Desert of Trees

A Desert of Trees

Elliot Bourne

001 Research Questions 002 Abstract 003 Israel Palestine 006 Occupation 011 Planted Forests 015 Erasure by Forest 019 Archeology and Indigeneity 021 Lahav Forest // Specific Site 023 Bedouin Townships 027 “The Forest” 029 Synthesised Ecology 033 Climate Change + Ecological Resistance 035 Method and Intent 037 Geoengineering and Social Engineering + Working with the Forest 039 Territory, State & Client + Mapping and Index 041 Reading the Landscape + Enacting History 045 Archive Material and Found Footage 047 Digital Agency 049 Lahav Forest: A colonial spectacle 051 Re-Introduction 052 Approaching Lahav 053 Synthetic Forest 054 How a Tree Tills The Land 056 Invisible Peopl 058 Antiquities and Erasure 060 What’s in a Name 061 Rendering The Landscape 062 Epilogue 063 The Map 065 The Table 067 Technical Design 069 Abu Libbeh 079 Al Mas’Adiyyah 091 Tel Halif 101 Miri Field 109 Ancient Agriculture 115 Origin and Conclusion

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A Desert of Trees

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Research Questions How could a of rm of media counter the apparatus of colonial ow rld building in Israel and Palestine?

Could the uncertainty of the regions climatic future af cilitate a deconstruction of this Zionist environment?

Could an assessment of the planted of rests of Israel lead to a more holistic understand ing of ‘the of rest’ as a climatic technology, social tool, living body and maek r of place?

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Can the ecology of Israel and Palestine evolve in a aw y which is honest to the land’s history and considerate of all bodies which call the place home in the af ce of imminent climate change?

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Israel Palestine

Palestine Israel Site an

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Method Intent

Intent and Method

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Lahav Forest

Colonial Spectacle Lah

hav Forest

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Section Title

Temporality Symbol

Map Symbol

Index

Location

Temporal ‘Type’

Scale

Origin

Components

Active Times

Body Lifespan

Maturity Age

Environmental Affects

Social Affects

Evergreen

Environme nt dependant

80 Years

-

Environme nt dependant

-

High production of oxygen.

Carbon store in trees however warmer surface Sites of consumption, small scale agriculture

Claim territory for non-human habitation, creating Eurocentric zionist landscape Mixed

-

Environme nt dependant

-

Low level bio productivity when uncultivated, cooler surface temperature than plantations.

Risk of desertification when uncultivated.

Restrict areas of cultivatable land

Seasonal variation, evergreen

Environme nt dependant

80 Years

High production of oxygen.

Carbon store in trees however warmer surface temperature than other ecologies.

Allows for soil to absorb more water than without, reducing desertification.

Claim territory for non-human habitation, creating Eurocentric zionist landscape

Tel Halif (Rimmon) [Ancient Site]

LANDSCAPE Plantation ‘Forest’

-

Spanning between Lehavim, Lahav and Al-‘Araqib

Assemblage

Landscape

Settlements

-

Rural/ Urban

-

Lahav, Lehavim, Al-‘Araqib and south of Lahav Forest Unforested and settled areas

Assemblage

Arid soils

Assemblage

Landscape -

Lahav Forest

Subject

Landscape

1952 Vegetal Life, transient animals, natural matter, artefacts -1948 Homes, Shops, industry, agriculture Sand, soil, gravel rocks, roots.

-

Al-Msāʿadiyyah [Unrecognised Bedouin Village]

-

South of Lahav Forest

Assemblage

Rural

Roads

/r

Throughou t

Continuous Variable

Landscape 1900-200 0

Footpaths

/f

Lahav Forest

Continuous Variable

Landscape

Lahav [Kibbutz] -

East of Lahav Forest

Assemblage

1952 Aleppo Pine, Olive groves, mastic groves, other trees, some

Rural

1942 Temporary’ settlements, grazing animals, agriculture Cement, cars, humans moving

Ephemeral: Destroyed and rebuilt

Olive Demolished agriculture and and rebuilt cultivation several times.

Environme nt dependant

-

Blockade for vegetal ecology

Connects cities throughout northern Negev. Allows access to places on site by motor vehicle

1952 Humans, gravel, bikes

Environme nt dependant

-

Minor lockade for vegetal ecology

Allows access to sites within wooded area, creates distinction between human habitation and other than human habitation.

Operates on proximity.

