DRIA - Fibril Naga: Performative Systems For An Integrated Territory by RMIT Architecture

FIBRIL NAGA: PERFORMATIVE SYSTEMS FOR AN INTEGRATED TERRITORY GULED ABDULWASI SNEHAJA KATEPALLI SUMEEKA FAROOQUI JINGYI SUN TANYA TAY JOSE LU NEAL KWALDOR DAVID HSU LACHLAN WILES SARAH LUCAS CELINE LUU STUDENT NAME Mauro Baracco with Imogen Fry

FIBRIL NAGA Performative systems for an Interegated Territory DESIGNING RESILIENCE IN ASIA 2020

ROYAL MELBOURNE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, AUSTRALIA

S UPERVISORS

T EAM

Mauro Baracco Imogen Fry

Guled Abdulwasi Snehaja Katepalli Sumeeka Farooqui Jingyi Sun Tanya Tay Jose Lu Neal Kwaldor David Hsu Lachlan Wiles Sarah Lucas Celine Luu

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

006

SITE ANALYSIS

007 008

Cur rent issues

PROPOSAL

Area of interest Key strategies

COASTAL

RURAL

026

Street view Design detail

SUBURBAN

020

Aerial view Street view Design detail

URBAN

018 019

Aerial view Street view Design detail Case study

030

038 Aerial view Street view Section Design Detail

ADAPTATION, MITIGATION AND REINSTATEMENT CLIMATE CHANGE REDUC TION TECHNIC AL FEATURES AND ME THODOLOGIES

REPLICATION STATEMENT CLOSING STATEMENT

046 047 048 049 050 051

REFERENCES

ABSTRACT Being resilient means being able to adapt and overcome any future issues that may arise. The world is ever-changing, with new issues arising and solutions being recommended daily. Rapid urbanization and climate change are two major issues that are inevitable thus, we aimed to propose a design that prompts the idea of anticipating, adapting, and preparing for these effects. Based on predictions form the coastal climate, the most prominent issue was sea-level rise and flooding caused by excessive rainfall. The Philippines also suffers from tsunamis which can cause moderate damage to the area of impact. There is no defence from naturesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; decisions hence have accepted that we will have to work with the water, which will be an issue for the city of Naga and its neighbouring areas. After careful analysis and brainstorming, we have proposed key strategies that aim to address three major points that we have determined will cover a variety of issues; connectivity, agriculture and density. Our biggest gesture is the addition of a filament on main roads that will act like a highway allowing vehicles and transportation of goods, connecting the river to the road. To accommodate for the future population, the filament will act as a density corridor with the density fading out as towards the rural area. In addition to the filament proposal, there will be more agriculture elements implemented into all areas of Naga from coast to the rural. It has a minimal footprint, building upon the existing structures and roads to be least imposing as possible. At the heart of our project, we aim to work with the elements and create a design that shows what it means to be resilient by anticipating these issues of urbanization and climate change.

SITE ANALYSIS Although we were provided with site data, we dove into our own study of the city of Naga to help further our own understanding and in hopes of assisting our proposal. The site analysis looked at varieties of scales from the larger cities to the communities everyday activities. Listed below is a number of topics looked into.

Town &

neighbouring cities

River wall Market places Flooding prevention Water storage Source: Ciudad Nin Naga

River (Bicol / Naga) Ports Docks Terminals Sourceďź&#x161;Wikipedia

Economies Agriculture Aquaculture Trade Source: Manila Times

Acitivies / Local

c u lt u r e s

Social areas Small carts/stalls Transport Fish drying Everyday activities Sourceďź&#x161;Print Square Off

CURRENT ISSUES FLOODING

RAIL

W AY

LINE

VERY HIGH MODERATE HIGH R

LOW

A IL W A Y LI N E

Roads in the following 7 barangays have high vulnerability to flooding based on the flood model : Cararayan; Carolina; Mabulo; Pacol; San Isidro; San Felipe; and Triangulo. The rest of the20 barangays in the city have moderate vulnerability to floods. Except for Barangay Panicuason, which has a low vulnerability to flooding, the other three forested barangays are moderately vulnerable to flooding when the rivers and tributaries traversing them swell and overflow. From this point of view, urban areas are more affected by flooding and show a trend of increasing year by year

CLIMATE OR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE

SEA-LEVEL RISE

FLOODING 2050 BELOW SEA LEVEL SEVERE FLOODING MEDIUM FLOODING LIGHT FLOODING

The excessive rainfall and rising sea levels are a repercussion of climate change. It has a major effect on those town and area located near bodies of water. With the issue becoming more prominent every year and the coastal region almost completely flooded during monsoon season by 2050. The map above shows predictions from coastal climate for 2050, indicating what areas are effect by varying levels of flooding and which area are at risk of being below sea levels. Naga City is at risk of losing its current coast line due to rising sea levels with next to nothing being left above sea. This was a dominant factor that was taken into consideration when designing a strategy for the city of Naga and its neighbouring towns.

