VALIDATED TOOLS AssetPlus Baker, K., Jones, S., Roberts, C. and Merrington, S. (2003). The evaluation of the validity and reliability of the Youth Justice Board’s assessment for young offenders. Findings for the first two years of the use of ASSET. London: Youth Justice Board. [Not accessible] Baker, K., Jones, S. and Roberts, C. (2005). Further Development of ASSET. Youth Justice Board for England and Wales. London: Youth Justice Board. [Not accessible] Baker, K. (2014) AssetPlus Rationale. London: Youth Justice Board. Access Here. Burman, M., Armstrong, S., Batchelor, S., McNeill, F. and Nicholson, J. (2007). Research and Practice in Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Children and Young People Engaging in Offending Behaviours: A Literature Review. Glasgow, UK: The Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research. Access Here. Fearn, G. (2014) Youth Crime: Am Investigation into the Effectiveness of General Reoffending Risk Assessment Tools. Unpublished ForenPsyD thesis. Birmingham, UK: Centre for Forensic Criminological Psychology, University of Birmingham. Access Here. Yates, P.M. (2005) Pathways to the Treatment of Sexual Offenders: Rethinking Intervention. Forum, Summer. Beaverton OR: Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, 1-9. [Not accessible] EARL-20B Augimeri, L. K., Koegl, C., Webster, C. and Levene, K. (2001). The Early Assessment of Risk List for Boys (EARL-20B) (Version 2). Toronto: Earlscourt Child and Family Centre. [Not accessible] Augimeri, L. Koegl, C., Levene, K., Webster, C. (2005). Early Assessment Risk Lists for Boys and Girls. In Thomas Grisso, Gina Vincent, Daniel Seagrave. (2005) Mental health Screening and Assessment in Juvenile Justice. New York, New York: The Guilford Press, 295-310. Access Here. Augimeri, L. K., Pepler, D., Walsh, M. M., Jiang, D. and Dassinger, C. (2010). Aggressive and antisocial young children: Risk prediction, assessment and clinical risk management. Program Evaluation Report submitted to The Provincial Centre of Excellence for Child and Youth Mental Health at CHEO (Grant: # RG-976). Toronto, Ontario: Centre for Children Committing Offences and Program Development. Access Here. Augimeri, L. K., Walsh, M., Jiang, D., Koegl, C. J. and Logue, C. (2010) Early Assessment Risk List – PreChecklist: EARL-PC (Pilot Checklist). Toronto, ON: Child Development Institute. [Not accessible] Augimeri, L. K., Walsh, M. M., Liddon, A. D. and Dassinger, C. R. (2011) ‘From risk identification to risk management: a comprehensive strategy for young children engaging in antisocial behavior. In Springer, D. W. and Roberts, A. (eds). Juvenile Justice and Delinquency. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Barlett Publishers, 117-140. Access Here. Augimeri, L. K., Pepler, D., Walsh, M. and Kivlenieks, M. (2017) ‘Addressing Children’s Disruptive Behavior Problems: A Thirty-Year Journey with SNAP (Stop Now And Plan).’ In Sturmey, P. (Ed.), Handbook of Violence and Aggression, Volume 2: Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Individuals. U.S.: Wiley-Blackwell. Access Here. RATED page updated: July 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019
Augimeri, L. K., Walsh, M., Donato, A., Blackman, A. and Piquero, A. R. (2018) ‘SNAP (Stop Now And Plan): Helping children improve their self-control and externalizing behavior problems.’, Journal of Criminal Justice: Special Issue - Advances in Research on Self-Control, 56, 43-49. Access Here. Augimeri, L. K., Walsh, M., Enebrink, P., Jiang, D., Blackman, A., & Kanter, D. (2019). Genderspecific childhood risk assessment tools: Early Assessment Risk Lists for Boys (EARL-20B) and Girls (EARL-21G). In Otto, R. K. and Douglas, K. S. (Eds.), Handbook of violence risk assessment, 2nd edition, 43-62. Oxford, UK: Routledge, Taylor & Francis. [Not accessible] de Ruiter, C., van Domburgh, L. and Augimeri, L. (2012) ‘Risk assessment of antisocial behavior in children under 12: The Early Assessment Risk Lists.’ In Lodewijks, H. P. B. and van Domburgh, L. (eds.) Instruments for risk assessment of harm by and in children and youth. Amsterdam: Pearson Assessment. [Not accessible] De Ruiter, C. and Augimeri, L. K. (2012) ‘Making delinquency prevention work with children and adolescents: From risk assessment to effective interventions.’ In Logan, C. and Johnstone, L. (eds.) Managing Clinical Risk: A Guide to Effective Practice, 199-223. London: Routledge. Access Here. De Ruiter, C. and van Domburgh, L. (2016). Predictive Validity of the Early Assessment Risk List for Boys (EARL-20B) after First Police Contact: Differences between Western and Non-Western Boys in The Netherlands. Manuscript in preparation. Enebrink, P., Långström, N., and Gumpert, C.H. (2006a). Predicting aggressive and disruptive behaviour in referred 6-12 year-old boys: Prospective validation of the EARL-20B risk/needs checklist. Assessment, 13(3), 356-367. Access Here. Enebrink, P., Långström, N., Hultén, A. and Gumpert, C. H. (2006b). Swedish Validation of the EARL-20B: A Decision-Aid for use with Children Presenting with Conduct-Disordered Behaviour. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 60, 438-446. Access Here. Hrynkiw-Augimeri, L. K. (2005). Aggressive and Antisocial Young Children: Risk Assessment and Management Utilising the Early Assessment Risk List for Boys (EARL-20B). Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto. [Not accessible] Koegl, C. J. (2011) ‘High risk antisocial children: predicting future criminal and health outcomes. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge. [Not accessible] Koegl, C.J., Farrington, D. and Augimeri, L. (submitted). Predicting Future Criminal Convictions in Children Under Age 12 using The Early Assessment Risk Lists. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, Special issue: Developmental and life-course approaches to crime prevention. [Not accessible] Levene, K. S., Augimeri, L. K., Pepler, D., Walsh, M., Webster, C. D. and Koegl, C. J. (2001). Early Assessment Risk List for Girls – Version 1, Consultation Edition (EARL-21 G). Toronto: Earlscourt Child and Family Centre. [Not accessible] Webster, C., Douglas, K. S., Eaves, D. and Hart, D. (1997). HCR-20 assessing risk for violence: Version II. Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada: Simon Fraser University. [Not accessible] RATED page updated: July 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019
Walsh, M., Yuile, A., Jiang, D., Augimeri, L.K., Pepler, D. (2007). Early Assessment Risk List for Girls (EARL-21G): Predicting Antisocial Behaviors and Clinical Implications. Manuscript in preparation. YASI Baird, Chris Theresa Healy, Kristen Johnson, Andrea Bogie, Erin Wicke Dankert and Chris Scharenbroch. (2013) A comparison of risk assessment instruments in juvenile justice. Washington, D. C.: National Council on Crime and Delinquency, U.S. Department of Justice. Access Here. Baronski, R. (2004) Washington State Juvenile Court Assessment Manual, Version 2.1 (Report No. 04-03-1203). Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy. [Not accessible] Jones, N. J. (2013). Expanding “What Works”: The role of strengths in risk assessment. Poster presented at the annual convention of the American Psychology and Law Society, Portland, Oregon. [Not accessible] Jones, N. J., Brown, S. L., Wanamaker, K. A., and Greiner, L. E. (2014) ‘A Quantitative Exploration of Gendered Pathways to Crime in a Sample of Male and Female Juvenile Offenders.’ Feminist Criminology 9(2), 113–136. Access Here. Jones, N. J., Brown, S. L., Robinson, D., and Frey, D. (2015) ‘Incorporating Strengths Into Quantitative Assessments of Criminal Risk for Adult Offenders: The Service Planning Instrument.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 42(3), 321–338. Access Here. Jones, N. J. Shelley L. Brown, David Robinson and Deanna Frey. (2016) ‘Validity of the Youth Assessment and Screening Instrument: A Juvenile Justice tool incorporating risk, needs and strengths.’ Law Human Behavior 40(2), 182-194. Access Here. Robinson, D. and Jones, N. (2017) The validity of youth assessment and screening instrument for justice involved youth in Milwaukee county. Ottawa, Canada: Orbis Partners Inc. [Not accessible] Scott, T., Brown, S. I. and Skilling, T. A. (2019) ‘Predictive and Convergent Validity of the Youth Assessment and Screening Instrument in a Sample of Male and Female Justice-Involved Youth.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 46(6), 811-831. Access Here. Skeem, J., Kennealy, P., Hernandez, I., Tatar, J., Clark, S., Tartar, J., and Keith, F. (2013). CAYASI predictive utility: How well do scores and classifications predict youths' infractions and arrests? Report prepared for the Division of Juvenile Justice, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). [Not accessible] YLS/CMI 2.0 Anderson, V. R., Davidson II, W. S., Barnes, A. R. Campbell, C. A., Peterson, J. L. and Onifade, E. (2016) ‘The differential predictive validity of the Youth Level of Service Case Management Inventory: the role of gender.’ Psychology, Crime and Law 22(7), 666-677. Access Here. Andrews, D. A. and Bonta, J. (1994). The psychology of criminal conduct. Cincinnati, OH, US: Anderson Publishing Co. Access Here. Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J. and Wormith, S. (2011) ‘The Risk-Need-Responsivity Model.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 38 (7), 735-755. Access Here. RATED page updated: July 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019