1952 Homes, Shops, industry, agriculture

-

-

Environme nt dependant

-

The economy of Kibbutz Lahav is based on agriculture (both crops and livestock) and two industrial ventures: a plant for plastic containers (Dolav) owned and operated jointly with the neighboring kibbutz, Dvir, and a meat processing plant.

Population of 567

Main industry for Lahav

Lahav [Kibbutz] mp

East of Lahav Forest

Assemblage

Rural

1963 Industry, humans, animals

Day time

Environme nt dependant

-

Commercial pork products

Institute for Animal Research

ar

East of Lahav Forest

Assemblage

Rural

1963 Industry, humans, animals, scientists

Day time

Environme nt dependant

-

Plastic container factory

pc

East of Lahav Forest

Assemblage

Rural

Day time

Environme nt dependant

-

Research into Part of industry animals. for Lahav Surplus pigs sent to meat processing plant Associated Main industry pollution for Lahav through plastic manufacturing

-

Industry, humans, scientists, hydrocarbon and associated pollution

East of Lahav Forest

Elliot Bourne

Relic, Continuous Variable, multiple states evidenced

Rural

Strata XIXXVI (3500-290 0 BCE)

Stone ruins

Environme Strata nt XIX-XVI (3500-290 dependant 0 BCE)

Occupied the Eastern Terrace close to the cultivable lands, first in improved natural caves and later in domestic structures that formed a small village.

-

Agriculture main industry for human populations and necessary to support their life.

Various

Lehavim [Israeli town]

-

West of Lahav Forest

Assemblage

Urban

Mount Atlas [Mastic Grove]

-

Within Lahav Forest

Subject

Physical

-

Khirbet Ramond (Horvat Rimmon) [Byzantine synagogue]

kr

South of Lahav

Relic

Rural

Not before Hellenistic period (323 BC)

Ein Rimon Well [Kohl Spring]

ks

West of Lahav Forest

Relic

Physical

Abu Hof [Byzantine Church]

ah

North West of Lahav Forest

Relic, Continuous Variable, multiple states evidenced

Rural

1983 Dense urban population, humans, homes, commercial shops, Mastic trees, soil

-

Environme nt dependant

-

Commerce and pollution from sub-urban human population.

Various

Annual cycle of mastic

Environme nt dependant

-

Autumn bird migration spot.

Small songbirds visit in winter.

During autumn black-eared wheatears, which gather at this site more densely than anywhere else in Israel – and perhaps in the entire world – predominate.

Other varieties such as the common chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) and the black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros) spend the whole winter here. Among those that nest in the grove in summertime are the woodchat shrike (Lanius senator), the common blackbird (Turdus merula) and various types of greenfinch (Carduelis chloris).

A major bird watching space with access to humans controlled via netted fence.

Byzantine Synagogye, settlement ruins

Byzantine

Environme nt dependant

-

Bedouin herders used the site up to the early 20th century, using the caves to keep their sheep and building animal enclosures out of the rocks of ancient buildings.

Bedouin herders used the site up to the early 20th century, using the caves to keep their sheep and building animal enclosures out of the rocks of ancient buildings. Used as narrative tool to legitimise Israeli state.

Early Bronze

Well, concrete fortification, metal grate

See below

Environme nt dependant

-

Drought in recent years.

Arabic name suggests an association to lead sulphide,

Concrete poured around well in British mandate to preserve well.

Early Bronze

Stone walls and pits indicative of settlements

Stratum II (Early Bronze IV/ Middle Bronze I)

Environme nt dependant

-

Agriculture after Stratum II

Temporary houses and agriculture

Blooms from October to December

Environme nt dependant

-

Flowers attract pollinators

Tourism

Days

Environme nt dependant

-

Place of rest for bedouin artefacts

Information on bedouin culture.

Potential culture washing of violence towards bedouin community situated only a few kilometres south.

Cultivation allows for human habitation. The control of soil is the control of human life.

History uncovered through soil allows for narrative and nation building.

A gap of about 300 years Stratum CV (2600-250 0 BCE)

LANDSCAPE COMPONENT Plantation Trees

-

Massively fortified, further up the hill.

The remains of a 7.5 mwide tower, a 3.5 m-wide defensive wall, and a glacis (a sloping rampart).

Burnt to end.

Strata XIV-XII (2500-230 0 BCE) Not refortified Stratum XI (1550-147 5 BCE) Resumed Strata XIV-XII (1475-140 0 BCE) Transition al period that yielded several subphases that produced typical ceramics and a Hyksostype scarab, the site where Field I is located was occupied by a large building with a central courtyard (6x6.5 m) surrounde d by rooms on all sides known as a “residency ” building (associate d with Egyptian rule in Palestine.