CLIMATE OR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE

RIVER

LINE Y A I LW

The situation of the Naga River is very serious, and the deterioration state has been caused by waste accumulation, pollution of land and waterways (odors and floods caused by blocked drainage). The government divides the urban area pipeline into 4 nodes, and the government puts most of its energy At both ends of the river in the urban area, in these two locations, there will be more means of governance. Therefore, the situation of the drainage pipe along the river in the middle is easily overlooked. In the green part is the area where the drainage pipeline is dense, and it is also the most polluted area of the pipeline, which needs urgent treatment.

CLIMATE OR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE

CLIMATE CHANGE

Figure . Monthly Outdoor Temperature Data Source：USGS DATA

Figure . Cloud Coverage Data Source：USGS DATA

Figure . Relative Humidity Data Source：USGS DATA

Figure . Monthly Rain Fall Data Source：USGS DATA

Naga ’s climatic type falls under Type II under the Modified Coronas classification. This condition is characterized by a definite absence of dry season and a very pronounced maximum rain period from November to January. Under the Köppen climate classification system, the local climate is understood as tropical savanna climate, characterized by high average outdoor temperature and continuously high humidity levels throughout the year. The driest month of the year is March, when the Northeast monsoon prevails in the Eastern parts of the Philippines. October has the highest mean rainfall; with the Southwest monsoon bringing precipitations through heavy rainfalls, local thunderstorms, or typhoons. November to February are the coolest months, while April to June are the hottest months. The average annual temperature is 27.0 °C in Naga. The weather in the city from March to May is hot and dry, with temperatures ranging from 24 to 34 °C. Figure . illustrates the monthly recorded high, low and mean temperatures in Naga City between July 2018 to July 2019. With increasing rainfall due to climate change, the management of this watershed must be improved. So in the future design, we consider harvesting rain water and channel it to household, commercial, and agricultural uses. This new source of fresh water can then allow the city to veer away from extracting water from the ground (through wells), which causes land to sink. Land subsidence is irreversible and can make Naga City even more susceptible to flooding.

CLIMATE OR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE

SOIL EROSION

Figure . Soil Erosion Map in Naga City Data Source：USGS DATA

There are several reasons for the soil and water in the city of Naga: flood, human activities and agriculture. Flooding Long after the rains stop, floodwaters continue to impact soil’s physical, chemical and biological properties. When soil is saturated by excessive flooding, soil pores are completely filled with water and have little to no oxygen present. Much like humans, plants need oxygen to survive, with the gas taken into plants via leaves and roots. Also identical to humans, plants – such as farm crops – can’t breathe underwater. Another impact of flooding is compacted soil. This often occurs when heavy machinery is run over wet or saturated farmland. When soils become compacted, future root growth and oxygen supply are limited. Thus, severe flooding can delay or even prevent planting for the entire growing season, causing significant financial loss to farmers.In addition, flooding will lead to the reduction of microorganisms in the soil and the loss of crop nutrients Human Activities Soil erosion is as natural as any other type of erosion, but human activities have greatly accelerated soil erosion. For example, agricultural activities, wrong cultivation methods, deforestation. Logging removes trees that will destroy the ground from soil erosion. The tree roots hold the soil together and the tree canopy protects the soil from hard falling rain. Logging results in the loss of leaf litter, or dead leaves, bark, and branches on the forest floor. Leaf litter plays an important role in protecting forest soils from erosion. Agriculture Agriculture is probably the most significant activity that accelerates soil erosion because of the amount of land that is farmed and how much farming practices disturb the ground (Figure 1). Farmers remove native vegetation and then plow the land to plant new seeds. Because most crops grow only in spring and summer, the land lies fallow during the winter. Of course, winter is also the stormy season in many locations, so wind and rain are available to wash soil away. Tractor tires make deep grooves, which are natural pathways for water. Fine soil is blown away by wind. The soil that is most likely to erode is the nutrient-rich topsoil, which degrades the farmland.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SENSITIVITY

POPULATION DENSITY

Figure . Population Distrubution Data Source：USGS DATA

Naga City’s population is on the rise, increasing by 52% from 2000 to 2013. The number of houses also increased by 60%, while school enrollment increased by 71%. A bigger population increases the vulnerability of a city to climate change impacts. The 2015 Census by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) puts Naga’s population at 196,003. This is an increase of 21,072 inhabitants over the 2010 total of 174,931, making Naga the fastest growing city in Bicol in terms of population. By 2030, the city’s population is projected to hover between a low of 256,028 to a high of 301,300114. (See Figure 19). If the current 2.3% growth rate is maintained, Naga’s population will reach 440,000by 2050 (see Table 3 and Table 4). In this, people in the urban part occupy a large part of the city of Naga. The population gradually decreases from the city to the surrounding areas, and the demand for housing in the area increases. We aim to increase the density of housing in the city in the later period to meet the needs of the citizens.

