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1 AUSTRALIAN FORESTERS in PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1922-1975

1975. 2 Howcroft

Mag # 9B 5B4H9 p16/p17 PNGAF MAGAZINE ISSUE # 9B-5B4R4 of 21st Aug 2022 FOREST MANAGEMENT. Eminent TPNG Forester

- 1977.

Editor R B McCarthy 2022. Jim Riley as Fire Protection Officer for the Bulolo Wau plantation complex, reviewed in 1968 (paper enclosed) the fire issues affecting the hoop and klinkii plantations. Given the susceptibility of hoop and klinkii to fire, enormous challenges faced the Bulolo foresters in developing the plantations.

Howcroft2 described the importance of fire, culturally and environmentally to the traditional owners. He highlighted the introduction to the fire hazard and the need for plantation fire protection.

Photo Credit Philip Pope Dick McCarthy District Forester TPNG Forests 1963 PNGAF Jim Riley 1967

Name Jim Riley Year of birth 1941 Joined Forestry PNG 1967, Resigned 1971, Re joined 1975.

PNG commenced as Technical Assistant at Bulolo with John Smith on Pinus sp. Research, then Fire Officer Bulolo, then Lecturer Bulolo Forestry College. Work Locations Bulolo Departure PNG 1977 Life after PNG 2 years with J Groome & Associates Forest Consultants 7 years with Fletcher Forests Ltd, Logging Manager at Tairua Forest, A2 Hauler crews, 1 skidder crew operation Subsequently, approximately 20 years harvest planning the logging of forests in the upper North Island for several Forestry Corporations.

Occupation Prior to PNG service, joined NZ Forest Service 1958 as a Ranger trainee, 9 years’ service including general silviculture, ecological forest survey North Island’s major mountain ranges, 3 years on sand dune reclamation works, 2 years OIC small forests.

Aftermath of Heads Hump Fire of September 1972. More than 800 ha of immature hoop pine killed which was unsalvageable and immediately attacked by fungi and beetles. The fire burnt through most of the grassland on the slopes but did not penetrate the relatively intact rainforest. Photo credit John Davidson.

Commentary re Bulolo Wau early fire protection activities. Fire tankers ex NSW Forest Commission.3 Two fire tankers ex NSW Forest Commission were part of Bulolo Wau’s firefighting equipment. Jim Riley advised that Bulolo’s were painted yellow. It was a standard 4x4 Bedford, the same as Aussie Rural ones, with an 800 gallon water tank and a high pressure pump driven by a Holden motor, with two 3/4 inch hose coils on the back.

3 Personal communication Dick McCarthy/Jim Riley 25/7/22

Jim purchased many metres of 1 1/2'' rubberised canvas hose which was "Flaked" into back packs a la NZ Forest Service style. These could be carried on the backs of several men and coupled together to extend far further than the 3/4"hose reels could reach and into rough country. This hose was fed by the units HP Pump. Bert Gloynes son Mike took over as Fire Officer when Jim went as lecturer to the Bulolo Forestry College.

There was a deep, steep sided flat bottomed gully immediately adjacent to the site, on its western side, the side closest to the Wau airstrip. There were some scattered shrub/tree species throughout the area. It became obvious that the area had not been burnt off since the Second World War. The area had a track of sorts around its perimeter. The fire crew were all locals, who as we know are pyromaniacs! Once I set them off ring firing around the edge of the track, there was no stopping them. The fire had not long got underway when small arms ammunition started exploding. I was standing on the edge of the plateau when a cartridge exploded near to me. When something struck my ankle, I realized that because the projectile (bullet) is heavy and the cartridge case much lighter, the case flies and the projectile does not go too far. But standing there feeling very exposed and having heard that unexploded bombs had detonated during cutover burn offs in preparation for Hoop and Klinkii plantings, I decided to scurry off the edge of the plateau into a more sheltered position, just in case. I think Neville Howcroft must have been supervising the Pinus planting on the area, as a few days later he told me that bones had been brought to the surface, by the mattocks of the tree planters, so we went up to have a look around. We found many foxholes dug along the edge of the plateau above the deep gully. There was much Japanese Arisaka 6.5 mm ammunition lying around, some 7.7mm "Woodpecker" (Jap machine gun) ammo in a brass horizontal clip (I still have some in my cartridge collection, along with a Japanese grenade without the guts in it!), a couple of Arisaka rifles with the wood rotted off. Jap helmets full of bullet holes. Aussie/American grenades pushed into the ground with the levers held in place by very crumbly rusty pins. Interesting 3 inch diameter holes going down vertically about 18 inches into the ground where no doubt unexploded mortar bombs resided! By this time, we were tiptoeing around the site! Also, many .303, .45 ACP (Tommy gun) and 9mm (Owen gun) empty cases lying around. There were Japanese graves there as the bones attested. The planting gang's boss boi was using an unexploded mortar bomb as a pillow in his compound hut! All this piqued my interest. I endeavored to find out exactly what happened there although the signs made it fairly obvious!

