A Desert of Trees
Elliot Bourne
001 Research Questions 002 Abstract 003 Israel Palestine 006 Occupation 011 Planted Forests 015 Erasure by Forest 019 Archeology and Indigeneity 021 Lahav Forest // Specific Site 023 Bedouin Townships 027 “The Forest” 029 Synthesised Ecology 033 Climate Change + Ecological Resistance 035 Method and Intent 037 Geoengineering and Social Engineering + Working with the Forest 039 Territory, State & Client + Mapping and Index 041 Reading the Landscape + Enacting History 045 Archive Material and Found Footage 047 Digital Agency 049 Lahav Forest: A colonial spectacle 051 Re-Introduction 052 Approaching Lahav 053 Synthetic Forest 054 How a Tree Tills The Land 056 Invisible Peopl 058 Antiquities and Erasure 060 What’s in a Name 061 Rendering The Landscape 062 Epilogue 063 The Map 065 The Table 067 Technical Design 069 Abu Libbeh 079 Al Mas’Adiyyah 091 Tel Halif 101 Miri Field 109 Ancient Agriculture 115 Origin and Conclusion
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A Desert of Trees
lE liotoB urne
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Research Questions How could a of rm of media counter the apparatus of colonial ow rld building in Israel and Palestine? Could the uncertainty of the regions climatic future af cilitate a deconstruction of this Zionist environment? Could an assessment of the planted of rests of Israel lead to a more holistic understand ing of ‘the of rest’ as a climatic technology, social tool, living body and maek r of place?
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Can the ecology of Israel and Palestine evolve in a aw y which is honest to the land’s history and considerate of all bodies which call the place home in the af ce of imminent climate change?
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Israel Palestine
Palestine Israel Site an
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Site an
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Method Intent
Intent and Method
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Lahav Forest
Colonial Spectacle Lah
hav Forest
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Section Title
Temporality Symbol
Map Symbol
Index
Location
Temporal ‘Type’
Scale
Origin
Components
Active Times
Body Lifespan
Maturity Age
Environmental Affects
Social Affects
Evergreen
Environme nt dependant
80 Years
-
Environme nt dependant
-
High production of oxygen. Carbon store in trees however warmer surface Sites of consumption, small scale agriculture
Claim territory for non-human habitation, creating Eurocentric zionist landscape Mixed
-
Environme nt dependant
-
Low level bio productivity when uncultivated, cooler surface temperature than plantations. Risk of desertification when uncultivated.
Restrict areas of cultivatable land
Seasonal variation, evergreen
Environme nt dependant
80 Years
High production of oxygen. Carbon store in trees however warmer surface temperature than other ecologies. Allows for soil to absorb more water than without, reducing desertification.
Claim territory for non-human habitation, creating Eurocentric zionist landscape
Tel Halif (Rimmon) [Ancient Site]
LANDSCAPE Plantation ‘Forest’
-
Spanning between Lehavim, Lahav and Al-‘Araqib
Assemblage
Landscape
Settlements
-
Rural/ Urban
-
Lahav, Lehavim, Al-‘Araqib and south of Lahav Forest Unforested and settled areas
Assemblage
Arid soils
Assemblage
Landscape -
Lahav Forest
Subject
Landscape
1952 Vegetal Life, transient animals, natural matter, artefacts -1948 Homes, Shops, industry, agriculture Sand, soil, gravel rocks, roots.
-
Al-Msāʿadiyyah [Unrecognised Bedouin Village]
-
South of Lahav Forest
Assemblage
Rural
Roads
/r
Throughou t
Continuous Variable
Landscape 1900-200 0
Footpaths
/f
Lahav Forest
Continuous Variable
Landscape
Lahav [Kibbutz] -
East of Lahav Forest
Assemblage
1952 Aleppo Pine, Olive groves, mastic groves, other trees, some
Rural
1942 Temporary’ settlements, grazing animals, agriculture Cement, cars, humans moving
Ephemeral: Destroyed and rebuilt
Olive Demolished agriculture and and rebuilt cultivation several times.
Environme nt dependant
-
Blockade for vegetal ecology
Connects cities throughout northern Negev. Allows access to places on site by motor vehicle
1952 Humans, gravel, bikes
Environme nt dependant
-
Minor lockade for vegetal ecology
Allows access to sites within wooded area, creates distinction between human habitation and other than human habitation. Operates on proximity.