Destroyed.

Pottery sherds, Architectu re related to this stratum consisted of four stone walls and a circular installatio n: temporary, poorlybuilt houses, possible animal pens, and pits.

Stratum IIIA Longerterm with two welldefined building phases and possibly a third.

Stratum IX (1400-130 0 BCE)

Stratum IIIA

Partial resettleme nt

Postholes dug into virgin soil, stone wall that ran parallel to wadi bed and attached to well.

Probable retaining wall that diverted seasonal flood water.

Large courtyard with small platform.

Stratum VIII (1300-120 0 BCE) Large mud brick platform was constructe d on top of the remains of the previous strata. A series of stonelined storage pits was built into the platform, and it seems that the site was used as a storage center for grain, probably serving as an entrepôt.

Stratum IIIB Walls on the east, north, and south sides of what appears to have been a typical Chalcolithi c “wide room” or “broad house”.

Oval shaped pit used for storage.

Stratum VII (1200-900 BCE) Phillistine pottery, headless clay female figurine the front of which was decorated with punctuate s and the back with long, etched vertical lines resembling hair.

Valley of the Sternbergia [Wild flower valley]

-

Within Lahav Forest

Continuous Variable

Physical

Joe Alon Centre [Museum of Bedouin Culture]

ja

Lahav

Assemblage

Building

Soil

-

Throughou t

Continuous Variable

Vast

-

Particles, nutrients, microbiology

-

Environme nt dependant

-

Store of Nutrients. Poor land management causes desertification which brings with it a more extreme day/ night cycle and loss of arable land.

Rocks/Gravel

-

Throughou t

Continuous Variable

Physical

-

Components of rock

-

Environme nt dependant

-

Tributary

/t

Throughou t

Continuous Variable

Landscape /variable

Water, aquatic life

More active during spouts of heavy rainfall

Environme nt dependant

-

Direct flow of Prevent water, cover desertification soil (prevent to an extent. desertification) Can be used as building material.

Streams/ rivers Water flowing into collection large rivers/ allows for lakes. The agriculture and result of water other forms of run off from life. valleys, hindered by presence of trees which allow for heightened absorption of water.

Hill

h

Throughou t

Continuous Variable

Landscape -

Soil, vegetal life

-

Environme nt dependant

-

Operate on Allow for shade proximity of and shelter sunlight form wind. dependent on direction of faces, felicitate water run off.

Agriculture Land

)a(

Around settlement s

Continuous Variable

Variable/ rural

With Vegetal life, settlement human technology, humans

Seasonal

Environme nt dependant

Environme nt dependant

Fragile monocultures, pesticides, fertilisers

Food and economic resource for inhabitants of settlements

Human Habitation

ho

Settlement

Continuous Variable

Physical

-

With civilisation

Environme nt dependant

Environme nt dependant

Land cleared

Various

Abu Libbeh/ Alamat [Arab village]

-

Within Lahav Forest, North

Assemblage

Rural, Undocume Settlements, population nted agriculture, livestock, of 1,195 humans (Palestinian)

Pre-1948

Unknown

-

Human population with agriculture

Arab Palestinian population expelled in 1948. Record of settlement erased by trees.

Run Off Agriculture

)ra(

Within Valleys where tributaries are not present

Continuous Variable

Physical

-

Landscape modification, vegetal life,

Pre Forest plantation and human expulsion

Environme nt dependant

-

A form of agriculture utilising water run off during periods of heavy rain to sustain vegetal life during dryer periods

Allows for human habitation due to utilising landscape components for water collection

Cistern

)c(

Within Valleys where tributaries are not present

Continuous Variable

Physical

-

Landscape Pre Forest modification, plantation stones, water and human expulsion

Environme nt dependant

-

A mode of collecting water from run off to utilise later. Historic examples now house vegetal life such as trees.

Allows for human habitation due to utilising landscape components for water collection

Liman

X

Within Valleys where tributaries are not present

Continuous Variable

Physical

1952 Landscape modification, water

Environme nt dependant

-

Allow for water to be directed towards vegetal life which could be sustained

Allows for vegetal life to exist in climate considered naturally unsuitable

Aleppo Pine (pinus halepensis)

a

Plantation

Subject

Physical

Likely Trunk, Roots, Italy, bark, pines, brought by cones Syrian monks during Byzantine era

Seeding, 100-150 flowering, years rooting, growth, decay death

40-60 years old

Highly acidic litter, aid insect populations release nutrients.