Figure . Population History 2000-2013 Source: Population City

Figure . Population History 2015-2050 Source: Population City

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SENSITIVITY

DEFORESTATION

900m

MOU IS A R N T OG

DEFORESTION AREA

LANDSLIDE EFFECTED AREA

Dipterocarp Trees Distrubution

DEFORESTION AREA MAIN VISIT ROUTE BICOL RIVER BASIN

HIGH LEVEL LANDSLIDE MOUNT LEVEL LANDSLIDE LOW LEVEL LANDSLIDE MOUNT

The montane forests on Mt Isarog and the narrow strip of lowland forest above c.900 m have remained relatively safe from forest clearing because of the steep topography and the scarcity of large dipterocarp trees there. Rattan is regularly gathered from this zone, but this activity has a negligible effect on the forest. However, below 900 m, illegal commercial logging operations and kaingin have cleared or degraded almost all of the forest, including within the national park boundaries. Illegal tree cutting has very serious consequences: loss of biodiversity and landslides. Although the government has introduced many measures to protect ecological forests in recent years, tropical trees are generally high and it will take many years to return to their original state

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SENSITIVITY

TOURISM

Sulat Pool

Stonehouse Gardens Resort

MOU IS A R N T OG

Panicuason Hot Springs Resort

Mt. Isarog National Park Malabsay Falls Secret Falls

TOURIST ATTRACTION MAIN VISIT ROUTE MOUNT BICOL RIVER BASIN

Tourism has become Naga City’s number one economic driver. Tourist arrivals in 2012 was almost 11 times that of 2004. Mount Isarog is a potentially active stratovolcano towering 1,976 meters above sea level and covering 10, 112 hectares. It is now the last rainforest mountain in Southern Luzon. Hundreds of waterfalls both known and unknown will give tourists unforgettable sights. The Protected Area Management Board has identified Malabay Falls (Naga City), Curry (Pili) Consocep (Tigaon), Hiwacloy (Goa) as tourism areas within the mountain. Flora and Fauna The mountain is the haven of indigenous flora and fauna. • Houses at least 143 bird species including Velvet-fronted Nuthatch that can only be found in the mountain. • Fauna like the Mt. Isarog Shrew Mouse, Isarog Striped Shrew Rat, Isarog Shrew Rat and Isolated Forest. • Wild boar, deer, squirrels, monkeys and untamed rodents on the base of the slopes of the mountain. • About 1,300 species like trees, mosses, and ferns. • Rare exotic of orchids, medicinal and flowering plants

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SENSITIVITY

AGRICULTURE

Figure . Agriculture Data Source：Island Properties Philipines

Naga city In terms of land use, Naga remains an agricultural city. Of the city’s total land area of 8,448 hectares, 4,550 (54%) were allocated to agriculture in 2000. But data from the City Agriculture Office (CAgO) shows that in 2014, only 3,198 hectares (70% of the total) were actually being used for agricultural production. Of these, 1,847 hectares are planted with rice, 1,139 hectares with corn, 15 with vegetables while 198 were used for livestock and poultry. According to the crop distribution map provided along, we’re able to identify the two major agricultural land uses inside Naga City, being the Mixed crop land and coconut plantation. Specifically mixed crop land, which took up a higher percentage in land use, but also its agricultural purpose for rice and corn farming. Comparing along the soil erosion map and river flooding analysis, we’re able to draw connection between the current agricultural land use and these environmental issues we’re witnessing in Naga right now.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SENSITIVITY

POVERTY

Using a dotted mapping to represent populationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s distribution throughout Naga City. It illustrates a high density of population around the Naga river on the west side of the city and low density on the east, higher in elevation.

HouseHolds with income below the poverty threshold Highlighting areas that has over 50% of its household eaerning less than the poverty threshold, and also identifying areas that has the lowest percentage of its household being under thr poverty threshold.

Dinaga barangay has the least amoun of households living in makeshift housings. Cararayan and Penafrancia barangays has two of the highest percentage of households living in makeshift housing, taking 25%-30%.

Households without access to safe/improved water usage. The density shows a strong correlation with population density mapping, indicating more densed(populated) barangays are more likely to have shortage and difficulties to get clean water.

Balatas and Del Rosario are the only two barangays that has no households having difficulties accessing clean and improved water source.

Sabang barangay having the most severe issue on having access to safe and improved water source, averaging over half (56.3%) of the households having difficulties accessing clean water.

Figure . Poverty mapping Data Sourceďź&#x161;CBMSPovertyMaps_Vol5_NagaCity

AREA OF INTEREST Coastal, Rural, Urban & Suburban were chosen to replicate conditions found all over the Philippines so that in future the proposed design could be adapted to all areas of the country. Each region has its own issues that affect the specific area. This was taken into consideration heavily when proposing a design. It adapts and changes slightly accordingly.