AT WAU. WW11 BATTLE

BURN-OFF SITE. Jim Riley In 1968, I was Fire Officer at the Bulolo Forest Station. I took my fire crew and Fire Engine to an area 4 5 kilometres east of Wau, to burn off a plateau area of Themeda grassland in preparation for planting in Pinus species.

Tom Lega was the BGD/ CNGT town manager at Bulolo. I knew he had been a Dredge Master before and after the War and had spent the war in the area. Tom was a man of few words. I explained to him what had happened. He only said that there had been a bit of a stoush there during the war. A few evenings later, Tom arrived up at my Donga with an Australian War Bulletin that explained all about the "Battle for Wau". He opened up a bit then and I found his story combined with the War Bulletin fascinating. So, with the fear of boring all of you, I'll tell what I learned!

Tom was in the 2/3rd Independent Co., which seemed to be a Commando type unit. He was stationed at Salamaua when the Japanese landed there. Salamaua is a long narrow isthmus that had a row of houses along it then, where the Aussie troops lived. There was a sentry stationed at a house, at the end farthest from the hills. There was an old Austin car there that was extremely hard to start. Apparently, someone in this house went outside for a pee and pointed out to the sentry some shadowy shapes out on the water. They ascertained it was

The next day, the Japanese attacked the Wau airstrip on two sides. (They had intended to surround it completely.) They opened the attack at 9 am. The weather was still clogged in, but at 9:20 the weather lifted and the DC3's started landing and kept taxing as the troops jumped out and ran to the edge of the field, then took off for more troops.

The Japs sent troops inland along the tracks and were ambushed. Apparently, the Aussie troops counted 161 Japanese killed and wounded being carried back to Salamaua. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation kindly broadcast this information on the radio, "by troops from inland bases"! So, the Japs decided they should wipe out these inland bases They sent 5,000 troops in along the two tracks but knew there would be ambushes set on them somewhere. They apparently had an old German map of the area and nearing Wau, it showed a survey line running down a ridge and through the village of Wandumi, so took this route. (There is a monument situated at the northeastern corner of the Wau airstrip, commemorating the troops that died at Wandumi.) The army knew these 5,000 troops were on their way but had minimal troops at Wau. The army had all its men and equipment and planes at Port Moresby, but the weather had been clogged in for 3 days and could not get them across. There was an Australian Company of 100 troops dug in, in ambush at Wandumi. This company held up the Japanese advance for a day, before they were surrounded and wiped out to the last man.

At 1:30 in the afternoon, DC3's brought in 25 pounder artillery pieces, the Engineers assembled them while under fire, wheeled them to the perimeter and they started shelling the Japanese over open sights at 200 yards! These turned the tide of the battle, and the Japanese were pushed back to the plateau and dug in for a last stand, where I burnt the area off. The War Bulletin mentioned an area they called "The slaughter yards". The 25 pounders zeroed in on a concentration of troops, which may have been a field hospital. As far as I could determine it may have been in the deep gully adjacent to the burn off area.

Japanese ships unloading troops. The old Austin started first go and they barreled along the road raising the alarm. Apparently as the first Japanese came in the front door of the last house, the last Aussie went out the back door and they all took to the hills. They set up Observation Posts and had ambushes set on both the "Black Cat" and "Skin Diwai" tracks, which were used for the 3 day trek to the Wau goldfields. Tom said that he and another chap captured a Japanese who was working in a quarry there and took him to Wau for interrogation. Tom was a big man that I would not argue with!

Some interesting facts were that 254 DC3's landed at Wau over 4 days and there were 28 parked on the strip at one time! For those that know the strip, where the hell would you put 28 of them? For those that do not know the strip, it is on a considerable slope. I never measured the angle or took the percentage slope, but I know you must be in 2nd gear in a Series 2A Land Rover to drive up the road beside it.

