomethane. The anaerobic process occurs in three sequential stages of hydrolysis, fermentation, and methanogenesis.

MAS

TRADITIONAL GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY

372

Coal carbon emission pounds per kWh =2.21 Natural gas emission pounds per kWh =0.91

MUD

Electricity Generated Maximun Capacity

2200 kWh/h * 8,760 = 19,272,000 kWh/y Greenhouse Gas Emissions

AGL Loy Yang is in the Latrobe Valley, 165 kilometres south east of Melbourne and was acquired by AGL in 2012. The power station and accompanying open cut coal mine cover about 6,000 hectares. The mine supplies coal to the Loy Yang A power station and the Chow Tai Fook Enterprises (Alinta Energy) owned Loy Yang B power station as the fuel to generate electricity. Each year about 30 million tonnes of coal is produced. AGL Loy Yang is Victoria’s largest power station. The power station includes four 500+ megawatt turbo generators which were brought into service between 1984 and 1988.

373

AGL Loy Yang with 2,210MW generates approximately 30% of Victoria’s power requirements every year and is an integral part of Australia’s national electricity market. The Loy Yang mine supplies both Loy Yang A and Loy Yang B, fuelling around 50% of the state’s energy requirements.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

1.17 tons * 8,760 = 25,122,240 tons/y

anaerobic digestion systems

374

Energy produced

TRANSPORTATION &BIOENERGY

Biogas is a renewable energy source produced from available organic raw materials and recycled waste.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Bioenergy Biogas Workshop，Studies that focus on anaerobic digestion systems and biogas fuelled power stations.

MAS

BIOENERGY PROJECTS FOR AGRIBUSINESS

3375

POST POST CARBON CARBON CITIES CITIES -- ECO ECO URBAN URBAN PRACTICES PRACTICES -- 2021 2021

TRANSPORTATION &BIOENERGY MUD

Covered Anaerobic Lagoon – Digester

MAS 376

Biodigester – tank design

377

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Digester Flow Plan MUD

MAS 378

2.3 Solar Energy

379

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

MAS

Renewable energy is drivin

380

Will the speed of the shift in renewable energy be too planners to keep up?

381

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

ng pro-

o fast for city MUD

MAS 382

Charles Fritts installed the first solar panels on New York City rooftop in 1884. (Courtesy of John Perlin)

MUD

SOLAR ENERGY

383

Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels generate energy by the conversion of sunlight into electricity and takes place in cells of specially fabricated semiconductor crystals. They can be installed on the roofs of homes and businesses and on a larger scale a solar farms....they use energy from the sun to generate electricity cleanly and quietly. Solar system sizes are measured in kilowatts and, depending on where you are and which direction your roof faces, each kilowatt of your solar panel system will produce between 3 and 5 kWh of clean, renewable energy per day. Typically, around 3 to 4 solar panels are needed to make up 1 kilowatt. Today, as architects and others consider low-carbon living, the basic principles of solar heating are being explored with a new sense of urgency and a wide range of tools and technologies.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Energy created by the heat and light of the sun is called solar energy. Solar power is produced when energy from the sun is converted into electricity or used to heat air, water or other substances. Solar energy can also be used to create solar fuels such as hydrogen.

MAS 384

Solar Systems

385

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

/Analysis-1 MUD

386

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio, Brazil Signing of UNFCCC Agenda 21 1st IPCC report

9th Session report of UN Commission of Sustainable Development World Summit on Sustainable Development Kyoto protocol Creation of EU ETS

Climate change

Energy is central for sustainable development Link between energy and socio-economic development (incl. energy relation to poverty, urbanization, population dynamics) Cross-scale energy systems impacts (national/regional impact on global and vice

Energy researchers contribution to Special report on Emission Scenarios Global Energy Perspectives book

1990

1st EU energy action plan

1980

IAEA, IEA, UNDESA, Eurostat and EEA indicator set World Energy Assessment Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability by UNDP

Brund Brundtland report Creation of IPCC

Sustainable development

Concept of the cost of conserved energy and energy supply curves

Energy Limits to Growth and WORLD3 model Conference of the Human Environment in Stockholm, SwedenW

Concepts Limits of fossils and their implications Environmental impavt Energy security

Sustainable Development

Limits of fossils and their implications Environmental impavt Energy security

MAS

1970 2000

A market for renewab created by specifying a Renewable Energy Tar in 2001 for which elec ers needed to purchase renewable energy cert

The first serious wave of renewable ener uptake in Australian. The Government declared Australia s commitment to developing renewable energy as part of energy plan to reduce carbon emissions

Historical overview of the events and deve paradigm and i

2040

2050

MUD

2030

How does the energy system affect climate change?

What are the limits of renewable resources and what are their implications?

rgy

its s

elopments leading to the change of the energy identified concepts

30%

of Australia s energy supply will come from solar power

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

What other negative environmental impacts of the energy system exist?

387

Short-term versus long-term goals Synergies and trade-offs between different development goals Limits of renewables and their implications Impact of climate change on energy system

2020

Critical material resource debate Climate change mitigation strategies Climate change adaptation strategies Climate and energy justice

ble energy was a Mandatory rget (MRET) ctricity retaile green or tificates

SDGs Paris Agreement

2010

MAS

Infrastructure will be needed to intergrate technologies These will include smart charging networks for electric vehicles; new low-losses cross-border electricity interconnections; super high-voltage transmission lines – possibly underground - to dispatch massive amounts of power from areas with abundant wind or solar resources to demand centres; district heating networks; and biomass feedstock management strategies. Without this infrastructure, the commercialisation and mass deployment of low-carbon technologies for the energy transition will not occur on time. The coupling of different energy applications also creates opportunities for the integration of clean technologies. An example is the power and transport sectors through electric vehicles. Today, especially interesting opportunities exist at the crossroads of ICT and energy technology, as well as in the areas of new high-performance materials, new battery formulations, and other challenges of materials science [56]. New business models are emerging, notably elated to electricity markets. This includes virtual power plants, aggregators for electricity storage services. They need to be combined with new market designs with more precise time and place of use pricing for consumers, new operational practices, and new smart grid technologies.

Elect secto Massive expansion of interconnections and creation of regional markets

Value comprehensive in renewable energy systems

388

Decentralize distributed g

MUD

Battery Storage

Enable Infrastructure

Renewable Technology

Markets Regula-

ed system through generation

Artificial Intelligence

Internet of Things (IOT)

Business Models

Blockchain

Platform business model AggregatorVirtual Power Plant

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Systems Operations

Electric vehicles

389

trification of end use ors

MAS

methods of harnessing the energy from solar radiation from the sun

A. Normally used for domestic heating or water heating such as solar hot water systems that are common across Australia due to the low cost of running and government subsidies offered. But this method are generally not used in large scales and have inherent efficiency and cost problems

B. It’s more about making homes and other buildings more passive efficient. Including passive heating devices, which use energy from solar radiation to heat the building and circulate cold air from the room

390

C. Reflective mirrors are used to focus the radiation onto a source of water or other fluid then by evaporating the liquid the steam is used to in a turbine to power a generator

Image Source from Website

MUD

defining small scale and large scale

391

Image Source from Website

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

solar systems

MAS 392

Image Source from Website

MUD

Each system with a kilowatt rating of 80 kW would be considered a separate device and therefore could be eligible for small-scale technology certificates under the Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme or large-scale generation certificates under the Largescale Renewable Energy Target.models are emerging, notably elated to electricity markets. This includes virtual power plants, aggregators for electricity storage services. They need to be combined with new market designs with more precise time and place of use pricing for consumers, new operational practices, and new smart grid technologies.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

NMIs define the boundaries of the devices.

393

“A single property with three NMIs, each with a 80 kW PV system and each connected to the grid via their separate NMI.

MAS

1% 83,719

15%

946,546

WA SA

13% 806,829

% of Country MWh JANUARY TO JULY 2020

17%

394

1,111,98

MUD

SOLAR OUTPUT PER STATE JANUARY TO JULY 2020

30% 1,936,374

Northern Teritory

Queensland

NSW

23%

New South Wales

1,511,022

VIC

Victoria

TAS

1% 86,145

395

South Australia

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

QLD

Western Australia

MAS

NT QLD WA SA NSW Exellent High

ACT

VIC

Werage Low

TAS

Figure：Potential sites suitable for solar electricity generation

396

Australia s solar energy overview Below are some facts with regard to Australia s solar energy: The annual solar radiation falling on Australia is approximately 58 million petajoules (PJ), approximately 10,000 times Australia s annual energy consumption. Solar energy resources are greater in the north-west and centre of Australia, in areas that do not have access to the national electricity grid. Accessing solar energy resources in these areas is likely to require investment in transmission infrastructure.

MUD Solar energy consumption(PJ)

Share of total (%)

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.10

0.05

0 1999-00 2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2029-30

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Figure：Projected electricity generation from solar energy in Australia

397

Figure：Projected primary consumption of solar energy in Australia

398

MAS

MUD

not as an ugly afterthought integrating solar technology into facades,

To address growing global concerns about climate change and renewable energy, solar energy company Mitrex has created innovative systems that can be critically and creatively adapted and integrated to address both old and new challenges related to sustainability issues. Historically, solar collection has been expensive, relatively inefficient, and hampered by poor design. Existing integrated building photovoltaics (BIPV) have proved impractical and economically unsuitable for large-scale adoption due to design limitations and poor aesthetics. New tools and techniques for building design and construction have begun to help architects build buildings that generate their own energy and sustain Image Source from website

399

Climate change remains at the forefront of global political economy and scientific research, particularly in relation to buildings and the construction industry. This aggravation in the construction sector stems from the fact that the construction industry accounts for 40% of global emissions, and the demand of the construction industry is only expected to increase by 70% by 2050. Renewable energy is As traditional fuel sources become increasingly scarce, strategies for renewable energy production are necessary to mitigate future energy security issues and are an integral part of the sustainable design of buildings.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

skylights, roofing, and other building elements

MAS 400

Image Source from website

MUD

Recent technological advances give builders and architects the option of adopting green initiatives without compromising a home’s design

Image Source from website

401

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Image Source from website

MAS 402

Solar Panels

403

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

/Analysis-2 MUD

MAS

Solar power generation

Electricityy generation g from solar, measured in terawatt-hours (TWh) ( ) per year. y

404

0 TWh 0.5 TWh 2.5 TWh 7.5 TWh No data 0.1 TWh 1 TWh 5 TWh 10 TWh

Source: Our World in Data based on BP Statistical Review of World Energy & Ember

MUD

>80 TWh

OurWorldInData.org/renewable-energy • CC BY

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

40 TWh

60 TWh

405

20 TWh

MAS

Annual percentage change in renewable energy generation, 2000 to 2019

Shown is the percentage change in renewable energy generation relative to the previous year. This is the sum of energy from hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, wave and tidal, and bioenergy.

80%

60%

40%

20%

Australia United Kingdom China Singapore World Europe United States

2000

2005

2010

406

Source: Our World in Data based on BP Statistical Review of World Energy

2015

2019 OurWorldInData.org/energy • CC BY

MUD

Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on the roofs of homes and businesses use energy from the sun to generate electricity cleanly and quietly.

The conversion of

sunlight into electricity takes place in cells of specially fabricated semiconductor crystals.

Solar doesn’t generate electricity all the time, but it does generate electricity when it is needed most

–

during the day and during hot sunny periods when the demand for power (driven by air conditioners) is at its

energy over long distances using expensive electrical infrastructure.

In recent times, the world has fortunately become increasingly cognisant of the significant potential of solar energy as a replacement for non-renewable fossil fuel energy. The sun is a clean, unlimited and almost infinite energy source, providing each

407

Another bonus of small-scale solar is that it generates electricity at the point of demand (i.e. where people live and work). This means that there is no need to transfer

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

peak.

MAS 408

SOLAR ENERGY IN ARCHITECTURE

MUD 409

How much electricity does a solar photovoltaic (PV) farm produce in a day? As discussed by David MacKay in his book “Sustainable Energy – without the hot air”, the electrical energy production per unit area of solar paneling is almost directly proportional to the amount of sunlight that falls upon it. As a result, optimal locations for solar energy, especially at low latitudes can achieve an energy output 2-3 times higher than at very high latitudes. However, as this list of the largest solar PV farms shows, solar can deliver a reasonable output across most countries, regardless of latitude. The largest solar PV farm to date is China’s Tengger Desert Solar Park, with an installed capacity of 1,500 MW. If we assume a capacity factor of 20% (which is high for solar, but not unreasonable), daily output would be approximately 7,200 MWh. California’s Topaz Solar Farm has an installed capacity about one-third of China’s Tengger, but with a high capacity factor of 24.4% achieves an average daily output of 3,466 MWh. Like onshore and offshore wind, solar PV farms can be as small as tens of megawatt hours per day. Iran’s largest PV park, Jarqavieh has only 10 MW capacity, and produces an average of 48 MWh (assuming a 20% capacity factor) daily.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

ENERGY GENERATION

410

MAS

MUD

DATA: Solar system sizes are measured in kilowatts and, depending on where you are and which direction your roof faces, each kilowatt of your solar panel system will produce between 3 and 5 kWh of clean, renewable energy per day. Typically, around 3 to 4 solar panels are needed to make up 1 kilowatt.

411

Each kW of solar you install will produce around 4 - 4.5 kWh per day (depending on the aforementioned factors). To ascertain the size of the system you need, just divide your daily consumption by this amount. E.g.: 14.3 kWh (daily average) / 4.5 kWh = 3.1 (3 kW system) In recent times, the world has fortunately become increasingly cognisant of the significant potential of solar energy as a replacement for non‐renewable fossil fuel energy. The sun is a clean, unlimited and almost infinite energy source, providing each hour on earth as much energy as the whole world needs in a year. Proven technologies are able to transform its radiation into heat, electricity and even cold, and are now largely available at affordable prices.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Clever design can help with this. For example, installing panels on the western aspect to increase afternoon production,

MAS

Solar PV module prices vs. cumulative capacity

Solar photovoltaic (PV) module prices are measured in 2019 US$ per Watt. Cumulative installed solar PV capacity is measured in megawatts. This represents the 'learning curve' for solar PV.

