3 Bennett J A Allied logging and milling in Papua New Guinea during World War 2. Fifth National Conference on Australian Forest History edited by John Dargavel, Denise Gaughwin and Brenda Libbis in 2002 ISBN 0867405309 PNGAF # 9B-5B4M3 of 12th Aug 2022 MANAGEMENT.
1 AUSTRALIAN FORESTERS in PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1922-1975 ` AUSTRALIAN FORESTERS in PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1922 1975
Eminent TPNG Forester Jim McAdam 1938 - 1959. First Director Dept of Forests.
FOREST
2 PNGAF Mag # 3 of 3 November 2020.
• To McAdam’s credit, he insisted that all timbers harvested be recorded for eventual recompense to be made to the native owners for use of their trees. This became part of official Australian orders. Bennett3 described in some detail following the war, the compensation program undertaken by McAdam and his officers between 1947 and 1960, paying customary owners for the timbers harvested during the war.
MAGAZINE ISSUE
1 District Forester TPNG 1963 1975.
During the war years and beyond, McAdam2 had many prominent foresters and scientists such as Carron, Jacobs, Head, Suttie, Hall, Mair, Chandler, Saxton, CT White, and Dadswell, to assist in the development of scientific management of TPNG’s forest resources. The Australian forest industry contributed greatly to TPNG’s forest industrial development as demonstrated by the sawmilling expertise of the Australian Army Forestry Units in TPNG during World War 2. Throughout all those turbulent times, McAdam’s leadership and foresight was demonstrated through:
• His use of the results of Army Forest Resource Survey Group (he commanded) to define forest types of PNG and make a reasonable estimate of large resources for future development.
Editor R B McCarthy 2022 Jim McAdam’s MM (TPNG Forests 1938 1959), influence on the practice of PNG forestry from being the first Chief Forester to the First Director of Forests, was such that the proper scientific and utilisation activities were undertaken and at the same time his protection of the traditional rights of the forest owners led to the establishment of what is today the Department of Forests of PNG, PNG’s forest industry and its allied tertiary forestry training institutions. He took PNG forestry from a regime of tracing the early explorers of the forest resource, a small mission based sawmilling industry supplying local needs and the export of valuable cabinet species such as walnut to what it is today.
• The establishment of a forest ordinance.
• His development by 1948 of the TPNG Cadetship Scheme for highly qualified and experienced Australian forest officers to implement his visions came into being. The first TPNG Forestry Cadets included returned serviceman Don McIntosh (third Managing Director Dept. of Forests) together with Alec Hart (later to join CALM WA) and Ted Gray (later to join the World Bank). That same year had returned serviceman Kevin White (Deputy Director) as a forestry student who was then sponsored by Queensland Forestry but later to join TPNG Forests. They were followed by TPNG Forestry Cadets as Joe Havel, Robin Morwood, Frank Coppock, Elliot Tuckwell, John Godlee, Ian Grundy, Eric Hammermaster, Des Harries, Gerry Vickers, Alan Cameron, John Smith, Brian O’Hagen, Neil Brightwell, Alan White, Leon Clifford, Evan Shield, John Lake, Ian Currie, John Harrison, Chris Borough, Bob Bruce, Rex Grattidge, John Davidson, Paul Ryan, Rod Holesgrove, Dick McCarthy, Ken Hart, Bob Lyons, Dave Num, Jim Belford, Chris Done, Ian Whyte and Gary Archer.
• His post war activities associated with providing timber for reconstruction of war damage and laying foundations for future forestry development
• His initiatives led to the establishment of PNG’s tertiary forestry training institutions; Bulolo Forestry College by Director Don McIntosh followed by the forestry degree course at UNITECH Lae under Foundation Professor John Davidson “JB” James Bannister McAdam MM 1910 1959
• His concept of large scale ongoing forest resource investigations continued after World War 2. This was coupled with the commencement of detailed research investigations for viable industrial wood processes for the conversion and treatment of PNG woods such that a structured wood processing and construction industry be established.
Graduate of the University of Queensland & Australian Forestry School and in 1932/33 Dux, winning the Schlich Medal. In 1934 joined Queensland Forestry. In 1938 joined TPNG Lands Department, became Chief Forester 1939, 1939 45 World War 2, awarded the Military Medal, 1944/45 Lt Col 1 Aust CRE (New Guinea Forests) 1946 became Director of Forests, died 1959.
• His use of former Australian army forestry personnel to undertake the running of sawmills for post World War 2 reconstruction of the towns and outer centres of TPNG such as Jim Cavanaugh, Ted Collis, John Lowien, Reay Weidenhofer, Eric Dobson, Robert Cattanach, Alan Fraser, Ken Fraser, Keith Cullen, Darby Munro, Don Fryar, Bill Suttie, George Barrcroft, Bert Gloynes, Dick Reilly, Michael Jackson, Kevin White, Ernie Clifton, Frank Vickery, Frank Holland, Alec Richardson, Col Pittaway, Bill Jenkin, John Thompson, James Nugen, Larry Edwards.
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• His initiatives led to the establishment of plantations at Kerevat, Bulolo and Wau. These early initiatives lead to the establishment of a specific forest plantation research section. This has culminated in the viable PNG forest plantation sector of today
3 J B McAdam Memorial Park Wau 1968. Photo credit John Davidson. Plaque to Jim McAdam Memorial Park 1968. Left Bob Bruce and right John Smith. Photo credit John Davidson.
4 TABLE OF CONTENTS J B McAdam Portrait Page 5 Background to being the first Director of the TPNG Dept of Forests Page 7 The New Guinea Volunteer Rifles Page 8 July 1943 Conference Utilisation TPNG Forest Resources Page 22 Australian Forest Survey Company Page 22 McAdam Assessment Tasks at May 1944 Page 24 Forest Inventory Course 17-29 July 1944 Yalu Page 25 Operations Australian Forestry Survey Coy Page 26 Post-World War 2 Rebuild 146 onward Page 28 Formation of a Forest Department 1946 Page 28 McAdam’s first announcement of a formal forest policy 1946 Page 28 Jim McAdam’s Approved Forest Development Program - 1948 Page 28 Institutional Forestry Development Page 29 Report Royal Commission Bulolo Timber Lease 1948/49 Page 30 The Papua and New Guinea Act 1949 Page 30 Forest Policy Statement Spender 1951 Page 31 Legislative Council TPNG established - 1951 Page 31 1954 1945 Establishment of Bulolo plywood mill 1954 1945 Page 32 Womersley and McAdam 1957 Page 33 Forest Policy Statement Hasluck 1957 Page 33 Adoption of New Forest Policy 1958 Page 33 Forestry Sector Achievements by 1975 Page 34 McAdam’s Passing page 36 Appendix 1 McAdam Address PNG Scientific Society 1952.4 Page 38 Acronyms Page 44 Dept of Forests HQ PhotoMoresby.Portcredit Cliff Southwell. 4 PNG Scientific Society Presidential Address 1952 “Forestry in New Guinea” J B McAdam
AFS 1932 YEAR. William Baulman (NSW), George Boyd (NSW), Edward Kenneth Cox (Tas), John Mervyn Fielding (Q), James Freeman (VIC), John Maxwell Gilbert (Tas), Hans Larns Gloe (WA), Cecil Haley (Q), Benjamin Bernard Harris, (NSW), James Bannister McAdam (Q)7 - awarded Schlich Medal, David William Shoobridge (Tas}, Jack Thomas (SA). Source ANU-AFS Archives.