(In 1975 or 1976, an AusAid Representative to PNG executive was at the Forestry College. He asked to be taken up to Wau. I ran him up and as we drove up the road on the eastern side of the strip, he said he was there during the battle, pointed out where he jumped out of the DC3 and where he ran to and started shooting at the Japanese! Interesting.)

About halfway up the road between Bulolo and Wau, the Landrover mysteriously decided to drive off the road, down a bank and end up nose first in a creek.

BULOLO TOWN FIRE BRIGADE 1968 Ross Lockyer.

Early on the Sunday morning a couple of the CNGT mechanics who drove the company tow truck with a winch which lived at the CNGT workshop and persuaded them to go up the road and recover the aforementioned fire engine before anyone found out about it. I happened to be passing the workshop at that time very early in the morning I managed to get a photo before the tow truck arrived.

The only pics I have of Bulolo fire engines is the attached photo of the brand new (less than one week old) Landrover fire engine that was bought in 1969 for the Bulolo town fire brigade, which actually didn’t exist.

Bulolo town relied on the Dept of Forests fire engines and personnel from memory.

The Landrover fire engine was very quickly towed down to Lae for repairs, and I don’t think it was ever returned to Bulolo.

A few days after it arrived, on a Saturday night, the brand sparkling new red fire engine was taken for a test run up the road to Wau. Photo credit Ross Lockyer.

However, this new Landrover fire engine / pump was given to our trusty Police Inspector and Chief of Police to look after temporarily if I remember right.

There was a Māori family at the Watut New Tribes Mission station. Ike Samuals and family. Ike had to teach me the Kamate Haka, and I passed it along! A good story about Ike. He and family went on leave back to NZ in 1969, after 5 years in the Watut. I was on 3 months leave at the same time and caught up with them briefly in Palmerston North. Arriving back in Bulolo a few months later there was no sign of Ike. A while later I came across him in No.1 store, Bulolo (the grocery store) and I asked where he had been all this Hetime!said

JIM’S BULOLO REMINISCENCES OF DAYS GONE BY The Haka at the Bulolo Airport Photo credit Phil Pope. Jim’s Dancing Instructor Ike Samuals

it took him a while to get back to Bulolo! He ran out of money in NZ but had bought return tickets for his wife and kids and had enough to get to Sydney. From Sydney it was no problem with hitching rides on semi trailers as far as Weipa up on Cape York. From there he hitched on a mission boat to Thursday Island. There he chatted to the locals until he found a group heading north to collect turtle eggs. In he hopped, grabbed a paddle, and was headed north. He would get himself dropped off at an inhabited island as far north as he could get.

Took a few weeks to get to Daru. From there he hitched on mission boats until he got to

Kiunga. Only a few thousand feet to go up and a few hundred miles to the Highlands highway. It just happened that a plane had gone down in the area up there. There were plenty of planes searching but very few observers. He was sculling around the airstrip when a pilot asked what he was doing and was he available to be his observer. No problem. After a week or so, with the search called off the pilot asked where was he headed? Mt Hagen would be nice thanks. So then down the Highlands highway on a PMV, then up to the Watut. I think that with God on his side, hitch hiking across Antarctica would not be a problem to Ike. Ike was trying to translate the New Testament into Watut "Plas Tok". He had been trying to learn the language for 5 years and complained his 2 year old son was fluent in English, Pidgin and Plas Tok, but did not know a word of Māori!

Youthful Jim Riley. Photo credit Ross Lockyer.

There were 5 Erima trees in a tightly grown clump. The smallest had a 3 foot diameter, the largest 5 feet. The others were in between. We all know that when grown in a close clump, trees naturally grow in an angle away from each other. They also tend to have no, or small branches on the inside, but large, long branches on the outside. This clump was no exception. They were all about 200 feet tall and you guessed it, the 5 foot diameter one was leaning almost directly towards the workshop. Not only that, but it also had 40-50-foot-long branches about a foot diameter at the trunk, at a height of about 60 feet. That is not all. They were in a slot about a chain wide, between the security fence and a coffee plantation on the other side. That is bad enough, but there was also a 4 inch water pipe that supplied Finschhafen water on one of the other two sides. So, the theory was, they all had to go one way. Opposite the water pipe down into the chain wide slot. I explained to the District Officer that the way they were all leaning outwards, around the 360 degrees, I would need a bulldozer with a logging winch to do the job. He said they had one, but it was 27 miles away and they did not have a transporter. They could give me a couple of Ford Dexta