Urban

Suburban

Rural

Coastal

KEY STRATEGIES

Filaments Based on the study of the four areas, we proposed an elevated filament that will connect four different areas together to create a journey. It is based on the existing main roads to minimise the footprint that will act as a transition from river to road, connecting the four areas together. It will allow the transportation of goods and people via vehicles and boats depending on the area. Additional infrastructure will be built on areas with strong footprints to ensure structural stability during times of harsh weather and to increase the density to allow for future population increase.

Density Increase By 2050, there will be more and more natural disasters in Naga City, including sea level rise leading to the decline of land occupation in coastal areas, the transfer of estuaries to urban areas, and the expansion of flooded areas. We predict that the requirements for high-density residential areas and landscapes will gradually increase.

Agriculture The aim of improving and expand existing economies is to building a connection between Naga and these neighbouring towns. By introducing sustainable and eco-friendly aquaculture that could possibly act as river buffers and support the local economies. In rural areas, improving the conditions so during season of extreme weather the crops arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t easily affected. Not only in the more rural areas but by proposing high-density farming in the city so that it could produce income for those in highly dense areas,

Coastal The coastal town of Castillo, is located at the mouth of the Bicol river and opens into San miguel Bay. It was the focus for the coastal region as it faces many of the issues similar to those in the city of Naga and has much potential for strategies proposed. Castillo is at major risk of being inundated with water and losing the current coastline. Thus to combat the issues of the 2050 predictions of sea level rise and flooding, we adapted the key strategies to suit the coastal region. We aimed to create a production hub for the area located at the mouth of the river, hoping to stimulate the local economy and providing jobs. The area will harvest goods and energy for the local economy and any additional resources can be traded or exported to other regions. The additions of mangroves and nipa palms will play an important part into the coastal region by attempting to soften the coastal edge. The mangroves aim to improve the health of the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterways and introduce carbon back into the rivers which in terms benefits the people and surrounding wildfires. It also provides food, shade and assists in repairing the natural habitat as well as preventing land erosion. Nipa palms can be used as building and insulation materials for local residents. Moreover, mangrove seedlings can be harvested and sold to other regions to promote further waterway regeneration. A pathway is also proposed around the fisheries to provide areas for boat mooring, access to the ferry terminals and also act as a coastal ecotourism walk.

Taking advantage of the extreme weather by harvesting the natural power of the wind and water, introducing renewable energy sources like wind and water turbines. By harvesting the salt water inundation using the existing seawall to use for salt farms. It also can capture water that breaks over the existing sea wall and put it to other uses. Salt farming is already occurring in the coastal area because of the access to the salt water brought in by storm surges and rising sea levels. We want to adapt to these issues instead of attempting to control as the people already do. By proposing more salt farms, it adds to the local economy, helping provide more jobs and making use of unoccupied spaces. Likewise, making certain spaces into multiple purpose areas that can change to accommodate different activities like socialising, workshops and fish drying. We wanted to adapt to the existing culture, not push a foreign idea onto the people.

Aquaculture By introducing a more sustainable aquaculture, it helps to provide more to the fishing economy as well as keeping it long lasting. To create a more sustainable and environmentally friendly type of aquaculture, a specially designed net was implemented with different seaweed, fish, shellfish, crustaceans and bottom feeders. It hopes to provide more opportunities and increase the fishing economy as well as provide more jobs in the local community. The fish can also be bred and released back into the ocean to help the ecosystems that suffer from overfishing.

Mesh The mesh is designed to be performative, allowing it to be more than aesthetics. It can hold solar panels, helps to provide shading with the addition of greenery. Furthermore it holds power wires along the edges and certain sections of the mesh help to capture water from the rain.

Renewable energy Local people can take advantage of the potential of saltwater flooding/adverse weather; the seawall collects seawater for salt farming. Capture the water that breaks the existing seawall, and by using the natural energy of wind and rain, use extreme weather and introduce renewable energy, such as wind turbines and water turbines. The saltwater was harvested and submerged by using the existing seawall for use in the saltworks.

Production hub We aim to stimulate the local economy and provide jobs for local people. And to help the local economy harvest commodities and energy, any other resources generated in the area can be transferred to different areas of the island/country.

Connectivity A ferry terminal is located at the end of each filament, connecting the Cabusao area directly to Naga via the river as well as smaller towns in between.

Mangroves and Nipa palms The additions of mangroves and nipa palms will play an important part into the coastal region by attempting to soften the coastal edge. The mangroves aim to improve the health of the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterways and introduce carbon back into the rivers which in terms benefits the people and surrounding wildfires. It also provides food, shade and assists in repairing the natural habitat as well as preventing land erosion. Nipa palms can be used as building and insulation materials for local residents. Moreover, mangrove seedlings can be harvested and sold to other regions to promote further waterway regeneration. A pathway is also proposed around the fisheries to provide areas for boat mooring, access to the ferry terminals and also act as a coastal ecotourism walk.