$100 1976

1976

1977

$50

1979

1976

Y Axis: 106.09 US$ per Watt X Axis: 0.3 megawatts

1980 1981

$20

2019

1983

Y Axis: 0.38 US$ per Watt X Axis: 578,553 megawatts

1984

Solar PV Module Cost

2019

World

1978

1986

$10

1987 1991

1995

1999 2001

2003

2005

2008 2009

2010 2011

2012

2013 2015

$0.5 1 MW

10 MW

100 MW

1,000 MW

10,000 MW

100,000 MW

2016

World

Cumulative Installed Solar PV Capacity

412

Source: Lafond et al. (2017); IRENA Database

OurWorldInData.org/renewables • CC BY

MUD 413

Photovoltaic technologies are playing an important role in the mitigation of Global Warming producing “renewable energy” through a silent and invisible process. Moreover, Building integrated PV (BIPV) or Building added PV (BAPV) systems can produce energy where it is needed and without covering extra surface or green field sites. PV technologies have been used in building integration for 20 years, but up to recently, at a modest level. This is mainly due to architectural, conventional thinking, and legislation issues. The present situation is unfolding as a dramatic push to increase the renewable part of our energy supply through maximizing the PV use on the building skins, making architectural integration a key issue. Photovoltaic modules, available as flat or flexible surfaces, realized with cells or laminates, can be integrated into every part of the building envelope and due to their features (size, flexibility, shape and appearance), are particularly suitable for being “designed”. In fact, these photovoltaic elements can be used together with materials that are common in architecture, such as glass or metal, in opaque as well as in semitransparent surfaces.

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PHOTOVOLTAICS (PV PANELS)

414

◼ ◼

MAS

MUD

CONSTRAINTS:

Number of panels = system size / production ratio / panel wattage Plugging our numbers in from above, we get: Number of panels = 10,649 kW / 1.3 or 1.6 / 320 W …which gives us between 20 and 25 panels, depending on which production ratio we use (20 for a 1.6 ratio, and 25 for a 1.3 ratio). 25 panels each at 320 W results in a total system size of 8 kW, which is right around the average for EnergySage shoppers. POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

◼ Solar and ◼ wind energy farms

415

7.1M

MAS 416

SOLAR ENERGY IN ARCHITECTURE

MUD

How Architecture and Energy Come Together Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on the roofs of homes and businesses use energy from the sun to generate electricity cleanly and quietly.

The conversion of sunlight

into electricity takes place in cells of specially fabricated semiconductor crystals.

Solar doesn’t generate electricity all the time, but it does generate electricity when it is needed most – during the day

Another bonus of small-scale solar is that it generates electricity at the point of demand (i.e. where people live and work). This means that there is no need to transfer energy over long distances using expensive electrical infrastructure.

417

(driven by air conditioners) is at its peak.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

and during hot sunny periods when the demand for power

MAS 418

SOLAR ENERGY IN ARCHITECTURE

MUD 419

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

PARADIGM SHIFT

MAS

building

solar

needs

technologies

dhw

solar thermal

heating

passive solar

cooling

free cooling

light

day lighting

electricity

photovoltaics

420

Different solar technologies covering different building energy needs.

MUD

SOLAR ENERGY IN ARCHITECTURE

it is very important to underline that the different solar technologies presented here above complete each other, rather than being in competition. to reduce to a minimum their fossil energy consumption, low energy buildings will have in most cases to use all of them. consequently, architects will have to deal with the architectural integration issues they bring.

Today, as architects and others consider low-carbon living, the basic principles of solar heating are being explored with a new sense of urgency and a wide range of tools and technologies

421

Solar energy in its active or passive forms, is able to deliver the entire set of building energy needs: space heating and lighting, domestic hot water (DHW), electricity, and recently also space cooling.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Solar design in contemporary architecture is rooted in the profession’s sustainable turn. The relationship between architecture and energy is tied to both passive strategies and performance via more recent innovations in technology. As one way to begin addressing the global climate crisis and greenhouse gas emissions, solar design is reshaping cities and architecture around the world.

422

MAS

MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 423

DESIGN MOVES: For many years, architects took aim at energy loads with a focus on reducing the energy that buildings require for cooling, heating, ventilation, and lighting. Solar design encompassed ideas of light and passive approaches, and more recently, to operational and structural embodied energy. Creating energy-eyicient buildings has increasingly become a delicate balance, where designing features that decrease the energy needed can actually increase the energy-intensive materials required to build them. Today, architects and designers around the world have taken steps to minimize the amount of energy that new buildings use, and the emphasis on solar energy and sustainable practices has extended to embodied carbon.

424

MAS

MUD 425

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

PV in FACADES A PV component can substitute the external layer of the facade (i.e. PV as a cladding of a cold facade), or it can substitute the whole façade system (i.e. curtain walls – opaque or translucent)[ 3.B.7]. Depending on the layer(s) the PV component substitutes, it has to meet different requirements that influence the choice of the most suitable PV component.

MAS 426

Fig. 3.B.28: solar shading solution: Left: Colt Ellisse PV sliding shades at Company HQ, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany, © Colt, Right: Keuringsdienst, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Yanovshtchinsky Architekten: using Colt Shadovoltaic as shading device, © Colt.

MUD 427

Opaque – non‐insulated glazing and warm facade Curtain wall systems with single glazing (for non insulated facades) or double glazing modules with adequate U‐values (fig.24) also offer opportunities for PV integration. These can be either opaque or semi‐transparent/translucent

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

PV as sun protection Photovoltaic modules can be used as shading devices. Quite common these are semi-transparent glass/glass components integrated as canopies or louvers, but there are also movable shutters with semi-transparent crystalline or thin film

MAS

CASE STUDY: A TOTALLY SOLAR POWERED CITY

428

Australia has already trialled the idea with the Federal Government’s Solar Cities program, which was designed to promote solar energy and energy conservation. It ran from 2008-2013, and numerous Australian cities, including Alice Springs, Adelaide, Blacktown and Townsville, took part. At the end of the five years in Alice Springs, solar power installations represented 46% of its total estimated greenhouse gas savings

MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 429

Zara fashion store, Cologne, Germany, Architekturbüro Feinhals, 2003 Module used as multifunctional construction element Building facts Climate type: continental climate building size : appr. 320 m² Energetic standard : basic Constructive aspects : The façade consists of 16 different types of modules, which are embedded in insulated glass panes. This allows the photovoltaic module to generate electricity while acting as a part of the building’s skin. Point brackets hold the laminated solar insulation glass panes in the mullion-and-transom construction, and electrical circuit points and ventilation slits are located discreetly on the back of the module. To prevent output loss through shading, the whole structure is designed with multiple independent power units.

MAS 430

Milland Church, Bressanone, Italy, Arch. O. Treffer, 1984-85 (Church), 2008 (PV system)

MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 431

Heliotrope, Solarsiedlung, Germany Back in 1994, solar architect Rolf Disch created The Heliotrope, Rolf’s home. It was the first building ever constructed that captures more energy than it uses. The whole structure rotates so that its solar thermal collectors follow the sun throughout the day. In 2004, Rolf went bigger and created a solar-powered estate. Today, that estate produces four times more energy than it uses. The space, called Solarsiedlung (translating to ‘solar estate’), has living spaces, offices and retail outlets, all completely powered by solar energy sources. Like the Heliotrope, Solarsiedlung was constructed with solar energy in mind from the very beginning. Solar panels are not simply slapped onto pre-existing structures, they are part of the structure.

MAS 432

Solar Energy use in Communication Infrastructure

MUD

Google’s Solar Farm for Data Centres The energy density of data centres is so high, it is sometimes not practical to use on site renewables such as solar

433

Located in Hollywood, Alabama and Yum Yum, Tennessee, the two biggest solar farms will be able to produce around 150 megawatts each and will be the largest solar farms ever to be built for Google (https://www.blog.google/ outreach-initiatives/sustainability/why-were-putting-16-millionsolar-panels-tennessee-and-alabama/). The advertising-to-cloud-computing giant said the solar power generated by these new farms will mean that the electricity consumed by the Tennessee and Alabama data centers, both announced last year and currently under construction, will be matched with renewable energy from launch

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

or wind.

MAS 434

2.4 Wind Energy

435

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

MAS

Renewables

436

Renewable energy is useful energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, including carbon neutral sources like sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat

MUD Leisure Conversion energy of water flow into electrical

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY The energy contained in the ground

SOLAR ENERGY

The use of solar radiation for energy

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

HYDROPOWER ENERYG

Conversion of wind kinetic energy into electrical

437 73

WIND ENERGY

MAS

Paradigm shift in power generation

Thermal power

Unsustainable

Fossil fuel

combustion

Electricity power

438

CO2

Not environmentally friendly

MUD Leisure

Renewable

Mechanical

HYDROPOWER ENERYG

Electricity

WIND ENERGY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY HYDROPOWER ENERYG SOLAR ENERGY

sustainable

SOLAR ENERGY

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

439 75

WIND ENERGY

MAS

Paradigm shift in energy distribution Fossil Energy Mine

Raw materials

Electr icity Power Plant

Factory

CO2

440

Fuel

User

location

Transportation

Product

Generate

Electr icity

User POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

power generator

441 77

MUD Leisure

n Renewable Energy location

MAS

Wind energy attributes

Wind energy is the use of wind to provide mechanical power through wind turbines to turn electric generators for electrical power. http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph240/lloyd2/

442

https://www.barbourproductsearch.info/advantages-anddisadvantages-of-wind-energy-blog000420.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ua1F5mbMx-w

443 79

Offshore wind turbines in the Irish Sea POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD Leisure

MAS

Wind energy attributes Advantage Unlimited supply Renewable resource Economic value Environmental friendly

444

Regenerable

MUD Leisure

Disadvantage

loud noise. The generator turbine is noisy. Destroying bird and marine life habitats

445 81

The construction cost is high. The initial cost of wind power plant construction is expensive

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Unstable, unable to predict wind direction and wind force

MAS

Wind energy potential

446

1% of the total solar energy absorbed by the earth is converted int friction (wind) on the earth’s surface. Therefore, as long as the ear According to statistics, if wind power generation equipment is insta earth’s surface, the annual power generation will be 22 times the c

MUD Leisure POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 447 83

to kinetic energy in the atmosphere, which is finally dissipated by rth is operating normally, wind energy will always exist. alled in all areas where wind turbines can be distributed on the current global energy consumption.

MAS

Wind energy agenda The first wind turbine

The growth power in the States excee average grow of all gener

1850 A.D

448

500B.C

1973 1887

200 In 1973, due to the first oil crisis, mankind began to study the application of new energy. As a kind of new energy, wind energy has begun to develop rapidly

MUD Leisure

The cost of offshore wind power has been reduced and vigorous development has begun

2030 2016

Wind power has become the cheapest among all new energy sources

2050 In 2030, the global average annual onshore wind power investment Will more than double (146 billion USD/year)

449 85

2004

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

In 2050, the global average annual wind power generation will be 5 times the current

of wind e United eds the wth rate erators

MAS

Wind energy politics North America

450

These countries encourage the rapid development of wind power generation through tax incentives

European Countries

Promote mandatory grid connections for decentralized power generation to encourage the development of wind power.

Australia

Despite Austra of the most coal-dependent in the world , increasing pressure fro the political a Agenda 21 and Australian Gr Challenge as consumer opini to increase the renewable ene reduce the greenhouse ga emissions

t countries , there is

om both arena, e.g. d the reenhouse s well as ion e usage of nergy and

as (GHG)

MUD Leisure

Middle Eastern Countries

Give factories some tax incentives to estimate the production and popularization of wind power equipment

Proposed policies to reduce the investment risk of wind power investors

Give some financial subsidies to new energy companies

treatment for renewable energy investors

T ariff preferential

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

alia is one

Asian Countries

451 87

MAS

Data Global Cumulative Installed Wind Power Capacity 450000

400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000

452

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Rest of the WORLD

MUD Leisure

TOP 10 NEW INSTALLED CAPACITY Turkey UK

China

France Poland Canada India

USA

TOP 10 CUMULATIVE CAPACITY Rest of the WORLD Brazil

China

Italy 2014

2015

France Canada UK

USA

Spain India

Germany

453 89

Germany

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Brazil

MAS

Data

Global Wind Power C 650 600 550

Cumulative Capacity (Gigawatts)

500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50

454

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

2018

91 455

Cumulative Capacity Leisure MUD

MAS

Evolution of wind energy

456

Offshore wind turbines have continued to develop so far, and when they open in 2022, the turbines being built for the GIANT Hornsea Two offshore wind farm in the UK will be almost 18 times more powerful than Vindeby, the world’s first offshore wind farm, near the Danish island of Lorraine.

457 93

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD Leisure

MAS 458

How does wind energy work?

459 95

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD Leisure

MAS

The operation of wind energy on a s

460

The Houl is a contemporary UK house rated ‘zero carbon’ for meeting the follow ery ventilation throughout the building, an air-source heat pump, and a wind tur wind present in the town of Castle Douglas to generate electricity. Furthermore, t roof and the use of large windows–the project takes advantage of the landscape

MUD Leisure POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

wing sustainability standards and elements: high levels of insulation, heat recovrbine. Like the other projects presented, The Houl takes advantage of the strong through its spatial and architectural arrangement–such as the inclination of the e’s unique qualities.