14 TREE FELLING PNG STYLE. - Jim Riley

I was a Senior Technical Officer at the Bulolo Forestry College running the Forestry Assistants courses in 1971. I also ran Chainsaw and Fire courses. Admin. Transport had built a new workshop at Finschhafen. There happened to be a clump of Erima trees adjacent to it just outside the 12-foot security fence. Someone told them that Erima were not very wind firm, and they could easily fall on to the workshop. So, they wanted some "Charley" to fell them. I guess they contacted the "Office of Forests", who must have passed the buck along the line, until they contacted Robin Angus. Robin asked me if I would do the job for them. No further details were available. Off I went from Lae by Govt. charter in a Cessna 206, with the only forestry owned chainsaw at Bulolo, a Homelite 900 with a 21 (or 24 inch maximum) bar, drained of petrol. The charter had to visit patrol posts at Pindik and Mindiu (or Pindui and Mindik) which I had never heard of and could never find on any map. I include this because it was as interesting as what awaited me at Finschhafen. Flying at 4,000 feet with solid bush from the water's edge to the top of the Finisterre Range, (there was just the Pilot and myself) I said to him "there can't be an airstrip up here in this bush". He said, "you'll see it in a minute". Rounding a massive ridge there was, from a distance, a postage size strip of grass. Coming towards it, I became aware that the strip started at the top of a 300 foot shear rock face and was on a slope comparable with the Wau airstrip, which I knew you were in second gear in a Series 2A Land Rover to climb the road beside it. We approached, he throttled back, put the flaps down and turned to me and said, "you know, I haven't made a decent landing on this strip yet"! He came in too high, I guess you would not want a sudden downdraught with a 300 foot rock face below you. We touched down and he appeared to be trying to drag the control wheel out of the dash and was heaving on the brakes. We ran up the slope but were still going fast when we reached the knoll at the top, which threw us back into the air. We fluttered down into a small basin about 50 yards in diameter and stopped about 20 feet short of a 20 foot high rock face. He turned to me and said "see"! I saw! I cannot even remember landing at the other place, but this one is etched deep in my memory!

An interesting exercise in felling Erima trees at Finschhafen PNG.

Arriving at Finschhafen, the District Officer met me and took me to see what was required.

15 tractors, a snatch block, and a long half inch wire rope. Dubiously I accepted this. A sane man would have walked away! A couple of trees leaned favourably and went down the slot OK. I had no wedges of course. The third, leaning over the coffee plantation, I scarfed for the slot, held plenty of wood on the inside and it also went down the slot, without damaging any coffee. The fourth was leaning towards the water supply pipe. Fortunately, there were two ground levels on this side. The pipe was above ground where it exited the coffee plantation, went on a slight climbing angle, but about halfway across it went deeply into a slot in the ground and didn't emerge until it was through under the security fence. I did not have much hope of bringing it back over centre without a tractor and logging winch. I got a local to climb up about 60 feet, (fortunately they were covered in vines) and put a strop around it. There was an old stump down the slot, opposite a lane down through the coffee plantation that I hung the snatch block on. We linked the two Dextas together and took up the slack. I scarfed the tree so the back of the scarf faced where the water pipe was hidden underground, in case the tree went back, as I suspected may happen. I started the back cut keeping it parallel to the scarf and when I judged the moment was right gave a signal for the tractors to pull. I have never seen two tractors go backwards so fast in my life! In retrospect we were lucky there was no damage to men or machinery. I even managed to get the chainsaw out of the cut before it jammed, and the tree went nicely backwards without touching the water pipe. This just left the largest with the huge branches leaning towards the workshop to fell. It had a slight lean towards the water pipe and there was no way I could get it to go back down the slot, after my trial run with the Dextas. The workshop was managed by a Pom. When I arrived, I asked him to make up a two stroke mix for me and give me some oil for the bar. He said no way. He could not do that! A chat to the District Officer sorted that one out. However, he did have a VW Beetle that he was doing up. It was parked just inside the security fence but along past the water pipe. It was exactly where the big branches would land when I felled this final tree. I had explained to the District Officer that no way could I get this one to go anywhere, but over the waterpipe where it ran through the ground. The branches would land on top of the security fence and destroy that section. There was no alternative and he said go ahead.

