AUSTRALIAN FORESTERS in PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1922-1975
PNGAF MAGAZINE ISSUE # 9Q1 of 24th March 2023.
QUENSLAND’S CONTRIBUTION to PNG’s SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT.
Queensland has greatly assisted the business of PNG Forestry in building a better PNG.
Wood is an increasingly strategic resource for tomorrow.
Editor R B McCarthy1 2022.
MAP Source2 FAO. QUEENSLAND PNG
1 Dick McCarthy District Forester TPNG Forests 1963-1975.
2 FAO – FRP2005
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
WHY QUEENSLAND? WHY? page 3
FORWOOD page 5
INTRODUCTION page 6
Nature of PNG Woods page 7
Status of PNG Forest Industry page 7
What of Future Co-operations? Page 8
SIMILARITIES PNG FORESTRY & QUEENSLAND FORESTRY page 9
Similar Forest Types page 9
Similar Forest Product Markets page 12
Similar Forest Plantation Species page 13
Similar Forest Management Standards
page 14
Similar Forest Product Standards page 15
Similar Timber Preservation Methodology & Treatment Standards page 15
Similar Roading Specifications
Similar Industry Organizations
Similar Lager Beers
Similar Forestry Training Curriculum
BACKGROUND TO QUEENSLAND FORESTRY
BACKGROUND TO PNG FORESTRY
page 16
page 16
page 16
page 17
page 19
page 21
Early History of PNG page 22
REFERENCES
page 23
ACRONYMS page 24
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3 WHY QUEENSLAND? WHY?
Bilong wamen Kwin graun wantaim Kwin grauns?
Why Queensland and Queenslanders?
Long wanem olgera papua nu gini kisim krungutim oltaim putim belong ol bananas.
Because Papua New Guineans needed to get bends put into their bananas
The first bananas originated some 10,000 years ago in the region that includes the Malaya Peninsular, Indonesia, Philippines, and New Guinea.
Further to that there is the saying that Queenslanders got the pineapple: to get the rough end of the pineapple. In other words, to get a raw deal, or to receive unfair or inequitable treatment. The force of the phrase derives partly from the fact that either end of a pineapple is 'rough', although the end with the prickly leaves is very rough indeed.
WHY QUEENSLAND
Most pineapples in Australia are grown in Queensland but they did not originate in Queensland.
3 Cartoons from Bob Brown’s Grass Roots Guide to PNG Pidgin South Pacific Post.
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Fruit of wild PNG banana musa maclayi. Source SCU
Qld bent banana.
Some Queenslanders below who visited PNG by ship initially. (short distance).
Quirky facts
• Queenslanders are called banana benders, because they spend all their time putting bends into bananas as bananas are not originally from Queensland.
• Surf lifesaving is really, really big.
• Queensland is not as multicultural as down south or further north.
• Indigenous culture is far more accessible.
• Queenslanders are way more patriotic than their southern or northern neighbours.
• Queensland is way bigger than you think.
• Queenslanders get up insanely early (or did you want coffee after 2 pm?!).
• Queenslanders eat super early (or let’s go to bed at 8pm)
• Queenslanders love going camping and take as much as they possibly can.
• Road designs can be incredibly confusing (or, turning left to go right)
• Queenslanders haven’t actually heard that sun exposure can cause cancer.
• Queenslanders are obsessed with the weather report.
• Returning or new immigrant foresters may be termed exotic invaders. Queensland has found that these invasive species can become so entrenched and have evolved so much they might need to be rebadged as "new natives", or nco-natives. In ecological time the process of speciation may even occur. There could be the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
4 Sailing distance
FORWOOD
There is a long standing and enormous wood trade between Australia and PNG, especially Queensland, encompassed within a sphere of similar forest types and forest products, bound by many existing long-term areas of mutual co-operation within the respective government and private sectors.
The business of creating PNG Forestry was and is to build a better PNG and at the same time ensuring PNG’s wood fibre is an increasingly strategic resource for tomorrow.
Editor Dick McCarthy4 in 2003 described the many similarities between PNG Forestry and Australian Forestry (specifically Queensland) in terms of:
• Similar forest types and forest produce
• Similar forest product markets.