461 97

single building

MAS

Offshore wind operations

462

The UK has the largest offshore wind farm in the world, w 12 operating offshore wind farms.Ørsted’s current install capacity in the UK is 4921MW, which is enough to power 4.4 million UK homes with green energy for a year. By 2022, that number will rise to more than 5.6 million hou holds a year.

463 99

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

with led

y useMUD Leisure

MAS 464

Wind farms

MUD Leisure TITLE / TOPIC

As renewable energy technology continues to advance and grow in popularity, wind farms like this one have become an increasingly common sight along hills, fields, or even offshore in the ocean.

off-shore generation floating turbine wind generation!

Small, individual wind turbines can produce 100 kilowatts of power, enough to power a home. Slightly larger wind turbines sit on towers that are as tall as 80 meters and can generate 1.8mw of power. Even larger wind turbines can be found perched on towers that stand 240 meters tall. These large turbines can generate anywhere from 4.8 to 9.5mw of power.

A wind farm standing on a hill

CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 ARBON465 101 CITIES - POST ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

on-shore generation

MAS 466

Floating wind turbine

467 103 5

Floating wind turbine POST POSTCARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES--ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

MUD TITLE /Leisure TOPIC

MAS 468

Wind energy price

MUD Leisure

TITLE / TOPIC

“Wind Power Quietly Leads Solar Power”

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 469 105

prices of newly built power technologies, Denmark

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Wind energy with subsidies removed is one of the cheapest sources of electricity at the moment. The biggest electrical utility company in the world is producing 69% of their clean energy using land-based wind power. As for offshore wind power, it’s more expensive than land wind power, but that’s changing as the land is not availble for wind farms.

MAS 470

2.5 Energy Storage

471

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

472

MAS

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

ENERGY STORAGE

Electricity cannot itself be stored on any scale, but it can be converted to other forms of energy which can be stored and later reconverted to electricity on demand.

473 51

Energy storage technologies comprise a range of different systems that can take up and store electrical energy, holding it securely and making it available for delivery at a later time. These systems vary in the amount of energy they can hold and in the time over which they can store the energy without significant loss.

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

Energy storage systems (ESS) refers to the devices used to convert electrical energy from power systems into a form that can be stored for converting back to electrical energy when needed (EESI, 2019)

MAS

ENERGY STORAGE THROUGHOUT HISTORY

The surge of large plant co capacity growth is linked to of nuclear power plan

Nuclear power plants were continuously, and at full original plants were lar was often insufficient de power overnight. To comp storage plants based on p hydropower were built t surplus power and then del during the followi

The early history of electricity storage is based entirely on the development and use of pumped storage hydropower.

1850

1900

1950

Interest in this type of hydropower storage technology grew slowing during the early decades of the 20th century.

First pumped storage plant recorded in the late 19th century in Sweden and Italy.

474

These first plants used a turbine to generate electricity from falling water and a pump to raise water back into an upper reservoir using surplus electricity

Generating cap nuclear plants gr MW or more. Nucle pumped storage pl in the United Sta and Jap

pacities of row to 1000 ear power and lants are built ates, Europe, pan,

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

Today, some vehicles such as the Toyota Prius have a thermal storage pack that allows for more efficient startup. Solar thermal farms are likely to use The 110 MW McIntosh enhanced thermal storage to CAES plant began allow electrical generation at operations in the highest value time of day. Alabama in 1991.

2000

Growth in nuclear power plateaus. Little alternative to pumped storage hydropower for practical electricity storage available

2050

From 2010, more modern battery technologies such a lithium ion cell for large-scale storage have become popular

Development of rechargable battery technology implemented in electrical storage. Multiple large battery storage facilities

As renewable energy becomes more prominant through technologial advancements and research, the associated demand for energy storage will grow.

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

e built to operate output. These rge and there emand for their pensate, energy pumped storage to absorb this liver it to the grid ing day.

The worlds first Compressed air energy storage plant, a 290 MW facility, was built in Huntorf, Germany in 1978.

475 53

onstruction and o the construction nts in 1960.

476

MAS

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

PARADIGM SHIFT

However, when it comes to electrical energy, storage for energy other than in small scale household batteries, is still uncommon. In terms of installed capacity, energy storage is provided by pumped storage hydropower plants, often built to capture and store power from base-load nuclear power plants during off-peak periods. More recently there has been renewed interest in technologies such as pumped storage for grid support, particularly in European countries that are installing large capacities of renewable energy such as wind and solar power.

477 55

While the storage of electrical energy is still relatively rare, other forms of energy storage play a vital part in the modern global economy. At a national level, oil and gas are regularly stored by both utilities and by governments while at a smaller scale petrol stations store gasoline and all cars carry a storage tank to provide them with the ability to travel a significant distance between refuelling stops. Domestic storage of hot water is also usual in modern homes.

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

Originally these energy storage system were only used to compliment existing infrastructure and help smooth our spikes in demand, however dramatic cost reductions, improved efficiencies, and new innovations in how to store energy and deliver it into the grid over long durations have all contributed towards a rapidly changing market. These new technological advancements are set to revolutionise how we structure our global energy systems towards a fossil fuel-free future.

MAS

Time-shift benefits of energy storage when paired with renewa energy 35,000 Load (MW)

30,000 Solar Supply

25,000 Grid Demand

20,000

15,000 Wind Supply

10,000 01:00

06:00

11:00 Hours of the day

478

QIC/2019

17:00

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

able

479 57

22:00

Energy storage has had an important role in the paradigm shift towards the efficient use of electricity from renewable energy. Many renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, and tidal energy are intermittent and so incapable of supplying electrical power continuously. Combining a renewable energy source with some form of energy storage helps remove this uncertainty and increases the value of the electricity generated. It also allows all the renewable energy available from these sources to be used. Today the shedding of excess renewable power when demand does not exist for it, or when the grid cannot cope with it, is becoming common on some grid systems with high renewable capacity.

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

ENERGY DEMAND VS SUPPLY

480

MAS

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

SMART GRID

481 59

More efficient transmission of electricity Quicker restoration of electricity after power disturbances/ Reduced operations and management costs for utilities, and ultimately lower power costs for consumers/ Reduced peak demand, which will also help lower electricity rates Increased integration of large-scale renewable energy systems/ Better integration of customerowner power generation systems, including renewable energy systems Improved security

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

A Smart Grid is the digital technology that allows for two-way communication between the utility and its customers, and the sensing along the transmission lines is what makes the grid smart. Like the Internet, the Smart Grid will consist of controls, computers, automation, and new technologies and equipment working together, but in this case, these technologies will work with the electrical grid to respond digitally to our quickly changing electric demand.

MAS 482

Energy Storage Systems Information

483 61

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

Energy Storage Systems Information MUD TITLE / TOPIC

484

MAS

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

Renewables could be the world’s primary source of energy if only someone could solve the storage problem—how to store lots of electricity cheaply on a wide scale? Pumped hydro is cheap but not feasible for most locations.

Batteries are outdated, expensive and terrible for the environment. They also don’t last long enough. Thermal storage is very promising but is exclusive to heating and cooling: not energy supply for technology.

Legend 1: Bad 2: Ok 3: Good

Energy Storage Systems Graph

485 63

Flywheels are promising, but technically challenging.

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

Compressed air is cheap and scalable but not yet efficient enough.

MAS 486

3.POST CARBON CIT

487

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

TIES MUD

MAS 488

3.1 Data Hubs

489

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

MAS

Rem Koolhaas, OMA

MUSE COUN

City Data hubs

AESTHETI

Where Culture hosts Virtual

490

MUD

Rem Koolhaas, OMA

EUM IN THE MUSEUM IN THE NTRY SIDESIDE COUNTRY

At a moment when our collective history is digital, the data centre is becoming one of our most significant cultural typologies. In this context the spaces of museum storage and experience are afforded new relevance in what would have once been an unexpected alliance.

491

OMA, Museum in the Countryside, 2018

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

ICS OF THE DATA CENTRE ICS OF DATA CENTRE AESTHETICS OF THE DATA AESTHETICS OF DATA CENTRE CENTRE

492

MAS

MUD 493

Our project is a proposal for inner city Data centres, amidst the exisitng built fabric of residences, civic buildings, commercial spaces and warehouses. Data centres are the places where the ‘cloud’ meets the ‘ground’ – storing the increasing amount of zettabytes of data that enable us to stay connected, Particularly during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and the move to increased remote working, they are the new ‘essential infrastructure’ for our digital ecosystem. Increasing numbers of organisations are seeing merit in having their data stored closer to their office locations. Whether dissappointment with performance delivered by the large DataCentre facilities, Network latency or issue of security, the trend now is to retain sensitive data closer to their headquarters. Whilst there is a choice to continue to store large volumes of data within a large, distant Data Centre, they also want the flexibility to have some workloads running in a facility that is closer by. With 5G becoming prevalent, Virtual reality and Artificial intelligence applications require very high-performance computing platforms with low latency, hence It makes sense to have these Data Hubs in CBD and inner city suburbs as the trend for Edge computing increases. Using Waste heat from HVAC systems as an energy source and using Renewable cources to power it entirely or partly and incrporating liquid Immesrion cooling etc. Such Data Centres could solve the challenges of Data Letency, rising Data demand, high energy consumption and costs and also contribute to reduced carbon emissions. .

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

PROPOSAL:

MAS NSA Verizon Washington D.C. 30 E Street Southwest, photo by Mike Osborne

494

Architecture beyond the human scale

MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

A typology catering to machines

495

Architecture Without People-Neo Machine, https://www.archdaily.com/949162/ architecture-without-people-the-built-environment-of-machines

MAS Modulor & server rack, image by OMA

496

The human scale is no longer the default metric of space

MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 497

Armed guard at the SWITCH SUPERNAP 7 data centre. Server cabinets. Las Vegas, Nevada

MAS

Data Centre lack of architectural quality and some how not designed for humans.. but what sets these types apart from mere infrastructure is their relationship to our cultural landscape.

Explores how architects can respond to this situation through cultural programs and make it available to people who would otherwise be excluded.

498

Aesthetics of the Data Centre

MUD CBD

55 King Street Data Center Primus

Data Centers in Melbourne

578 Lorimer Street

499

338-352 Bourke Street

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Fishermans Bend

MAS 500

new typology

501

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

MAS

new typology

502

Proposed Model of Edge/ Micro Data Centers

503

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

MAS 504

Melbourne CBD

505

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

/Site1- City MUD

MAS

site analysis

506

MELBOURNE CBD

507

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

MAS

energy analysis

hours 15.00 13.50 12.00 10.50 9.00 7.50 Sunlight hours analysis-Direct Sun Hours

6.00 4.50 3.00

508

1.50 0.00

√ POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

√

509

√ MUD

MAS

proposal

The Edge

Connected Devices

Edge Data Center Customer Premises Edge Data Center

510

Central Office Re-Architected Data Center

Cell Tower Edge Data Center

Backhaul Fiber

Wired Connection

The Cloud

MUD

smart street lights systems

Traffic Monitoring

Pedestrain Monitoring

Alert

Smart Phones

Noise Pollution

Tree Health Monitoring

Localized Warning

Buildings

Emergency response

Automobiles

Air Pollution

Parking Detection

Retail Space Monitoring

Seismic Movement

Parking Availability

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Streetlights

Public Infrastructure

511

Traffic Signaling

512

MAS

MUD

Micro Data Center + 5G & IOT Architecture

513

Street Level

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

as a framework

514

MAS

515

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

MAS 516

A Data Centre could occupy a serious of floors within an existing high-rise buildings in Melbourne CBD. Placed with spaces containing racks of servers.

517

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

The view to show the internal space of a data center MUD

MAS 518

Power Interface- Solar Pannels & The Cooling Fan

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Energy Cycle

519

Heating & Cooling cycle MUD

MAS

PUBLIC

SEMI-PUBLIC

520

Stairs go to the rooftop The office working area below it

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Power Interface

521

Office working area MUD

522

MAS

MUD

AESTHETICS OF THE DATA CENTER

City Attraction-Programming to meet new demands in the city. (the activation of urban rooftops)

An outdoor stage surrounded by solar panels.. Store solar energy during the day for lighting at night.

523

denser urban environments, Roof covers 25% of the urban land area, how can this underutilized space be used as an opportunity for further development. Urban roofs have entered the conversation around urban intensification and climate resilience.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Social Interfaced- In increasingly

MAS 524

Brunswick

525

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

/Site2-Suburb MUD

526

MAS

MUD

CITY DATA HUBS: The proposal is to –

Our Proposal looks at scenario of Repurposing of existing Civic building for a Data centre @ Brunswick:

527

Integrating mini data centres into existing buildings. Utilising under-used space such as carparks or empty offices, using waste heat from HVAC systems as an energy source and incorporating liquid immersion cooling

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Methodology:

528

MAS

529

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

Brunswick Baths, Melbourne

530

MAS

531

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

DATA CENTRE COMPOSITION MUD

MAS

real -time transfer, analysis and storage of data processing of data sets produced

use of software produces data

long term analysis & storage of massive data sets

real -time transfer, analysis and storage of data

use of software produces data

filteration /sorting of data sets produced

Sources

Edge Data Centers

532

Data Flows

Hyperscale Data Centers

MUD

Methodology:

533

Data centres have always been mission critical infrastructure – the beating heart that enables our interconnected, digital world to function. Particularly during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and the move to increased remote working, they are the new ‘essential infrastructure’ for our digital ecosystem. A surge in data storage demand is transforming the design of data centres. Now that they are the essential infrastructure of our increasingly digital ecosystem, storing the increasing amount of zettabytes of data that enable us to stay connected, informed and entertained across every facet of our lives Filled with racks of servers and fed by high-capacity powercables, data centres have come to underpin a growing proportion of modern life. Increasing numbers of organisations are seeing merit in having their data stored closer to their office locations.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MAS

PHOTOVOLTAIC /BATTERIES WATER COOL HEATING HOT WATER

CHILD CARE CENTRE

AIR HANDLING

POWER/ SUBSTATION

CIRCULATION

HOT

SECURE DATA HA

BATH HOUSE/ POOLS/ GYM SAUNA/ CHANGE ROOMS/ TOILETS ETC.