I had quite an audience while felling this one, including the Pom. I scarfed it to go safely over the water pipe. I couldn't butterfly scarf it to be able to reach right to the centre as I had to hold a lot of wood on the side sway from the workshop to get it to go where I wanted. I went round for the back cut and yelled to the audience. "I don't know if anyone has any interest in that VW, but see those big branches up there, they're going to be through the middle of it in a few minutes." I started the chainsaw and put it into the back cut. All hell broke loose in the compound with tow ropes and Land Rover flying into action. With such a small bar and big tree, they had plenty of time, although they did not realize it! I felt honour was satisfied with the Pom and finished with a sense of achievement. It is not often one achieves the impossible!

In Madang I cannot recall when, asked a Japanese forestry guy if he had been to Madang before? There was a long pause before he said "once, many years ago!" Enough said, but interesting at the time.

In PNG one used to get little "happening" that piqued one's interest! In 1975 an Australian Aid to PNG executive visited BFC and before he left, asked to be taken up to Wau. I took him up in a Toyota and as we drove up the road beside the strip, he suddenly pointed and said, "that’s where the DC3 I was in landed and I ran over to that spot there, and stared shooting at the Japanese over there”. Was quite interesting.

Gogol Recollections Jim Riley 1977 visit to JANT Chip mill with Unitech Students. December1976 January 1977 during the BFC students break, Ralph Butterworth and I supervised a group of Unitech Forestry Students doing a regeneration survey of JANT cutover areas in the Gogol Valley. At the end of our survey, I organized a visit to JANT's Chip Mill for our group. An entertaining exercise and one that gave food for thought. The boys all enjoyed the chips exiting the chipper in all the various colours that lowland tropical rainforest logs possess! However, to get information on the operation, I of course had to ask the questions so the students would get the benefit of the answers, which was usual with PNG students. Gogol Recollections Jim Riley Boston Bomber.

Whilst reading Dave Lamb's and Ian Whyte's accounts of their Gogol activities, crashed bomber, etc., it triggered recollections of my visits to the area. My first visit to the Gogol valley was in 1970. At the BFC, I had trained a group of Technical Assistants in Forest Mensuration specifically for the Gogol TRP Forest Survey and accompanied them to the base 4 Jim Riley personal communication 25 May 2020. 5 Cartoon from Bob Brown’s Grass Roots Guide to PNG Pidgin South Pacific Post.

In 1973 I was working for Groome and Associates, Forestry Consultants, looking at the Kumusi Export Logging area. I met Chris Done at Popondetta and we took a party of Japanese in two vehicles around the Kumusi forest area. We ended up at Kokoda and had a look at the Museum, etc. As usual with Japanese parties only one appeared to speak English. Coming down the road from Kokoda, one old fellow in the back suddenly said: "This is a lot different to the last time I came down this Road!"

17 JIM RILEY4 TRIVIA 5 War Stories

Gogol Recollections. Jim Riley Wewak Timber's Pte. Ltd. Mill. For something to do while there and because of my interest in sawmilling I did a mill study on Wewak Timber's Pte. Ltd. mill that had been recently set up there and was milling only Kwila. The operation was so new the skidder was pulling directly to the mill!

Whilecamp. there, I flew up the valley by helicopter, where survey crews were operating to check on the effectiveness of the personnel I had trained. We overflew a twin engine American bomber (a Boston?), that appeared to be in perfect condition. The stars were faded but still visible on the wings. We flew low over it but did not find a suitable landing place. It looked in perfect condition and appeared to have landed on a flat area that must have been recently burnt off by the locals at the time. I discussed it with the Madang DFO Docca Reid He visited it during the Timber Rights Purchase and said the guns were all still cocked, and it was completely undamaged. He said a local mission had recently (then) taken the wheels off it. I mention this as I read about a crashed Boston that Ian had photographed. Surely many of the Gogol Survey team viewed the same plane and have written about it! Plenty of others must have seen the intact Bomber about 100 miles up the Gogol and photographed it or written about it. I think some Yanks built a raft, floated her down to the coast and took her home to restore about 20 years ago.

Just thought this may be of interest to our Forester brethren!

The skidder was not just pulling in freshly felled trees. It was also pulling in Kwila logs that had been on the ground for at least 33 years (if not 73 years!)