• Similar forest plantation species
• Similar forest industry standards.
• Similar forestry training curriculum.
• PNG serves as an economic woodshed for the Australian timber trade.
• In the past most forest investors were Australian.
• Both countries are signatory to ITTO in terms of criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management.
• Similar timber treatment standards and building codes, (where used) are based on Australian standards
• There were and still are close linkages between Australian and PNG government and industry organizations
Globally, National Forestry Agencies are undergoing decentralization, restructuring, and downsizing. Queensland and PNG are no different. Faced with inadequate financial and human resources, governments are increasingly turning to local communities to assist them in protecting and managing state owned forests/plantations. For forestry agencies, greater reliance on resources at local community levels was perceived to be a potential solution to a growing resource problem.
PNG’s experiences in transformation of forest management to a multiple stakeholder, community-based approach has not been easy, even though the forests of PNG are privately owned by traditional communities.
However, a major issue in the implementation of development assistance efforts that adopt a sustainable livelihoods approach, is that to alleviate poverty in the first instance is to provide food and shelter and fuel. This necessitates cutting down forested land to grow crops and to obtain materials for shelter and fuel for heating.
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4 McCarthy RB 2003 “A partnership for economic renewal and growth”. Presentation to 20th Australian PNG Business Forum Cairns Qld 2003.
INTRODUCTION
In Papua New Guinea, all wood fibre resources were originally privately owned by individual landowner groups (clan/integrated landowner groups).
There has always been a need for PNG as an emerging nation to develop its forest sector to assist in creating its own economy utilising its resources (including wood fibre) but at the same time ensuring peoples’ interests were protected. They owned the lands on which the forests grew. This was an enormous task because given the pattern of traditional land ownership, the traditional owners had no direct or community investment in an overarching forest sector institution. This became a cornerstone of Australia’s forest management development in PNG prior to 1975, to ensure there was established some format by which individual landowner groups could expect reasonable returns for their woods. It has become a significant feature of PNG National Forest Policy and Practice.
The PNGAF project AUSTRALIAN Foresters in PNG until 1975, provides an insight into the introduction of forest management practices and tree growing into the privatelyowned forests of PNG. The 1973 publication of the Department of Forests “NEW HORIZONS”5 , provided an overview of the Australian foresters’ technical achievements till that year. The early Australian foresters in PNG loved forestry and PNG. Against all odds, these early Australian foresters in PNG demonstrated the ability to not only create a forest sector but the ability to influence landscapes and environment in building the PNG nation.
Eminent6 TPNG forester Jim Belford7 described that timber has always been a strategic commodity, and in the early days of colonization, say from the 1850’s, material for construction came through either trade arrangements or outright purchase of small parcels of land from traditional owners, which included rights to standing timber.
By the mid 1930’s, a need was seen to develop regulation of the forestry sector, and this was done by the Australian Administration through a Forestry Act which leaned heavily on the Queensland Forest Act of that time. This did, for application in the then Territory of Papua and New Guinea, include the transfer of forest rights through Timber Rights Purchases, where rights to forest resources were acquired by the Administration, leaving it to regulate commercial forest production activity, while outright land ownership rights remained with the traditional owners.
With some modifications, Timber Rights Purchases remained the norm for forest resource acquisition until the early 1970’s, when the Private Dealings Act was formalized, which also allowed traditional owners to deal directly with timber operators over forest rights, subject to checks and balances. (Of course, these dealings were outside of the nation’s defined forest concession areas).
5 Jacaranda Press “New Horizons” 1973.
6 PNGAF Mag Issue #9D2 of 15/10/2021
– The Development of PNG’s forest Management Systems
7 PNGAF Mag Issue #9B-5B4B1 OF 12/7/21
- Eminent TPNG forester Jim Belford
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Concepts as SABL were created. The SABL concept (special purpose agriculture business lease) is for a temporary acquisition of customary land for a fixed period of time for the purpose of establishing a plantation or other agriculture business.
It is under the PNG Land Act and no linkages have been done back to the current PNG Forest Act or PNG Environment Act.