INTERNET DATA NETWORK/ 5G

COL SUB FLOOR

GYM COLD WATER SUPPLY AIR

BATHS

534

PUBLIC / SEMI PUBLIC

DATA CE

PRIVAT

RENEWABLE POWER SOURCE RETURN AIR HOT WATER

MUD

SYSTEMS DIAGRAM OUTDOOR POOL

POWER

WATER SUPPLY

A/C

POWER LIGHTING

LIFTS

CONTROL ROOM

MUSEUM PHOTOVOLTAIC /BATTERIES

ACOUSTIC BARRIER

ACOUSTIC BARRIER SECURE

OFFICE SPACES/MEETING ROOMS/LUNCH ROOM/TOILETS ETC.

DATA CABLE

INTERNET DATA NETWORK/ 5G

OUTDOOR SPORTS AREA

Cold water

ENTRE

GRID

UPS

Data cable Supply air Return air SEMI PRIVATE

Hot water Power cable Network cable

SEMI PUBLIC

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

STAIR

535

E ALL

536

MAS

MUD

BASKET BALL COURT/SPORTS AREA

Room Room

Room

MUSEUM

ACCESS

OUTDOOR POOL

FLOOR PLAN:

Room

Control room

STAIRS TOILETS

GALLERY

UP UP BASKET BALL COURT/SPORTS AREA

PUMP ROOM

LIFT

Room

Security screen with door

Room

FRONT

SERVICES Room

Room Data Hall

REAR

SECURE

Room

ENTRY

Ent Foyer Security screen with door

MUSEUM

Exposed HVAC system

ACCESS

Room

INDOOR POOL

INDOOR POOLS

Control room

STAIRS OUTDOOR POOL

TOILETS PUMP ROOM

Room

CHILD CARE CENTRE

GALLERY

UP UP

LIFT

Security screen with door

FRONT

SERVICES REAR

SECURE

Data Hall

Room

ENTRY

Ent Foyer Security screen with door

INDOOR POOL

INDOOR POOLS

CHILD CARE CENTRE

Room Room

Room Room Room Room

Room

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Exposed HVAC system

537

Room Room Room Room

Room Room

UPS batteries

Data Centre

Solar Panels

Social Interface

Tuned Liquid Damper / Water Tank

Power Interface

MAS

Energy Interface

Indoor pool Gym

538

Clean Energy from Grid

MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 539

Outdoor Pool / Play Area

“The energy storage capacity in uninterruptable power supply (UPS) batteries, languishing often dormant in data centers, could provide new revenue streams for those data centers. Excess power, created during times of low demand, should be stored on the nowproliferating lithium-backup power systems strewn worldwide in data centers. Using an algorithm tied to grid-demand, electricity should be withdrawn as necessary for grid use. It would then be slid back onto the backup batteries when not needed.” Eaton Energy, Major Electrical Power Management Company

MAS

INTERFACE

Business Analytics

Usable Heat

Data and Heat Enhanced Work/Civic space

Power Interface

Excess Heat

Data C

Re-Activated, Post-COVID Workplace/ Civic spaces (Museum/Baths/Gym Childcare Customer Data

540

Holistic P Ecological Energ

MUD

Energy From the Grid

Health Analytics

Excess Heat

Social Interface Unique Urban Activation and Engagement

Health Data Off-Site Data Storage and Analysis

Process gy use /balance

Year-Round IndoorOutdoor Wellness

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Centre

Pool heating

541

Usable Heat

MAS

Proposed Business Model

Demand for Connected Spaces The Civic spaces deliver experiences that draw more community with environments that will cultivate culture, networks, relationships and connectivity.

Solar Panels

Demand for Social Infrastructure Investment in more social infrastructure is needed more than ever with the new post pandemic scenario emphasising physical activity.

542

Demand for Edge Data Centres The start of 2020 has seen enterprises keen on bringing their applications closer to data sources rather than transportingresources to a central location.

Market Potential

Diagram

MUD + +

Free heating from Data Centre waste heat Onsite energy production & storage for the mission-critical UPS Heat produced to be tapped for powering lights/sensors etc.

+ Excess heating from Data Centre meets the needs of + Child care centre and office spaces + channelled to meet new city demands.

Edge Data Centre + Public recreational spaces + Excess heating from + Year round heated pools Data Centre used to + Wellness Centre create unique experiences. + Visual connection to the + Reduce operational costs virtual of the entire structure + Awareness of the unknown

DDescription

Advantages

+ +

Increased revenue Greater usage

+ +

City atraction 3rd party operating partner

+ +

Ease of scaleability and recycling to other uses.

Strategy

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Social Interface + Public recreational spaces + Year round heated pools + Wellness Centre + Visual connection to the virtual + Awareness of physical aspect of Internet

543

Power Interface + High data connection + Heated with waste heat + Oriented towards collaboration + potential office tenancies

544

MAS

545

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

AXONOMETRIC VIEW

546

MAS

547

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

STREET INTERFACE VIEW

548

MAS

549

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

STREET INTERFACE - URBAN TYPOLOGY

550

MAS

MUD

SOCIAL INTERFACE VIEW

Bringing it into cultural civic space and Integrating Technology with Architecture. Locating it alongside the indoor pool to create a social interface up close. The Glass screen displaying the server racks as well as the infrastructure carrying the internet. The Functions of heating/cooling and mechanical equipment exposed however as colurful pipes , this new trend is viewed with awe.

551

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

552

MAS

MUD

SOCIAL INTERFACE: Data Centre Typology

At a moment when our collective history is digital, the Data centre is becoming one of our most significant cultural typologies. In this context the spaces of museum storage and experience are afforded new relevance in what would have once been an unexpected alliance. OMA

553

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

A museum as an added element abetween the data centre and recreation centre…gives different experiences.

554

MAS

555

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

556

MAS

MUD 557

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

The data centre becomes a part of the everyday activities. The gym and swimming pools benefitted from the excess heat generated from data centres which is tapped into and recycled .

MAS

bibliography:

558

https://www.arup.com/perspectives/three-design-lessons-for-the-post-pandemic-city https://www.arup.com/perspectives/designing-for-connectivity-and-community-with-lrt https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-and-a-new-resilient-infrastructure-landscape-d40a19e Three data centers planned for Northwest Australia as part of $1.5bn fiber project - DCD (datacenterdynamics.com) Green Energy in America Needs a Lot More Land: Map (bloomberg.com) https://natick.research.microsoft.com/ https://www.wired.co.uk/article/data-centres-underwater-climate-crisis https://www.roadmap2050.eu/ https://www.weforum.org/search?query=data+centres https://www.ice.org.uk/knowledge-and-resources/carbon-project https://www.roadmap2050.eu/ https://www.govtech.com/dc/articles/post-carbon-city.html #reduce carbon in infrastructure.# infrastructure is responsible for more than half of the national carbon footprint. U Equinix to build third Perth data center late next year - DCD (datacenterdynamics.com) Understanding Data Center Liquid Cooling Options and Infrastructure Requirements - DCD (datacenterdynamics.co The Wireless Communications Industry and its Carbon Footprint (azocleantech.com) https://www.fujitsu.com/au/services/data-centres/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw0emHBhC1ARIsAL1QGNdx2Ao2iMgSIXm4Q2 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/microsoft-project-natick-underwater-data-center-scotland https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/05/here-s-how-industries-can-decarbonise-value-chains-while-improving-ec https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/aug/04/infrastructure-bill-bipartisan-visual-explainer https://infrastructuremagazine.com.au/2021/05/18/australian-infrastructure-pipeline-ramping-up/ https://www.businessnews.com.au/article/Case-Study-Enabling-Remote-Work-with-ICT-Upgrade https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252504558/APAC-organisations-can-reduce-carbon-footprint-with-cloud https://www.barrons.com/articles/esg-funds-clean-energy-51628195427 https://datacenternews.asia/story/worldwide-5g-network-infrastructure-revenue-to-reach-19-billion https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/getting-infrastructure-right_9789264272453-en#page11 OECD. Getting Infrastructure Right A Framework for Better Governance. OECD Publishing, 2017. https://senseable.mit.edu/ https://senseable.mit.edu/senseable-guides/ https://datacenternews.asia/story/high-speed-fibre-overtakes-dsl-internet-for-first-time-in-oecd-countries https://www.oecd.org/finance/g20-infrastructure-investors-dialogue-2021.htm https://data.oecd.org/transport/infrastructure-maintenance.htm#indicator-chart https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1239897996183417 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtg6X08qXwo https://infrastructure.org.au/social-infrastructure-pps/ https://blogs.cisco.com/sp/mobile-vni-major-mobile-milestones-the-last-15-years-and-the-next-five https://www.kurzweilai.net/the-law-of-accelerating-returns https://www.ted.com/talks/kevin_slavin_how_algorithms_shape_our_world/transcript?language=en https://joaogeraldes.wordpress.com/2010/09/07/38-infographic-explores-mobile-phone-evolution-facts-figures-histo

MUD

e3/

UK#2050 net zero target.’ #decarbonise infrastructure systems.

om)

conomics/

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

ory-statistics/

559

2KwwN-X0K4dSlXBZRYO_Kwk13EqnYaEBzac3NYaAp2VEALw_wcB

560

MAS

561

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

FUTURE MINI DATA CENTRES

MAS

REFLECTION: ECO URBAN PRACTICES The Course Eco Urban practices was very interesting as It extended my research from previous Semester Where I had looked into the urbanisation trends caused by Virtual Infrastructure in Indonesia for my Design Studio proposal for “The Java predicament”. Analaysing the different forms and sources contributing to the carbon footprint… Looked at Infrastructure and focussed on the ICT Infrastructure. The research gave me a deeper understanding of Data centres as the physical form of the internet and factories of the future. With COVID-19 pandemic and the move to increased remote working, Data Centres as the new ‘essential infrastructure’ for our digital ecosystem. It was important to look at its carbon footprint and the trends to use renewable sources to power these energy hungry giants. Equipped with the research on the renewable energy generation through solar and other forms I looked at how , how cities can respond to the new technological changes and infrastructure necessities and re configure with the new shift in energy paradigms and towards sustainable measures and really enjoyed to test how the data centres/5G technology which are so imperative to our advancement then could be integrated within the built fabric of cities and how I would impact the city physically, socially and culturally and tested a proposal by embedding a mini data centre in an existing Civic building by repurposing the existing , using renewable on site resources as well as aim to recycle the waste heat for all year round heating of the indoor pools and also propose to efficiently tapping into this heat form to convert it to electricity to power the centre aswell. I am very thankful to Ian Nazreth for his immense help in guiding and mentoring and also grateful for the helpful feedback from Rutger, Maud and Conrad in shaping this project.

562

Yaseen Mohiddin. (s3857847) MUD Semester-2-2021

MUD

Yiqun Wang (s3770106) MUD Semester-2-2021

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Thanks to Ian Nazreth for helping me with my studies this semester, and thanks to the other guests for their constructive comments on our design:)

563

A global pandemic has completely overturned the huge array of rules, formulas and relationships in contemporary cities. The governmence, economics, legal politics and consumption patterns of existing cities are being tested. So it gives us an opportunity like re-examine and cailbrate the ideology of urban density, mobility, liveability, sustainability and their interrelationships. How can we make cities more dynamic and sutainable? Can the future urban transformation be from resource consumption consumers to zero-carbon urban environment? Our main topic is infrastructure communication and I focus on the networks especially 5G Networks and ICT. I looked at the the carbon footprint of ICT’s. And research how 5G and ICT as a framework to improve energy efficiency. Smart city also can be seen as 5G and improved sustainability in action. Then we did series of solar energy studies, definition, methods and scale etc.Also looking at how intergrate solar technology into facades, skylights, roofting and other building elements. (How can new energy technologies be applied to future urban development)In the third part, our project is a proposal for inner city Data centres, amidst the exisitng built fabric of residences, civic buildings, commercial spaces and warehouses. And i was interested in the micro data centre located in Melbourne CBD area and how these micro data centres close to street corners to support smart traffic lights and self-driving cars becasue the development of these two areas is very important to achieve zero-carbon urban development in the future. And activated urban rooftop spaces is another aim that i wanna to combine with micro data centres design(Explore how I as a urban designer can respond to this situation through cultural programs and make it available to people who would otherwise be excluded) . In general, I learned a lot of knowledge and theory through this course. And in the furthur, I can continue to think about with the explosion of these small data centers, what will cities look like? May they benefit their neighbors and the people who work around them in unexpected ways?