The interesting thing was that the sapwood had completely rotted off the logs that had been on the ground all those years. The heartwood was as sound as the day they died. These logs had less "shake" in them than the freshly felled trees. The main factor of interest was without the sapwood there was no "tension" in the flitches as they came off the horizontal breakdown chainsaw. The first flitches to come off freshly felled, complete sapwood logs with tension, imitated bananas, with the remaining baulk moving in the opposite direction. The net result was about 50% recovery from the "old dead logs" and an average of about 33% off freshly felled ones!

I know someone in the Survey team one day said, "I've found it, the only big tree in the valley that we did the TRP for." Everyone may know this, but I'll reiterate what I found out. Both times in 1897 and 1937, after 3 year droughts, when the Gogol River completely dried up (normally 180 200 inches a year). The locals had to shift to the hills for water. That's "Believe it or not " territory. Bushfires ravaged most of the valley, killing the forests. So, at the time of the 1970 Survey, the regenerated forest trees were only 33 years old. No wonder most trees were of a smaller diameter.

Gogol Recollections. Jim Riley Madang underwater crashed American WW2 plane.

6 Jim

In 1982, Wewak Timbers engaged Fletcher Consulting Services to do a Harvesting Plan for their North Coast Export Logging Operation. I did the Consultancy for them. I stayed at a motel near the lighthouse in Madang. Cannot recall the motel name. (Maybe Lighthouse Motel.) They also took diving charters to a shot down American plane that was accessible to divers on a reef at 100 feet. The plane still had the skeleton of the pilot at the controls, with his thermos and other gear with him. The site was by then whatever they call what is prohibited to touch in PNG. The plane's identification number was visible and I presume the American Military had been notified of its existence and location. They told me they had recently had an American guest who wished to visit the site. After the dive he thanked them very much and said he had always wondered where his father had ended up! Must have been a rather emotional experience! Huxley Street Bulolo Huxley Street Bulolo was named after a man Huxley, in a tent, killed by the only bomb dropped on Bulolo. Did you ever see the RSJ power pole, near the bakery 50 yards or so from where it landed, where the shrapnel from the bomb went through it? Several holes through the 1/2 inch steel. The smallest is about 1/16th of an inch diameter. I always wondered how such a small bit of metal could go through such a thick piece of steel! Was not till Hermann Kloeti and I joined an explosive course the Diploma students did that I found out why. Cordtex and TNT burn (explode) at a rate of 23,500 feet a second, 10 times faster than a.303 bullet travels! As the Ministry of Transport says. Speed kills!

Jim Riley Recollections 6 On reading Dave Lamb's account of the Wau fire and the Gogol Survey, it triggered a couple of memories that I could relate to if you thought Bob's rice cooking was worth including! I was Fire Officer at Bulolo in 1968/9 for 15 months after John Butcher’s contract finished and he went back to the USA. My fire crew and I burnt off a block up at Wau that was Themeda spp grassland. It obviously had not been burnt off since the war, when all the ammo went off. It was to be planted in Pinus spp. After the fire with the slit trenches, rifle remains, skeletons, grenades were lying about. The boss boy was using an unexploded mortar bomb for a pillow, 3 inch diameter holes about t 18 inches deep, etc. This piqued my interest. I chatted to Tom Lega, Town Manager, ex Dredge Master before and after the war, who was in the 2/3rd Independent Unit (Commandos) during the war. Tom was a man of few words. There is a village in the hills on the ridge towards Mt Missim that is called Lega! A few days later Tom brought an Australian War Bulletin up called “The Battle for Wau.” It described the whole battle. Probably available in Canberra War Museum. Tom opened a bit and told me Riley personal Communication May 2020

My memory is still being triggered! At Salamaua Ross Lockyer and I climbed on and dived into the hold of the Japanese freighter that was bombed and driven onto the reef there.

Another short, interesting story!

20 he was at Salamaua when the Japanese landed, then in an OP, captured a Jap working in a quarry for interrogation, etc. He also told me how some of the gold dredges toppled over when the banks collapsed the in pond tsunami capsized them, and they had to right the 4,000 ton dredges. How they did that is fascinating too.