Urban Naga is a major city located along the Bicol river and at the center of the Bicol region. It acts as a conjunction, providing connection to other areas and regions. But like other cities in the Philippines, it is facing the repercussions of climate change. It is at the risk of flooding which could result in some serious issues for the community. Along with climate change, Naga has a rapidly increasing population. With the majority of the people living in the city, we looked at strategies that would combat these crucial issues. The urban conditions that we focused on included density (being one of the major issues), Naga river and land use as well as their existing footprint. The goal was to have a minimal impact on the existing conditions whilst helping the community to adapt to these conditions and help with any future issues. Responding to the issue of flooding, with being mindful of the increased density of Naga city in 2050, the urban area implements many strategies to adapt and mitigate these issues. To combat the problem of flooding, elevated spaces as introduced. This aids in keeping the daily life of the people functioning even after there is flooding, however on an elevated floor level now. These elevated spaces are also used to accommodate the rising density of Naga City. The elevated spaces are cross programmed, therefore allowing for many new forms of collaboration to take place within the community. To further respond to flooding, a 100 meter offset from the river has been dedicated to wetlands. These areas are a sloping elevation in order to redirect the flooded water from the city to the river. These existing infrastructure in these wetlands are utilized to filter hard rubbish out of the water via meshes, before it spills the river. Due to increased population, the risk of food scarcity arises in Naga. In order to ensure food security within the city, high density urban farming is introduced throughout. Many elevated areas throughout the city act as vertical farming hubs that utilise modern methods of farming in order to ensure food demands are met. This also helps in establishing a good economy for Naga as more people get employed in the agriculture sector. The city can further expand its economy to other surrounding areas, such as supplying agricultural produce to the coastal region for aquaculture produce. Therefore taking advantage of mutual benefits.

Filament The filament road is a form of connectivity among the whole city and down to the coast through the river. Naga Port is the transition from the road connection to the river connection that leads down to the coast.

Mesh The mesh performative in many ways. It provides for vegetation to grow on it, which in turn performs as shading during the hot sunny days. It is also utilized as bases for installing solar panels. This helps generate electricity for the homes in the city.

Elevated spaces New elevated platforms are plugged into the city during the times of flooding. When the ground floor becomes redundant, these elevated floors can be utilised to carry out the activities that were previously occupied on the ground level. They are further massed to allocate the growing population of the city. These new levels are of mixed activities reflecting the chaos within the city of Naga.

Naga Port The Naga port is an addition to the existing small port. It allows for connectivity between Naga city and performing as a trade link. The proposed infrastructure supports new and relocated business, as well as expansion of the existing port. This new infrastructure has also become a metaphoric door to Naga city, a welcoming architectural symbol of the city. Being located in the heart of the city and at the junction of the split in the river, it allows for a very well connected trade system to the Naga city and its surrounding areas.

High Density Farming High density farming helps ensure sustainable food security as the population of the city is forecasted to grow immensely by 2050. It allows for increased employment and economic growth in the city. Economic growth is also further boosted by selling the produce in the coastal areas. An average yield in traditional farming is 28 Ton per hectare. Whereas with vertical farming it will almost triple in amount with yielding 71 Ton per hectare.

Wetlands A 100 meter offset from the banks has been dedicated to wetlands. These wetlands help in directing the water in the city to the river. During this process the water is filtered of hard rubbish through the plants, before it enters the river.

Solar Energy New elevated platforms are plugged into the city during the times of flooding. When the ground floor becomes redundant, these elevated floors can be utilised to carry out the activities that were previously occupied on the ground level. And they are further massed to allocate the growing population of the city. These new levels are of mixed activities reflecting the chaos within the city of Naga.

Suburban

Continuing from the city center, the filament allows the transit of vehicles, goods, and people through the river to the road. It provides access to all areas and thoroughfare to the other regions while having little impact on the environment by building upon existing roads. With limited space in suburban areas, it means utilizing existing spaces with a strong footprint to add new infrastructure to accommodate the ever-growing population. The filament will act as a density corridor, with more expansions towards the city center and it decreases as towards the rural area.

Suburban In 2050, it was predicted to have a significant sea-level rise, causing the recession of occupiable land in coastal areas, the shift of estuary towards inner-urban region while combining Naga city’s prone flooding tendency, we predicted the increase in the need for accommodating high-density living and landscape definition across Urban and Suburban territory. Differentiating suburban from urban conditions, suburban faces the constraints of maintaining a level of agricultural landmass for traditional farming that provides for the city, to sustain a self-sufficient city model, while developing new infrastructures to accommodate the increase in suburban populations. Furthermore, in macro, Naga’s suburban territory’s location between its urban cityscape and low densified hillside of Mt. Isarog, allows us to focus on its potential of becoming the buffer zone for the urban and coastal area located downstream, easing their effect from seasonal rainfall incited flooding. The majority landmass in suburban territory excluding filament cities along the main road connecting different territories of Naga are dedicated towards traditional farming that is already existing in the current Naga context. Farmlands dedicated for rice and production nowadays in Naga utilizes paddy field technique, a farming system that helps hold water for a prolonged duration for the total growing season of rice. Therefore, not only does rice farming help contribute to the self-sufficient city that ultimately contributes to carbon footprints that we’re facing in the contemporary context, but it also helps reduce flooding severity down-streams by mitigating and holding water in the suburban region.