5 James Bannister McAdam (” JB”) (1910 1959), forester and soldier, was born on 6 February 1910 at Preesall with Hackinsall, Lancashire, England, son of John George McAdam, Railway Cashier, and his wife Elizabeth Ann, née Bannister. The family emigrated to Queensland. James was sent to State Schools and then to Toowoomba Grammar School from 1924 to 1928. In 1929, he obtained an Open Scholarship to Queensland University. (He was in the first 25 top students in his senior matriculation state exam6). In 1929 he joined the Queensland Forest Service as a Forestry Cadet. He proceeded to the University of Queensland, Brisbane, and the Australian Forestry School, Canberra (Dip. For.). Athletic and of robust build, he excelled at sport, particularly Rugby Union football. He was awarded the Schlich medal as the outstanding student in his final year for the quality of his academic and practical work in 1933.
6 Personal communication Eric Hammermaster 29th July 2022. 7 Personal communication Betty Fyfe (nee McAdam) 27/7/2022.
5 J B McAdam Portrait Foresters all over Australia were deeply shocked to hear of the untimely death of Jim (James) Bannister McAdam, the Director of the Papua New Guinea Forest Service, on the 27th of February 1959. He was 49 years of age.
5 Source McAdam, James Bannister (Jim) (1910 1959) by L. T. Carron Published in Australian Dictionary of Biography Volume 15, (MUP) 2000 and IFA Newsletter, vol 2, no 3, June 1959.
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From 1934 he joined the Queensland Forestry Department On 19 January 1938 he married Eileen Alexandra Ewing, a schoolteacher, at St Paul's Anglican Church, Maryborough.
Linda Cavanaugh Manning8 reported that there was no actual Department of Forests in either New Guinea or Papua before World War 2.
Linda Cavanaugh Manning
In January 1938, he accepted a permanent position in the Lands Department of the Mandated Territory of New Guinea as a Forestry Officer, becoming the Chief Forestry Officer in 1939.
personal communication 9th April 2019
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Australian Forestry School 201. Photo credit Dick Passauer.
in
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In 1924 the Commonwealth Government took a positive step towards involvement in forestry by the appointment of Lane Poole as its Forestry adviser. After his resignation from the Western Australian Service in 1921, he was commissioned by the Commonwealth in 1922 to report on the forest resources of Papua. This commission was extended to the Mandated Territory of New Guinea in 1923.
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With the threat of war in the Pacific, McAdam enlisted in the Australian Military Forces on 19 September 1940 at Wau. He began full-time duty with the New Guinea Volunteer Rifles on 22 January 1942 and was promoted Sergeant within a fortnight. History of Forestry Australia Press ISBN 0080298745. Poole E B A L page 375 394 Background to J McAdam becoming the first Director of the TPNG Dept of Forests Les Carron described the situation in which Jim McAdam became the first Director of the Department of Forests in PNG.
ANU
In 1919, C E Lane Poole1 commenced a role for the involvement of the Federal Government in forestry that was to extend over thirty years. In a long article in 1919 titled “A forest policy for Australia” he saw the remedy in the adoption of a forest policy for the whole of Australia and nominated what he saw as the most important items for it, including land classification and forest reservation, the compilation and implementation of working plans by professional foresters, one professional forestry school, a training scheme for subordinate staff, research institutes for forestry and forestry products and an extensive publicity campaign.
A report prepared by Lane Poole in 1925 recommended a policy to regulate access to forests. This was not implemented at the time, but a gold rush in the 1930s and resulting exploitation of the forest eventually produced a forest ordinance. However, with the gold rush of the 1920’s, Lane Poole’s investigations as the Commonwealth Forestry Adviser (Bulolo Wau Report 1925) into the exploitation of the forest resulted in a forest ordinance for controlling utilisation, for establishment of a Forest Authority and for the acquisition and management of a forest estate. In 1938 Jim McAdam and Jim Cavanaugh were appointed. Then came the war years.
In 1937-1938, although nothing had eventuated in Papua or the Northern Territory, an Assistant Forester had been trained in Canberra and a forest policy had been initiated for Norfolk Island; and a qualified forester J B McAdam had been appointed to the Mandated Territory of New Guinea.
9 Carron L T 1985 A
10 Lane
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Establishing depots, the NGVR fed them, and they became the first of the army of carriers and labourers who proved so vital in supporting the Allies in the fighting that followed, contributing to that success. The 2/5th Independent Company AIF, with supporting attachments, flew into Wau from Port Moresby on 23 May to reinforce the NGVR. These units formed Kanga Force whose role was to start a limited offensive to harass and destroy enemy personnel and equipment in the area. Raids on Salamaua and Heath's Plantation, west of Lae, were successful but the deprivations of continuous operations in hostile terrain without adequate supply and medication took their toll with many falling sick with fever and tropical diseases. The number of fit men dwindled. Food was not getting through so the soldiers were increasingly dependent on the local food supply. Japanese air raids, their intimidation tactics over the local people and the sheer physical difficulty of getting rations forward to feed carriers had a cumulative effect and threatened to stop Kanga Force activity.
The New Guinea Volunteer Rifles (NGVR) had the distinction of being the only Australian army militia unit raised, mobilised, fought and disbanded overseas in the Mandated Territory of New Guinea between 1939 and 1943.
When the focus shifted to Milne Bay and the Kokoda Track battles, the NGVR continued to man its posts overlooking the Japanese. By early 1943 there were too few left to be effective. Because of their knowledge of the country and its problems, the remaining NGVR soldiers were filtered into ANGAU, the Coastwatchers, “Z” Special Unit, the Papuan Infantry Battalion, branches of the regular AIF and US forces. Of interest a "United States Distinguished Unit Citation" (later known as "Presidential Unit Citation (Army)") was awarded by the United States Army to the NGVR Battalion for the participation of NGVR members in the US led Brewer Force engaged in a "reconnaissance in force" of the Japanese-held Los Negros Island, 29 February 4 Mar 1944. The NGVR is the only Militia Battalion in the Australian Armed Forces ever to have received such an award. Downs, Ian “The New Guinea Volunteer Rifles NGVR, A History.”