21 ACRONYMS AAD Australian Antarctic Division ACT Australian Capital Territory ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research ACLMP AusAid funded World Bank Land Mobilisation program. ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific States ADB Asian Development Bank AEC Administrators Executive Committee AFAP Australian Foundation for the Peoples of Asia & the Pacific Ltd. ADB African Development Bank AFLEGT African Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade AFPNG Association of Foresters of PNG AFS Australian Forestry School AFTA Asean Free Trade Area AIF Australian Infantry Forces AMF Australian Military Forces ANBG Australian National Botanical Gardens ANGAU Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit ANU Australian National University APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APMF Australian Paper Manufacturers Forestry Pty Ltd APPM Australia Paper and Pulp Manufacturers ARD Afforestation, Reforestation and avoided Deforestation ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organisation ASOPA Australian School of Pacific Administration ATIBT Association Technique Internationale des Bois Tropicaux ATL Accelerated Tariff Liberalization ATO African Timber Organization AusAID Australian Aid Agency BA basal area BCOF British Commonwealth Occupational Force 1945 52 BDV Brussels Definition of Value “Beer Time” Any time. BFC Bulolo Forestry College BGD Bulolo Gold Dredging Company BNGD British New Guinea Development (Company Limited) BUC Bulolo University College C Commonwealth cm centimetre CALM Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEFACT United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business CEPT Common Effective Preferential Tariff CERFLOR Certificate of Origin of Forest Raw Material, Brazil CFA Commonwealth Forestry Association CFE Community forestry enterprise

CPF Collaborative Partnership on Forests

EC European Commission ECA Export credit agency

CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation

FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation

COP Conference of Parties

F &TB Forest and Timber Bureau Canberra FIM Forest Information System

CIF cost, insurance, freight

CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research

CHAH Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria

Cintra

ECE Economic Commission for Europe

C&I Criteria and Indicators

DASF Dept of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries

DEPT Department

COC chain of custody

CRE CRE is a term inherited by RAE from RE and is the term for the Commanding Officer of a RAE unit which is headed by a Lt Col. Although the officer is called the CRE the name is also used for the name of his unit. E.g., CRE Aust Forestry Group or 1(NG Forests).

DBH/ dbh Diameter at breast height

C&L Certification and Labelling

DESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

DIY Do-it-yourself

CGTM for Global Trade Model

CRE Commander Royal Engineers

DSB Dispute Settlement Body

ECOSOC Economic and Social Council of the United Nations

EIA Environmental Investigation Agency

EMAS Eco Management and Audit Scheme of European Union

ENB East New Britain Province. e.g. For example ENGO Environmental Non governmental Organisation

Etc et cetera (more of the same) EU European Union EVSL Early Voluntary Liberalisation

EFI European Forest Institute

CSD Commission on Sustainable Development (United Nations)

FMA Forest Management Agreement

Criteria and indicators

DIES Department of Information and Extension Services

EEA European Economic Area

CTE Committee on Trade and Environment

DOF Department of Forests

DPI Department of Primary Industry

EMS Environmental Management System

CNGT Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers Bulolo CO2 carbon dioxide

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora & I

23 FPRC Forest Products Research Centre Hohola FRA Forest Resource Assessment FRG Forest Red Gum FRI Forest Research Institute Lae Forkol Bulolo Forestry College FSP/PNG Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific FCCC See UNFCCC FD Forest department FDI Foreign direct investment FIELD The Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade FLEG Forest Law Enforcement and Governance FLONAS National Forest logging concessions, Brazil FOB free on board FSC Forest Stewardship Council FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas GAB Girth above buttress Gbhob Girth breast height over bark Gubab Girth under bark above buttress GIS Geographic Information Systems G8 Group of Eight (leading economies) GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GFTN Global Forest and Trade Network GFPM Global Forest Products Model GHG greenhouse gas GIS Geographical information system GMO genetically modified organism GNP Gross National Product GPA Plurilateral Government Procurement Agreement GSP Generalized System of Preferences GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit ha hectare IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IEA International Energy Agency IFA Institute of Foresters of Australia IFY International Year of the Forest IADB Inter American Development Bank IBAMA Amazon Environmental Institute, Brazil ICA International Commodity Agreement ICCI International Conference on C&I for Sustainable Forest Management IDB Inter American Development Bank IEA International Environmental Agreement IEC International Electrical Commission IFC International Finance Corporation IFF Intergovernmental Forum on Forests IHPA International Hardwood Products Association IIED International Institute for Environment and Development