1952 Homes, Shops, industry, agriculture
-
-
Environme nt dependant
-
The economy of Kibbutz Lahav is based on agriculture (both crops and livestock) and two industrial ventures: a plant for plastic containers (Dolav) owned and operated jointly with the neighboring kibbutz, Dvir, and a meat processing plant.
Population of 567
Main industry for Lahav
Lahav [Kibbutz] mp
East of Lahav Forest
Assemblage
Rural
1963 Industry, humans, animals
Day time
Environme nt dependant
-
Commercial pork products
Institute for Animal Research
ar
East of Lahav Forest
Assemblage
Rural
1963 Industry, humans, animals, scientists
Day time
Environme nt dependant
-
Plastic container factory
pc
East of Lahav Forest
Assemblage
Rural
Day time
Environme nt dependant
-
Research into Part of industry animals. for Lahav Surplus pigs sent to meat processing plant Associated Main industry pollution for Lahav through plastic manufacturing
-
Industry, humans, scientists, hydrocarbon and associated pollution
East of Lahav Forest
Elliot Bourne
Relic, Continuous Variable, multiple states evidenced
Rural
Strata XIXXVI (3500-290 0 BCE)
Stone ruins
Environme Strata nt XIX-XVI (3500-290 dependant 0 BCE)
Occupied the Eastern Terrace close to the cultivable lands, first in improved natural caves and later in domestic structures that formed a small village.
-
Agriculture main industry for human populations and necessary to support their life.
Various
Lehavim [Israeli town]
-
West of Lahav Forest
Assemblage
Urban
Mount Atlas [Mastic Grove]
-
Within Lahav Forest
Subject
Physical
-
Khirbet Ramond (Horvat Rimmon) [Byzantine synagogue]
kr
South of Lahav
Relic
Rural
Not before Hellenistic period (323 BC)
Ein Rimon Well [Kohl Spring]
ks
West of Lahav Forest
Relic
Physical
Abu Hof [Byzantine Church]
ah
North West of Lahav Forest
Relic, Continuous Variable, multiple states evidenced
Rural
1983 Dense urban population, humans, homes, commercial shops, Mastic trees, soil
-
Environme nt dependant
-
Commerce and pollution from sub-urban human population.
Various
Annual cycle of mastic
Environme nt dependant
-
Autumn bird migration spot. Small songbirds visit in winter. During autumn black-eared wheatears, which gather at this site more densely than anywhere else in Israel – and perhaps in the entire world – predominate. Other varieties such as the common chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) and the black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros) spend the whole winter here. Among those that nest in the grove in summertime are the woodchat shrike (Lanius senator), the common blackbird (Turdus merula) and various types of greenfinch (Carduelis chloris).
A major bird watching space with access to humans controlled via netted fence.
Byzantine Synagogye, settlement ruins
Byzantine
Environme nt dependant
-
Bedouin herders used the site up to the early 20th century, using the caves to keep their sheep and building animal enclosures out of the rocks of ancient buildings.
Bedouin herders used the site up to the early 20th century, using the caves to keep their sheep and building animal enclosures out of the rocks of ancient buildings. Used as narrative tool to legitimise Israeli state.
Early Bronze
Well, concrete fortification, metal grate
See below
Environme nt dependant
-
Drought in recent years. Arabic name suggests an association to lead sulphide,
Concrete poured around well in British mandate to preserve well.
Early Bronze
Stone walls and pits indicative of settlements
Stratum II (Early Bronze IV/ Middle Bronze I)
Environme nt dependant
-
Agriculture after Stratum II
Temporary houses and agriculture
Blooms from October to December
Environme nt dependant
-
Flowers attract pollinators
Tourism
Days
Environme nt dependant
-
Place of rest for bedouin artefacts
Information on bedouin culture. Potential culture washing of violence towards bedouin community situated only a few kilometres south. Cultivation allows for human habitation. The control of soil is the control of human life. History uncovered through soil allows for narrative and nation building.
A gap of about 300 years Stratum CV (2600-250 0 BCE)
LANDSCAPE COMPONENT Plantation Trees
-
Massively fortified, further up the hill. The remains of a 7.5 mwide tower, a 3.5 m-wide defensive wall, and a glacis (a sloping rampart). Burnt to end. Strata XIV-XII (2500-230 0 BCE) Not refortified Stratum XI (1550-147 5 BCE) Resumed Strata XIV-XII (1475-140 0 BCE) Transition al period that yielded several subphases that produced typical ceramics and a Hyksostype scarab, the site where Field I is located was occupied by a large building with a central courtyard (6x6.5 m) surrounde d by rooms on all sides known as a “residency ” building (associate d with Egyptian rule in Palestine. Destroyed.
