(ebook) multiwavelength optical lans by georgios i. papadimitriou, p. a. tsimoulas, mohammed s. obai

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MultiwavelengthOpticalLANs

G.I.Papadimitriou

AristotleUniversity,Greece

P.A.Tsimoulas

AristotleUniversity,Greece

M.S.Obaidat

MonmouthUniversity,USA

A.S.Pomportsis

AristotleUniversity,Greece

MultiwavelengthOpticalLANs

G.I.Papadimitriou

AristotleUniversity,Greece

P.A.Tsimoulas

AristotleUniversity,Greece

M.S.Obaidat

MonmouthUniversity,USA

A.S.Pomportsis

AristotleUniversity,Greece

Copyright C 2003JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussexPO198SQ,England

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MultiwavelengthopticalLANs/G.I.Papadimitriou ...[etal.]. p.cm.

Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-470-85108-2(alk.paper)

1.Localareanetworks(Computernetworks)2.Opticalcommunications.3.Wavelengthdivison multiplying.I.Papadimitriou,G.I.(GeorgiosI.),1996–TK5105.7.M852003

004.6 8–dc222003057191

BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData

AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary

ISBN0-470-85108-2

Typesetin10/12pt.TimesbyTechBooks,NewDelhi,India

PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyTJInternationalLtd,Padstow,Cornwall,UK

Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestry inwhichatleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction.

TomychildrenZoiandIlias (GeorgiosI.Papadimitriou)

TomyparentsAntoniosandIoannaandmybrotherJohn (ParaskevasA.Tsimoulas)

ToBalqies:forherunwaveringlove,supportandencouragement (MohammadS.Obaidat)

Tomyparents,tomywifeZoiandtoourchildren,SergiosandGeorge (AndreasS.Pomportsis)

3MediumAccessControlProtocols 129

3.1Fixed-AssignmentProtocols137

3.2RandomAccessProtocols152

3.3PretransmissionCoordination-BasedProtocols158 Notes217 References221

4AdaptiveProtocols 227

4.1AdaptiveTDMAProtocols230

4.2AdaptiveRandomAccessProtocols250

4.3AdaptivePretransmissionCoordinationProtocols269

4.4CentralizedPacketFilteringProtocols278 Notes303 References305 Index309

Preface

Theexistingnetworkinfrastructureinaworld-widescaleisatpresentlargelybased oncoppercableandopticalfibrecarryingasinglewavelength.Single-wavelength (or firstgeneration)opticalnetworkinghasallowedtransmissionsathigherbit ratesoverlongerdistancesincomparisontocoppercable-basednetworking.Even so,theexistinginfrastructureoftodayoverallcannotsatisfytheever-increasing demandforcommunicationbandwidthandcannotsupportnewInternetservices andapplicationswithincreasedbandwidthrequirements.Thisisbecauseelectronic devicescanonlyhandlebitratesuptoafewGb/sandthereforeexploitonlyasmall fractionoftheavailablebandwidthinanopticalfibre.Ontheotherhand,laying newfibreisgenerallynotapracticalsolution.

Wavelength-DivisionMultiplexing (WDM )isprobablythemostpowerfultechniquetounlocktheenormousbandwidthinopticalfibreandthusovercomethe electronicbottleneckwithoutlayingnewfibre.WDMimpliesdividingtheentire opticalbandwidthofafibreintomultiplenon-interferingwavelengthsservingas channelsthatcanbeindependentlyandsimultaneouslyaccessedbyelectronic devicesatreasonable—forelectroniccircuitry—speeds.Accordingly, multiwavelengthopticalnetworking isthemostpromisingtechnologyformeetingbothour presentandfutureinformationnetworkingneeds;thecorrespondingWDM-based networksbelongtotheso-called secondgenerationofopticalnetworks.

MultiwavelengthOpticalLANs,G.I.Papadimitriou,P.A.Tsimoulas,M.S.ObaidatandA.S.Pomportsis. C 2003JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.ISBN0-470-85108-2.

Aftermanyyearsofresearch,conferences,workshops,alargeamountofpublishedworkinrelevantjournalsandanumberofexperimentalprototypesand testbeds,wehaverecentlyreachedapointwheremultiwavelengthopticalnetworkshaveeventuallybrokenthrough(outofthelaboratories)intocommercial reality.Aconstantlygrowingnumberoflong-haulnetworkoperatorshaveadopted WDMsolutionstotheirnetworksinanefforttoincreasetheircapacityandbeable torespondtothehighdemandforbroadbandservices.ItisnoteworthyforexamplethatinthelastcoupleofyearstheNorthAmericanWDMtransportmarketfor opticalbackbonenetworkshasgrownbyatabout50%(inbilliondollars).