Raised on 4 September 1939, the NGVR's headquarters were originally in Rabaul with subunits located at Wau, Salamaua, Lae and Madang. Fit men between the ages of 18 and 50 were accepted. In August 1941, after the arrival of the 2/22nd Battalion (Lark Force) in Rabaul, the NGVR moved its headquarters to Bulolo on the mainland, keeping a unit in Rabaul. After Japan attacked, the Battalion was placed on full time duty and mobilized on 21 January 1942.
When Rabaul was invaded on 22 January 1942, the NGVR was under the command of the CO of the 2/22nd Battalion and fought until resistance was of no avail. Over 80 NGVR personnel died when the Japanese prison ship Montevideo Maru was sunk in the South China Sea on 1 July 1942 by an American submarine, the worst single Australian maritime tragedy in WWII. Several NGVR soldiers were massacred with about 150 others at Tol Plantation on Wide Bay in early February 1942. When Lae and Salamaua were invaded on 8 March 1942, the NGVR was the only administrative representative of law and order and assumed responsibility for several thousand indentured labourers recruited from many outlying districts. These labourers would otherwise have been without support and unable to return to their homes.
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Centre Row: NG2461 R. Napier, NG2234 C.L. Cavalieri, NG2380 A.R. Sheat5h (Bending over).
Front row: NG2201 CPL J.A. Birrell, NG2219 H.L. Harris, NG2022 CPL A. Graham, NG2229 R.W. Doyle, NG2211 SGT H.J.W. Farr, NG2325 W. Allen and NG2047 CPL G.R. Rayner.
10 28 August 1942. Members of B COY, NGVR, proudly display a Japanese flag they captured at Mubo on 21 July1942. (Negative by D. Parer). Source Australian War Memorial and ANU Afs archives. Personnel are (Rank is Rifleman unless stated otherwise) : Back row from the left: NG2423 G.R. Archer, NG2192 J. Cavanaugh, NG2200 Sgt L.E. Ashton, NG2230 H.M. Shutt, NG2214 J.G. Kinsey, NG2113 F.L. Leather, NG2191 Sgt J.B. McAdam, NG2231 S.F. Burns, NG2114 I.H. Patterson, NG2068 J.C. Shay.
11 A map showing the location of Wau and Salamaua. Source PNGVR/Australian War memorial.
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Originally, the Bulldog Track was a walking track used by local people to cross the mountains. It begins at Bulldog along the Lakekamu River on the south side of the ranges then follows the Aiu River then turns to the northeast crossing the central mountain range and ends at Kudjeru in the Bulolo Valley with other tracks connecting to Wau. After the Australian Army built a vehicle road (1943 44) it became known as the “Reinhold Highway,” “Bulldog Road,” Bulldog Wau road. It spans from Gulf Province to Morobe Province.
Bulldog to Wau Supply Route. The Bulldog Track (or Bulldog Road; Bulldog Wau Road; Reinhold Highway.)
13 Bulldog-Wau road, 194307 14. troops AustralianHeadquarters,ofRoyalengineers, 11th Australian Division working on digging out the road with hand tools at the 23-mile point. Photo credit Australian War 1944Memorial.0709.asection of the Bulldog - Wau road as it passes along the top of a high ridge. Bulldog-Wau road, 1944-0119. A small trestle bridge constructed by personnel of the 2/4th Australian Field Squadron over the Eloa river at the 19 1/2 mile.
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Phil Ainsworth Head of Dept. of Forests Mapping Bureau (1960 71) and then Economists Forests & National Planning 1971-81 is the current president of the NGVR and PNGVR Association which has a Military Museum at Wacol Brisbane and a committee person of the PNGAA, based in Sydney He was also President of the Rabaul and Montevideo Maru Society which raised $500,000 and installed the Rabaul and Montevideo Maru National Memorial at the AWM, Canberra in 2012. As part of these organisations, he has been involved in the production of several self publishing books and regular newsletters pertinent to the goals of these organisations.
El Tigre Frank Holland, MBE Commando, Coastwatcher, Wartime Rescue Missions in New Britain, Timor, and Borneo. Editor Peter Stone. Published by Oceans Enterprises ISBN 1963 F W Cheshire Publishing.
Frank Holland was a timber getter at Pondo at the beginning of the War. He heroically assisted Lark Force during their escape from Rabaul and later served as a commando in Timor and Borneo. He enlisted in PNGVR after the War. Serial Number VX102689 and a Lieutenant in Z special force. He was discharged on 5 March 1946. Son John was evacuated with his mother by DC3 on Christmas Day 1941. Frank and his family returned to Rabaul after the War. I know Frank worked at Keravat constructing bridges and roads, but I do not know if he was a contractor or public servant. Son John joined PNGVR and was the Curator of the NGVR/PNGVR Museum at Wacol from 2005 until his death in 2019.
Two prominent and founding PNG foresters, Jim McAdam and Jim Cavanaugh also had outstanding WW2 military records in the NGVR and later other units, McAdam as OIC PNG forestry and management of timber supplies for the war effort and Cavanaugh in one of the lesser known intelligence organisations. Both were the leading scouts in the Salamaua raid of 29 July 1942 when over 100 IJA soldiers were killed, Australian casualties were one wounded. Many of the earlier forestry and timber workers also served in NGVR and OneANGAU.wellrecognised person was Frank Holland from Pondo, NB who assisted ADO Keith McCarthy11 in evacuating about 200 men along the north coast of NB and escaping south on the Lakatoi from the Witu Islands after the Japanese occupation of the NG Islands.
11 PATROL INTO YESTERDAY My New Guinea Years J K McCarthy
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After the Japanese invaded Salamaua in March, Jim McAdam led a party of scouts which established an observation post within a mile (1.6 km) of enemy positions. The intelligence which the team gathered was crucial to the success of the Australian raid on the town in June. McAdam acted as a guide in the foray. Transferred to the Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit in September, he was awarded the Military Medal for his outstanding service at Salamaua. In April 1943 he was commissioned Lieutenant.
NG2191 Sergeant J B McAdam, New Guinea Volunteer Rifles, and Damien Parer, Official Cinematographer, observe Japanese movements from a secret tree top observation post above Nuk Nuk. This post was established by the New Guinea Volunteer Rifles and was also used by the New Guinea Air Warning Wireless Company (NGAWW). It was manned for a six week period by Corporal Ross Kirkwood, who narrowly escaped capture by the Japanese.
Source Photo Credit Australian War Memorial 1942.
16 Salamaua area, N G. August 1942 NG2423 Rifleman G. R. Archer, NGVR, observationJapanesemovementsobservesofthefromanpostin a lofty tree above NUK SourceNUK. Australian War Memorial. SALAMAUA AREA, NEW GUINEA. August 1942. Members of NGVR, bearded and camouflaged, man a secret observation post above NUK NUK. L to R NG Rifleman 2192 Jim Cavanaugh, NG 2423 Rifleman Geoff Archer & NG 2191 Sgt Jim McAdam taken by war photographer Damien Parer. Photo Credit Australian War Memorial.