Pottery sherds, Architectu re related to this stratum consisted of four stone walls and a circular installatio n: temporary, poorlybuilt houses, possible animal pens, and pits. Stratum IIIA Longerterm with two welldefined building phases and possibly a third.
Stratum IX (1400-130 0 BCE)
Stratum IIIA
Partial resettleme nt
Postholes dug into virgin soil, stone wall that ran parallel to wadi bed and attached to well. Probable retaining wall that diverted seasonal flood water. Large courtyard with small platform.
Stratum VIII (1300-120 0 BCE) Large mud brick platform was constructe d on top of the remains of the previous strata. A series of stonelined storage pits was built into the platform, and it seems that the site was used as a storage center for grain, probably serving as an entrepôt.
Stratum IIIB Walls on the east, north, and south sides of what appears to have been a typical Chalcolithi c “wide room” or “broad house”. Oval shaped pit used for storage.
Stratum VII (1200-900 BCE) Phillistine pottery, headless clay female figurine the front of which was decorated with punctuate s and the back with long, etched vertical lines resembling hair.
Valley of the Sternbergia [Wild flower valley]
-
Within Lahav Forest
Continuous Variable
Physical
Joe Alon Centre [Museum of Bedouin Culture]
ja
Lahav
Assemblage
Building
Soil
-
Throughou t
Continuous Variable
Vast
-
Particles, nutrients, microbiology
-
Environme nt dependant
-
Store of Nutrients. Poor land management causes desertification which brings with it a more extreme day/ night cycle and loss of arable land.
Rocks/Gravel
-
Throughou t
Continuous Variable
Physical
-
Components of rock
-
Environme nt dependant
-
Tributary
/t
Throughou t
Continuous Variable
Landscape /variable
Water, aquatic life
More active during spouts of heavy rainfall
Environme nt dependant
-
Direct flow of Prevent water, cover desertification soil (prevent to an extent. desertification) Can be used as building material. Streams/ rivers Water flowing into collection large rivers/ allows for lakes. The agriculture and result of water other forms of run off from life. valleys, hindered by presence of trees which allow for heightened absorption of water.
Hill
h
Throughou t
Continuous Variable
Landscape -
Soil, vegetal life
-
Environme nt dependant
-
Operate on Allow for shade proximity of and shelter sunlight form wind. dependent on direction of faces, felicitate water run off.
Agriculture Land
)a(
Around settlement s
Continuous Variable
Variable/ rural
With Vegetal life, settlement human technology, humans
Seasonal
Environme nt dependant
Environme nt dependant
Fragile monocultures, pesticides, fertilisers
Food and economic resource for inhabitants of settlements
Human Habitation
ho
Settlement
Continuous Variable
Physical
-
With civilisation
Environme nt dependant
Environme nt dependant
Land cleared
Various
Abu Libbeh/ Alamat [Arab village]
-
Within Lahav Forest, North
Assemblage
Rural, Undocume Settlements, population nted agriculture, livestock, of 1,195 humans (Palestinian)
Pre-1948
Unknown
-
Human population with agriculture
Arab Palestinian population expelled in 1948. Record of settlement erased by trees.
Run Off Agriculture
)ra(
Within Valleys where tributaries are not present
Continuous Variable
Physical
-
Landscape modification, vegetal life,
Pre Forest plantation and human expulsion
Environme nt dependant
-
A form of agriculture utilising water run off during periods of heavy rain to sustain vegetal life during dryer periods
Allows for human habitation due to utilising landscape components for water collection
Cistern
)c(
Within Valleys where tributaries are not present
Continuous Variable
Physical
-
Landscape Pre Forest modification, plantation stones, water and human expulsion
Environme nt dependant
-
A mode of collecting water from run off to utilise later. Historic examples now house vegetal life such as trees.