MAS 564

bibliography

https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/history-of-electronic-communication https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/history-of-cell-phone-evolution https://www.cengn.ca/timeline-from-1g-to-5g-a-brief-history-on-cell-phones/ https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/industrylab/reports/a-quick-guide-to-your-digital-carbon-footprin https://www.lek.com/insights/ei/covid-19-impacts-infrastructure-use-australia https://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-12/Final_COVID%20Impacts%20on%20Infrastruc https://www.soas.ac.uk/cedep-demos/000_P523_MKD_K3637-Demo/unit1/page_10.htm https://www.nec.com/en/global/insights/report/2020022505/index.html https://www.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2018-12/Victorian%20Infrastructure%20Plan.pdf https://phys.org/news/2013-01-greenhouse-gas-emissions-internet-telecommunications.html https://lfca.earth/ALL_au/the-future-of-sustainable-digital-infrastructure/ https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/16/6469/htm https://www-file.huawei.com/-/media/corp2020/pdf/public-policy/green_5g_building_a_sustainable_world_v1.pdf?l https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Farid-Sartipi/publication/340617577_Influence_of_5G_and_IoT_in_constructio of-5G-and-IoT-in-construction-and-demolition-waste-recycling-conceptual-smart-city-design.pdf https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7057286?casa_token=2Gi79XCbAqMAAAAA:KK50KyNjcTZ0DkxkvC https://www.kahlerslater.com/insights/invisible-infrastructure-how-5g-will-inform-design-in-a-wireless-world https://www.arup.com/perspectives/three-design-lessons-for-the-post-pandemic-city https://www.arup.com/perspectives/designing-for-connectivity-and-community-with-lrt https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-and-a-new-resilient-infrastructure-landscape-d40a19e3 Three data centers planned for Northwest Australia as part of $1.5bn fiber project - DCD (datacenterdynamics.com) Green Energy in America Needs a Lot More Land: Map (bloomberg.com) https://natick.research.microsoft.com/ https://www.wired.co.uk/article/data-centres-underwater-climate-crisis https://www.roadmap2050.eu/ https://www.weforum.org/search?query=data+centres https://www.ice.org.uk/knowledge-and-resources/carbon-project https://www.roadmap2050.eu/ https://www.govtech.com/dc/articles/post-carbon-city.html #reduce carbon in infrastructure.# infrastructure is responsible for more than half of the national carbon footprint. U Equinix to build third Perth data center late next year - DCD (datacenterdynamics.com) Understanding Data Center Liquid Cooling Options and Infrastructure Requirements - DCD (datacenterdynamics.co The Wireless Communications Industry and its Carbon Footprint (azocleantech.com) https://www.fujitsu.com/au/services/data-centres/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw0emHBhC1ARIsAL1QGNdx2Ao2iMgSIXm4Q2K https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/microsoft-project-natick-underwater-data-center-scotland https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/05/here-s-how-industries-can-decarbonise-value-chains-while-improving-ec https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/aug/04/infrastructure-bill-bipartisan-visual-explainer https://infrastructuremagazine.com.au/2021/05/18/australian-infrastructure-pipeline-ramping-up/ https://joaogeraldes.wordpress.com/2010/09/07/38-infographic-explores-mobile-phone-evolution-facts-figures-histor

MUD

cture%20Sectors%20Report_14%20Dec%202020.pdf

la=en on_and_demolition_waste_recycling_-_conceptual_smart_city_design/links/5e952414299bf13079979368/Influence-

UK#2050 net zero target.’ #decarbonise infrastructure systems.

om)

2KwwN-X0K4dSlXBZRYO_Kwk13EqnYaEBzac3NYaAp2VEALw_wcB

conomics/

ry-statistics/

565

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

CY6KRHQND0ghRL7UZuISC4Q4skhr7a7qMcHaqsuC3EsfVBkqate9JMX

MAS

bibliography

566

https://www.businessnews.com.au/article/Case-Study-Enabling-Remote-Work-with-ICT-Upgrade https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252504558/APAC-organisations-can-reduce-carbon-footprint-with-cloud https://www.barrons.com/articles/esg-funds-clean-energy-51628195427 https://datacenternews.asia/story/worldwide-5g-network-infrastructure-revenue-to-reach-19-billion https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/getting-infrastructure-right_9789264272453-en#page11 OECD. Getting Infrastructure Right A Framework for Better Governance. OECD Publishing, 2017. https://senseable.mit.edu/ https://senseable.mit.edu/senseable-guides/ https://datacenternews.asia/story/high-speed-fibre-overtakes-dsl-internet-for-first-time-in-oecd-countries https://www.oecd.org/finance/g20-infrastructure-investors-dialogue-2021.htm https://data.oecd.org/transport/infrastructure-maintenance.htm#indicator-chart https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1239897996183417 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtg6X08qXwo https://infrastructure.org.au/social-infrastructure-pps/ https://blogs.cisco.com/sp/mobile-vni-major-mobile-milestones-the-last-15-years-and-the-next-five https://www.kurzweilai.net/the-law-of-accelerating-returns https://www.ted.com/talks/kevin_slavin_how_algorithms_shape_our_world/transcript?language=en https://www.inverse.com/innovation/blue-origin-launch-landing-photos-videos-gifs https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellites.html https://au.pcmag.com/networking/86102/what-is-starlink-spacexs-much-hyped-satellite-internet-service-ex https://www.satelliteinternet.com/resources/satellite-internet-vs-cable-internet/ https://www.techwalla.com/articles/wi-fi-vs-satellite-internet https://www.satelliteinternet.com/resources/history-and-future-of-satellite-internet/ https://innovation-destination.com/2018/02/16/7-factors-critical-success-self-driving-cars/sensor-and-came

MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

era-systems-of-vehicle-autonomous-car-driverless-vehicle/

567

xplained

MAS 568

3.2 Infralogics

569

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

570

MAS

571

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

MAS

PER MELBOURNE CITY BLOCK CONSUMPTION RATE

Total residential electrical energy use per person (kWh/year) =1652.42 kWh/y Energy (electricity) consumption of public buildings per year (kWh/m) =120.18 kWh/m Total electrical energy use per person (kWh/year) =20627.63 kWh/y Greenhouse gas emissions measured in tonnes per person = 31.73 tons

Around 8,600 people in a city block

Electricity Comsumption Rate

20627.63 kWh/y * 8,600 = 177,397,618 kWh/y

572

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

31.73 tons * 8,600 = 272,878 tons/y

MUD

ALGAE POWERPLANT BLOCK

Total residential electrical energy use per person (kWh/year) = 1652.42 kWh/y

Total electrical energy use per person (kWh/ year) = 20627.63 kWh/y Greenhouse gas emissions measured in tonnes per person = 31.73 tons

Around 8,600 people in a city block

Per City Block

Electricity Generated Maximun Capacity

516,000,000 kWh/y Around 2.9 times the melbourne city block.

Per City Block

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

79630.97 tons/y

Emitted Around 3.4 times lesser than the melbourne city block.

573

kWh/m

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Energy (electricity) consumption of public buildings per year (kWh/m) = 120.18

MAS

ALGAE FARMING TOWER Total residential electrical energy use per person (kWh/year) =1652.42 kWh/y Energy (electricity) consumption of public buildings per year (kWh/m) =120.18 kWh/m Total electrical energy use per person (kWh/year) =20627.63 kWh/y Greenhouse gas emissions measured in tonnes per person = 31.73 tons

Around 8,600 people in a city block Electricity Generated Maximun Capacity

60 MWh/y * 8,600 = 516,000 MWh/y Greenhouse Gas Emissions

574

0.1543236 tons * 8,600 = 79630.97 tons/y

MUD

LIQUID EXTRACTION FURNACE Total residential electrical energy use per person (kWh/year) = 1652.42 kWh/y Energy (electricity) consumption of public buildings per year (kWh/m) = 120.18

kWh/m Total electrical energy use per person (kWh/ year) = 20627.63 kWh/y Greenhouse gas emissions measured in tonnes per person = 31.73 tons

Around 8,600 people in a city block Electricity Generated Maximun Capacity

0.1543236 tons * 8,600 = 79630.97 tons/y

575

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

60 MWh/y * 8,600 = 516,000 MWh/y

MAS

PER MELBOURNE CITY BLOCK CONSUMPTION RATE

Around 8,600 people in a city block

Electricity Comsumption Rate

20627.63 kWh/y * 8,600 = 177,397,618 kWh/y

576

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

31.73 tons * 8,600 = 272,878 tons/y

MUD

West Facing Facade

50 % North-West Facing Facade

577

100 % North-West Facing Facade

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

North Facing Facade

578

MAS

MUD Energy (electricity) consumption of public buildings per year (kWh/m) =120.18 kWh/m

Energy (electricity) consumption of public buildings per year (kWh/m) =50.18 kWh/m

Total electrical energy use per person (kWh/year) =20627.63 kWh/y

Total electrical energy use per person (kWh/year) =9635.72 kWh/y

Greenhouse gas emissions measured in tonnes per person = 31.73 tons

Greenhouse gas emissions measured in tonnes per person = 8.73 tons

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Total residential electrical energy use per person (kWh/year) =501.42 kWh/y

579

Total residential electrical energy use per person (kWh/year) =1652.42 kWh/y

MAS

MID SCALE LOGISTIC

Community neighbourhood (The Last Mile)

580

Imported Supplies

MUD

MID SCALE LOGISITC SHAPING THE URBAN REALM

581

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

A logistic chains that distributed channel from international to regional logistic services.

MAS

LOGISTIC SIZE BREAKDOWN A chart show the detail breakdown of the cost efficiency of each logistic methodology.

10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1

Parcel

LTL Truck

Truckload

Railcar load

Due to the demand of the market and cost efficiency of shipping, the observation are projecting a better efficiency in large size of shipment than smaller parcel.

Multi-railcar

Unit Train

Barge load

Shipment Size (Ibs)

582

Transportation Charges ($ / ton)

583

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

MAS

STRATEGY TO REDUCE CARBON FOOTPRINT BY LOGISTIC SECTOR

MID SCALE LOGIS

584

585

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

STIC CUSTOMIZE MUD

586

MAS

MUD

VEHICLE ACCESS TO THE NETWORK

5-15 KM 10-50 KM

80-150 KM

100-200 KM

150-300 KM

587

40-100 KM

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

20-80 KM

MAS

Bicycle

Car Lane

Tram Lines

Car Lane

Bicycle

Street Condition A: Bicycle + Pesdestrian + Car Lane + Tram Line Only

Freight height limit - 5m

Pesdestrian walk

Tram Lines

Street Condition B: Bicycle + Pesdestrian + Tram Line Only

588

Freight height limit - 2m

Pesdestrian walk

MUD

Bicycle

Car Lane

Bicycle

2m Pesdestrian walk

Car Lane

Pesdestrian walk

Street Condition D: Pesdestrian + Car Lane Only

Freight height limit - 2m

589

Freight height limit - 5m

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Street Condition C: Bicycle + Pesdestrian + Car Lane Only

MAS 590

Image Credit / Image Caption

591

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Image Credit / Image Caption MUD

MAS 592

Image Credit / Image Caption

593

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Image Credit / Image Caption MUD

594

MAS

595

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTION NETWORK MUD

MAS

SMALL SCALE LOGISTIC

Local merchants

Regional locations (local warehouses). Minivan

596

Community warehouse

MUD

Community neighbourhood (The 5 km)

Drone

Community cubic bicycles

Parcel Lockers

597

final delivery

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Electric car

MAS

DIFFERENT TOOL DELIVERY ANALYSIS

The Drone

598

https://www.dhl.com/discover/business/business-ethics/parcelcopter-drone-technology https://www.dhl.com/tw-en/home/press/press-archive/2019/dhl-express-launches-its-first-regular-fully-automatedand-intelligent-urban-drone-delivery-service.html

MUD

LYSIS

599

gular-fully-automated-

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

n series, featuring the ry solution overcomes way delivery time from d energy consumption

MAS

DIFFERENT TOOL DELIVERY ANALYSIS

Electric car

Fifty electric motorcycles used in logistics distribution can achieve annual reduction of emissions equivalent to planting 10,000 trees.

600

Vehicle model: Gogoro 2 Utility Type of use: small parcels and documents Load weight: 20KG The longest mileage: 115KM The fastest speed: 85KM/h Features: uses 100% electrical systems

https://lot.dhl.com/electric-motorcycles-powered-up-for-deliveries-in-thailand/

601

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

ALYSIS

n of emissions equivalent to

MAS

DIFFERENT TOOL DELIVERY ANALYSIS

Community cubic bicycles

The use of low-power cargo bicycles can reduce 101,000 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent per year.

602

https://www.environmentalleader.com/2020/05/dhl-electric-cargo-bikes-miami/ https://www.dhl.com/tw-en/home/press/press-archive/2019/first-cubicycle-to-electrify-dhl-express-green-fle

MUD

ANALYSIS S

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

xide equivalent per year.

eet-in-taiwan.html

603

trify-dhl-express-green-fleet-in-taiwan.html

MAS

DIFFERENT TOOL DELIVERY ANALYSIS

Parcel Lockers

604

https://lot.dhl.com/electric-motorcycles-powered-up-for-deliveries-in-thailand/ https://www.sellerforum.de/themen/dhl-packstation-ausbau/

MUD

ANALYSIS

605

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

s located in the center of daily life, so to work or shopping for groceries. By ation is also a sustainable service that

MAS 606

TEXT SITE ：MIDDLEBOROUGH ROAD, BOX HILL TEXT SITE ：MIDDLEBOROUGH ROAD, BOX HILL NORTH MELBOURNE NORTH MELBOURNE

Reducing carbon emissions: 2445MX0.05KG=122.25KG

607 POST CARBON CITIES - ECOPRACTICES URBAN PRACTICES POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN - 2021 - 2021

456+468+481+195+96+98+120+311+230=2455M TRANSPORTATION &BIOENERGY

MUD

MAS

BIOENERGY PROJECTS FOR GARBAGE

Use the existing urban sanitation transportation network (the route of garbage trucks) to build a new logistics system

Test site：

608

Port Phillip Resource Recovery Centre

MUD TRANSPORTATION &BIOENERGY POSTCARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES--ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021 POST

Waste Sorting Center Resource Recovery Centre Garbage Power Planet Garbage Truck Battery Supply Station Logistics Distribution Center Route planning

3609

BIOENERGY PROJECTS FOR GARBAGE

Garbage car x Parcel Lockers

MAS 610

Port Phillip Resource Recovery Centre Route of garbage tuckes

POSTCARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES--ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021 POST

Other Side of the parcellockers

5611

Side of the garbage truck

MUD TRANSPORTATION &BIOENERGY

BIOENERGY PROJECTS FOR GARBAGE

Garbage car x Parcel Lockers

612

MAS

7 613

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

TRANSPORTATION &BIOENERGY MUD

614

MAS

9615

POST POST CARBON CARBON CITIES CITIES -- ECO ECO URBAN URBAN PRACTICES PRACTICES -- 2021 2021

TRANSPORTATION &BIOENERGY MUD

616

MAS

11 617

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

TRANSPORTATION &BIOENERGY MUD

618

MAS

13 619

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

TRANSPORTATION &BIOENERGY MUD

620

MAS

15 621

POST POST CARBON CARBON CITIES CITIES -- ECO ECO URBAN URBAN PRACTICES PRACTICES -- 2021 2021

TRANSPORTATION &BIOENERGY MUD

MAS

1 Port of Melbourne Corporation (PoMC) was the entity responsible for the Port in 2011 and commissioned the 2009 Container Logistics Supply Chain St

Northern catchment Somerton intermodal terminal

Western catchment

Altona intermodal terminals

Key (TEU)

per annum, 2009 1-100 101-300

Dandenong South interm (subject to network co

301-1,000

622

1,001-5,000 5,001-80,000

Port of Melb

MUD

tudy.