Thisbook,however,focusesontheapplicationofmultiwavelengthopticalnetworkinginthe localarea.Eventhoughmostoftheearlyresearchstudiesonoptical networkswerecentredonthelocalareatoo,itisafactthatthe(hitherto)highcost ofapplyingopticalWDMnetworkingtechniquesinlocalareanetworks(LANs) hasbeenthegreatestobstacletotheircommercialviability.Thenecessaryoptical componentsforsuchimplementationsaccountforasignificantlyhighercostas comparedtotheirelectroniccounterparts.Consequently,thusfar,itishardfor acorporationtojustifythecostofusingamultiwavelengthopticalLANwhenit cancoveritsneedsquitewellandmuchmoreeconomicallywithmoreestablished options,likeGigabitEthernet,forexample.Theproblemofcost-effectiveness remainstosomeextentforlargelightwavenetworksaswell.

Ontheotherhandthough,theunderlyingopticalcomponenttechnologyis stillexperiencingaphaseofrapidprogresswiththeobjectiveofachievingboth furthertechnicaldevelopmentsandcostlevelscomparabletotraditionalelectronic technology.Itwouldnotbeanoverstatementtosaythatwearestillatthebeginning ofthelearningcurveformuchoftheenablingopticaltechnology,andmanyofthe limitationsitimposes,bothtechnicalandeconomical,areexpectedtobeovercome inthenearfuture.Afterall,asfarasthemainobstacleformultiwavelengthoptical LANsisconcerned,i.e.cost,andaccordingtotheobservationmadebyPaulE. Green,Jr.inreference[12]ofChapter1,thereisnothinginthelawofphysicsthat saysopticalcomponentssuchaslasers,multiplexers,switchesandsoforth,have tobesoexpensive.Takingalltheseintoaccount,itwouldbenormallyexpected thatopticalWDMwilldevelopintoaviablealternativeforimplementinghighperformanceLANssoonerorlater.

Thus,themainpurposeofthisbookistoinvestigatethemajorarchitectural, topologicalandprotocolissuesregardingmultiwavelengthopticalLANstoday. ConsideringthepreviousdiscussionaboutconstantadvancesonopticalcomponenttechnologythatmakeWDMopticalLANsallthemorefeasibleforwide commercialdeployment,thebookinvestigatesthoroughlythecruciallattertopic, i.e.the Media-AccessControl (MAC ) protocols thatshouldbeused.Anoteworthy

partofthevastliteratureonsuchprotocolsisoverviewedaftersomegeneraldistinguishingkeyprotocolcharacteristicsareprovided.Furthermore,arecentsignificantclassofpromisingprotocolswhoseoperationisbasedonnetworkfeedback informationcomprisesafocalpoint;inthisway,these adaptiveprotocols achieve anoverallhigherperformanceincomparisontomanyothernon-adaptiveschemes.

Themainidea,i.e.theessenceofeachprotocol,isdescribedneithertoobriefly (makingfurtherstudynecessaryasinmostoverviewsfoundinotherbooksand journalarticles)norincludingallthedetailsthatmaybetiresomeforthereader. Moreover,thesurveyofprotocolsprovidedinthisbookismorecompletethan mostotherreports,sincesampleschemesthatarerepresentativeofallthekey protocolclassesarepresented.

Hence,wehopethebookservesasavaluable,up-to-dateandconcisereference itemforstudents,researchers,networkdesignersandnetworkoperators,whoare interestedinmultiwavelengthopticalLANs.Thebookintendstoshortlyintroduce thesepeopletothespiritofmostprotocolsandsharpentheirmindtoeasilyunderstandothersandpossiblydesignnewones.Anadditionalobjectiveofthebook istoprovideanaid-back,yetcompleteandcomprehensive,introductiontomore generalaspectsofopticalnetworking,includingfirstgenerationopticalnetworks, otherclassesofsecondgenerationopticalnetworks(besidesmultiwavelengthopticalLANs)andtheunderlyingenablingdevicetechnology.Thus,inadditionto introducingpeoplewhowishtobecomefamiliarwithopticalnetworkstothe field,thismayalsoserveasanall-embracingoverviewhelpingpeoplewhoalreadyhavesomeknowledgeofopticalnetworkingtoreorganizethingsintheir mind.