The intention back in the late 1970’s was to help landowner participation in economic activities. (Since 2003, the scheme has been abused and effectively steal many hectares of customary land for oil palm development etc and to clear forests for log export supposing for agricultural development.).
The SABL concept reflects where yet again the political process interferes in due process at the expense not only of the customary landowner but the country’s national forest resources.
Nature of PNG Woods
Throughout PNG’s history (as was the status in Queensland) , there were no longstanding timber structures. This was because the sapwood of all PNG timbers and the heartwood of some PNG timbers are liable to attack by wood destroying fungi, boring insects, and termites In addition, all untreated timber placed in saltwater is liable to attack by a variety of organisms collectively known as marine borers. There was an enormous need to develop wood preservation methods for PNG timbers as in Queensland.
Status of PNG Forest Industry
PNG’s annual wood flow is some 8 million m3 of which 5 million m3 is firewood (FAO estimate), 1.8 million log export, processed export 0.645 million m3, and domestic industrial 0.2 million m3. The wood business trade is based on price and individual consumer demand. After many years, in terms of revenue generation and active forest management regimes only 3.7 million hectares of the PNG land base was under active forest management regimes and only 65,000 hectares of plantations had been established.
Even so, if allowed to operate efficiently, this small forest base can produce a sustainable annual production of 8 million m3 (includes 5 million m3 firewood) The commercial annual cut of 3.3 million m3 would continue to make a contribution of US$270 million to PNG’s GDP annually, with some US$85 million paid in export taxes/levies and with landowners receiving some US$20 million in direct payments. The total value of manufactured forest products in 2002 was some US$33 million and export logs some US$100.
Forestry is PNG’s second largest industry. The industry is made up of various sectors, harvesting, sawn timber, plywood manufacture, veneer production, furniture making and forest plantation activities.
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In recent times. PNG has seen a rapidly declining market for its forest produce in Japan and now its China market is diminishing. Yet China is becoming the top exporter of secondary wood processed products in the developing world.
At the same time, PNG industry has seen the solid wood products market being taken over by panel products, wood composites and now even wood/plastic composites. The Australian sawn timber and panel product (PNG’s closet export market) is now becoming PNG’s fastest growing market.
PNG has lost much of the domestic market for timber products to other non-wood materials, due mainly to failure of wood in use due to the lack of non-wood preservative treatments. Property owners and developers, together with architects, engineers and builders have sought other materials because of the inherent dangers in using untreated wood. This loss of domestic market share for PNG woods also correlates directly with the cessation of proper monitoring and checking of correct timber treatments together with compliance checks and independent verification of the correct timber by the responsible government authorities in PNG.
What of the Future?
In terms of economic relations Australia and PNG must recognize the long-term wood trade between PNG and Australia Furthermore, both Australia and PNG must recognize PNG as Australia’s economic woodshed and tailor development co-operation relationships to encourage future development of that economic woodshed.
Ongoing partnership developments in economic growth could be through undertaking wood products development cooperation programs in terms of the formation of a cooperative research centre run under the direction of a body as CSIRO with contributions coming both from government and private sources
Programs of ongoing research activities could include:
• Improved value adding wood processing activities.
• Use of agricultural fibre residues as oil palm/coconut etc.
• Plantation development, in terms of research activities as genetic engineering, wood properties, species selection, silvicultural practices and plantation management.
• Joint sustainable forest management initiatives including regional forest and forest product quality certification schemes in conjunction with ITTO endeavours.
• Natural forest inventory and regeneration techniques.
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SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PNG FORESTRY AND AUSTRALIAN FORESTRY 8
Similar Forest Types
QUEENSLAND PNG
FAO described9 the climate of the Pacific Islands as dominated by the trade winds and most of islands having ample precipitation. The average annual precipitation generally varies between 1 500 and 4 000 mm and the dry season is seldom severe. Locally, rainfall depends on the relief and the leeward side may be dry. Mean temperature at sea level is about 23°C near the Tropics and 27°C at the Equator, with little difference between the hottest and coolest months. Cyclonic disturbances mainly affect the Western Pacific archipelagos (Melanesia and western Micronesia).