Site Consideration

Port of Melbourne: Our Plan for Rail 2020

modal terminal onnection)

bourne Our Plan for Rail

623

South East catchment

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

In order to understand the development of freight track requirement a study was conducted by Port Melbourne for the flow or movement of shipping containers in Melbourne. The west cathcment involved development of 2 intermodal terminals and is closely located near the northern cathcment. This triggered us to locate the site in the western Melbourne.

MAS

Newport Station SubStation

Newport Railway Workshop

624

Williamstown Cremetory

MUD

Site Context The site is located in the Newport suburb where the public infrastucture for providing power, railway workshops, ptv railway station are located nearby and share a close proximity to the port.

Metromap

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Additionally, the presence of railyard for storing, loading/ unloading goods, along with the development of freight network provides an excellent opportunity.

625

Port Melbourne

MAS 626

Newport Tire Service

MUD

7-Eleven Site The Fuel Station which houses a convenience store is considered as the potential typology to tackle the Post Carbon Cities and how the economy model can sustain with a different function and still contribute to the city.

Metromap

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

The site shares an interesting phenomenon where it located adjacent to railway tracks on one side and a major transportation road on the other. Additionally, it is packed with the suburb nieghbourhood.

627

7-11 Fuel Station

628

MAS

MUD

Fuel Station - Present Scenario

629

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

A typical fuel station with a convenience store. Car oriented layout which allows for car-park, less public interaction outside and hinders the safety of pedestrian.

630

MAS

MUD

After An Year As the electric cars have started to replace the fuel driven cars the fuel station is losing the significance as it may or may not be located on the electic grid line.

In order to make it safe for pedestrian, supergraphics are painted on the floor and vehicle movement are guided with traffice cones.

631

The fence seperating the tracks and the store is removed to provide a platform for unloading and fragmenting the container which can be loaded to the trucks which can then supply the city where needed. At this point, the forklifts, container handler, trucks have started to come in electric version as well.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

The typology evolves and starts to facilitate other function like logistics of which it was part as the reciever of goods for convenience store.

632

MAS

MUD

After 05 Years The electric cars are now charged throgh the grid line places parallel to street parking and the fuel station function has become obsolete.

633

With an increase in the capacity there is a need for storage facility which is enveloped through bioenergy algae facade north and west direction and algae air curtain to filter the air and absorb more carbon emissions as possible meanwhile producing more biofuel for energy generation.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Pedestrians are allowed near the store front and parcel locker has been placed for sururbians to come and collect or deposit packges for shippment.

634

MAS

MUD

Logistic System + Storage The storage facility encompasses the fragmented packages in the light weight steel frame capable of housing algae facade and curtains. The forklift will approach the storage facility through pneumatic lift placed along the structure.

635

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

The goods are now being categorised for efficient logistic system.

636

MAS

MUD

After 07-10 Years As the typology of the fuel station is changed along with its realibility on a differeny economic model more storage capacity is developed within site.

637

The suburbain neibourhood can come to collect or deposit the packages as a new typology of logistics transform the urban scape and participates in the daily routine of urban life while making the city more sustainable and absoring more carbon in the process.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Furthermore, the containers are now being stored in more quantities for loading/unloading the shipments from parcel lockers and the logistcis storage facility.

MAS 638

Present Scenario - Street View

639

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

After an year - Street View MUD

MAS 640

After 05 years - Street View

641

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

After 07-10 years - Street View MUD

642

MAS

MUD

2 Systems at Play

643

After 07-10 Years - Street View 01

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

-Logistics + Convenience Store -New typology eveloved, repurposed with a different economy model

644

MAS

MUD

2 Systems at Play

645

After 07-10 Years - Street View 02

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

-Logistics + Convenience Store -Urban Scape transformed

MAS 646

3.3 Micro Factories

647

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

648

MAS

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

Our project proposes a series of strategically placed micro-factories to facilitate the recycling, or ‘upcycling’, of all types of waste into clean energy and valued products.

Creating and positioning these micro-factories within Metropolitan Melbourne will help minimize the city’s reliance on large scale decentralized power stations, while simultaneously reducing the need for landfill by processing waste on-site.

649 67

A combination of emerging sustainable technologies has been implemented into the design of our microfactories to aid the conversion of collected waste into clean energy. The energy produced in these factories has the potential to be redirected into the public amenity to which is it attached, the micro factory itself, and even into wider Melbourne by using energy storage technology. In an effort to make use of all waste collected and minimise landfill, the micro-factories will also produce physical bi products such as lighting filaments (from plastic materials) and fertilizer (from organic waste).

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

To maximize the success and influence of our project, these micro-factories will be integrated into existing public amenities such as train stations, retail centers and universities. These public amenities have been selected on account of the large volumes of waste they collect from commercial businesses and the public. Rather than being directed to decentralized recycling stations and landfill, the waste collected on these sites will be sorted and redirected to the attached micro factory.

MAS

MICRO FACTORIES A microfactory is a small-to-medium scale, highly automated, and technologically advanced manufacturing setup, which has a wide range of process capabilities. Typically, it is a manufacturing facility whose output can be scaled up by replicating such setups in large numbers. Microfactory requires less energy, less material, and a small labor force, owing to the high-tech automated processes. The concept of microfactory also promotes the miniaturization of production equipment and systems according to the product dimension. This helps in reducing the size of the factory, which, in turn, needs less capital, as well as lowers operating expenses. Since the development of the first microfactory concept in 1990, it has witnessed technological advancements and has found applications in multiple commercial manufacturing processes.

SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAINS

650

Our microfactories incorperate sustainable supply chain designs, where the relies on a set of innovative practices, technologies, and services enabling the recycling, remanufacturing, and refurbishing/reconditioning of products, carried out by the manufacturer itself, or through partnerships within an extended supply chain network.

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN TRADITIONAL APPROACH VS. MICROFACTORY APPROACH

TRADITIONAL APPROACH Factory

Storage / Stockist

Distributor

End Users

Micro Factory

Infrequently used channel

Retailers

MICROFACTORY APPROACH

651 69

Main channel

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

Retailers

MAS

THE POTENTIAL TO REDUCE WASTE SECTOR EMISSIONS

Waste diversion reduces direct greenhouse gas emissions by avoiding methane release from decomopsing organic matter.

652

The figure here shows the current rate of waste that is redirected and recovered compared to the amount that is sent to landfill. Our project aims to reduce the amount of waste ending up in landfill, by recovering and recycling materials in designated micro-factories .

Waste (Mt)

Between 2006 and 2016, waste generation in Melbourne increased by 14%. Neverthless, this rise is waste has been counteracted by a 37% increase in materials recovery and the diversion of a significant volume of waste from landfills.

2 0

2006

2007

200

2009 2010

Landfill 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Recovered POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

2016

653 71

National Waste Report/2018

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

654

MAS

MUD TITLE / TOPIC POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

Jason South / The Age via Getty Images

655 73

A warehouse full of household waste awaits recycling at a Melbourne company that has gone bankrupt. The state government and the wharehouse ownetrs do not know what to do with the largely unforted materials, which cannot be easily solf to facilities for processing. As a result, Melbourne minicipalities are sending thousands of tons of recycable waste to landfills.

MAS 656

AGENCY

657 75

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

MAS 658

DEVELOPING IDEAS FOR OUR PROJECT:

659 77

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

MAS

MICRO-FACTORY WASTE CONVERSION PROCESS:

PLASTIC WASTE High temperature pyrolysis/ Gas cleaning /Syngas

ECO BINS

MICRO -FACTORY

660

Energy produced powers micro-factories

ORGANIC WASTE

Anaerobic digestion process

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

PLASTIC FILAMENT

LIGHT BULBS

Conversion of sygas: into electricity or commercial gasses

FERTILIZER

emaining by products turned into fertilizer to near by gardens

GRID All onsite energy harvested put back onto grid, and can power 3D printed bulbs

661 79

ELECTRICITY

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

3D printed light bulbs powered by electricity made from micro-factories

MAS

SOURCE SECTOR OF WASTE GENERATED IN MELLBOURNE (TONNES) 2019

4 573 110

3 110 712

tr tQ 1s

5 181 168 d 2n r Qt dQ 3r tr

MSW - Municipal solid waste C&D - Construction and demoli-

662

C&I - Commercial and industrial

1st Qtr

21%

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

BREAKDOWN OF WASTE GENERATED FROM MSW 2019

26%

Garbage Organics

53%

2nd Qtr

3rd Q tr

Australian Waste Management/2018

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

Recyclables

663 81

Sales

664

MAS

hadstone Shopping Centre

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

SITE CONTEXT

While numerous decentralised sites have been chosen, a high portion of the micro-factories will be located in the Melbourne CBD. This placement is acredited to the large number of people frequenting the CBD such as workers, tourists, shoppers and residents. The high volume of waste disposed of in the CBD is a direct result of the regular use of single use plastics such as coffee cups, plastic bottles, organic waste and food packaging. In the future we predict that more micro-factories will be integrated into existing large scale infrastructure, cafes and restaurants of all sizes, and eventually the home.

665 83

The system will initially be integrated into popular existing public amenities such as train stations, retail centers and universities. These public amenities have been selected on account of the large volumes of waste they collect from commercial businesses and the public using the spaces. Data has been collected regarding the most frequented public spaces and the number of pedestrians using these spaces.

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

To maximize the success and influence of our project the waste collection points and complimenting micro-factory will be reproduced throughout Greater Melbourne.

MAS

NORTHLAND MALL TULLERMARINE AIRPORT

DONCASTER WESTFIELD BRIMBANK CENTRE

MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY

CHADSTONE SHOPPING CENTRE SOUTHLAND WESTFIELD

FOUNTAINGATE WESTFIELD

666

BAYSIDE CENTRE

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

TULLERMARINE AIRPORT MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY CHADSTONE SHOPPIN CENTRE DONCASTER WESTFIELD NORTHLAND MALL SOUTHLAND WESTFIELD FOUNTAINGATE WESTFIELD BAYSIDE CENTRE BRIMBANK CENTRE

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

PROPOSED MICRO-FACTORY LOCATIONS - MELBOURNE CBD

667 85

PROPOSED MICRO-FACTORY LOCATIONS - GREATER MELBOURNE

MAS

PROPOSED MICRO-FACTORY LOCATIONS - MELBOURNE CBD FLINDERS ST STATION MELBOURNE CENTRAL SOUTHERN CROSS BOURKE ST MALL MELBOURNE EMPORIUM ‘QV’ MELBOURNE RMIT UNIVERSITY QUEEN VICTORIA MARKETS

668

SOUTHERN CROSS

QUEEN VICTORIA MARKETS

BOURKE ST MALL

FLINDERS ST STATION POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

EMPORIUM

669 87

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

RMIT UNIVERSITY

MELBOURNE CENTRAL

‘QV’ MELBOURNE

MAS 670

MELBOURNE CBD FOOT TRAFFIC AND CROWDING

671 89

Adrian Artiles, 2015 POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

MAS

DAILY USERS OF SHOPPING/ ACTIVITY CENTRES 2019

MELBOURNE CENTRAL

200 000

CHADSTONE

68 000

MELBOURNE EMPORIUM

110 000

MELBOURNE QV

90 000

DONCASTER

39 000

WESTFEILD KNOX

5840

WESTFEILD FOUNTAINGATE

5730

BAYSIDE CENTRE

5544 5126

WESTFEILD SOUTHLAND

4126

672

DISTRICT DOCKLANDS

SCCA/2020

MUD TITLE / TOPIC 28.6 M

SOUTHERNCROSS

19.8 M

MELBOURNE CENTRAL

15.2 M

PARLIMENT

10.1 M

FLAGSTAFF

4.8 M

Victorian Transport Report/2020

673 91

FLINDERS ST STATION

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

ANNUAL USERS OF CITY LOOP METRO STATIONS 2019

MAS

DISTRIBUTION OF MICROFACTORIES IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

PHASE 1 , 2030-2040

674

- Major shopping centres - Universities - Railway stations

PHASE 2, 2040-

- High ris - High ris - Minor s - Minor t - Enterta

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

- All offices - All accomodation - Hospitality venues - Retail stores - Residential houses

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

se offices se accomodation shopping complexs train stations ainment venues

PHASE 3, 2050-2060

675 93

-2050

MAS

DISTRIBUTION OF MICROFACTORIES IMPLEMENTATION PLAN - CBD 2040 - Major shopping centres

2050 - High rise offices

- High rise accomodation - Minor shopping complexs - Minor train stations - Entertainment venues

- Universities - Railway stations

676

2040

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

- All accomodation - Hospitality venues - Retail stores

677 95

2060 - All offices

MAS

DISTRIBUTION OF MICROFACTORIES IMPLEMENTATION PLAN - GREATER MELBOURNE

2040 - Major shopping centres

678

- Universities - Railway stations

2050 - High rise offices

- High rise accomodation - Minor shopping complexs - Minor train stations - Entertainment venues

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

- All accomodation - Hospitality venues - Retail stores

679 97

2060 - All offices MUD TITLE / TOPIC

680

MAS

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

CULTURAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT One of the many social impacts of our project is the empowerment of people to process their own waste, an issue many people feel helpless in.