OVERVIEWOFTHEBOOK

Chapter1providesageneralintroductiontoopticalnetworks.Thiscomprises solidbackgroundknowledgeonopticalnetworkinginanycaseandalsoforthe restofthebook.Slightlymoreemphasisisplacedonthelocalarea,asthisisthe mainsubjectofthebook.Themaindistinctivecharacteristicsofmultiwavelength opticalLANsarediscussed(exceptforMACprotocolswhichareinvestigated in-depthinthelasttwochapters).Theseincludethephysicaltopology,thelogical topologyandthestructureofnetworknodes.DespitetheslightemphasisonLANs, however,theintroductionofChapter1remainsgeneralandcoversmanytopics onopticalnetworks,suchasfirstgenerationopticalnetworksandothersignificant classesofsecondgenerationopticalnetworks,asmentionedbefore.

Thebackgroundiscomplementedwellwithacomprehensivedescriptionof theenablingdevicetechnologyinChapter2,since,unlikeothertechnologies,

opticalnetworkingiscloselyrelatedtothephysicallayer.Thus,opticalnetwork componenttechnologyshoulddefinitelybethefocusofourattentionaswell.

TherestofthebookfocusesontheareaofMACprotocolswhichisofmajor importanceformultiwavelengthopticalLANs.Chapter3discussessomegeneral distinguishingkeyprotocolcharacteristics.Afterthat,itpresentsanoteworthypart ofthevastliteratureonMACprotocolsasdescribedbefore.

Finally,Chapter4introducesarecentsignificantclassofpromisingprotocolsfor multiwavelengthopticalLANs,whoseoperationisbasedonnetworkfeedbackinformation.Asmentionedbefore,theseadaptiveschemesachieveanoverallhigher performanceincomparisontomanyothernon-adaptiveprotocols.

Wereallyhopeyouwillenjoyreadingthisbookandfindithelpful.

Acknowledgements

WewouldliketothankChrisulaPapazoglouforwillinglyundertakingthetask ofdrawingquitealotoffiguresforChapter1andChapter4and,ofcourse,we wouldalsoliketoacknowledgetheunderstandingandpricelesssupportgivento usbyourfamiliesthroughouttheprocessofwritingthisbook.

1 Introduction

Weliveinasocietythathasalreadystartedtoexperiencethedailyeffectsofthe informationrevolution.Theassociatedchangeinthewaywecommunicatestarted toescalateinthelastdecadeofthetwentiethcenturywiththeproliferationof theInternetwhich,fromatechnicalpointofview,canbeseenasacollection ofLocalAreaNetworks(LANs)withoftendifferentarchitecturesandprotocol stacks,gluedtogetherwithacoupleofsimpleyethighlyflexibleprotocols:theconnectionlessInternetProtocol(IP)andtheconnection-orientedTransportControl Protocol(TCP)runningontopofIP.Asthehumanappetiteforallkindofthings growsstronger,itwasnormallyexpectedthatthedemandfornetworkcapacity (orbandwidth)wouldfollowthesamerule.Whatwasnotexpected,however,was theintensityofthisphenomenonwhichhasbeenunprecedentedindeed.

TheexplosiveandcontinuousspreadoftheInternet,evenwhenitisjustseenas anincreaseinthenumberofusers,isoneofthemajorcausesofhigherandhigher demandfornetworkcapacity.However,thebandwidthrequiredbyeachindividual userhasbeenincreasingdramaticallytoo.Itisworthnotingforexamplethatinthe middle1990stherewasanannualfactorofeight-foldgrowthinbitraterequired byeachuser,areallydauntinggrowthrateforanykindofuserdemand[11].Thus, itseemsthatusersareconstantlygrowingmoreinnumberand,atthesametime, becomingmoredifficultto‘satisfy’intermsofprovidedcapacity.

MultiwavelengthOpticalLANs,G.I.Papadimitriou,P.A.Tsimoulas,M.S.ObaidatandA.S.Pomportsis. C 2003JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.ISBN0-470-85108-2.