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13 Bob
L to R Geoff Archer (gold miner Wau), Jim Cavanaugh (forester,) Jim McAdam (forester). Photo taken by war photographer Damien Parer just after the famous Salamaua raid. Photo Credit Australian War Memorial. 12 Archer was a gold miner in Wau and Bulolo before the war and after the war worked for BGD (Bulolo Gold Dredging) in Bulolo. He later grew coffee at Mission Beach. He died about 1985. Later Archer was awarded the Military Cross for service behind enemy lines with M Special Unit. AWM 127961
personal
Bob McKeowen13 referred to the book titled ‘Commando Double Black’ by Andy Pirie. Commando double black: an historical narrative of the 2/5th Australian ... later the 2/5th Cavalry Commando Squadron, 1942 1945 / by A.A. (Andy) Pirie It mentions Jim Cavanaugh as an NGVR scout escorting Australian commandos on raids on Jap positions in Lae and surrounds. Bob commented that they would have to be the gamest and bravest blokes he had ever heard of. The 2/5th Commando Squadron was one of twelve independent companies and or commando squadrons of the Australian Army formed for service during World War 11. initially in 1942 as the "2/5th Independent Company". The Linda Cavanaugh April 2019. McKeowen communication May 2018
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Manning 9
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2/5th served in New Guinea taking part in a major commando raid on Salamaua in June 1942. It was later withdrawn from New Guinea and reformed as the "2/5th Cavalry (Commando) Squadron", as part of the 2/7th Cavalry (Commando) Regiment which saw service in Borneo in 1945. It was disbanded in early 1946.Bradley in his book The Battle for Wau describes on pages 29 32 Jim’s role in the June 1942 Salamaua raid. The map below shows the raid. Much information re the Salamaua raid in July 1942 is detailed in the National Archives of Australia.
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19 https://trove.nia.gov.au/newspaper/article/2636013? Sat 5 June 1943 The Canberra Times ACT 1926 1995) page 2 “Canberra Forestry Student”. https://trove.nia.gov.au?newspaper/article/145007300 Fri 22 Feb1946 Daily Advertiser Wagga Wagga NSW 1911-1954 Page 3 “Military Medal awarded to Forestry Officer”.
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Opening Strongroom Wau When Kanga Force needed funds to pay for carriers, labourers and food the Manager of the Bank of New South Wales, A.J. (Bossy) Byrne (NGVR), was flown back to Wau from Port TogetherMoresby.with NGVR member, Cpl Horace (Horrie) Harris, the former teller at the Bank of New South Wales, they opened the strongroom, which had survived the bombing of Wau and took out thousands of pounds in shillings. Byrne is standing in the door and Harris is standing on the wreck of an old refrigerator.
21 thecaptureafterISalamauasthmusby5 th Division on peninsula.andmainlatheconnectingThe19/9/1943SalamMemorialWarAustralianSource1943.September11.auaisthmusndthe
In the 1920’s, prospective gold miners used Salamaua as a staging post to explore for gold in the inland areas. When gold was discovered at Wau, miners came from all over for Wau goldfields via the rough Black Cat Track. The town was captured by the Japanese on 8/3/1942. It was retaken by Allied forces on 11/9/1943. Today the villages of Kela and Lagui occupy the site.
4. Liaison with United States of America forces to bring all timber liaison in New Guinea under a common policy and to obtain records necessary for reverse lend lease adjustments.
The Unit had come together about mid 1944 and for the next three months at Lae were out through an intensive training in recognition of New Guinea species and handling New Guinea conditions. Senior Officers of the Unit closely followed the establishment of each new base to report on immediate timber supplies for operational purposes. During this time, a plan was drawn up for the survey of the timber resources of as much of the territories as possible. This survey was launched about the end of 1944 and continued till the War ended, and the Units were disbanded about October 1945. One of the functions of the CRENG Forests, written in the instructions at its formation was “the maintenance of forestry records suitable for handing over to a Civilian Forest service at the appropriate time.”
6. The undertaking of surveys to provide the maximum forestry information.
1. The implementation of forest policy as determined by the Commander in Chief.
7. Correlation and maintenance of forestry information and records in such a manner that they could be handed over to a civil service at an appropriate time.
At the conference in Melbourne on 29/7/1943 representatives of the Australian and US Armies (including Jim McAdam), ANGAU, the Australian Inspector General of Forests (Lane Poole), the Allied Works Council, the Australian Controller of Timber, Department of Munitions and Department of External Territories focused on three main questions shipping, sawmill plant and manpower with a central timber control to come under ANGAU led by Jim McAdam.
3. The compilation of information on milling necessary for compensation purposes.
14 Reference PNGAF Mag # 3 of 30th Nov 2002. P 59 60
July 1943 Conference re Utilisation of the Forest Resources of TPNG
5. Liaison with Australian New Guinea Administration unit (ANGAU) on civil rights.
Early in 1944, the Australian Army decided to form under the Engineers, a Unit to record the many sawmilling operations and make surveys of the forest resources, using all the advantages of operational mapping, air photos and transport facilities then available. The CRENG Forests Jim McAdam was given authority to recruit as many personnel experienced in forestry as he could locate. Two officers of the pre war service Mr. Cavanaugh (NG X276 (NG2197) Rank Lieutenant) and Mr. Vickery were recruited.
2. Prior allocation and survey, as far as operational conditions permitted of areas to be milled by all Australian Army sawmilling units.
Australian Forest Survey Company14
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In July 1943, a conference convened to consider the utilisation of the forest resources of Papua New Guinea to meet the requirements of the Allied Forces in the area, recommended to the Commonwealth Government that a central timber control be set up to do this, and that any timber surplus to the needs of the service be sent to Australia. As a result, the Engineer in Chief of the Australian Forces was instructed to raise a New Guinea Forest Service within the Royal Australian Engineers, composed of a Headquarters Unit and three or more Survey (reconnaissance) Units to perform in New Guinea those functions normally carried out by a civil Forestry Department. Its duties were outlined as:
15 McKenzie Smith, Graham (2018). The Unit Guide: The Australian Army 1939 1945. Mount Pleasant, Western Australia: Big Sky Publishing. ISBN 978 1 925675 14 6.
Following concern about the over exploitation of the timber resources in New Guinea, a forest survey group was proposed in early 1944, manned by professional foresters to assess and allocate logging areas to all allied services HQ For Svy Gp was established at Port Moresby (NG) in March and moved to Yalu, outside Lae in May where 2/1 For Svy Coy and 2/2 For Svy Coy were formed. The Unit name was changed to 1 CRE (NG Forests) in May. At their HQ at Yalu were the specialist groups of botany, air photo interpretation and wood technology while the survey companies undertook the field work with 2/1 For Svy Coy concentrating on New Britain while 2/2 For Svy Coy covered Papua and mainland New Guinea At the end of the war their work continued and 1 CRE (NG Forests) was effectively the basis of the new civilian PNG Forestry Department War Diaries: AWM 52 5/32/2.