One of the positive social impacts of the project is that we give agency to the public to manage and process their own waste. By introducing processing at a smaller scale, we empower the public to manage their own was and have the benefit the by products.

Melbourne CBD/ Crafty Pint

681 99

One friend said “I feel like we will never know where our waste truly goes”.

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

After interviewing 20 friends and family we realized people’s feeling of discontentedness and helplessness with their waste processing.

MAS

Technological advances in sustainability and waste management have allowed us to explore solutions to problems that were previously thought impossible to overcome. Through chemical recycling, some plastics can now be upcycled back to their original building blocks or even transformed entirely into new ‘up-cycled’ products. Our project proposes an application of emerging sustainable energy sources to convert waste into a useable product, and to ensure carbon production is minimised throughout the process.

682

Imperative to the success of the project are three types of energy sources, all of which function to help produce clean energy and/or the production of plastic filament and fertilizer.

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

ENERGY STORAGE

683 101

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

WASTE AS AN ENERGY SOURCE

SOLAR ENERGY

684

WASTE

MAS

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

WASTE AS AN ENERGY SOURCE

ORGANIC WASTE We estimate Melbourne sends around 1,500 tonnes of food waste to landfill per day (FoodBank, 2017). Around 42% of household and commercial waste going to landfill is food and garden waste which could be recycled (MWRRG, 2020). The technology used to transform this organic waste is anaerobic digestors - enclosed structures where the anaerobic break down of manure organic matter takes place. This technology transforms organic matter into energy through biogas and creates fertiliser to be reused.

685 103

RECYCLABLE WASTE Our project introduces the idea of upcycling rather than recycling. Upcycling is a form of recycling where instead of turning waste into new materials, a product is given a new use in life by producing something of higher value. Our project takes advantage of this opportunity to increase the upcycling of materials such as paper, metals and plastics that are still ending up in landfill.

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

Melbourne currently recycles 73% of its waste, but valuable materials are still sent to landfill. Every year, around three million tonnes of waste is disposed of into metropolitan landfills (MWRRG, 2020).

MAS

CONVERTING PLASTIC WASTE TO ENERGY In anticipation of a circular plastic economy that is sustainable and environmentally friendly, Race for Water presents a realistic solution that, deployed on a large scale, can put an end to most of the contamination of the oceans from plastic waste. One machine can process between 5 and 12 tonnes of plastic waste per day, which is adapted to a population of 50,000 to 200,000 inhabitants and produce up to 2.5MWh/tons. According to the context, a single unit is enough to supply electricity to close to 6000 families.

686

Race for Water, offers a high temperature pyrolysis technology developed to transform non-sorted plastic waste into electricity. These units installed in containers can be deployed close to inhabited areas and allow even isolated communities, such as small cities or islands, to independently manage their waste and their energy production.

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

This innovative technological approach also demonstrates that remote plastic waste can be an additional resource in energy transition.

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

This leading-edge technology can recover the high calorific value of plastic litter and convert it into an energy-rich synthesised gas (syngas) applicable for the production of electricity, methane and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons composing plastic waste naturally break apart when exposed to heat. High temperature pyrolysis in the absence of oxygen induces this breakdown that creates new products: gases, liquids and solids.

687 105

Biogreen® is an innovative, patented process for continuous thermochemical conversion of biomass and waste residue that allows torrefaction, pyrolysis and high temperature pyrolysis treatment of various bulk materials.

MAS 688

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS

MUD TITLE / TOPIC 689 107

Disney World in Orlando, Florida have installed a large anaerobic digestor to manage all food waste from the theme park (Kennedy, 2018). • Food waste is mixed with biosolids from the sewage treatment system • Treats 120,000 tonnes of waste a year • For scale roughly 5 of these would consume all of Melbourne’s food waste

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

CASE STUDY: DISNEY WORLD ORLANDO, FLORIDA

690

MAS

SOLAR ENERGY

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

SOLAR ENERGY

Scientists have found a way to harness the sun to break down plastic. Researchers mixed plastic with chemicals which could be broken down by artificial sunlight.

Researchers in Singapore say they have converted plastic into “formic acid”, which can be used in power plants to generate electricity, by using a catalyst which neither damages the environment nor costs a lot of money.

Gulf News- Scientists to harness the sun to break down plastic

691 109

Huge quantities of plastic have piled up on land and been dumped in the sea across the world, with Asian nations in particular facing criticism for failing to tackle the problem.

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

The environmentally-friendly method that uses artificial sunlight to transform plastic into power-generating chemicals, as countries worldwide battle to reduce waste.

MAS

POTENTIAL DESIGN FOR MICROFACTORY UTILISING SOLAR ENERGY

692

Louviers Music School Rehabilitation and Extension / Opus 5 Architectes

693 111

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

Louviers Music School Rehabilitation and Extension / Opus 5 Architectes MUD TITLE / TOPIC

MAS 694

Plastic into electricity: Micro Factory

695 113

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

Plastic into electricity: Micro Factory MUD TITLE / TOPIC

MAS 696

Plastic into electricity: Micro Factory

697 115

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

Plastic into electricity: Micro Factory MUD TITLE / TOPIC

698

MAS

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

While we are not proposing an entirely new energy storage grid, our project takes into account public projects that are designing large scale energy storage grids. Our design also proposes the use of inhouse energy storage batteries which will sit at the bottom of the microfactories and store surplus power, to then divert back into the grid when it is needed.

699 117

As Melbourne plans for grid transitions to 100% renewable energy in the future, storage will be necessary to ensure that power can be accessed where and when it is required. the opportunity becomes more and more prevalent to synergise our transportation systems with our energy storage systems.

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

ENERGY STORAGE

700

MAS

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

HOUZE reveals the ZeroCell: an intelligent device for energy storage. The device stores and manages energy generated from either on-site-harvested energy or from offsite renewable energy transmitted by the electric grid.

We plan to implement this technology into our project to ensure the energy produced in the microfactory is used and stored efficiently. ZeroCell – intelligent energy storage

701 119

The smart device stores and manages energy generated from either on-site-harvested energy or from off-site renewable energy transmitted by the electric grid. Appliances (4KW, 8KW, 12KW and 16 KW) are multi-functional for all-in-one energy storage and nerve systems. It can be used for homes, buildings and block-chain neighborhoods.

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

The ZeroCell will be introduced in Euronics International stores starting in December 2016.

MAS

Case Study: WTE Plants, Singapre

702

For decades, Singapore has invested in infrastructure to collect, recycle and turn waste to energy. Their Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plants reduce waste to ash, enabling extensive space savings at Singapore’s single and only landfill while recovering energy from waste. By reducing the volume of waste by up to 90%, while generating electricity that is sold to the grid, incineration has been an effective method of waste disposal for Singapore.

Since 1980 Singapore has invested in 6 Waste to Energy Plants (WTE). Together, these plants incinerate about 10,200 tonnes of waste a day. NEA/Waste-to-Energy Incineration Plants/2014

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

The PWCS is is an automated waste collection system which conveys waste by air suction

Once the centralised bins are full, trucks transport the waste to the incineration plants. The exhaust air from the system is also cleaned as it passes through dust and odour filters, for it to be released into the atmosphere. FutureCentre/Waste Conversion/2015

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

Singapore has also revolutionised the way they collect waste from commercial buildings and residential houses. Previously, workers had to collect and transport waste from refuse chutes to the bin centre. However, since the installation of a pneumatic waste conveyance system in Yuhua in 2015, the entire waste collection process is now automated, reducing manpower requirements and increasing productivity.

from individual buildings through a network of sealed pipes. The waste travels at speeds of between 50 and 80 kilometres per hour from the refuce chamber to a centralised location, where the rubbish is stored in sealed containers. The enclosed system ensures waste is not exposed to oxygen throughout the transfer process, reducing odour and pest problems.

703 121

Case Study: New Pneumatic Waste Conveyance System, Singapore

MAS 704

ON-SITE WASTE COLLECTION:

705 125

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

MICROFACTORY DESIGN:

MAS 706

PROPOSED PROJECT DESIGN: FLINDERS ST STATION MICROFACTORY

707 127

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

708

MAS

709 129

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

710

MAS

711 131

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

712

MAS

713 133

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

MAS 714

PROPOSED PROJECT DESIGN: IN-HOME MICROFACTORY

715 135

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

716

MAS

717 137

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

718

MAS

719 139

POST CARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES -- ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES--2021 2021

MUD TITLE / TOPIC

MAS 720

3.4 New Centralities

721

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

MAS

Post Carbon Cities Domestic/Living

CBD

2.5km

CAULFIELD

7km

15km

20km

DAILY COMMUTERS TO CITY

>40,000

>20,000

EAST MALVERN

HOLMESGLEN

CHADSTONE

GLEN WAVERLY

OAKLEIGH

CLAYTON

722

Image Credit / Melbourne East Daily Commuters ABS 2016

Eastern Suburbs 16,000 Hectares approximate beyond 800m Activity zones = 400,000 people (25 people/Ha)

EL NN TU

Typologies MUD

O TR ME K LIN

CAULFIELD

MELBOURNE 2050 REVISED based upon Vancouver Plan

400 metres

CHADSTONE

GROCERY STORE COMMUNITY CENTRE PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOL ASSOCIATED PLAY AREA DAY CARE / AFTER SCHOOL CARE

800 metres

IL LO OP

GLEN WAVERLY

MONASH UNIVERSITY

CLAYTON

PLAY GROUND FREQUENTLY SERVICED TRANSPORT STOP

800M

GLEN WAVERLY CAULFIELD CHADSTONE

OAKLEIGH MONASH UNIVERSITY CLAYTON

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

AFFORDABLE HOUSING? ANSWER: USE AVAILABLE LAND

Caulfield - Chadstone - Glen Waverly - Monash University

3 723

1500M

MAS

HSBP PEED BIK

724

‘HIGH S

E PATH’

Glen Waverly - Connected Node

00 M

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

5 725

800M

Typologies MUD

MAS

HSBP E PATH’ K ED BI E P S H

‘HIG

726

CREATE ‘NEW SPACE’ & CONNECTION

PUBLIC SPACES

Glen Waverly - Connected Node

7 727

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Typologies MUD

MAS

DETERMINE KEY ROUTE & STREETS

REMOVE GARAGES

ACQUIRE STRATEGIC SITES

728

2021

Connecting the Node

MUD Typologies

INCREASE GREEN SPACE LINEAL GARDEN NETWORK

COMMUNITY FACILITY

‘CORNER SHOP’

NARROW ROAD / REDUCE PRIVATE VEHICLE ACCESS

729 9

2035

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

CAR PARK

MAS 730

EXISTING HOUSING REMOVE GARAGES & ENHANCE GREEN SPACES

731 11

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

COMMUNITY FACILITY ‘CORNER SHOP’ MUD Typologies

MAS

Williams Landing Proposal Pedestrian link/ linear park

M1 Freeway

Carpark repurposed? or even made to service development

Williams Landing Station

Medium density development with pedestrian link to Point Cook

732

Wyndham is a rapidly growing LGA in Melbourne, the areas of Point Cook and Williams Landing in particular. However these areas have emerged as fairly car dependent, largely comprising of detached multi-bedroom suburban households (66% of the population uses cars as their main form of transport). For Williams Landing i explored a medium density proposal in accordance with passive house typologies which have been explored in Europe with some modications for the Australian context (eg. shading, verandas). Linking the activity node of the station with the development and proposed pedestrian intervention on the M1 agglomerates the disparate precinct of Willliams Landing with Point Cook. This intervention pragmatically compromises with the existing infrastructure whilst mitigating its effects.

733 15

CARBON CITIES CITIES --ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES- -2021 2021 POST CARBON

MUD Energy Paradigm / Conventions

MAS

Window placement optimised for cross-ventilation

Mezzanine oors for lighting & openness

Photovoltaic cladding can act as a shading device in warmer months Window placement optimised for cross-ventilation

Semi-private terrace/platform

Passive house/multistorey type 734

The project proposes a medium-rise residential block typology with a commercial/public base. A stepped edge condition invites gathering, sitting and loitering. The arrangement of units provides a generous boulevard condition to facilitate interaction, vertically platforms stitch together the private and public elements via circulation. In a passive design porosity is key whether that be through material, energy source, ventilation, vantage or movement.

MUD Energy Paradigm / Conventions Platforms for vertical circulation

Private mezzanine

semi-private mezzanine/ platform G oor commercial

Adaptable photovoltaic cladding

External Timber skin/structure

735 17

Elevators

CARBON CITIES CITIES --ECO ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES- -2021 2021 POST CARBON

Green strip

MAS 736

3.5 VR Theme Park

737

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD

MAS

Introduction

738

Wallet, S 2021, top 10 MetaverSe projectS, General knoWledGe, vieWed 4 noveMber 2021, <httpS://MediuM.coM/General _ knoWledGe/crypto -101- Guide-812f4a6d8d56>.