Produce Oxygen, store carbon

The Aleppo pine, or Jerusalem Pine in Hebrew has been used to colonise the Palestinian landscape

Olive (olea europaea)

o

Plantation/ Historical agriculture

Subject

Physical

Native

Trunk, roots, bark, fruit, leaves

Seeding, flowering, rooting

500< years 4-6 years to fruit but old will continue growing

Oxygen production, carbon cycling, fruit

Pistachio (Pistacia vera)

p

Plantation/ Historical agriculture

Subject

Physical

Native

Trunk, roots, bark, fruit, leaves

Seeding, flowering, rooting

100< years

Oxygen production, carbon cycling, fruit

Agriculture for Arab Palestinian populations.

Vandalism of trees frequently occurs for bedouin people still inhabiting site.

Agriculture

Mastic (Pistachio atlantica)

m

Plantation/ Historical agriculture

Subject

Physical

Native

Trunk, roots, bark, fruit, leaves

Seeding, flowering, rooting

600> years 10-12 old years

Oxygen Agriculture production, industry and carbon cycling, economic human contribution consumption, fruit from trees attracts birds.

In colder

Terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus)

t

Plantation

Subject

Physical

Native

Trunk, roots, bark, fruit, leaves

Seeding, flowering, rooting

1500> years old

8-10 years

Oxygen production, carbon cycling

Agriculture industry and economic contribution

Carob

c

Plantation

Subject

Physical

Native

Trunk, roots, bark, legume leaves

Seeding, flowering, rooting

200 years

6-7 years

Oxygen production, carbon cycling, can survive long periods of drought

Agriculture industry and economic contribution

Recent

Sternbergia and other wild flowers, soil

1980 Bedouin artefacts, captions and descriptions

Stratum VIB (800-700 BCE) Judahite town, textile production . It is most likely that King Sennacher ib in 701 BCE destroyed Stratum VIB during his march from Philistia to Lachish and Jerusalem when he tried to quell the revolt led

by King Hezekiah of Judah.

Total destructio n by fire that was caused by a military assault.

Stratum VIA (700-650 BCE) Continuou s Assyrian hostile activities must have been the cause for the abandonm ent of Stratum VIA.

Timber, stone, textiles

HISTORIC UNEVIDENCED COMPONENT

Stratum V (500-300 BCE) Stratum IV (300-100 BCE) Pits from Persian period.

Remains of a large building, possibly administra tive.

Ceramic evidence of agriculture and several figurines.

Remnants of a residential building as can be determine d by the several ovens found on the living surfaces.

Utilised in forest plantation

VEGETAL BODY

Stratum III (200-600 CE) Used for agriculture and grazing activities.

The main settlement took place on the Eastern Terrace and at other sites, such as Horvat Rimmon.

Two jewish villages (Tilla and Rimmon).

Cemeterie s excavated.

7 years

Early Arab period (700 CE) Modern Arab settlement , mostly in caves, occupied the foot of the tell at Khirbet Khuweilife h until 1948.

1

2

industry and economic contribution

3

65

Fig

f

Plantation

Subject

Physical

Native

Trunk, roots, bark, fruit

200 years

3-4 years

Oxygen production, carbon cycling, fruit

Agriculture industry and economic contribution

Yellow Sternbergia

y

Sternbergi a Valley’