New Age Farming Currently, methods of farming in Naga rely on natural climate and large spaces to enable their crops to grow mainly in rural areas. This puts crops at risk of changing weather conditions and natural disasters or if there is limited space no crops could be grown. With our HD farming, it aims to utilize small empty plots, controlling the climate within whilst having minimal impact on the surroundings. We want HD farming to co-exist with current farming methods and contribute to the idea of a self-sufficient city. To make use of all avaible land, we have implemented to the growth of corn and rice fields to introduce more into the agriculture economies of Naga.

The addition of the mesh on new buildings will allow for the collection of water, installation of solar panels. It is designed to drape over the houses with possibilities of attachments/extensions.

Mesh

Green Canopy

Facade

With the draping of the mesh, there is an ability for it to become a green canopy. It encourages the installation of climbing plants which hopes to provide shade, keep itself insulated from the tropical climate and help to promote a more eco-friendly lifestyle within the community.

CASE STUDIES New Age of Farming The analysis is the first step in research of the form of “New Age of Farming” that may take place inside the residential cluster in suburban territory. This image was taken on a typical street in a suburban residential cluster, the image depicts makeshift fencing or facade that could be part of the devices to help support cultivation of intensified farming, which not only closes the distance between private resident and public agriculture, but also provide new definition of the “New Age of Farming”, which is the connections it provides between people by inciting mutual activities.

Residential Throughout the streets in typical Naga suburban residential clusters, we discover a delicate language between human activities and its spacial conditions and devices. Rather than typical architectural understanding, of designing and building infrastructures for its intended function, people who reside among these Suburban residential clusters have morphed their civil behaviours according to the spacial conditions and lightweight(makeshift) devices they were in, and often in a flexible manner. For instance, a basketball game could function simply in a laneway with decent width, and a wall of someone’s residential, a conversation and act of congregation that occurs in the shades, under a tree; or the hybrid of both, such as a trading transaction could occur at a makeshift store front of a typical residential housing, along with some favouring shading that attracts and accommodate congregation.

The series of images provided are of a residential cluster located in the centre of the suburban territory. The analysis aimed to depict the distribution of “points of civil activities” incited by both natural components, and man made devices or infrastructures. The colour green represents natural components which includes natural vegetations, green canopies...etc; and the colour orange represents low tech devices such as furnitures, wall mounted store tops, basketball rim...etc, and infrastructures such as sheds, concrete wall, and fences. Through these diagrams, it illustrates the density and distribution of these “points of civil activities“ in a typical suburban residential cluster, therefore, its importance and impact it has in a typical day of life of these people, and specifically, its manner of distribution along the main streets on the south side, and along the river edge that skims pass the cluster. The distribution points out the potential of designating natural vegetation and canopies throughout clusters to create a first hand water filtration and retention method to slow down water passing the suburban regions when passing through residential clusters; and distribution of low tech devices and soft infrastructures along the edges of main roads that connects clusters and territories, and further emphasise the civic landscape and the connections between private life in a micro scale with the civic public space in macro.

RURAL

As an architectural intervention on the fringes of agriculture and at the foot of the mountain, the project deals with the future densification of the rural city and its connection to the other regions within Naga. The importance of marketing the rural area as ecotourism not only promotes a beneficial economic outcome to the residents and city itself but also teaches the importance of agriculture and vulnerability of the local ecological hazard, the edge conditions of the mountain and its conservative role in the relationship between itself and the residential town. As the focus site is located on the easternmost residential area located on the naga city, it brings the question of connection back to the city. A dialogue between the rural agriculture and the filament connection comes in the form of agricultural production. The main components of the intervention consisted of three mutual relationships - researchers and education, the market or agricultural production, and the local community. The idea was to reutilize the gaps between the existing houses, as a system embedded within the existing network, Looking at the other end of Naga, it is rich in natural diversity but has a lack of connection with the city itself.

Looking at the existing footprint and main road. Rather than building on existing agricultural grounds that might further erode the soil and build additional unnecessary footprint. The net/mesh allows for the catchment of water and less solid interventions, unifying the modular typology throughout the town, and using it to create soft boundaries between the agricultural fields, defining the line between safe interactions when ecotourism arrives into the area. Furthermore, it provides shading to the area during warm weather and allows water to infiltrate into the agricultural fields instead of a solid mass. The scaffolding structure provides a framework for this new intervention to provide electricity and power to the town, connecting the various levels within the intervention in sharing a singular system that can be outsourced to residents in natural disaster events. A modular typology with several layers of opportunities, creating new platforms that allow for various engagements and involving the ground plane with agricultural production and densification. And even, it provides spaces which can become an outlet for local agriculture.