The coastal area of north-eastern Australia has a tropical wet climate and receives the highest annual rainfall in Australia. It has a mean annual precipitation of 1 500 to 2 500
8 McCarthy RB 2003 “A partnership for economic renewal and growth”. Presentation to 20th Australian PNG Business Forum Cairns Qld 2003.
9 Tropical Forest Resource Assessment Project – Forest Resources of Tropical Asia UN 32/6.1301-78-04
technical report 3 of 1981. M-35 ISBN 92-5-101105-2
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Source: FAO Map Oceania Region 1981.
mm with some areas exceeding 4 500 mm. There is a marked summer maximum (January to March). The mean annual temperature is around 23°C.
The rain forests of the tropical Pacific Islands are generally evergreen. Their structure is comparable to that of the Indo-Malayan forests, but the flora of the dominant strata is often relatively poor. The tallest hardwood forests, with heights ranging from 30 to 45 m, are found on deep volcanic soils. About a dozen species (in the genera Calophyllum, Campnosperma, Dillenia, Elaeocarpus, Endospermum, Gmelina, Maranthes, Parinari, Schizomeria and Terminalia) are the main constituents of the canopy, overtopped occasionally by banyan figs (Ficus spp.) and Terminalia calamansanai. A poorer forest grows on the limestone atolls. In certain special environments a single species dominates theupper stratum. Examplesarethe Nothofagus spp forests in New Caledonia Coniferous forests belonging to the Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae, Podocarpaceae and Taxaceae families have a limited distribution throughout the Pacific.
Mangroves cover rather large areas in the Melanesian archipelagos and in the Caroline Islands. They can reach a height of 25 m and the main constituents are Rhizophoraceae together with species of the genera Avicennia, Lumnitzera, Sonneratia and Xylocarpus.
Papua New Guinea lies in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean and covers a land area of 461 700 km2 between latitudes 0° and 12°S and longitudes 141° and 156°E. The country consists of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea, the Trobriand, Woodlark, d'Entrecasteaux and Louisiade groups of islands, the Bismarck Archipelago with New Britain, New Ireland, and Manus and the Buka and Bougainville islands of the Solomons. The central core of New Guinea is a massive mountain chain with peaks up to 4 500 m (Mount Wilhelm 4 508 m) and forming a natural east-west barrier. The mountain chain is made of a series of ranges divided by large fertile valleys at altitudes between 1 500 and 1 800 m. High rainfall is responsible for the existence of many rivers, which are only navigable in their lower parts. Exceptions however are the Sepik River in the north and the Fly River in the southwest, both with extensive herbaceous grass swamps. Southwestern New Guinea is a flat land covered with dry evergreen forests.
Theisland regions also haveprominent mountains, howeverofmuch lower elevations The highest peaks on New Britain are up to 2 438 m, on Bougainville up to 2 743 m and New Ireland up to 1 871 m. These islands, with recently latent but still active volcanic phenomena, have highly fertile soils and they concentrate most of the agricultural activity and production of the country.
The climate is moist and tropical except in the southwestern and central southern areas. The southwestern monsoon, which is hot and humid and brings most of the rain, occurs from December to May. High mountains and insular nature of part of the country have a strong effect on the local climates. The central mountain chain is a rain shelter for the southwestern part during the northwest monsoon and so this part is much drier and covered with savannas. There is a considerable variation in annual rainfall which ranges from 980 mm in Port Moresby to more than 5 000 mm on places in the central mountains, where rainfall is distributed all over the year. Temperatures are about 30°C on average along the
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coasts in the north and show a marked seasonal tendency southward. In the Highlands they rangebetween9°and32° C (withfrost andhigher elevations)andat PortMoresby between 23° and 32°C.
Papua New Guinea forest resources were described as of 1973 in the Dept of Forests PNG publication NEW HORIZONS10 Details include the forest resources, selected timber species, marketing, forest management activities, forest tree plantation development, extension activities, forest product research, and forester training initiatives.
Queenslandrainforests and forest management weredescribedin thefollowing documents.
Details include forest resource management, timber utilization research, extension activities and field management practices developed through research for native forest silviculture and softwood plantation silviculture.