Baird, C., Healy, T., Johnson, K., Bogie, A., Wicke Dankert, E. and Scharenbroch, C. (2013) A comparison of risk assessment instruments in juvenile justice. Washington, D. C.: National Council on Crime and Delinquency, U.S. Department of Justice. Access Here. Barnes, A. R., Campbell, N. A., Anderson, V. R., Campbell, C. A., Onifade, E. and Davidson, W. S. (2016) ‘Validity of initial, exit and dynamic juvenile risk assessment: an examination across gender and race/ethnicity.’ Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 55(1), 21-38. Access Here. Bechtel, K., Lowenkamp, C. T. and Latessa, E. (2007) ‘Assessing the Risk of Re-Offending for Juvenile Offenders Using the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory.’ Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 45(3-4), 85-108. Access Here. Burman, M., Armstrong, S., Batchelor, S., McNeill, F. and Nicholson, J. (2007). Research and Practice in Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Children and Young People Engaging in Offending Behaviours: A Literature Review. Glasgow, UK: The Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research. Access Here. Campbell, C., Onifade, E., Barnes, A., Peterson, J., Anderson, V. Davidson, W. and Gordon, D. (2014) ‘Screening Offenders: The Exploration of a Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) Brief Screener.’ Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 53(1), 19-34. Access Here. Chu, C. M., Daffern, M., Thomas, S. and Lim, J. Y. (2012) ‘Violence risk and gang affiliation in youth offenders: a recidivism study.’ Psychology, Crime & Law 18(3), 299-315. Access Here. Chu, C. M., Goh, M. L. and Chong, D. (2016) ‘The Predictive Validity of Savry Ratings for Assessing Youth Offenders in Singapore: A Comparison With YLS/CMI Ratings.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 43(6), 793–810. Access Here. Cuervo, K. and Villanueva, L. (2018) ‘Prediction of Recidivism With the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (Reduced Version) in a Sample of Young Spanish Offenders.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62(11), 3562–3580. Access Here. Hoge, R. D. and Andrews, D. A. (1995) Australian adaptation of the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems. Access Here. Hoge, R. D. and Andrews, D. A. (2002). The Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory manual and scoring key. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems. [Not accessible] Hoge R. D. and Andrews D. A. (2011). Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory 2.0 (YLS/CMI 2.0): User’s manual. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems. [Not accessible] Jara, P., Garcia-Gomis, A. and Villanueva, L. (2016) ‘Impact of type of intervention on youth reoffending: are gender and risk level involved?’ Psychiatry, Psychology, Law 23(2), 215-223. Access Here. Latessa, Edward, Lux, Jennifer, Chouhy, Cecilia and Long, Joshua. (2016) Examining the Validity and Reliability of the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory 2.0 for the South RATED page updated: July 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019
Dakota Department of Corrections – Juvenile Community Corrections. Cincinnati, Ohio: University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute. Access Here. Marshall. J., Egan. V., English., E. and Jones. R. (2006) ‘Relative Validity of Psychopathy Versus Risk/Needs-Based Assessments in the Prediction of Adolescent Offending Behaviour.’ Legal and Criminological Psychology 11(2), 197-210. Access Here. McGrath, A. and Thompson, A. P. (2012) ‘The Relative Predictive Validity of the Static and Dynamic Domain Scores in Risk-Need Assessment of Juvenile Offenders. ‘Criminal Justice and Behavior 39(3), 250–263. Access Here. McGrath, Andrew J., Thompson, Anthony P. and Goodman-Delahunty, Jane. (2018) ‘Differentiating Predictive Validity and Practical Utility for the Australian Adaptation of the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory.’ Criminal Justice and Behaviour 45(6), 820-834. Access Here. McLachlan, Kaitlyn, Gray, Andrew L., Roesch, Ronald, Douglas, Kevin S. and Viljoen, Jodi L. (2018) ‘An evaluation of the predictive validity of the SAVRY and the YLS/CMI in justice involved youth with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.’ Psychological Assessment 30(12), 1640-1651. Access Here. Olver, M. E., Stockdale, K. C., and Stephen Wormith, J. (2009) ‘Risk Assessment With Young Offenders: A Meta-Analysis of Three Assessment Measures.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 36(4), 329–353. Access Here. Olver, M. E., Stockdale, K. C., and Wong, S. C. P. (2012) ‘Short and long-term prediction of recidivism using the youth level of service/case management inventory in a sample of serious young offenders.’ Law and Human Behavior 36(4), 331-344. Access Here. Onifade, E., Davidson, W., Livsey, S., Turke, G., Horton, C., Malinowski, J., Atkinsin, D., Wimberly, D. (2008a) ‘Risk assessment: Identifying patterns of risk in young offenders with the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory.’ Journal of Criminal Justice 36(2), 165-173. Access Here. Onifade, E., Davidson, W., Campbell, C., Turke, G., Malinowski, J. and Turner, K. (2008b) ‘Predicting Recidivism in Probationers With the Youth Level of Service Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI).’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 35(4), 474–483. Access Here. Onifade, E., Davidson, W. and Campbell, C. (2009) ‘Risk Assessment: The Predictive Validity of the Youth Level of Service Case Management Inventory with African Americans and Girls.’ Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 7(3), 205-221. Access Here. Perrault, R. T., Vincent G. M. and L. S. Guy. (2017) ‘Are risk assessments racially biased? Field study of the SAVRY and YLS/CMI in probation.’ Psychological Assessment 29 (6), 664-678. Access Here. Pusch, N. and Holtfreter, K. (2018) ‘Gender and Risk Assessment in Juvenile Offenders: A MetaAnalysis.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 45(1), 56–81. Access Here. Rennie, C. and Dolan, M. (2010) ‘Predictive validity of the Youth Level Of Service/Case Management Inventory in custody sample in England.’ Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 21(3), 407–25. Access Here. RATED page updated: July 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019
Salekin, R. T. (2008) ‘Psychopathy and recidivism from mid-adolescence to young adulthood: Cumulating legal problems and limiting life opportunities.’ Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117(2), 386-395. Access Here. Schmidt, F., McKinnon, L., Chattha, H. K., and Brownlee, K. (2006) ‘Concurrent and predictive validity of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth version across gender and ethnicity.’ Psychological Assessment 18(4), 393-401. Access Here. Schmidt, F., Sinclair, S. M. and Thomasdottir, S. (2016) ‘Predictive validity of the youth level of service/case management inventory with youth who have committed sexual and non-sexual offences: the utility of professional override.’ Justice and Behavior 43(3), 413-430. Access Here. Schwalbe, C. S. (2008) ‘A Meta-Analysis of Juvenile Justice Risk Assessment Instruments: Predictive Validity by Gender.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 35(11), 1367–1381. Access Here. Scott, T., Brown, S. I. and Skilling, T. A. (2019) ‘Predictive and Convergent Validity of the Youth Assessment and Screening Instrument in a Sample of Male and Female Justice-Involved Youth.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 46(6), 811-831. Access Here. Stockdale, K. C. (2008) The Validity and reliability of the Violence Risk Scale-Youth Version (VRsYV). Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Saskatoon, Canada: University of Saskatchewan. Access Here. Taylor, Alan. (2018) Risk Profiles and the YLS/CMI: Examining Mean Differences in Gender, Race, Hispanic Origin, Child Service History, Gangs and Offence Type. Master of Social Work Degree, University of Manitoba: Winnipeg. Access Here. Vaswani, N. (2013) The use of the YLS/CMI in Scotland. Glasgow, UK: Centre for Youth and Criminal Justice. No 01 (November). Access Here. Vaswani, N. and Merone, L. (2012) ‘Are there risks with risk assessment? A study of the predictive accuracy of the youth level of service case management inventory with young offenders in Scoltand.’ The British Journal of Social Work 44(8), 2163-2187. Access Here. Vieira T. A., Skilling T. A., Peterson-Badali M. (2009) ‘Matching court-ordered services with treatment needs: Predicting treatment success with young offenders.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 36, 385-401. Access Here. Viljoen, J. L., Elkovitch, N., Scalora, M. J., & Ullman, D. (2009) ‘Assessment of reoffense risk in adolescents who have committed sexual offenses: Predictive validity of the ERASOR, PCL:YV, YLS/CMI, and Static-99.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 36(10), 981-1000. Access Here. Villanueva, L., Gomis-Pomares, A. and Adrian, J. E. (2019) ‘Predictive Validity of the YLS/CMI in a Sample of Spanish Young Offenders of Arab Descent.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 1-17. Access Here. Welsh, J. L., Schmidt, F., McKinnon, L., K., H. and Meyers, J. R. (2008) ‘A Comparative Study of Adolescent Risk Assessment Instruments: Predictive and Incremental Validity.’ Assessment 15(1), 104–115. Access Here. RATED page updated: July 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019