Allows for human habitation due to utilising landscape components for water collection
Liman
X
Within Valleys where tributaries are not present
Continuous Variable
Physical
1952 Landscape modification, water
Environme nt dependant
-
Allow for water to be directed towards vegetal life which could be sustained
Allows for vegetal life to exist in climate considered naturally unsuitable
Aleppo Pine (pinus halepensis)
a
Plantation
Subject
Physical
Likely Trunk, Roots, Italy, bark, pines, brought by cones Syrian monks during Byzantine era
Seeding, 100-150 flowering, years rooting, growth, decay death
40-60 years old
Highly acidic litter, aid insect populations release nutrients. Produce Oxygen, store carbon
The Aleppo pine, or Jerusalem Pine in Hebrew has been used to colonise the Palestinian landscape
Olive (olea europaea)
o
Plantation/ Historical agriculture
Subject
Physical
Native
Trunk, roots, bark, fruit, leaves
Seeding, flowering, rooting
500< years 4-6 years to fruit but old will continue growing
Oxygen production, carbon cycling, fruit
Pistachio (Pistacia vera)
p
Plantation/ Historical agriculture
Subject
Physical
Native
Trunk, roots, bark, fruit, leaves
Seeding, flowering, rooting
100< years
Oxygen production, carbon cycling, fruit
Agriculture for Arab Palestinian populations. Vandalism of trees frequently occurs for bedouin people still inhabiting site. Agriculture
Mastic (Pistachio atlantica)
m
Plantation/ Historical agriculture
Subject
Physical
Native
Trunk, roots, bark, fruit, leaves
Seeding, flowering, rooting
600> years 10-12 old years
Oxygen Agriculture production, industry and carbon cycling, economic human contribution consumption, fruit from trees attracts birds. In colder
Terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus)
t
Plantation
Subject
Physical
Native
Trunk, roots, bark, fruit, leaves
Seeding, flowering, rooting
1500> years old
8-10 years
Oxygen production, carbon cycling
Agriculture industry and economic contribution
Carob
c
Plantation
Subject
Physical
Native
Trunk, roots, bark, legume leaves
Seeding, flowering, rooting
200 years
6-7 years
Oxygen production, carbon cycling, can survive long periods of drought
Agriculture industry and economic contribution
Recent
Sternbergia and other wild flowers, soil
1980 Bedouin artefacts, captions and descriptions
Stratum VIB (800-700 BCE) Judahite town, textile production . It is most likely that King Sennacher ib in 701 BCE destroyed Stratum VIB during his march from Philistia to Lachish and Jerusalem when he tried to quell the revolt led by King Hezekiah of Judah. Total destructio n by fire that was caused by a military assault. Stratum VIA (700-650 BCE) Continuou s Assyrian hostile activities must have been the cause for the abandonm ent of Stratum VIA.
Timber, stone, textiles
HISTORIC UNEVIDENCED COMPONENT
Stratum V (500-300 BCE) Stratum IV (300-100 BCE) Pits from Persian period. Remains of a large building, possibly administra tive. Ceramic evidence of agriculture and several figurines. Remnants of a residential building as can be determine d by the several ovens found on the living surfaces.
Utilised in forest plantation
VEGETAL BODY
Stratum III (200-600 CE) Used for agriculture and grazing activities. The main settlement took place on the Eastern Terrace and at other sites, such as Horvat Rimmon. Two jewish villages (Tilla and Rimmon). Cemeterie s excavated.
7 years
Early Arab period (700 CE) Modern Arab settlement , mostly in caves, occupied the foot of the tell at Khirbet Khuweilife h until 1948.
1
2
industry and economic contribution
3
65
Fig
f
Plantation
Subject
Physical
Native
Trunk, roots, bark, fruit
200 years
3-4 years
Oxygen production, carbon cycling, fruit
Agriculture industry and economic contribution
Yellow Sternbergia
y
Sternbergi a Valley’
Subject
Physical
Planted
Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering, rooting
-
2-5 years
Oxygen production, carbon cycling
Tourism
Jerusalem Sage s
Forest floor Subject and surroundin g ares
Physical
Native
Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering, rooting
3 years
Changing
Oxygen production, carbon cycling, drought resistant
Consumption
Thyme
ty
Forest floor Subject and surroundin g ares
Physical
Native
Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering, rooting
5-6 years
Changing
Oxygen production, carbon cycling, drought resistant
Consumption, grazing food
Thorny Burnet
b
Forest floor Subject and surroundin g ares
Physical
Native
Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering, rooting
5-6 years
2- 5 years
Oxygen production, carbon cycling
-
Jerusalem Spurge
sp
Surroundin g area
Subject
Physical
Native
Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering, rooting
2-3 years
Changing
Oxygen production, carbon cycling
Grazing food
Mitnan
mn