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10 Jacaranda Press “New Horizons” 1973
Similar Forest Product Markets
The uses of wood and wood fibre products are similar in both Queensland and PNG.
Wood in both Queensland and PNG is renewable, has a variety of species and colours, workability, highly versatile, relatively light in weight, yet has good strength in both tension and compression; and provides rigidity, toughness, buoyancy and insulating properties. It can be bent or twisted into special shapes, and it is readily worked, fastened, and finished. The finished surface is pleasant to the touch and the visual patterns provided can be of great beauty.
Source Qld Forestry ForEd Project 1982-1985.
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Source Qld Forestry ForEd Project 1982-1985.
Similar Forest Plantation Species
Conifer plantation silviculture for native conifers as hoop pine Araucaria cunninghamii, and tropical pines e.g., Pinus caribaea var hondurensis, follow complementary pathways.
Much of the early pioneering research work by K J White, Alan Cameron, John Davidson, and John Smith is detailed in the first silvicultural publication Silvicultural Techniques in Papua New Guinea Plantations. 1966. Division of Silviculture Bulletin No 1. This publication detailed the development of silvicultural techniques (in many instances based on Queensland experiences) to grow PNG species in plantation format both for industrial plantations as well as individual landowners through extensive extension programs. This publication detailed silvicultural techniques for Araucaria cunninghamii – Hoop pine, Araucaria hunsteinii – Klinkii pine, Tectonia grandis – Teak., Eucalyptus deglupta – Kamarere, Ochroma lagopus – Balsa.
Silviculture of Pinus in PNG Bulletin # 5 by JEN Smith in 1970 describes silvicultural techniques to grow Pinus species in PNG.
Pinus plantations Bulolo.
Photo credit Dick McCarthy.
Tropical Pines - P. caribaea var hondurensis. Bulolo. Photo credit N Howcroft.
Hoop pine Araucaria cunninghamii plantations Wau Photo credit Dick McCarthy.
Acacia mangium plantations Lae.
Photo credit Dick McCarthy.
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Similar Forest Management Standards
PNG’s tree marking and selection forest management have been adopted from selection management of wet tropical rainforest in North Queensland
The purpose of this transfer in that harvesting activities of rainforest follow selection logging guidelines to ensure retention of growing stock, imposition of minimum cutting diameters for species groups, merchantable thinning below normal diameter limits and provision for retention of seed trees. This is based on a sustainable forest management based on a 35-year cutting cycle. (North Qld selection logging based on a 40-year cutting cycle (range 38-80 years depending on species) before banned in 1989.
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Similar Forest Product Standards
Similar Timber Preservation Methodology and Treatment Standards
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Similar Roading Specifications
Similar Industry Organizations
Similar Lager Beers
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Similar Forestry Training Curriculum
Tertiary Forestry Education – Australian Forestry School Yarralumla Canberra.
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AFS 1955 Yarralumla. Source National Archives of Australia.
Bulolo Forestry College 1973. Photo Credit Murray Day DOF.
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The former Natural Resources Building UNITECH (housing the Forestry Faculty) Lae. Build 1977.
Source John Davidson and Google.
Australian Forestry School 2013.
Photo credit Dick Passauer
BACKGROUND TO QUEENSLAND FORESTRY
Qld Viewpoint Rainforest 11
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11 Rainforests – publication of Dept Of Forests re multiple use management of forests
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BACKGROUND TO PNG FORESTRY
The Sunda and Sahul landmasses as about 50,000 to 60,000 years ago when people first came to Sahul12 .
The island of New Guinea has a high diversity of species and a high level of endemism, containing more than 5 percent of earth’s biodiversity in just over one half of a percent of the land on the Earth. It supports the largest area of mature tropical moist forest in the Asia/Pacific region.
Papua New Guinea consists of the eastern part of the island of New Guinea, plus the islands of the Bismarck Archipelago, Buka, and Bougainville. There are between fifteen thousand and twenty thousand species of vascular plants in Papua New Guinea, with at least two thousand species of trees.
12 Bourke RM and Harwood T Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea. ANU Press 2009
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Early History of Papua New Guinea.