The structures which are created by mesh creates transparency and privacy. The researcherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lab, workshop and market is a dialogue between the community and people who come into the area - while providing both education as well as boosting the local agriculture by improving the resilience of the crops, creating a mutual exchange between them and locals. The market acts as eco-tourism by selling local products from the production hut and being a distribution point of production for other parts of naga city along the main road of the filament.

Filament The filament is built along the roadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s corridor to intensify the existing density located within the rural area. As the rural area is populated sparsely, the road is vital as a connection within the area. We are proposing to build the market hub and production hub along the road to create a communication between the edge condition of the road and the existing settlement in the area. The filament is weaved within the network of gaps between the residential houses, activating the existing spaces with minimal footprint. At the same time by establishing urban corridors it bleeds out the activity within private realms of the neighborhood to the street, opening the rather enclosed community within the central courtyard of the residential settlement. This provides an opportunity for intensifying farming within these corridors, providing an incentive for tourists to travel within these areas and activate the void in between the housing for cross program of activities.

Eco tourism Eco-tourism is about education, production, facilitation for the existing tourism of the mountain and the agricultural fields, future accommodation services within the residential and protection of the fields through edge boundaries of the filament along the main road. Eco-tourism also brings local economy into the area, providing a secondary income other than agricultural produce to the town which is often exported to other areas in Naga or kept as a secondary food source for the farmers who reside within the town.

Connectivity The connection with the Urban and Suburban enforces the intervention as a filament that supports the idea of expedition and a centralised market - a food production economy that allows Naga to become an economy in agriculture.

Minimal footprint Densification of towns along the filament / main road that reduces the impact of footprint and preserves the agricultural fields and activities that occurs on-site.

Agriculture Reading local agriculture fields on-site as an existing condition which has potential for ecotourism. The existing forest on the mountain which is protected areas are becoming a hard edge as a boundary of the site on the east.

Soil Erosion

Using the rice fields as a buffer, it transforms the landscape into a terraced form which not only making the terrain rather solid but also more rigid and less prone to crumbling. The roots of the rice plants create a network that solidifies the ground.

ADAPTATION, MITIGATION AND REINSTATEMENT

MITIGATION Storm surges and flooding is a major issue in this region of Camarines Sur. In an attempt to mitigate the effects of these issues, we have implemented more mangrove trees and nipa palms just before the shoreline. The trees and palms will act as a buffer with the assistance of a sacrificial zone to lighten the damage to the towns and local community. These new additions will help to prevent further soil erosion, improving the water quality, assisting in rejuvenating wildlife. ADAPTATION We believe taking on the adaptation approach to deal with water level rise and densification is most suitable. Throughout Naga city and its surrounding areas, our proposal has implemented the adaptation technique wherever possible. In the wetland areas, the existing buildings are adapting to the flooded conditions by performing the task of water filtration. Similarly all existing infrastructure adapts to flooding by just elevating the program that were previously carried out on the ground floor to a level above. By making use of the rising sea levels, there have been salt farms added to the coastal regions which will help stimulate the local economy. REINSTATEMENT Flooding of an area leads to people losing their land, their work, their home and their lives. However our proposal focuses on the idea of reinstatement of everything even during flooding. The elevated spaces allow for local life to function, even though the ground floor is flooded. Additionally with the introduction of high density farming in Naga city, the people who may have lost work due to flooding can be re-employed in the agriculture sector as more job opportunities are created. Furthermore, we aim to rebuild and improve local economies using the flooding to our advantage and implementing economies in all four regions. High-density farming helps ensure sustainable food security as the population of the city is forecasted to grow immensely by 2050. It also allows for increased employment and economic growth in the city. Economic growth is further boosted by selling the produce in the coastal areas.

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT REDUCTION

ISSUES Flooding Soil erosion Sea-level raise treatment Water collection Climate change in Naga city brings a threat of flooding due to the sea-level rise therefore affecting areas from the coastal to urban, along with landslides at Mount Isarog which results in soil erosion in the uplands. These changes require mitigation strategies through softening the harsh conditions that are currently present due to nature - nature cleaning itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own undoing in subtle interventions. These interventions have been considered and re adapted to potential usage of Naga city in 2050. In urban areas the river flooding is seen as normal as a cyclical season, yet it disrupts the urban economy and creates loss every year due to unbalanced development of Naga CBD area. The river overflows and consumes the economic areas making it redundant . We are trying to mitigate the Naga flood by using sacrificial zones, in our case wetlands. These wetland zones are not seen to be salvaged in hard interventions of what is present, but rather allow climate change to occur then readapting to them. The sea-level rise is also treated through water filtration at these wetland zones. In this event, the zones will utilise existing for filtering water and an area to build new density on top. The flood hazard on the city comes from the bicol river, therefore with our filament idea, we implement reshaping the river as a whole. By utilizing mangroves on coastal zones which can be spread along the river back into the city. Mangroves help to mitigate damage from typhoons but most importantly prevent erosion along the riverbanks which mitigate the Naga riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overflow and help to maintain water quality.