Forest floor Subject and surroundin g ares
Physical
Native
Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering fruiting, rooting
2-3 years
Changing
Oxygen production, carbon cycling
Consumption, grazing food, tourism
Forest floor Subject and surroundin g ares
Physical
Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering, rooting
2-3 years
12w 6d Oxygen production, carbon cycling
Consumption
Coleman Garlic
g
Native
Seeding, flowering, fruiting, rooting
Forest floor Subject and surroundin g ares
Physical
Native
Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering, rooting
5-20 years
1 year
Oxygen production, carbon cycling
Tourism
g
Forest floor Subject and surroundin g ares
Physical
Native
Leaves/stem
-
5 years
Oxygen production, carbon cycling
Consumption, grazing food
Low desert shrubs
sh
Forest floor Subject and surroundin g areas
Physical
Native
Leaves, stem, Growth flower
5-6 years
2- 5 years
Oxygen production, carbon cycling
No longer in landscape
Physical
Native
Trunk, roots, bark, fruit
20-30 years
10 years
Tolerates extreme drought, long roots help stabilise soil and prevent erosion. Help ants to thrive. Oxygen production, carbon cycling, fruit
Prevents desertification
Oxygen production, carbon cycling, fruit
Consumption, agriculture potential
j
No longer in landscape
Subject
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 16 years excreting, reproducing ,
10w Omnivore carbon cycling
-
Bedouin Arab
Arid soils
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 17 years excreting, reproducing ,
2 years
Grazing, carbon cycling
-
CULTURES HISTORIC
Rock Hyrax
>hy
Arid soils
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
3 years
Carnivore, carbon cycling
-
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 9-12 years excreting, reproducing , most active morning and evening 6 years Eating, excreting, reproducing ,
>he
Arid soils
Subject
Physical
1 year
Herbivore, carbon cycling
>o
Arid soils
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 50-75 excreting, years reproducing ,
4-5 years
Physical
Native
Seeding, flowering, rooting
Trunk, roots, bark, fruit
Seeding, flowering, rooting
50 years
4-5 years
Mycelium growth, sprout growth, sporing, decay, Growth, decay, restoration, death
Seasonal
1 year (cycle)
Carbon cycling, some use beetles to propagate
Dependant on host viability
Attach to older plants
Carbon cycling, Nutrient transfer between plant bodies
-
Plantation
Subject
Physical (Small)
Native
Fruit, underground element
Mycorrhiza
-
Plantation
Subject
Physical (Bellow Ground)
Native
Various strands, creating vast network
Lichen
-
Arid soils
Subject
Physical (Small)
Native
Body network Growth, decay, restoration, death
Thousands of years
Attach to older plants
Carbon cycling, nutrient cycling, preservation.
Ascomycota
-
Arid soils
Subject
Physical Native (SmallMicroscopi c)
Body network Cycle of cellular reproductio n, growth, decay, death.
Long cyclical lineage
Fast
Carbon cycling, symbiotic relationship with plants and animals (sometime), form art of lichen)
^c
Plantation
Subject
Physical
Body
Birth, 3 years growth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing, migrating
1 year
Omnivore, carbon cycling, migrate to Africa
Birth, 6 years growth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing, migrating
1 year
Birth, 5 years eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing, migrating
1 year
BIRD
Plantation
Subject
Physical
Birth, growth, death
Fringe fingered Lizard
>f
Arid soils
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 5 years excreting, reproducing ,
2 years
>t
Arid soils
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 50-100 excreting, years reproducing ,
5 to 8 years
Herbivore, carbon cycling
-
Geckos
>ge
Arid soils
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 15 years excreting, reproducing ,
1 year
Diet of insects, carbon cycling
-
Snakes
>s
Arid soils
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 20 years excreting, reproducing ,
2 years
Small rodents, carbon cycling
-
Budworm
-
Plantation
Subject
Physical (Small)
Egg, larva, pupa, butterfly/ moth
Body
Annual lifecycle, consuming.
4-6 weeks
5 months
Herbivore, cycle to moth/ butterlfy
-
Moths and Butterflies
-
Plantation
Subject
Physical (Small)
Egg, larva, pupa, butterfly/ moth
Body
Annual lifecycle, consuming.
4-6 weeks
5 months
Herbivore, cycle to budworm
-
Beetle
-
Plantation
Subject
Physical (Small)
Egg, pupa, death
Body
Enter tree for winter, emerge in summer
2 years (spruce beetle)
6 months
Herbivore, carbon cycling
-
Spider
-
Plantation
Subject
Physical (Small)
Growth. Body Warming causing population increase
Web production
Several years
1 year
Insects, carbon cycling
Earthworm
-
Plantation
Subject
Physical (Small)
Egg, birth, growth, death
Body
Sexual reproductio n, consuming.