Promoted temporary Major, McAdam was appointed Commander, 1 Aust CRE (New Guinea Forests), in February 1944. His Unit's task was to assess and map the forest resources of Papua New Guinea, Bougainville, and Manus Island for war needs and for future management in peacetime. From 1944/45 he was Lt Col 1 Aust CRE (New Guinea Forests).
HQ FOREST SURVEY GROUP15 1 CRE (NG Forests)
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2/1 For Svy Coy was established at Yalu, near Lae (NG) in May 1944 and moved to Busu Road, Lae in December They had detachments at Jacquinot Bay, Gasmata, Cape Hoskins, Finschhafen and Madang before moving to Jacquinot Bay in April 1945. They saw out the war assessing the extensive forests of New Britain. War Diaries: AWM 52 5/32/6. References: A.6 A.7 B.6 B.7
Consequently, when the Unit was disbanded, Mr. Vickery, by then the Forest Ranger at Bulolo, was left in charge of the records. He handed the records to Mr Cavanaugh, who was then the Reserve Settlement Officer, when he returned to the Islands in his civilian capacity.
References: A.6 A.7 B.6 B.7 2/1 AUST FOREST SURVEY COMPANY
2/2 AUST FOREST SURVEY COMPANY
2/2 For Svy Coy was established at Yalu, near Lae (NG) in May 1944 and moved to Milne Bay in February 1945 They had detachments at Aitape, Torokina, Oro Bay, Manus Island, Lae and Wau before moving to Wau in July 1945 They saw out the war assessing the extensive forests of the Wau/Bulolo area.
• McAdam deserves credit for insisting that all timbers harvested be recorded for eventual recompense to be made to the native owners for use of their trees. This became part of official Australian orders.
• maintain records of the quantities of timber milled by Australian and USA forces.
Source War Diaries: AWM 52 5/32/7. McAdam Assessment Tasks at May 1944 McAdam was tasked with: • organising a survey of possible harvesting areas.
• In a paper presented to the Fifth National Conference on Australian Forest History16 by Judith A. Bennett, Department of History, University of Otago, New Zealand titled “Allied logging and milling in Papua New Guinea during World War 11 describes in some detail following the war, the compensation program undertaken by McAdam and his officersbetween 1947 and1960,paying customaryownersforthetimbers harvested during the war.
To undertake McAdam’s task, the raising of 1 Command Royal Engineers (New Guinea Forests) was complete with the Headquarters Unit, where Lieutenant Colonel Jim McAdam MM (Head of pre war New Guinea Forest Service) as the Commanding Officer of 1 Aust CRE (New Guinea Forests) (the Headquarters Unit); Major WT (Bill) Suttie commanded the 1 Australian Forest Survey Coy and Major A E (Bert) Head (Victoria) in command of the 2 Australian Forest Survey Coy, were functional by May 1944.
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• The Australian command had difficulty with USA forces. They were suspicious that such data would be the basis for a claim against the USA.
16 Fifth National Conference on Australian Forest History edited by John Dargavel, Denise Gaughwin and Brenda Libbis in 2002 ISBN 0867405309
The major tasks were the location of supplies of timber for immediate operational requirements of the various war services, and an assessment of the forest resources of the south west Pacific Area, for both operational and post war purposes, to the extent that available transport, communications, and enemy occupation permitted. In this, considerable use was made of air photo interpretation supported by ground reconnaissance and sampling.
24 UNIT Strength established 2/1 Aust Command Royal Engineers (Forestry) 23 2/1 Aust Forestry Coy 165 2/2 Aust Forestry Coy 165 2/3 Aust Forestry Coy 165 1 Aust CRE (New Guinea Forests) 38 1 Aust Forest Survey Coy 127 2 Aust Forest Survey Coy 127
• advice on sawmill equipment and supervision of all Australian sawmill personnel
The ensuing structure to meet the requirements of the July 1943 plan is reflected in the Table above describing the Royal Australian Engineers Forestry Units as of 5 May 1944
• assemble all information pertinent to the timber resource and milling of such timbers
25 Forest Inventory Course 17-29 July 1944 Yalu Jim McAdam17 in his paper of 1952 titled “Forestry in New Guinea” to the PNG Scientific Society described the basis on which I Aust Forest Survey Group developed its resource inventory techniques and trained its personnel. McAdam found with some training, it was not difficult to pick out from air photos, the vegetative types described below. Savannah woodland SwampsGrassland o Mangrove ▪ Before the War bark was exported for its tannin for leather production but it produced a red leather and for preserving fishing nets o Nipa ▪ Used for thatching o Sac sac ▪ Production of sago o Grass and pit pit o Swampy Rainforests ▪ E.g., terminalia forests of Bougainville for timber production. Lowland Forest o Littoral ▪ Beach calophyllum for ship building. o Rain forest ▪ Potentially available accessible millable timber for PNG. Special mention of three sub types. • Kamarere forests New Britain. • Erima forests • Dipterocarp forest. Mid -Mountain forest o Includes the Araucaria forests of Bulolo Wau and the oak forests for timber production Mossy forest SecondaryAlpine bush While the Unit was in training at Lae, research was carried out into the uses that could be made of air photos in assessing tropical forests. An area was marked out in the Oomsis forests near Lae and the RAAF made special photos of the area. Every tree on an area of 30 acres was mapped and the air photos correlated tree 17 McAdam J B Paper “Forestry in New Guinea” Annual Report in The Papua and New Guinea Scientific Society 1952 Report
26 for tree. Compared with the data which could be gathered from air photos of temperate forests, the amount of quantitative data that could be obtained from air photos of the overly complex mixed forests of the tropics was disappointing. Nevertheless, the photos proved a boon for qualitative interpretation and saved a considerable amount of work in the field by eliminating areas which need not be further investigated and allowed the team to concentrate detailed work on those areas with the greatest productive potential. If they did nothing else the air photos enabled the production of the 1 mile to 1 inch Army series of maps which now covered the northern coastline of New Guinea, Manus, New Britain, and Bougainville. They used those sheets as their basic maps and from the air photos transferred the vegetative data to these sheets, which were then forwarded to the field units as survey instructions for checking in the field. The sheets were arranged in a priority system based on operational requirements. By the time the unit was disbanded, the air phot interpretation for all the published 1 mile to 1 inch series (some 260 odd in number) had been completed but only 59 of the field reports had been finalised. Vegetation mapping included officers as Les Carron. Lae Warrant9/11/1944Officer 2 W Spencer
The Units, during the resource survey, gave valuable intelligence data on topography, tracks, anchorages etc. On the areas of easier topography and better forest cover, they laid down actual sample plots and obtained an estimate of the actual timber over a measured acreage. They collected botanical and wood samples of new species. By the end of the war, the units
MemorialAustralianPhotoForestphotogstereoscopeusingonaerialraphs1SurveyCoy.creditWar.