Leisure MUD

VR THEME PARK

Based on the previous analysis and exploration, our project plan is a VR theme park that can use wind energy as energy and VR technology as the basis. it is named Infinite Space.

739 109

In the second part, Through the previous analysis and asking a series of questions, we decided to change the form of entertainment in the theme park to online.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

In the previous research on carbon forms, we explored the changes in the carbon form of libraries and theme parks as leisure places and the impact on the city. From the research on theme parks, we found that theme parks are important leisure places, but they are all located in the suburbs or farther away, and the accessibility is not good. Regarding library research, we found that the carbon format has evolved from paper books to e-books and even VR books, bringing people a better experience. through the study of the energy paradigm, we found that wind energy is a very clean energy. Once and for all.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

VR Theme paRk

MAS 740

Problem

741 111

POST POSTCARBON CARBONCITIES CITIES- ECO - ECOURBAN URBANPRACTICES PRACTICES- 2021 - 2021

VR THEME Leisure PARK MUD

MAS

Problems---COVID-19 pandemic could set tourism sector back by $1 Trillion Global international tourism receipts from 2000-2019 and possible scenarios for 2020 $1478b

$1500b $1200b $900b $600b

$570b

2020 ScenarioS baSed on the

$400b

Gradual openinG of borderS and

$300b

liftinG of travel reStrictionS in

$310b

july,SepteMber and deceMber

742

$0b

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Leisure MUD 113 743

Due to restrictions imposed in March when the coronavirus started spreading rapidly around the world, international travel came to a screeching halt in April and May, resulting in international tourist arrivals that trailed last year’s total by almost 60 percent through the first five months of 2020. Depending on when travel restrictions will be fully lifted, the World Tourism Organization expects international tourism receipts (i.e. spending by international tourists) to drop between $910 billion and $1.2 trillion this year, which would set the global tourism industry back by 20 years.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

covid-19 iMpact

MAS 744

Problems----Theme park

115 745

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Leisure MUD

MAS

Problem---Tourism

746

httpS://eventiSSue.hoMe.bloG/2018/12/26/SloW-touriSMS-potential-to -reSpond -to - challenGeS- of- cliMate- chanGe/

httpS://SuStainabletravel.orG/iSSueS/carbon-footprint-touriSM /carbon-footprint-touriSM- chart-Sti-Web/

Leisure MUD touriSM

Tourism as a leisure activity is the dominant form of recreation in the twentyfirst century. Tourism is a massive and thriving global industry worth over $7 trillion and employs one in ten workers around the world. It’s growing at around 4% per annum (BBC).

117 747

The number of people wanting to travel internationally is rising all the time, fed by greater global prosperity, cheaper air travel and increased overall provision of hotels worldwide

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

The number of international tourists grew in 2012 to 1 billion and it is expected to grow to 1.8 billion by 2030 (the United Nations World Tourism Organization UNWTO, 2017). Furthermore, tourism embodies 9 percent of the world’s GDP, 1 of every 10 jobs in the world are in the industry (UNWTO, 2017).

MAS

Can we find a way to enable people to do these leisure aCtivities and to

748

solve these problems?

749 119

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Leisure MUD

MAS

Survey

vr technoloGy iS conSidered to be the MoSt proMiSinG and MoSt anticipated project in the future.

but Since 2018, people’S attention to vr technoloGy haS declined. the Main reaSon iS that the

750

experience iS not Good and the equipMent iS expenSive

121 751

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Leisure MUD

752

MAS

Price

Leisure MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 123 753

the Main expenditureS for hoMe vr experience are vr headSetS and vr SoftWare. accordinG to a Mazon’S offer, the priceS of theSe deviceS are affordable. hoWever, thiS SiMple device can only SatiSfy the auditory and viSual experience, but cannot SatiSfy the authenticity of the SenSe of touch and the environMent. therefore, When people experience With thiS kind of equipMent, they cannot truly iMMerSe in the experience.

MAS

Price

754

$29600

$12696

Leisure MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

it iS difficult for the faMily to afford it

125 755

$10120

vr iMMerSive deviceS can provide a real experience. Such aS Wind, rain, flyinG, WeiGhtleSSneSS and So on. but the price iS expenSive and the Size iS larGe,

MAS

Mission & Value our mission vr theme park Creat a spaCe for vr immersive deviCes in per bloCk, so that people Could truly experienCe travel, amusement parks, extreme sports and other

756

leisure aCtivities near their homes.

Leisure MUD

value

people Can experienCe vr leisure aCtivities in the Community, whiCh Can reduCe Carbon emissions from traffiC and save

Can also interaCt with other people through the internet

save money for people save time for people

757 127

people experienCe more realism, and they

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

people time.

MAS

VaLue-adequaTe Space

peOpLe can enjOy ThiS Theme paRk wiTh TheiR fRiendS wiThOuT any

758

Space ReSTRicTiOnS

Leisure MUD 759 129

team, s 2021, deep dive: why nfts are the keys to the inevitable metaverse, subspaCe.Com, viewed 4 november 2021, <https://subspaCe.Com/resourCes/nft-key-metaverse>.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

our mathod

MAS

Value --Multiple equipment

760

bungy jump

experience

Method

coMe doWn

heiGht

elaSticity

elaStic rope

Wind

fan

131 761

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Leisure MUD

MAS

roller Coaster

experience Speed roll

762

Wind

fan

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

aniMation rollable chair

133 763

Method

Leisure MUD

MAS

hot-air balloon

experience Shock Move

764

Wind

fan

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

rollable chair

135 765

Method

Leisure MUD

MAS

our mathod

explore the CharaCteristiCs of eaCh vr immersive deviCe, and use arChiteCtural spaCe to meet aCtivity requirements.

study the personnel struCture of eaCh Community, Choose immersive equipment and Combine them aCCording to their

766

hobbies.

Leisure MUD

what we wll do next?

analyze the areas where vr theme explore the development of this projeCt in the next 10, 20 or even 30 years.

767 137

the sCale of the City.

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

parks need to be established from

MAS 768

Site selection-docklands Melbourne

769 139

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

VR THEME PARK

Leisure MUD

e star

MAS

Reflection from the permanent clos

770

Chai, p 2021, goodbye melbourne star, the attraCtion nobody asked for, traveller, viewed 4 november 2021, <https://www.traveller.Com.au/melbourne-star-observation-wheel-Closes-goodbye-to -theattraCtion -no -one-asked -for-h1yf8k>.

Leisure MUD

sure of Melbourne star

3 minority consumers Most people don’t take the ferris wheel every day. Only on festivals or holidays, people from other places and a few local talents will take the ferris wheel

141 771

2. Large investment Building and maintaining the ferris wheel requires a lot of money

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

1. Single purpose Except for the ferris wheel, it has no use function and its income is very limited

MAS 772

Purpose

Green space

VR experience

Provide green open space for outdoor activities, so that everyone can enjoy the theme park

So that people can piness of theme p carbon emissions away

Leisure MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

In the process of site and construction, use new energy to reduce carbon emissions and make rational use of resources

773 143

n enjoy the happarks and reduce without going

Use of new energy

MAS 774

Master Plan

775 145

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Leisure MUD

776

MAS

777 147

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

VR THEME PARK Leisure MUD

MAS 778

Indoor VR scene display

779 149

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Leisure MUD

MAS 780

Wind energy with ferris wheel

nguyen, vCk 2014, the dandelion effeCt: a C02penhagen ferris wheel | lagi-2014, l and art generator, viewed 4 november 2021, <https://landartgenerator.org/lagi-2014/50C02art/>.

781 151

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD Leisure

VR THEME PARK

782

MAS

CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 783 153 POSTPOST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

VR THEME PARK Leisure MUD

MAS 784

The final view

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

785 155

VR THEME PARK

Leisure MUD

MAS

VR theme park in the city

786

VR theme parks in the city center can be a large arcade similar to the size of a large amusement center

787 157

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Leisure MUD

788

MAS

789 159

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

VR THEME PARK Leisure MUD

MAS 790

VR theme park in outskirts

VR THEME PARK MUD Leisure

In the suburbs, VR theme parks will be located in parking lots next to supermarkets, as this area has the highest population flow and usually has plenty of empty parking lots for both locals and passers-by to enjoy.

2000m

CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 791 CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 161 POSTPOST

This range is set to a radius of two kilometers, which allows nearby residents to experience VR without being too dense

MAS 792

Design test address-Tarneit Center

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

793 163

VR THEME PARK

Leisure MUD

MAS

Elements

vr iMMerSive

Service and

experience

reSt Space

794

Space

experience equipMent

Space

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Wind poWer

165 795

extreMe SportS Leisure MUD

MAS

Service space enerGy StoraGe

leiSure Space

Spiral StaircaSe

796

Service area

Leisure MUD

leiSure Space, Mini library,

entrance and outdoor

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

balcony

167 797

coffee Space

MAS

Energy used

798

StoraGe battery 5300M an about 6 kWh 8 hourS of continuouS uSe

about 60 kW day

Leisure MUD POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

electricity for other facilitieS iS about 10 kWh

169 799

h poWer Generation a

MAS 800

Method

StoraGe

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

poWer

171 801

Leisure MUD

collect Wind

enerGy

poWer

Generator

MAS 802

Overview

803 173

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Leisure MUD

804

MAS

175 805

POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

Leisure MUD

MAS 806

The formation of theme parks

807 POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 177 POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

VR THEME PARK

MUD Leisure

MAS 808

Future state vision

809 POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021 179 POST CARBON CITIES - ECO URBAN PRACTICES - 2021

MUD Leisure VR THEME PARK

MAS

REFERENCES Hanania, j, Stenhouse, K, Strange, M & Donev, J 2020, Energy distribution technology, Energy Education, viewed 29 Augest 2021, <https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Energy_distribution_technology>. Hayes, E & Morris, A 2005, ‘ Leisure Role of Public Libraries: A Historical Perspective ‘, Journal of librarianship and information science, vol. 37, no. 2, viewed 28 August 2021, < https://doi-org. ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/10.1177/0961000605055358 > Henk, M 2014, The Path to a Carbon-Neutral Library, Ecology, Economy, Equity , viewed 28 August 2021, <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rmit/detail.action?docID=1774124&pq-origsite=primo#>. Findlay, K, Nichols, G, Forbes, D, & Macfadyen, G 2017, Localism and the Big Society: the asset transfer of leisure centres and libraries – fighting closures or empowering communities?, Leisure student, vol.37, no. 2, 158-170, viewed 28 August 2021, < https://www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy. lib.rmit.edu.au/doi/full/10.1080/02614367.2017.1285954?scroll=top&needAccess=true>. Niles, R 2021, Statista,2020, Leadign amusement and theme parks wordwide in 2019 and 2020, by attendance, Theme park insider , viewed 15 September2021,< https://www.themeparkinsider.com/flume/202101/7993/>. Saidur, R , Islam, M, Rahim, N, Solangi, H, 2010, A review on global wind energy policy, viewed 29 Augest 2021, <https://www-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/docview/753670819?pq-origsite=primo>. Statista,2020, Leadign amusement and theme parks wordwide in 2019 and 2020, by attendance, Statista, viewed 15 September2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/194247/worldwide-attendance-at-theme-and-amusementparks/>.

810

Leisure MUD

Saygin, H & Cetin, F 2010, New Energy Paradigm and Renewable Energy: Turkey’s Vision, Insight, viewed 29 Augest 2021, <https://www.jstor.org/stable/26334108>. STATE LIBRARY VICTORIA 2014, The history of our building , STATE LIBRARY VICTORIA, viewed 28 August 2021, < https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/visit/history-our-building> Stiebler, M 2008, Economics of Offshore Wind Energy Development, Wind energy systems for electric power generation,viewed 29 Augest 2021, <https://rmit.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/ fulldisplay?docid=alma9912601640001341&context=L&vid=61RMIT_INST:RMITU&lang=en&search_scope=EverythingNOTresearch&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=AllNOTresearch&query=any,contains,Wind%20Energy%20for%20%20Power%20Generation&offset=0>.

Opengeekslab, 2018, 8 advantages of virtual reality in buisiness , Opengeekslab, viewed 28 August 2021, < https://opengeekslab.com/blog/advantages-virtual-reality-business/>. Uncate, E 2018, Slow tourism’s potential to respond to challenges of climate change, viewed 15 September2021, < https://eventissue.home.blog/2018/12/26/slow-tourisms-potential-to-respond-to-challenges-of-climate-change/>. Veer, O 2017, Top 10 Extreme Sports Experiences in 360°/Virtual Reality, veer vr blog, viewed 15 September2021, <https://veer.tv/blog/top-10-extreme-sports-experiences-in-360virtual-reality-videos/>. Xi, L, Michael,B, McElroy & Juha, K 2009, Global potential for wind-generated electricity, viewed 29 Augest 2021, <https://www.pnas.org/content/106/27/10933#sec-3>.

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Smirnova, A 2018, Transforming the public sphere: the case of Moscow’s city libraries , Cultural studies, vol.32, no. 5, 772-779, viewed 28 August 2021, < https://www-tandfonline-com. ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/doi/full/10.1080/09502386.2018.1428648>.

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Sievert, K, Fick, A, Adamski, B, Merrill, A, & LeMay, D 2018, Library, library, make me a match: Impact of form-based readers’ advisory on academic library use and student leisure reading. Reference & User Services Quarterly, vol.57, no. 4, 254-265. viewed 28 August 2021, <http://ezproxy. lib.rmit.edu.au/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/scholarly-journals/library-make-me-match-impact-form-based-readers/docview/2057264473/se-2?accountid=13552>

812

MAS