Several years
Mosquito
-
Plantation
Subject
Physical (Small)
Egg, birth, growth, death
Body
10 days (male) 50 days (female)
Flies
-
Plantation
Subject
Physical (Small)
Egg, birth, growth, death
Body
Sexual reproductio n, consuming (including blood) Sexual reproductio n, consuming.
Ant
-
All areas
Subject
Physical (Small)
Egg, birth, growth, death
Body
Sexual reproductio n, consuming.
Bees
-
All areas
Subject
Physical (Small)
Egg, birth, growth, death
Body
Sexual reproductio n, consuming.
Protozoa
-
Soil
Subject
Microscopi Cell c division and reproducti on
-
Cell division Continuou and s as long reproductio as n maintained
Nematode
-
Soil
Subject
Microscopi Growth, c decay, death.
-
Consumptio Large n, range from a few days to several years
Rotifer
-
Soil
Subject
Microscopi Growth, c reproducti on, decay, death.
-
Consumptio 3-4 days n
Birth, growth, death
Body
Tardigrade
-
Soil
Subject
Microscopi Growth, c reproducti on, decay, death.
-
Consumptio Several n years however they can ‘pause’ their existence
?
Consumption of algae, lichen and moss
-
Birth, growth, death
Body
Precipitation
-
-
Incidental
Physical
-
H20
Middle of Temperatu October to re middle of dependant April was the rainy season. Low humidity in summer. Sometimes snow in winter. Heavy rains in summer which are infrequent and must be taken advantage of. Dryer than the historic climate. 240mm annual precipitatio n
-
Maintain water bodies and life attached
Allows for life
Temperature
-
-
Continuous Variable
Vast
-
-
Ancient Site: 40-85 Fahrenheit with rainy and dry season. Located in the fertile crescent. Now: 45-90 Fahrenheit.
Ephemeral, variable
Feedback loop actor in global warming. Cool summer temperatures increase photosynthesi s
Affects typology of buildings
Cloud cover
-
-
Incidental Variable
Vast (Distanced )
-
Evaporated water
Formation and dissipation, not very present in summer
Ephemeral, variable
Shade from sun, precipitation producer
-
Sun
-
-
Continuous Variable
Vast (Distanced )
-
-
Daily cycle of Earth orbit. Annual cycle of varying altitude (max ?? degrees).
Continuou s
-
Energy Source: thermal and light.
Allows for life
Air
-
-
Continuous Variable
Vast
-
Gaseous chemicals
Cool breezes in summer
Continuou s
-
Atmosphere. Container of gaseous elements allowing respiration.
-
Fire
-
Plantation
Incidental
Physical (Variable)
Destructio Chemical n, burning reaction of carbon allowing it to release into the atmospher e.
Fire occurs in summer
Ephemeral
-
Destruction of trees. Specific species interaction. Carbon released
Land tarnished for further cultivation
Israel State
-
-
Incidental
Vast
Legal
Occupied
Perspectiv e dependent
-
Ecology destruction/ translation
Numerous
1948 Arab Israeli War
-
Various
Incidental
Vast
Israeli state
Violence, expulsion, armies
1948, although this state could be described as ever present since. 1947-1949
Perspectiv e dependent
-
Destruction of landscape, expulsion of humans from agriculture land
After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Israel began to displace the Bedouin of the Negev desert, and by 1953 had expelled 90% of the roughly 100,000 people in the northern Negev.
Al-Masadiya Evictions (Destroyed 184 times)
-
AlMasadiya (different locations)
Incidental
Village
Several
-
-
Uprooted trees, which were transferred for replanting elsewhere.
Israeli courts have so far rejected suits to reclaim this land, refusing, according to Weizman, to acknowledge Bedouin tenure south of the 200 mm line, which is reserved for kibbutzim and moshavim.
Forest Creation
-
Plantation
Incidental
Physical (Variable)
1952 Environme nt dependant
-
Transforming landscape into biblical-zionist ideal, beautifying the place. Affecting bird migration patterns and animal habitats. Combatting desertification. Trees have low albedo and contribute to further warming of surface layer. Limans used to support tees.
Donations accepted by the JNF to plant tress. World leaders and politicians employed through history in ‘innocent seeming’ act of colonialism
Forest Expansion
-
Plantation
Incidental
Physical (Variable)
Several
Ephemeral
-
Transforming landscape into biblical-zionist ideal, beautifying the place. Affecting bird migration patterns and animal habitats. Combatting desertification. Trees have low albedo and contribute to further warming of surface layer. Limans used to support tees.