Operations Australian Forestry Survey Coy Australian Forestry Survey Coy Units were then located where they could be of optimal use to the allies and at the same time meeting McAdam’s main goals of recording the volume felled by the Allies identifying likely productive forests and felling and milling timber. The Forest Survey Units were to record the utilization activities, and to make surveys of forest resources using all the available military resources of aerial photography, operational mapping, and transport.
The units were gradually phased out towards the end of 1945, after the war in the south west Pacific had ended. In a paper presented to the Fifth National Conference on Australian Forest History18 by Judith A. Bennett, Department of History, University of Otago, New Zealand titled “Allied logging and milling in Papua New Guinea during World War 11 it was estimated conservatively, that 18 Fifth National Conference on Australian Forest History edited by John Dargavel, Denise Gaughwin and Brenda Libbis in 2002 ISBN 0867405309
Lae
27 had collected over 1,500 sheets. The botanists had worked through 620 of them and had listed 295 separate species. These collections formed the basis of the herbarium at Lae. Since then, the Forest Botanist role was to expand the collection to prepare a flora for the Territory. Great assistance was provided by the late Mr C T White, the Queensland Government Botanist, who came to the Territory and ran a botanical school for the Units during the training period. 9/11/1944; Lt J S Talbot Surveyor; WO 2 W Spencer Draughtsman and Sgt H M Crossley outside drawing office of 1 Forest Survey Coy 1944. Photo MemorialAustraliancreditWar.
It mapped and assessed forest areas throughout the country, its work forming the basis of post war forest planning and industrial expansion, especially during the last few decades. It pioneered the use of aerial photos to map and verify tropical vegetation, and kept resource and production statistics, partly to compensate landowners.
Copies of the wood samples were sent to the Division of Forest Products of the CSIRO in Melbourne, where Dr. Dadswell accompanied Mr White and lectured to the Australian Forestry School on Wood Technology. The early work of the Division of Forest Products quickly resulted in the development of a card sorting key for the identification of the more common species and the Division later developed similar keys for the Forces as they moved onto Borneo and Malaya. Two years of intensive work in resource inventory was carried out. Using aerial photographs and criteria evolved from field correlation studies, vegetation types were mapped over an area of some 56,000 square miles, about 30 per cent of the total land area, on one inch to the mile military maps By the end of the war nearly a quarter of the vegetation mapping had been ground checked. This work provided an excellent base for post war forestry development.
Formation of a Forest Department 1946 In 1946, Jim McAdam MM became Director of Forests TPNG, and set up the first TPNG Department of Forests. Army forestry records and some equipment were taken over by the Administration. Former army personnel were recruited to form the nucleus of the Forestry Department running both the government sawmills (Yalu and Kerevat) for reconstruction activities in addition to the commencement of reafforestation projects. Documents on Australian Foreign Policy and Papua New Guinea 1966 1969 Stuart Doran Foreign Affairs Commonwealth Australia 921244 (pbk). McAdam’s Approved Forest Development Program 1946 (led to announcement of a formal forest policy). Forest resource survey. of forest reservation. Program for research. Management and working plans. Training of staff.
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28 a total of some 142328 cubic metres was harvested between mid-1942 to January 1946 for sawmilling. This does not include timbers harvested for use as round logs. There were some 78 mills that operated to late 1944. Recovery rates were given of between 30 to 50 %. From 1944 to 1946, forestry matters including cutting and milling of timber controlled by the Army through the 1st Australian CRE, New Guinea Forests were under the command of Jim McAdam MM.
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Following the surrender of Japan in 1945, civil administration of Papua and New Guinea was restored. Under the Papua New Guinea Provisional Administration Act (1945 46), Papua and New Guinea were combined in an administrative union. a practice continued after 1945 and solidified by the Papua and New Guinea Act 1949 In organisational terms, World War 2 resulted in consolidation of PNG’s administrative structures. During the Japanese invasion, both Papua and the Australian controlled areas of New Guinea were managed as a single entity from Port Moresby The Second World War disturbed both the physical and conceptual dimensions of Australian Rule in TPNG.19 An outcome of the war that was less tangible, yet no less real: the hundreds of thousands of Australian servicemen and women who served in PNG imbibed and promoted an affection for its people that stimulated a sense of responsibility and commitment to the future of the territories. Jim McAdam relinquished the appointment in September 1945. Following a brief attachment to Army Headquarters, Melbourne, he transferred to the Reserve of Officers on 8 February 1946 and settled in Port Moresby as Acting Secretary (later Director) of the Department of Forests, Territory of Papua New Guinea. Keen and industrious, he had a passion for protecting the trees
29
Institutional Forestry Development
For any timber to be harvested on an area, the State had first to acquire timber rights from the landowners before allocating the rights to a logging company. Prior to 1992, this was done through either the negotiation of a timber rights purchase or a local forest agreement. Since 1992, when a new Forest Act came into force, state acquisition of timber rights has been through the negotiation of forest management agreements between the PNG Forest Authority and customary owners.
Responsibility for the administration and development of the forest resources of Papua New Guinea and control of its forest industry was vested in the Department of Forests under powers conferred by the Forestry (New Guinea) Ordinance 1936 62 and the Forestry (Papua) Ordinance 1936 62 and the Forestry regulations as amended.
The territory policy for the extraction of timber from customarily owned (‘native’) forests was developed over time through the mechanism of a ‘timber rights purchase’ (TRP) agreement, which was a way of purchasing so called ‘timber rights’ from customary owners of forests, but not alienating the land. Virtually all logging companies in the territorial period were Australian owned or Australian based. Some of these did a degree of processing locally, but most timber was exported as round logs. The legal framework for forest exploitation had three main elements: Timber Rights Purchase (TRP). Under this arrangement the State acquired timber rights where customary owners were willing to sell. The State then issued a permit or licence to remove the timber on agreed terms and conditions, including the payment
TPNG Department of Forests 1961 Log
Nearly all forest in PNG is grown on customary owned land. The Department of Forests after 1945 had to create a forest concession system that catered for all parties i.e., landowners, government agencies and developers.
Measurement (Full Volume) Tables Super Feet regulation 35 (1) Forestry Ordinance
30 of royalties, a portion of which was passed on to customary owners. The TRP arrangement was intended for large scale exploitation and was managed by the Department of Forestry.
• Ruth Turia described the Royal Commission in her PhD thesis 2005 ANU Cannot see the land for the trees. The forest management dilemma in Papua New Guinea.
In 1951, Percy Spender, the then Australian Minister for Territories, issued the first comprehensive Forest Policy Statement, which placed emphasis on the production of sawn timber for post war reconstruction and expanded works programs. It called for an orderly 20 White, K.J., 1976. Australian forest policy in the Territories of Papua and New Guinea: The close of an era Presidential address to Papua New Guinea Scientific Society. 27 p.