Yates, P.M. (2005) Pathways to the Treatment of Sexual Offenders: Rethinking Intervention. Forum, Summer. Beaverton OR: Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, 1-9. [Not accessible] TOOLS AWAITING VALIDATION EARL-21G Augimeri, L. K., Koegl, C. J., Levene, K. S. and Webster, C. D. (2005) ‘Early Assessment Risk Lists for Boys and Girls.’ In Grisso, T., Vincent, G. and Seagrave, D. (eds.). Mental health screening and assessment in juvenile justice. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 295-310. Access Here. Augimeri, L. K., Enebrink, P., Walsh, M. and Jiang, D. (2010a) ‘Gender-Specific Childhood Risk Assessment Tools: Early Assessment Risk Lists for Boys (EARL-20B) and Girls (EARL-21G).’ In Otto, R. K. and Douglas, K. S. (eds.) Handbook of Violence Risk Assessment. London: Routledge, 43-62. Access Here. Augimeri, L. K., Pepler, D., Walsh, M. M., Jiang, D. and Dassinger, C. (2010b). Aggressive and antisocial young children: Risk prediction, assessment and clinical risk management. Program Evaluation Report submitted to The Provincial Centre of Excellence for Child and Youth Mental Health at CHEO (Grant: # RG-976). Toronto, Ontario: Centre for Children Committing Offences and Program Development. Access Here. Augimeri, L., Walsh, M. and Donato, A. (2016) ‘SNAP® (Stop Now and Plan) and Future Criminal Outcomes: A Case for Intervention During the Middle Years.’ International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services, June 21st-23rd. New York: Fordham University. Access Here. Augimeri, L. K., Pepler, D., Walsh, M. and Kivlenieks, M. (2017) ‘Addressing Children’s Disruptive Behavior Problems: A Thirty-Year Journey with SNAP (Stop Now And Plan).’ In Sturmey, P. (Ed.), Handbook of Violence and Aggression, Volume 2: Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Individuals. U.S.: Wiley-Blackwell. Access Here. Augimeri, L., Walsh, M., and Donato, A. (2016) SNAP (Stop Now And Plan) and future criminal outcome: A case for intervention during the middle years–Part II. Symposium paper presented at the International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services Conference, New York, NY. Access Here. Augimeri, L. K., Walsh, M., Donato, A., Blackman, A. and Piquero, A. R. (2018) ‘SNAP (Stop Now And Plan): Helping children improve their self-control and externalizing behavior problems.’, Journal of Criminal Justice: Special Issue - Advances in Research on Self-Control, 56, 43-49. Access Here. de Ruiter, C. and Augimeri, L. K. (2012) ‘Making delinquency prevention work with children and adolescents: From risk assessment to effective interventions.’ In C. Logan and L. Johnstone (Eds.), Managing clinical risk: A guide to effective practice. London, UK: Routledge, 199-223. Access Here. Koegl, C. J. (2011) High-risk antisocial children. Predicting future criminal and health outcomes. Doctoral dissertation. Cambridge, UK: Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge. [Not accessible]
RATED page updated: July 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019
Levene, K. S., Augimeri, L. K., Pepler, D. J., Walsh, M. M., Webster, C. D. and Koegl, C. J. (2001) Early assessment risk list for girls, EARL-21G (Version 1). Toronto, ON: Earlscourt Child and Family Centre. [Not accessible] Yuile, A. (2007) Developmental pathways of aggressive girls: A gender-sensitive approach to risk assessment, intervention, and follow-up. Doctoral dissertation. Toronto, Canada: York University. [Not accessible] YLS/CMI-SV 2.0 Chu, C. M., Yu, H., Lee, Y. and Zeng, G. (2014) ‘The utility of the YLS/CMI-SV for Assessing Youth Offenders in Singapore.’ Criminal Justice and Behavior 41(12), 1437-1457. Access Here. Cuervo, K. and Villanueva, L. (2018) ‘Prediction of Recidivism With the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (Reduced Version) in a Sample of Young Spanish Offenders.’ International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62(11), 3562–3580. Access Here.
RATED page updated: July 2019 © Risk Management Authority 2019