The Jewish National Fund planned to include the land of Al-Masadiya in a new forestation project in the Negev Desert. Objection from some Bedouin living in Rahat and several villages nearby.
Israel China Friendship Forest
-
Plantation
Incidental
Conceptua l
2014 -
-
Governme nt dependant
Tree Planting
-
Plantation
Incidental
Physical
1952 JNF, funding, human application, gland nursery
Ongoing
Ephemeral
-
Transforming Donations landscape into accepted by the biblical-zionist JNF to plant tress. World ideal, beautifying the leaders and place politicians employed through history in ‘innocent seeming’ act of colonialism
Grazing Prohibited
-
Plantation
Incidental
Territorial
1950 Bedouin people, animals, land
Until 1975
Governme nt dependant
-
Allows for only a specific mode of land cultivation
Tree Vandalism
-
Plantation and Bedouin agriculture
Incidental
Physical
Ongoing
Pine trees, bedouin people, Israeli police
Throughout history to present
Ephemeral
-
Destruction of vegetal bodies.
>hi
Lahav, Lehavim
Subject
Cultural
Global, Europe
-
1948 present
-
-
Colonising trees, landscape transformation , urban communities and industry
-
Feed on vertebrates, carbon cycling, migrate in spring for food
-
Omnivore, carbon cycling, migrate to Africa
-
Blackeared wheater
^w
European Honey Buzzard
^b
Plantation
Subject
Physical
Birth, growth, death
Body
Birth, 9 years eating, sap sucking, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing, migrating
1 year
Feed on vertebrates, Control beetle population, carbon cycling
-
Levant Sparrowhawk
^s
Plantation
Subject
Physical
Birth, growth, death
Body
Birth, 4 years eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing, migrating
1 year
Carnivore, carbon cycling, migrate south for winter
-
Greater spotted ^e eagle
Plantation
Subject
Physical
Birth, growth, death
Body
Birth, 20-25 years eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing, migrating
20 months
Carnivore, carbon cycling, migrate in October from breeding grounds
-
Spanish Sparrow
^ss
Plantation
Subject
Physical
Birth, growth, death
Body
Migration 11 years (Annual), Birth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing
Several weeks
Consume insects, carbon cycling, winter territory
McQueens Bustard
^bu
Plantation
Subject
Physical
Birth, growth, death
Body
Migration 40 years (Annual), Birth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing
1 year
Under threat Consume insects, carbon from poaching cycling, non breeding within site
Cream Coloured courser
^c
Plantation
Subject
Physical
Birth, growth, death
Body
Migration 7 years (Annual), Birth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing
1 year
Consume insects, carbon cycling
Tits*
^t
Plantation, non native
Subject
Physical
Birth, growth, death
Body
Short 3 years Migration (Annual), Birth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing
1 year
Carnivore, carbon cycling
Plantation
Subject
Cultural
Palestine
-
-
-
-
Livestock grazing and agriculture
-
Palestinian Arab
-
Abu Libbeh/ Alamat
Subject
Cultural
Palestine
-
700 CE present
Nabateans
-
Rimmet
Subject
Cultural
Northern Arabia’
-
4th-2nd Century BCE (annexed into Roman Empire)
-
-
-
Livestock grazing and agriculture, working land which was Nomadic agriculture
Displaced from homeland
-
Byzantines
-
Rimmet
Subject
Cultural
West Asia
-
390-636 CE
-
-
Livestock grazing and agriculture,
The province experienced the rise of Christianity under the Byzantines, but was also a thriving centre of Judaism, after the Jews had been driven out of Judea by the Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries. Many Jews converted to christianity during this period.
Ottoman
-
Rimmet
Subject
Cultural
West Asia
-
1516-18th century
-
-
Aggressive Ottomans agriculture helped to keep depleted lands. peace between various religions
Originally Arabian ostrich but it’s been extinct for several years.
Carnivore of ground dwelling insects, carbon cycling
6w Diet of: Plant matter, decaying carbon matter, microscopic Feed on birds.
<10 days
1-3 years 1-3 yers (months after maturation )
Greco-Roman, converted to Christianity later. Nomadic tribes, trade route near site.