Subject

Physical

Planted

Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering, rooting

-

2-5 years

Oxygen production, carbon cycling

Tourism

Jerusalem Sage s

Forest floor Subject and surroundin g ares

Physical

Native

Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering, rooting

3 years

Changing

Oxygen production, carbon cycling, drought resistant

Consumption

Thyme

ty

Forest floor Subject and surroundin g ares

Physical

Native

Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering, rooting

5-6 years

Changing

Oxygen production, carbon cycling, drought resistant

Consumption, grazing food

Thorny Burnet

b

Forest floor Subject and surroundin g ares

Physical

Native

Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering, rooting

5-6 years

2- 5 years

Oxygen production, carbon cycling

-

Jerusalem Spurge

sp

Surroundin g area

Subject

Physical

Native

Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering, rooting

2-3 years

Changing

Oxygen production, carbon cycling

Grazing food

Mitnan

mn

Forest floor Subject and surroundin g ares

Physical

Native

Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering fruiting, rooting

2-3 years

Changing

Oxygen production, carbon cycling

Consumption, grazing food, tourism

Forest floor Subject and surroundin g ares

Physical

Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering, rooting

2-3 years

12w 6d Oxygen production, carbon cycling

Consumption

Coleman Garlic

g

Native

Seeding, flowering, fruiting, rooting

Forest floor Subject and surroundin g ares

Physical

Native

Leaves, stem, Seeding, flower flowering, rooting

5-20 years

1 year

Oxygen production, carbon cycling

Tourism

g

Forest floor Subject and surroundin g ares

Physical

Native

Leaves/stem

-

5 years

Oxygen production, carbon cycling

Consumption, grazing food

Low desert shrubs

sh

Forest floor Subject and surroundin g areas

Physical

Native

Leaves, stem, Growth flower

5-6 years

2- 5 years

Oxygen production, carbon cycling

No longer in landscape

Physical

Native

Trunk, roots, bark, fruit

20-30 years

10 years

Tolerates extreme drought, long roots help stabilise soil and prevent erosion. Help ants to thrive.

Oxygen production, carbon cycling, fruit

Prevents desertification

Oxygen production, carbon cycling, fruit

Consumption, agriculture potential

j

No longer in landscape

Subject

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 16 years excreting, reproducing ,

10w Omnivore carbon cycling

-

Bedouin Arab

Arid soils

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 17 years excreting, reproducing ,

2 years

Grazing, carbon cycling

-

CULTURES HISTORIC

Rock Hyrax

>hy

Arid soils

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

3 years

Carnivore, carbon cycling

-

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 9-12 years excreting, reproducing , most active morning and evening 6 years Eating, excreting, reproducing ,

>he

Arid soils

Subject

Physical

1 year

Herbivore, carbon cycling

>o

Arid soils

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 50-75 excreting, years reproducing ,

4-5 years

Physical

Native

Seeding, flowering, rooting

Trunk, roots, bark, fruit

Seeding, flowering, rooting

50 years

4-5 years

Mycelium growth, sprout growth, sporing, decay, Growth, decay, restoration, death

Seasonal

1 year (cycle)

Carbon cycling, some use beetles to propagate

Dependant on host viability

Attach to older plants

Carbon cycling, Nutrient transfer between plant bodies

-

Plantation

Subject

Physical (Small)

Native

Fruit, underground element

Mycorrhiza

-

Plantation

Subject

Physical (Bellow Ground)

Native

Various strands, creating vast network

Lichen

-

Arid soils

Subject

Physical (Small)

Native

Body network Growth, decay, restoration, death

Thousands of years

Attach to older plants

Carbon cycling, nutrient cycling, preservation.

Ascomycota

-

Arid soils

Subject

Physical Native (SmallMicroscopi c)

Body network Cycle of cellular reproductio n, growth, decay, death.

Long cyclical lineage

Fast

Carbon cycling, symbiotic relationship with plants and animals (sometime), form art of lichen)

^c

Plantation

Subject

Physical

Body

Birth, 3 years growth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing, migrating

1 year

Omnivore, carbon cycling, migrate to Africa

Birth, 6 years growth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing, migrating

1 year

Birth, 5 years eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing, migrating

1 year

BIRD

Plantation

Subject

Physical

Birth, growth, death

Fringe fingered Lizard

>f

Arid soils

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 5 years excreting, reproducing ,

2 years

>t

Arid soils

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 50-100 excreting, years reproducing ,

5 to 8 years

Herbivore, carbon cycling

-

Geckos

>ge

Arid soils

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 15 years excreting, reproducing ,

1 year

Diet of insects, carbon cycling

-

Snakes

>s

Arid soils

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 20 years excreting, reproducing ,

2 years

Small rodents, carbon cycling

-

Budworm

-

Plantation

Subject

Physical (Small)

Egg, larva, pupa, butterfly/ moth

Body

Annual lifecycle, consuming.

4-6 weeks

5 months

Herbivore, cycle to moth/ butterlfy

-

Moths and Butterflies

-

Plantation

Subject

Physical (Small)

Egg, larva, pupa, butterfly/ moth

Body

Annual lifecycle, consuming.

4-6 weeks

5 months

Herbivore, cycle to budworm

-

Beetle

-

Plantation

Subject

Physical (Small)

Egg, pupa, death

Body

Enter tree for winter, emerge in summer

2 years (spruce beetle)

6 months

Herbivore, carbon cycling

-

Spider

-

Plantation

Subject

Physical (Small)

Growth.