24 IMF International Monetary Fund INGO International Non Governmental Organisations IPC Integrated Programme for Commodities IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPF Intergovernmental Panel on Forests ISO International Organization for Standardisation ITC International Trade Centre ITTA International Tropical Timber Agreement ITTC International Tropical Timber Council ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization IUCN The World Conservation Union IWPA International Wood Products Association JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency L of N League of Nations LRRS Land Resource Soils Survey (branch of CSIRO) LCA Life Cycle Analysis LEEC London Economic and Environmental Centre LEI Indonesian Ecolabelling Institute LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forests m3 cubic metre MCCAF McCarthy & Associates (Forestry) Pty. Ltd. MHA Member of House of Assembly PNG MM Military Medal MUS Malayan Uniform System MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement MFN Most Favoured Nation MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency MOU Memorandum of Understanding MTTC Malaysian Timber Certification Council n.a. not available NAA National Archives Australia NARI National Agriculture Research Institute NB New Britain NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NGO Non Governmental Organisation NHLA National Hardwood Lumber Association NRRP Natural Resources and Rights Program NT National Treatment NTB non tariff barrier NTCC National Timber Certification Council NTFP non timber forest product NTM non tariff measures NWFP non wood forest product NDS Northern District Sawmills NFCAP PNG National Forestry and Conservation Action Plan NGM New Guinea Mainland no. number NG New Guinea NGF New Guinea Forces (relates to plant collection of Lae Herbarium) NGIB New Guinea Infantry Battalion

25 NGI New Guinea Islands NGO Non Government Organisation NGVR New Guinea Volunteer Rifles NZ New Zealand NSW New South Wales NTSC National Tree Seed Centre PNG Bulolo OECD Organization for Economic Co operation and Development OTO Office of Trade and Investment Ombudsman OIC Officer in Charge OISCA Organisation for Industrial, Spiritual and Cultural Advancement International Japan. OTML Ok Tedi Mining Ltd P or p page PEFC Pan European Forest Certification Scheme PIB Papuan Infantry Battalion PIR Pacific Islands Regiment PNG Papua New Guinea PNGAA Papua New Guinea Australia Association PNGAF Papua New Guinea Australian Foresters Magazine Series PNGFA Papua New Guinea Forest Authority PNGFIA PNG Forest Industries Association PNGRIS Papua New Guinea Resource Information System PNGUT PNG University of Technology POM Port Moresby P&C Principles and Criteria PEFC Pan European Forest Certification Framework PGA Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement PPM production and processing method PPP Polluter Pays Principle (other meaning Purchasing Power Parity) QLD Queensland QF Queensland Forestry RAE Royal Australian Engineers/Australian Army RPC Royal Papuan Constabulary RRA Rapid Resource Appraisal RIIA Royal Institute of International Affairs RIL reduced impact logging RFE Russia Far East RTA Regional Trade Agreement RWE roundwood equivalent SAP structural adjustment programme SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures SFM Sustainable Forest Management SGS Société General de Surveillance SMS Selective Management System Malaysia SP South Pacific SPWP Secondary Processed Wood Products sq m square metres TAG Trade Advisory Group of ITTO TSS Tropical Shelterwood System TBT Technical Barriers to Trade

26 TFF Tropical Forest Foundation TFRK traditional forest related knowledge TNC Transnational corporation TRAINS Trade Basic Indicators of UNCTAD TREM trade related environmental measures TRIM Trade Related Investment Measures TRIP Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights UK United Kingdom UN United Nations Unasylva Journal of FAO of UN UNCCD United Nations Programme to Combat Desertification UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCSD United Nations Committee on Sustainable Development UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNESCO United Nations Economic and Social Council UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC Framework Convention on Climate Change of United Nations UNFF United Nations Forum on Forests US, USTR Office of the US Trade Representative UNE University of New England Armidale NSW UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNI University UNITECH University of Technology Lae PNG UNRE University of Natural Resources and Environment UPNG University of Papua New Guinea UQ University of Queensland US United States USA United States of America USD United States dollar TPNG Territory of Papua and New Guinea TUBL Territory United Brewery Ltd TA Timber Area TA Timber Authority TRP Timber Rights Purchase Vol volume VSF Victorian School of Forestry WA Western Australia WB World Bank WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre WCO World Customs Organisation WSSD World Summit for Sustainable Development WTO World Trade Organization WWF World Wide Fund for Nature