Inanefforttofindthereasoningbehindthispersistentincreaseofnetwork capacitydemand,wecouldexaminethephenomenonfromaneconomicsperspective,i.e.consideringthesimpleruleofthecost-demandrelationthatisvalidforall markets(includingthenetworkingone).Thehighdemandimperativelycallsfor waysofreducingthecostofbandwidth.Thelatterhasbeenachievedthroughout theyears,firstofall,bymeansofvariouskindsofadvancesintechnology.For exampleconsideringtheaccesspartofthenetwork,themoresophisticatedwayof exploitingcommoncopperwiresintroducedbytheDigitalSubscriberLine(DSL) technologyresultedinanoverallreducedcostperunitofbandwidthprovidedto theresidentialcustomer.Bandwidthoftheorderof1Mb/sbecamearealityfor suchso-called‘broadband’accesstechnologies;anotherexampleiscableaccess, providingsimilarbandwidthcapabilitiesinplaceswherecabletelevision(CATV) infrastructurewasalreadyinstalled.Severalotherimprovementsinelectronictechnologyhaveallowedinananalogouswaybusinesscustomerstostartleasingfaster linesthantheusualT1(= 1.54Mb/s)andthishasbeenespeciallytrueforlarge customers.

Whathasalsobeendrivingthecostofbandwidthtolowerandlowerlevels,apart fromtheprogressintechnology,isthehighcompetitionthatispresentinsuch profitablemarketssuchasthetelecommunicationsservicesone.Thiscompetition hasbeenparticularlynoticeableafterthederegulationofthetelecommunications market,whichhasbecomearealityinmanyplacesallovertheworldforquite sometimenow.

Thisreductioninthecostofbandwidthinturnencouragesthedevelopment ofnewmoredemandingapplicationsthatnotonlytakeadvantageoftheoffered bandwidthbutoftenaskforevenmore.Sinceapplicationsaretheeasypart(comparede.g.toachievingadvancesintechnology),astatewheretheapplications areonestepaheadofthenetworkcapabilitiesintermsofcapacityhasbeena commonplacethroughoutallthestagesofnetworksevolution.Consequently,it couldbesaidthatthesituationformsakindofaviciouscircle;highdemandcalls forwaysofreducingbandwidthcost;ifandwhenreductionincostisachieved, newapplications,andthushighernetworkcapacitydemand,comein.Although accordingtothisdiscussionthedemandformorecapacitymayseeminterminable anduniformlyhighacrossallstagesofnetworksevolution,practicallythepressure formorecapacitytendstogethigherduringcertainperiodsandlowerinothers. Forexample,rightaftersomemajortechnologicalbreakthroughfundamentally changesthingsonawidescale,itisnormaltoexpectthatdemandwillbesatisfied andthussignificantlysubduedatleastforawhile.

Itcouldbeobservedthatcurrentlywefindourselvesinaperiodwheresucha technologicalbreakthroughalongwithitsglobalscaleeffectsisalmostdesperately

expected.Indeed,manynewapplicationsthatrequirehighbandwidthshaverecentlyemergedandtheclassicalimplementationsofourglobalmeshofcommunicationnetworks,e.g.today’sInternetandAsynchronousTransferMode(ATM) networks,donothavethepotential(incapacity)tosupportthemsatisfactorily.A fewsamplesjustfromthepredictablepartofafuturesetofapplicationsrequiring overallnetworkcapacitiesoftheorderofTb/sarethefollowing:

telemedicineapplications,suchashigh-resolutionmedicalimagearchivingand retrieval; videoondemand; videophone; videoteleconferencing; Internetbrowsing(offeringenhancedcapabilitiestotheuserascomparedto now); multimediadocumentdistribution; remotesupercomputervisualization,i.e.connectionsofworkstationstosupercomputersgivingusersabilitytomanipulatefull-motioncolourgraphics; interconnectionofmainframecomputersalongwiththeirperipherals.

Ofcourse,variousapplicationswhichcannotbepredictedrightnow,ashas happenedmanytimesinthehistoryofdataandcomputercommunications,and whichwillhaveatleastproportionatebandwidthdemands,areverylikelytoturn upinthenearfutureaswell.

Therehasbeenstrongevidenceduringthepast30yearsorso,andespeciallyover thelastdecade,thattheclassicalelectronictime-divisionmultiplexing1 (TDM) approachesrealizedinelectroniccircuitryofconstantlymorespeedandcomplexity arenotalong-term-solution;infact,sometimestheyarenotmuchofasolution atall,e.g.forsomeoftheforenamedapplicationsthatentailmassesofvisual informationandveryfastresponsetimerequirements.Itisobviousforinstance thatthe1.5peryearincreaseofavailableelectronicTDMtechnologyinthemid1990scouldnotmanagetohandlewellthecorrespondingeight-foldannualgrowth inbitraterequiredbyeachuser,thatwasmentionedbefore[11].