• The involvement of the Papua New Guinea people in this economic development, especially in respect of traditional land ownership.
In 1949 Jim McAdam visited Australia to give evidence to the Royal Commission into timber rights. In 1949, the Report was released of the Australian Royal Commission on New Guinea Timber Lease Transactions (in relation to the Bulolo Timber area).
The Papua and New Guinea Act 1949
Royal Commission into the Bulolo Timber Lease 1945
The Act formally approved the placing on New Guinea under the international trusteeship system and confirmed the administrative union under the title of The Territory of Papua and New Guinea. The Act provided for a Legislative Council (established in 1951), a judicial organisation, a public service, and a system of local government with Sir Donald Cleland as Administrator till his retirement in 1967.
Timber Authorities (TA) could be issued, on payment of a fee, to enable any person to purchase a limited quantity of timber directly from a customary owner. Without a TA no one other than a Papua New Guinean could purchase forest produce from a customary owner.
• In late 1948, Jim McAdam and Jim Cavanaugh were called before the Royal Commission into the Bulolo Timber Lease involving the Minister for External Affairs, Edward Joseph Ward in Sydney from late 1948 to 1949.
The Papua and New Guinea Act 1949 was an Act passed by the Parliament of Australia. It replaced the Papua Act 1905 and the New Guinea Act 1920 and changed the status of the territories of Papua and New Guinea by merging their administrations to form Papua and New Guinea
Kevin White20 pointed out for each of the Australian Minister for Territories stated policies and programs, the themes were common in each of these policies. They were complementary, rather than conflicting. They have provided a stable political background to the functional policies that were developed in the field. They could be summarised as:
• The identification of the resource.
• The use of the resource in economic development programs.
31 development of the Territory timber industry with provision for reforestation in all areas. An ordinance would be enacted to give expression to the policy outlined.
2 Encouragement for investment of private capital for development of these resources.
In 1951, a 28 member Legislative Council was set up by Australia, as well as a judiciary and public service. Jim McAdam was a member (1949 59) of the Territory's Executive Council and an official member (1951 59) of its Legislative Council. McAdam was active in the affairs of the Papua and New Guinea Scientific Society (President 1951).
3 Ensure native participation in this development.
Source ANU AFS Archives. In 1953, the Forestry Ordinance 1936 37 of New Guinea applied to Papua and a uniform policy applied in both Territories.
Forest Policy Statement by Minister for External Territories Hon P Spender 1951 1 Locate, assess, and regulate availability of natural forest resources to bring them within reach of development.
32 1954/55 Establishment of Bulolo plywood mill. PNG Forest Products today21 , evolved from Bulolo Gold Dredging Limited22 that commenced operations in large scale alluvial mining in 1932. The Bulolo region was at the time one of the largest gold fields in the world. A total of 7 dredges scoured the valley floor, dredging thousands of tons of high grade gold bearing ore. Bulolo Gold Dredge (1960).
21 PNG Forest Products evolved from CNGT.
22 Bulolo Gold Dredging Company was formed to mine gold in Bulolo in 1932. Its shareholding included Placer of Canada and Levin etc of Australia.
24 FAO Unasylva 1955 Vol 9 No 2 news of the world.
23 CNGT Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers Limited plywood factory in Bulolo was formed by an agreement between the Commonwealth Government and Bulolo Gold Dredging Limited. The 1,300,000 Australian pound mill opened in 1954 to produce high grade plywood (approx. 30 million square feet annually on a 3/16th inch basis).
Unloading Logs Bulolo Ply Mill Photo credit PNGAA. Transporting Logs Bulolo 1962. Photo credit PNGAA Peeling logs for CNGT Plymill 1960. Photo credit PNGAA Sawing logs CNGT 1960 Photo credit PNGAA.
Photo Credit PNGAA. Overview of Bulolo Ply mill. Photo credit PNGAA. As the mining operation scaled down, the plywood factory and sawmill were constructed Commonwealthby New Guinea Timbers Ltd23 (CNGT) FAO Unasylva24 reported it commenced operations in January 1954. Exports first class plywood to overseas markets as Australia etc. Hoop and Klinki Pine plantations were established as part of a large scale post mining reforestation program by the Departments of Forests.
6 Botanical collections and identifications.
5 Timber utilisation research into natural durability and preservation treatments.
2 Establishment of formal forestry education at a forest training school at Bulolo about 1960 for training recruits for the Auxiliary and Third Division.
3 Establishment of a forest research institute to be established at Lae in conjunction with the Herbarium. 4 A re afforestation program including expenditure in the Highlands for grassland reclamation.
33 Womersley (Chief Division of Botany TPNG Forests) and McAdam (Director of TPNG Forests) in 195725 referred to the Australian Government’s policy in relation to development generally and forestry development in the Territories, as one of feeling and action, rather than by direct statements. It was qualified by the Government’s position as trustee for the people of the Territory and to the consciousness of their rights.
1 Acquisition and reservation of an adequate permanent forest estate of 4 million acres (1.6 million hectares) estate within 10 years and 10 million acres in 20 years (4 million hectares.)
In 1958, there was adoption of a new Forest Policy. 25 Womersley, J.S. & J.B. McAdam, 1957. The forests and forest conditions in the Territories of Papua and New Guinea. British Commonwealth Forestry Conference. 62 p. Forest Policy Statement by the Minister for Territories Hon P Hasluck MP 1957
7 Encouragement of a timber industry.
Womersley and McAdam determined that there should be a vigorous forest policy for TPNG, of an orderly development of a timber industry in TPNG, on sound forestry principles, with provision for reforestation of all areas. As a rule, rights to forest areas may be obtained only as the result of public tender, and in respect of areas that have been designated by forestry officials of the Territory.
L-R Jim McAdam; Bill Suttie; and Dave Dun Bulolo Plantations. Approximately 1957. Photo credit Linda Cavanaugh Manning.
• From two sawmills in 1946 to 1975 with some 90 sawmills, one plywood plant; three veneer plants and one wood chip mill.
• Development at Lae of the National Botanical Gardens with living collections.
• Development of an appropriate wood utilisation research program: (a) Determination of the properties and uses of PNG timbers.
(c) Determination of kiln drying schedules.
• Communication; extension services.
• National staff training. Forest Industry
34 McAdam’s leadership and foresight in establishing the PNG Forest Service in 1946 had achieved26: (Coupled with McAdam’s background knowledge of the forests of Papua New Guinea, gained in the pre war and wartime periods ) 26 Ref PNGAF Mag # 4 of 21st Nov 2020 p 36 37.
• Intensive service in identification of plant specimens.
• Establishment of a Papua New Guinea Timber Marketing Advisory Panel.
(f) Timber design services. (g) Technical publication services especially for building designs using local materials. (h) Training of mill operators.
(e) Provision of mill wright services and extensive industry advice services.