At no time was PNG completely joined to Southeast Asia, but it was joined to Australia, probably until about 6000 years ago. As a result, PNG shares many species of plants and animals (including marsupials) with Australia but not Indonesia. The Wallace line marks the deep water between Bali and Lombok and Kalimantan and Sulawesi that formed a natural barrier to animals and plants. To reach PNG, people had to cross open water on canoes or rafts.
Several waves of people have arrived in PNG from Asia, and this may be reflected in the distribution of Austronesian and non-Austronesian languages. The Austronesian languages are scattered along the coast and are spoken throughout Polynesia and Micronesia. The majority of Papua New Guineans speak non-Austronesian languages and, it is believed, arrived before the Austronesian language speakers.
As the world’s climate warmed, the sea level rose, isolating PNG and submerging the original coastal settlements. Parts of the Huon Peninsula have subsequently risen due to volcanic activity. Evidence of early coastal settlements have been exposed – 40,000year-old stone axes have been found.
People reached the Highlands about 30,000 years ago and most of the valleys were settled over the next 20,000 years. Trade between the Highlands and the coast have been going on for at least 10,000 years.
Kuk (or Kup) Swamp in the Wahgi Valley (Western Highlands) has evidence of human habitation going back 20,000 years. Even more significantly there is evidence of gardening beginning 9000 years ago. This makes Papua New Guineans among the first farmers in the world. The main foods farmed at that stage are likely to have been sago, coconuts, breadfruit, local bananas, yams, sugar cane (which originated in PNG), nuts and edible leaves. It is uncertain when the pig and more productive starch crops (yams, taros, bananas) were introduced, but it is known that pigs arrived at least 10,000 years ago.
As previously mentioned, the first European impact on PNG was indirect but far reaching. The sweet potato was taken to South East Asia from South America by the Portuguese and Spanish in the 16th century. It is believed Malay traders then brought it to Irian Jaya from where it was traded to the Highlands. The introduction of the sweet potato must have brought radical change to life in the Highlands, its high yield and tolerance for poor and cold soils allowed the colonisation of higher altitudes, the domestication of many more pigs and a major increase in human population.
The next development preceding the permanent arrival of Europeans was the arrival of steel axes which were traded from the coast to the Highlands. The introduction of these more efficient axes reduced the workload of men, increased bride price payments and maybe because of increased leisure time, encouraged war.
13 Lonely Planets Bushwalking in Papua New Guinea p 12 ISBN 0864420528
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REFERENCES
Bourke RM and Harwood T. 2009 Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea. ANU Press 2009.
Dept of Forests PNG 1973 “New Horizons” Jacaranda Press 1973.
Dept of Forestry Queensland 1984 Forest Management in Queensland Part One.
Dept of Forestry Queensland 1984 Forest Management in Queensland Part Two
Dept of Forestry Queensland 1984 RAINFORESTS.
Lonely Planets. Bushwalking in Papua New Guinea p 12 ISBN 0864420528
McCarthy RB 2003 A Partnership for Economic Renewal and Growth. Presentation to 20th Australian PNG Business Forum Cairns Qld 2003.
UN 1981. Tropical Forest Resource Assessment Project – Forest Resources of Tropical Asia UN 32/6.1301-78-04 technical report 3 of 1981. M-35 ISBN 92-5-101105-2.
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ACRONYMS
ACT Australian Capital Territory
ADB Asian Development Bank
AFPNG Association of Foresters of PNG
AFS Australian Forestry School
AIF Australian Infantry Forces
AMF Australian Military Forces
ANBG Australian National Botanical Gardens
ANGAU Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit
ANU Australian National University
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
APMF Australian Paper Manufacturers Forestry Pty Ltd
AusAID Australian Aid Agency
BA basal area
BCOF British Commonwealth Occupational Force 1945-52
“Beer Time” Any time.