TECHNICAL FEATURES AND METHODOLOGIES

Our technology takes a softer approach by adapting micro interventions which integrates into existing buildings.

Solar-solar panels Because the latitude of the Philippines is located on the equator and the solar energy is stronger, we implemented a large number of solar panels in our design. These solar panels can help each family collect energy to maintain household electricity expenditure at a cheap price. At the same time, they can help cities reduce the footprints.

Energy collection-wind turbines From the survey results, it can be seen that there are strong winds in many parts of Naga city. These advantages can provide clean and sustainable energy for many areas and even the entire Naga city. Wind turbines are utilised throughout the coastal area and rural that help generate energy through wind.

Mesh-Shading The lack of current shading infrastructure in the city at the public and private realm creates an uncomfortable environment for the people. The mesh acts as shading at required areas for activities to occur. Potentially it can host different structures such as solar panels, and even hosting soft infrastructures such as power grids within it. This helps to cool the city at certain areas but also acts as an opportunistic space for solar energy collection. Therefore there isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a need for cooling technology to intervene in cooling the city.

REPLICATION POTENTIAL

As previously stated, four areas have been studied, as these highlight the conditions and climates throughout other parts of the Philippines. Strategies implemented here can easily be adapted to other parts of the Philippines with similar conditions. The reason why we chose four areas is to create versatile interventions that can stretch even beyond Naga, by taking the Bicol watershed as a whole.

MAIN POINTS Eco-tourism Eco-tourism in the coastal and agricultural areas can be replicated by using similar programmatic typologies to facilitate cross-programming of activities between farming and ecology. It intensifies the farming whilst protecting the fields from tourists through the strategic placements along the coast and intersection of the main road. These programs not only provide a sense of self-sustainability but also provide a means of the additional market towards tourism, providing new jobs to the local residents within the area. Furthermore, densification within the urban city of Naga can exhibit their densification of farming, creating versatile styles of farming in different scales throughout Naga city, from sparse to compact farming.

Increased density of existing residences By looking into local context and rebuilding on top of existing footprint, it helps to minimize the impact of our intervention. By building infrastructure focusing on local economies it creates a network that spreads across large regions, as a micro intervention.

Filament Starting from one end of the city, filament tries to help these regions develop new economic relations, strengthen infrastructure along the road, and balance production capacity and labour between different regions. These measures can ensure that the development direction of the entire city tends to be healthy, and the advantaged areas drive the disadvantaged areas.

Application of mesh By using simplistic and versatile design that can accommodate new spaces around existing building, by combining mesh and scaffolding as infrastructure. The mesh is permeable in nature, making it less obstructive in its implementation throughout the city. This allows for daily activities to occur without disruptions to sunlight and rain. The mesh becomes solid at certain areas to allow for rain collection, varying its transition from solid to permeable in its implementation. The mesh transports electrical services which latch to the wind turbines and solar panels to harvest and generate energy, varying the network and allows for backup in the event one fails to generate power or is faulty to transport electrical services.

CLOSING STATEMENT

Naga city’s condition is unique as it has such a variety of geographical conditions surrounding it, being near the coast to proximity to an active volcano. It is rapidly developing with a population projected to double by 2050. At the same time the city is prone to many hazards such as floods and erosion, the repercussion of climate change. We believe that letting in the water to take over is the best course, then to readapt to flooding conditions. By doing so it’s possible to really focus on existing local context as the base of the project. We regard the city as a whole. The main strategy is to use the existing main roads as a filament in the city as the core of the entire design. The rest of design like various infrastructures extend around the filament, and through these solutions to the Philippines’ most serious environmental issues.

REFERENCES Climate Central. 2020. Sea Level Rise And Coastal Flood Risk Maps -- A Global Screening Tool By Climate Central. [online] Available at: <https://coastal.climatecentral.org/map/12/123.2023/13.6975/?theme=sea_level_rise&map_type=year&contiguous=true&elevation_model=best_available&forecast_year=2030&pathway=rcp45&percentile=p50&return_level=return_level_1&slr_model=kopp_2014> [Accessed 6 March 2020]. Ranada, P., 2020. Extreme Flooding Can Turn Naga City Into An Island. [online] Rappler. Available at: <https:// www.rappler.com/nation/48216-naga-climate-adaptation-study> [Accessed 4 June 2020]. World Weather & Climate Information. 2020. Climate And Average Monthly Weather In Naga (Luzon), Philippines. [online] Available at: <https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,naga-luzon-ph,Philippines> [Accessed 8 June 2020]. 2020. Naga City Disaster Mitigation Plan. [ebook] Bangkok: Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, pp.11-65. Available at: <https://www.adpc.net/igo/category/ID186/doc/2013-iMDp26-ADPC-Naga_City_Disaster_Mitigation_ Plan.pdf> [Accessed 8 June 2020]. (2010), Use of Land [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.islandsproperties.com/maps/camarines-sur.htm [Accessed 2 March 2020].

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