Body Warming causing population increase

Web production

Several years

1 year

Insects, carbon cycling

Earthworm

-

Plantation

Subject

Physical (Small)

Egg, birth, growth, death

Body

Sexual reproductio n, consuming.

Several years

Mosquito

-

Plantation

Subject

Physical (Small)

Egg, birth, growth, death

Body

10 days (male) 50 days (female)

Flies

-

Plantation

Subject

Physical (Small)

Egg, birth, growth, death

Body

Sexual reproductio n, consuming (including blood) Sexual reproductio n, consuming.

Ant

-

All areas

Subject

Physical (Small)

Egg, birth, growth, death

Body

Sexual reproductio n, consuming.

Bees

-

All areas

Subject

Physical (Small)

Egg, birth, growth, death

Body

Sexual reproductio n, consuming.

Protozoa

-

Soil

Subject

Microscopi Cell c division and reproducti on

-

Cell division Continuou and s as long reproductio as n maintained

Nematode

-

Soil

Subject

Microscopi Growth, c decay, death.

-

Consumptio Large n, range from a few days to several years

Rotifer

-

Soil

Subject

Microscopi Growth, c reproducti on, decay, death.

-

Consumptio 3-4 days n

Birth, growth, death

Body

Tardigrade

-

Soil

Subject

Microscopi Growth, c reproducti on, decay, death.

-

Consumptio Several n years however they can ‘pause’ their existence

?

Consumption of algae, lichen and moss

-

Birth, growth, death

Body

Precipitation

-

-

Incidental

Physical

-

H20

Middle of Temperatu October to re middle of dependant April was the rainy season. Low humidity in summer.

Sometimes snow in winter.

Heavy rains in summer which are infrequent and must be taken advantage of. Dryer than the historic climate.

240mm annual precipitatio n

-

Maintain water bodies and life attached

Allows for life

Temperature

-

-

Continuous Variable

Vast

-

-

Ancient Site: 40-85 Fahrenheit with rainy and dry season.

Located in the fertile crescent.

Now: 45-90 Fahrenheit.

Ephemeral, variable

Feedback loop actor in global warming. Cool summer temperatures increase photosynthesi s

Affects typology of buildings

Cloud cover

-

-

Incidental Variable

Vast (Distanced )

-

Evaporated water

Formation and dissipation, not very present in summer

Ephemeral, variable

Shade from sun, precipitation producer

-

Sun

-

-

Continuous Variable

Vast (Distanced )

-

-

Daily cycle of Earth orbit.

Annual cycle of varying altitude (max ?? degrees).

Continuou s

-

Energy Source: thermal and light.

Allows for life

Air

-

-

Continuous Variable

Vast

-

Gaseous chemicals

Cool breezes in summer

Continuou s

-

Atmosphere.

Container of gaseous elements allowing respiration.

-

Fire

-

Plantation

Incidental

Physical (Variable)

Destructio Chemical n, burning reaction of carbon allowing it to release into the atmospher e.

Fire occurs in summer

Ephemeral

-

Destruction of trees. Specific species interaction.

Carbon released

Land tarnished for further cultivation

Israel State

-

-

Incidental

Vast

Legal

Occupied

Perspectiv e dependent

-

Ecology destruction/ translation

Numerous

1948 Arab Israeli War

-

Various

Incidental

Vast

Israeli state

Violence, expulsion, armies

1948, although this state could be described as ever present since.

1947-1949

Perspectiv e dependent

-

Destruction of landscape, expulsion of humans from agriculture land

After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Israel began to displace the Bedouin of the Negev desert, and by 1953 had expelled 90% of the roughly 100,000 people in the northern Negev.

Al-Masadiya Evictions (Destroyed 184 times)

-

AlMasadiya (different locations)

Incidental

Village

Several

-

-

Uprooted trees, which were transferred for replanting elsewhere.

Israeli courts have so far rejected suits to reclaim this land, refusing, according to Weizman, to acknowledge Bedouin tenure south of the 200 mm line, which is reserved for kibbutzim and moshavim.

Forest Creation

-

Plantation

Incidental

Physical (Variable)

1952 Environme nt dependant

-

Transforming landscape into biblical-zionist ideal, beautifying the place.

Affecting bird migration patterns and animal habitats.

Combatting desertification.

Trees have low albedo and contribute to further warming of surface layer.

Limans used to support tees.

Donations accepted by the JNF to plant tress. World leaders and politicians employed through history in ‘innocent seeming’ act of colonialism

Forest Expansion

-

Plantation

Incidental

Physical (Variable)

Several

Ephemeral

-

Transforming landscape into biblical-zionist ideal, beautifying the place.