Ontopofallthese,therearetwootherimportantsubjectsthathavecomeup quiterecentlyandhavetobeconsideredcarefullybycarriersinthewaytheybuild theirnetworks.First,asignificantchangeinthetypeoftrafficthatdominatesthe networkshasbeenobservedlately.Thegrowthofdataandvoicetrafficthroughout theyearsisillustratedinFigure1.1.Voicetrafficdoesnotdominatethenetworks anymorethoughstillgrowingeachyear,whiledata,ontheotherhand,hasbeen growingatimpressiveratesespeciallyduringthepastthreetofouryears,overtaking voicebyfar.Forexample[24]statesthattwolargecarriers,AT&TandMCI

Figure1.1 Growthofdataandvoicetrafficthroughouttheyears.

Worldcom,areexperiencingannualdatatrafficgrowthsupto70%(insomeof theirmarkets),whiletheirvoicetrafficisgrowingataround15%eachyear.A straightforwardimplicationofthedescribedchangeinthetrafficmixisthereduced efficiencyofcurrentnetworks,sincethesewereinitiallydesignedtocarryvoice traffic.Thereforeitisnaturaltoexpectthatcarrierswillseeknewwaysofbuilding theirnetworks.

Inaddition,wecouldobservearecentsignificantchangeinthenatureofservicesdemandedbycustomers,whichwasfurtherencouragedbytheincreased competitionofthelastyears.Tobeexact,customers(includingbigonesthatlease high-capacitylines)haverecentlystarteddemandingconnectionsthatcanbedeliveredveryquickly,inhoursorevenminutes.Thedurationoftheseconnections issometimesrequiredtobemuchshorterthanusual,acoupleofdaysforinstance. Furthermore,theseconnectionsmustbeabletocarrytrafficinvariousformats, i.e.beas transparent aspossible,andmayoriginateinvariousdifferentlocations thatcanhardlybepredictedbythecarrier.Allinall,itseemsthatwehavemoved toapointwherenetworksmustbeabletoprovideuswiththeabilitytoaccess information where weneedit, when weneedit,and inwhateverformat weneed it[24].

Themajorityofresearchersandnetworkengineersbelievethat opticalnetworking isthemostpromisingtechnologyforcopingwiththeaforementionedproblems andmeetingbothourpresentandfutureinformationnetworkingneeds,mainlyon accountofthepotentiallylimitlesscapabilitiesofopticalfibres.

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46 How to Make and Use Electricity.

47 How to Break, Ride and Drive a Horse.

48 How to Build and Sail Canoes.

49 How to Debate.

50 How to Stuff Birds and Animals.

51 How to Do Tricks with Cards.

52 How to Play Cards.

53 How to Write Letters.

54 How to Keep and Manage Pets.

55 How to Collect Stamps and Coins.

56 How to Become an Engineer.

57 How to Make Musical Instruments.

58 How to Become a Detective.

59 How to Make a Magic Lantern.

60 How to Become a Photographer.

61 How to Become a Bowler.

62 How to Become a West Point Military Cadet.

63 How to Become a Naval Cadet.

64 How to Make Electrical Machines.

65 Muldoon’s Jokes.

66 How to Do Puzzles.

67 How to Do Electrical Tricks.

68 How to Do Chemical Tricks.

69 How to Do Sleight of Hand.

70 How to Make Magic Toys.

71 How to Do Mechanical Tricks.

72 How to Do Sixty Tricks with Cards.

73 How to Do Tricks with Numbers.

74 How to Write Letters Correctly.

75 How to Become a Conjuror.

76 How to Tell Fortunes by the Hand.

77 How to Do Forty Tricks with Cards.

78 How to Do the Black Art.

79 How to Become an Actor.

80 Gus Williams’ Joke Book.

All the above books are for sale by newsdealers throughout the United States and Canada, or they will be sent, post-paid, to your address, on receipt of 10c. each.

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(ebook) multiwavelength optical lans by georgios i. papadimitriou, p. a. tsimoulas, mohammed s. obai by rickkennamore2747 - Issuu