Physical
-
Disease spreaders, agriculture pest
Larvae consume leaf litter
-
4 years
5w Consume leaf litter
-
30-60 days
3w Pollinator
Pollinator allowing for cultivation, historically not present
MICROSCOPIC
^r
Subject
INSECT Growth
Basidiomycota
Raptors
AlMasadiya
-
Tortoise
FUNGHI
Chaffinch
>hb
REPTILE
i
Jujube*
Various
Ostrich
Grasses
Subject
>b
>i
Desert Hedgehog
Dark Brown Iris
Twisted Acacia* ta
Bat
Ibex
Varied
Mineralising nutrients
Mineralising nutrients
1d Nutrient cycling
-
-
-
CLIMATE
EVENT
Jays*
^j
Plantation, non native
Subject
Physical
Birth, growth, death
Body
Short 7 years Migration (Annual), Birth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing
1 year
Omnivore, carbon cycling
-
Crows*
^c
Plantation, non native
Subject
Physical
Birth, growth, death
Body
Migration 7-8 years (Annual), Birth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing
2-4 years
Omnivore, carbon cycling
-
MAMMAL Egyptian Jerboa
>j
Various
Subject
Physical
Growth, decay, death.
Body
Populations 6 years peak every 3 to 5 years. Eating, excreting, reproducing ,
Gazelle
>ga
Various, mountains and hills, forests during night.
Subject
Physical
Growth, decay, death.
Body
Eating, 10-12 excreting, years reproducing ,
19 months
Herbivore carbon cycling, eats acacia, doesn’t need much water
Territorial, moves in groups
Mongoose
>m
Various, near streams and vegetation
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 12 years excreting, reproducing ,
2 years
It preys on rodents, fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and insects. It also feeds on fruit and eggs, carbon cycling
-
Hare
>h
Arid soils
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 3-4 years excreting, reproducing
1 year
Herbivore,, excreting, reproducing,
-
Wild Boar
>b
Various
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 3-5 years excreting, reproducing ,
1 year
Eating, excreting, reproducing, carbon cycling
-
5w 5d Diet of seeds, shoots, drinks very little carbon cycling.
Fox
>f
Various
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 3-4 years excreting, reproducing
10 months
Prey on smaller animals, excreting, reproducing, carbon cycling
Wolf
>w
Various
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 14 years excreting, reproducing ,
2 years
Prey on smaller Territorial, animals, moves in excreting, groups reproducing, carbon cycling
Caracal
>c
Various
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 12 years excreting, reproducing ,
1 year
Prey on smaller animals, excreting, reproducing, carbon cycling
Jackal
>j
Various
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 10-12 excreting, years reproducing ,
11 months
Prey on smaller animals, excreting, reproducing, carbon cycling
Human
>h
Settlement s
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 82 years excreting, reproducing , hunting, herding.
18 years
Omnivore, carbon cycling, herding animals, hunting animals, cultivating plants.
Various
Territorial, moves in groups
Hyena
>h
Various
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 12 years excreting, reproducing ,
3 years
Prey on small animals, carbon cycling
Camel
>c
Arid soils
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 40-50 excreting, years reproducing ,
6 years
Ancient herded Herbivore. Herded, carbon animal cycling
Goat
>g
Various
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 15-18 excreting, years reproducing
5 months
Herbivore,, excreting, reproducing,
Ancient herded animal, banned from forests and woodlands under law which says they cause environmental damage.
Black Goat
>bg
Various
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 15-18 excreting, years reproducing
5 months
Herbivore,, excreting, reproducing, reduce undergrowth preventing forest fires.
Ancient herded animal, banned from forests and woodlands under law which says they cause environmental damage. Main agriculture component of bedouin culture
Sheep
>s
Various
Subject
Physical
Growth. decay, death.
Body
Eating, 10-12 years excreting, reproducing ,
6-8 months
Omnivore, carbon cycling
Herded animal
Settlements, police, community
1952 Finance, tree nurseries
Ongoing
Finance, tree nurseries
-
Bedouin herders unable to farm livestock, straining economy and livelihoods Prevents further expansion (somewhat). Aggravates relationship between bedouins and state.
CULTURES PRESENT Jewish Israeli
4
Displace existing communities
5
6
Technical Design
Recreation and Speculation Techn
nical Design
4
A Desert of Trees
Elliot Bourne
ADS 3
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te imagery shapes in tree visiblie light r resolution
72
A Desert of Trees
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A Desert of Trees
Elliot Bourne
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94
A Desert of Trees
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A Desert of Trees
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A Desert of Trees
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A Desert of Trees
Elliot Bourne
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ADS3 Refuse Trespassing Our Bodies - Fertility, Exhaustion and All that Matter/s With thanks to Alon Scwhabe, Daniel Fernández Pascual, Dubravka Sekulic and Agata Nguyen Chuong 2022