Affecting bird migration patterns and animal habitats.

Combatting desertification.

Trees have low albedo and contribute to further warming of surface layer.

Limans used to support tees.

The Jewish National Fund planned to include the land of Al-Masadiya in a new forestation project in the Negev Desert.

Objection from some Bedouin living in Rahat and several villages nearby.

Israel China Friendship Forest

-

Plantation

Incidental

Conceptua l

2014 -

-

Governme nt dependant

Tree Planting

-

Plantation

Incidental

Physical

1952 JNF, funding, human application, gland nursery

Ongoing

Ephemeral

-

Transforming Donations landscape into accepted by the biblical-zionist JNF to plant tress. World ideal, beautifying the leaders and place politicians employed through history in ‘innocent seeming’ act of colonialism

Grazing Prohibited

-

Plantation

Incidental

Territorial

1950 Bedouin people, animals, land

Until 1975

Governme nt dependant

-

Allows for only a specific mode of land cultivation

Tree Vandalism

-

Plantation and Bedouin agriculture

Incidental

Physical

Ongoing

Pine trees, bedouin people, Israeli police

Throughout history to present

Ephemeral

-

Destruction of vegetal bodies.

>hi

Lahav, Lehavim

Subject

Cultural

Global, Europe

-

1948 present

-

-

Colonising trees, landscape transformation , urban communities and industry

-

Feed on vertebrates, carbon cycling, migrate in spring for food

-

Omnivore, carbon cycling, migrate to Africa

-

Blackeared wheater

^w

European Honey Buzzard

^b

Plantation

Subject

Physical

Birth, growth, death

Body

Birth, 9 years eating, sap sucking, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing, migrating

1 year

Feed on vertebrates, Control beetle population, carbon cycling

-

Levant Sparrowhawk

^s

Plantation

Subject

Physical

Birth, growth, death

Body

Birth, 4 years eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing, migrating

1 year

Carnivore, carbon cycling, migrate south for winter

-

Greater spotted ^e eagle

Plantation

Subject

Physical

Birth, growth, death

Body

Birth, 20-25 years eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing, migrating

20 months

Carnivore, carbon cycling, migrate in October from breeding grounds

-

Spanish Sparrow

^ss

Plantation

Subject

Physical

Birth, growth, death

Body

Migration 11 years (Annual), Birth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing

Several weeks

Consume insects, carbon cycling, winter territory

McQueens Bustard

^bu

Plantation

Subject

Physical

Birth, growth, death

Body

Migration 40 years (Annual), Birth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing

1 year

Under threat Consume insects, carbon from poaching cycling, non breeding within site

Cream Coloured courser

^c

Plantation

Subject

Physical

Birth, growth, death

Body

Migration 7 years (Annual), Birth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing

1 year

Consume insects, carbon cycling

Tits*

^t

Plantation, non native

Subject

Physical

Birth, growth, death

Body

Short 3 years Migration (Annual), Birth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing

1 year

Carnivore, carbon cycling

Plantation

Subject

Cultural

Palestine

-

-

-

-

Livestock grazing and agriculture

-

Palestinian Arab

-

Abu Libbeh/ Alamat

Subject

Cultural

Palestine

-

700 CE present

Nabateans

-

Rimmet

Subject

Cultural

Northern Arabia’

-

4th-2nd Century BCE (annexed into Roman Empire)

-

-

-

Livestock grazing and agriculture, working land which was Nomadic agriculture

Displaced from homeland

-

Byzantines

-

Rimmet

Subject

Cultural

West Asia

-

390-636 CE

-

-

Livestock grazing and agriculture,

The province experienced the rise of Christianity under the Byzantines, but was also a thriving centre of Judaism, after the Jews had been driven out of Judea by the Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries. Many Jews converted to christianity during this period.

Ottoman

-

Rimmet

Subject

Cultural

West Asia

-

1516-18th century

-

-

Aggressive Ottomans agriculture helped to keep depleted lands. peace between various religions

Originally Arabian ostrich but it’s been extinct for several years.

Carnivore of ground dwelling insects, carbon cycling

6w Diet of: Plant matter, decaying carbon matter, microscopic Feed on birds.

<10 days

1-3 years 1-3 yers (months after maturation )

Greco-Roman, converted to Christianity later. Nomadic tribes, trade route near site.