BFC Bulolo Forestry College
BGD Bulolo Gold Dredging Company
BNGD British New Guinea Development (Company Limited)
BUC Bulolo University College
C Commonwealth
cm centimetre
CFA Commonwealth Forestry Association
CIF cost, insurance, freight
CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
C & I Criteria and indicators
CNGT Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers Bulolo
CO2 carbon dioxide
COC chain of custody
CRE Commander Royal Engineers
CRE CRE is a term inherited by RAE from RE and is the term for the Commanding Officer of a RAE unit which is headed by a Lt Col. Although the officer is called the CRE the name is also used for the name of his unit.
E.g., CRE Aust Forestry Group or 1(NG Forests).
CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation
C&I Criteria and Indicators
DASF Dept of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries
DBH/ dbh Diameter at breast height
DEPT Department
DPI Department of Primary Industry
DOF Department of Forests
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ENB East New Britain Province.
e.g. For example
ENGO Environmental Non-governmental Organisation
Etc et cetera (more of the same)
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
F &TB Forest and Timber Bureau Canberra
FIM Forest Information System
FMA Forest Management Agreement
FPRC Forest Products Research Centre Hohola
FRA Forest Resource Assessment
FRI Forest Research Institute Lae
Forkol Bulolo Forestry College
FSP/PNG Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific
FD Forest department
FOB free on board
FSC Forest Stewardship Council
GAB Girth above buttress
Gbhob Girth breast height over bark
Gubab Girth under bark above buttress
GIS Geographic Information Systems
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEF Global Environment Facility
GIS Geographical information system
GNP Gross National Product
ha hectare
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IFA Institute of Foresters of Australia
IMF International Monetary Fund
ITC International Trade Centre
ITTA International Tropical Timber Agreement
ITTC International Tropical Timber Council
ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization
JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency
m3 cubic metre
MCCAF McCarthy & Associates (Forestry) Pty. Ltd.
MHA Member of House of Assembly PNG
MIA mean annual increment in cubic metres/hectare/year
MM Military Medal
MTTC Malaysian Timber Certification Council
n.a. not available
NAA National Archives Australia
NARI National Agriculture Research Institute
NB New Britain
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NDS Northern District Sawmills
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NFCAP PNG National Forestry and Conservation Action Plan
no. number
NG New Guinea
NGF New Guinea Forces (relates to plant collection of Lae Herbarium)
NGIB New Guinea Infantry Battalion
NGI New Guinea Islands
NGO Non-Government Organisation
NGVR New Guinea Volunteer Rifles
NZ New Zealand
NSW New South Wales
NTSC National Tree Seed Centre PNG Bulolo
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
OIC Officer in Charge
OTML Ok Tedi Mining Ltd
P or p page
PEFC Pan European Forest Certification Scheme
PIB Papuan Infantry Battalion
PIR Pacific Islands Regiment
PNG Papua New Guinea
PNGAA Papua New Guinea Australia Association
PNGAF Papua New Guinea Australian Foresters Magazine Series
PNGFA Papua New Guinea Forest Authority
PNGFIA PNG Forest Industries Association
PNGRIS Papua New Guinea Resource Information System
PNGUT PNG University of Technology
POM Port Moresby
P&C Principles and Criteria
PEFC Pan-European Forest Certification Framework
QLD Queensland
RAE Royal Australian Engineers/Australian Army
RPC Royal Papuan Constabulary
RRA Rapid Resource Appraisal
RIL reduced impact logging
RTA Regional Trade Agreement
RWE roundwood equivalent
SAP structural adjustment programme
SFM Sustainable Forest Management
SGS Société General de Surveillance
SP
South Pacific
SPWP Secondary Processed Wood Products
sq m square metres
TAG Trade Advisory Group of ITTO
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
Unasylva Journal of FAO of UN
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UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNE University of New England Armidale NSW
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
UNI University
UNITECH University of Technology Lae PNG
UNRE University of Natural Resources and Environment
UPNG University of Papua New Guinea
UQ University of Queensland
USA United States of America
TPNG Territory of Papua and New Guinea
TA Timber Area
TA Timber Authority
TRADAC Timber Research & Development Advisory Council Qld.
TRP Timber Rights Purchase
Vol volume
VSF Victorian School of Forestry
WA Western Australia
WB World Bank
WTO World Trade Organization
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
Yr. year
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