Physical

-

Disease spreaders, agriculture pest

Larvae consume leaf litter

-

4 years

5w Consume leaf litter

-

30-60 days

3w Pollinator

Pollinator allowing for cultivation, historically not present

MICROSCOPIC

^r

Subject

INSECT Growth

Basidiomycota

Raptors

AlMasadiya

-

Tortoise

FUNGHI

Chaffinch

>hb

REPTILE

i

Jujube*

Various

Ostrich

Grasses

Subject

>b

>i

Desert Hedgehog

Dark Brown Iris

Twisted Acacia* ta

Bat

Ibex

Varied

Mineralising nutrients

Mineralising nutrients

1d Nutrient cycling

-

-

-

CLIMATE

EVENT

Jays*

^j

Plantation, non native

Subject

Physical

Birth, growth, death

Body

Short 7 years Migration (Annual), Birth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing

1 year

Omnivore, carbon cycling

-

Crows*

^c

Plantation, non native

Subject

Physical

Birth, growth, death

Body

Migration 7-8 years (Annual), Birth, eating, sleeping, egg laying/ reproducing , flying, landing

2-4 years

Omnivore, carbon cycling

-

MAMMAL Egyptian Jerboa

>j

Various

Subject

Physical

Growth, decay, death.

Body

Populations 6 years peak every 3 to 5 years.

Eating, excreting, reproducing ,

Gazelle

>ga

Various, mountains and hills, forests during night.

Subject

Physical

Growth, decay, death.

Body

Eating, 10-12 excreting, years reproducing ,

19 months

Herbivore carbon cycling, eats acacia, doesn’t need much water

Territorial, moves in groups

Mongoose

>m

Various, near streams and vegetation

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 12 years excreting, reproducing ,

2 years

It preys on rodents, fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and insects. It also feeds on fruit and eggs, carbon cycling

-

Hare

>h

Arid soils

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 3-4 years excreting, reproducing

1 year

Herbivore,, excreting, reproducing,

-

Wild Boar

>b

Various

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 3-5 years excreting, reproducing ,

1 year

Eating, excreting, reproducing, carbon cycling

-

5w 5d Diet of seeds, shoots, drinks very little carbon cycling.

Fox

>f

Various

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 3-4 years excreting, reproducing

10 months

Prey on smaller animals, excreting, reproducing, carbon cycling

Wolf

>w

Various

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 14 years excreting, reproducing ,

2 years

Prey on smaller Territorial, animals, moves in excreting, groups reproducing, carbon cycling

Caracal

>c

Various

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 12 years excreting, reproducing ,

1 year

Prey on smaller animals, excreting, reproducing, carbon cycling

Jackal

>j

Various

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 10-12 excreting, years reproducing ,

11 months

Prey on smaller animals, excreting, reproducing, carbon cycling

Human

>h

Settlement s

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 82 years excreting, reproducing , hunting, herding.

18 years

Omnivore, carbon cycling, herding animals, hunting animals, cultivating plants.

Various

Territorial, moves in groups

Hyena

>h

Various

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 12 years excreting, reproducing ,

3 years

Prey on small animals, carbon cycling

Camel

>c

Arid soils

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 40-50 excreting, years reproducing ,

6 years

Ancient herded Herbivore.

Herded, carbon animal cycling

Goat

>g

Various

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 15-18 excreting, years reproducing

5 months

Herbivore,, excreting, reproducing,

Ancient herded animal, banned from forests and woodlands under law which says they cause environmental damage.

Black Goat

>bg

Various

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 15-18 excreting, years reproducing

5 months

Herbivore,, excreting, reproducing, reduce undergrowth preventing forest fires.

Ancient herded animal, banned from forests and woodlands under law which says they cause environmental damage. Main agriculture component of bedouin culture

Sheep

>s

Various

Subject

Physical

Growth. decay, death.

Body

Eating, 10-12 years excreting, reproducing ,

6-8 months

Omnivore, carbon cycling

Herded animal

Settlements, police, community

1952 Finance, tree nurseries

Ongoing

Finance, tree nurseries

-

Bedouin herders unable to farm livestock, straining economy and livelihoods Prevents further expansion (somewhat).

Aggravates relationship between bedouins and state.

CULTURES PRESENT Jewish Israeli

4

Displace existing communities

5

6

Technical Design

Recreation and Speculation Techn

nical Design

4

A Desert of Trees

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ADS3 Refuse Trespassing Our Bodies - Fertility, Exhaustion and All that Matter/s With thanks to Alon Scwhabe, Daniel Fernández Pascual, Dubravka Sekulic and Agata Nguyen Chuong 2022