(b) Development of appropriate timber preservation treatments for sawn and round timbers.
• By 1975, import earnings of some Kina 15 million which is some 4 % of the national export earnings (at 1975).
Dept of Forests Achievements by 1975 Forest Resources. In the period 1946 1963 some 600,000 hectares were assessed by conventional methods. From 1964 to 1967 some 2.8 million hectares were assessed. As of 1975, a total of 5.2 million hectares had been assessed. The investigations confirmed that there was a resource of magnitude, it quantified the resource, and identified the areas considered suitable for development. Botany
• Collection and maintenance of specimens of Papuasia plants. From the collections commenced in 1944, the herbarium collection at 1975 has over 250,000 PNG specimens. From the collections, followed taxonomic studies of the flora leading to various publications and training manuals.
• An annual log harvest of some 800,000 m3 as of 1975.
(d) Development of minor forest product industries.
• Industrial Training
• Professional Training Program
1. In service for expatriate field officers.
1. Course activated in 1971/72 for a Forestry degree course, commenced with 2 years science and two years at UNITECH Lae
• Intensive research programs for plantation species covering species selection, tree breeding, nutrition studies, protection from insects and fungal pathogens, growth studies, range management, extension practices, environmental planning. Training
• Country wide extension programs, especially in the Highlands.
Reforestation
• Nursery and field techniques established for species as Teak (Tectona grandis); Kamarere (Eucalyptus deglupta), Hoop and Klinkii Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii and A. hunsteinii), Eucalyptus and Pinus spp.
• Natural regeneration techniques for cutover forests; growth studies; enrichment planting techniques.
3. Short vocational courses for supervisory staff training.
2. Negotiations in recent years will lead to the establishment of an industry training centre in Lae (TITC).
35 Forest Management
• Over 16,000 hectares plantations established at Bulolo/Wau, Kerevat; Port Moresby; Goroka and Whagi valley.
2. Four graduates expected in 1976 and 10 in 1977.
1. Closure of government sawmills had a detrimental impact on training of industrial staff.
5. 1973 75 selected field staff 12 month course for a Certificate in Forestry.
• Sub professional training program commenced in 1962 at Bulolo Forestry College which by 1975 had successfully trained some 421 trainees. In 1975, BFC could accommodate some 170 students.
2. Two year Technical Certificate with entry level of form 2 3.
4. 1967 three year course leading to a Diploma in Forestry.
• Development and administration of complex Forest Management Agreements including regeneration treatment.
6. 1969 three year Diploma of Cartography course.
27The Cavanaugh family were on long service leave in 1958 and visited Jim and Eileen McAdam at their home in Margate Brisbane Jim was doing handstands and standing on his head a couple of months or so before he died in February 1959. He was still very fit and liked to show off to the children Only Joan the youngest daughter returned to the Territory She was the French teacher at Port Moresby High for many years
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36 McAdam’s Passing Jim McAdam’s main hobby was woodcraft. While on leave, he died of hypertensive coronary vascular disease on 27 February 1959 at Margate, Queensland, and was cremated. His wife, son and two daughters survived him.
28Evan Shield was interviewed by Jim McAdam with two others now forgotten in Brisbane in 1957 ... flown down from and back to Townsville for the occasion ... My cadetship with the Administration resulted ... and I have long regretted the fact that this was my sole acquaintance with the great man ... He died before I completed second year at UQ about two years later and, of course, was replaced by Bill Suttie. His obituary makes mention of his prowess at rugby ... and my guess he would have made a formidable opponent ... it was said that he could run 100 yards in even time
. Linden George (Jim) Cavanagh I knew well ... We worked in proximity for about three years in (the less than salubrious) Forestry HQ, in those days, the former Kone Club building. In 1963 a magnificent park of some 5000 acres (2024 ha) near Wau in the Bulolo Gorge was named after him. It includes outstanding forests of Hoop and Klinkii Pines in which he had shown interest. Jim received the Coronation Medal for his services to New Guinea. Credit Ian Whyte McAdam Park Wau 1975. communication Linda Cavanaugh Manning 9th April 2019. communication Shield
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38 Appendix 1 Paper by J B McAdam in the PNG Scientific Society’s Annual Report 1952. 29
The forests have been making an important contribution to the economy of the native people. From the forests, they have obtained food and the fuel to cook it, clothing and shelter, weapons, and transport. A very wide range of fruits and nuts and leaves feature in the everyday diet of the native people and over large areas sago the stored starch in the trunk of a large palm, known locally as Sac sac forms the staple diet. The forests have provided harbourage for birds and animals, which have contributed both to the protein content of the diet of the hunter and to his exterior decoration. You have seen the Marys staggering home in the evening under vast bundles of firewood, even in Port Moresby. Further afield, you will see houses completely built form the produce of the nearby forests; small round timbers form the framework, larger members the posts and corners, the whole lashed with vines, split rattan, or the stripped bark of saplings; with the roof of sago or nipa palm leaves and the walls of a similar material or plaited bamboo, and very likely with a floor of split palm. You may even find that the salt used with food is produced by burning the bark of certain trees. It is likely that a few pieces of black palm will be hardening and drying in the smoke of the fireplace, the basis of a new bow, the tip of a new arrow, or perhaps the shaft of a spear. Among the coastal peoples, you will see well fashioned canoes, double or without riggers completely made from wood, bound together with fibres from the forest and caulked with fruit of a jungle tree. On the rivers, a dugout canoe from a single log may be the means of transport. On the seashore or in the forest you may find nets used for fishing or pig catching. These will be made from the best fibres of trees. If you go fishing with a native companion, you will probably find that he will use the fruit of a tree or a piece of vine in a sheltered pool to bring the fish stupefied to the surface or haul up from just below the surface a bamboo fish trap of excellent workmanship which may have been anchored to a large boulder by many chains of rattan rope. The pas pas or arm ornaments of the natives may be obtained from the fibre bundles of a climbing fern. The sporran type of clothing worn by the Central Highlands natives is woven by the womenfolk first rubbing the best fibres of a highland tree into twine. The rain cape which may drape that silent man of the forest, the Kuku Kuku, may be taken from the inside bark of a fig tree or one of its relatives. A similar species produces the tapa cloths which the coastal natives’ colour to adorn themselves or their houses.
(The following extracts are taken from the paper)
“Forestry in New Guinea”
The fruits of the Betel nut palm or one of its bush relatives is the stimulant which eases many a native through his troubles. It may be made more palatable by the leaf or stem of the piper vine. It is not unusual to find a jaded carrier beating his wilting legs with a branch of a stinging tree, or a similar cure applied to a headache. PNG Scientific Society Presidential Address 1952 “Forestry in New Guinea” J B McAdam
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39
There were various attempts to establish sawmilling operations in Papua. The most tenacious of these was the Port Romilly venture and that, with Kwato Mission sawmill and the Labe Labe sawmill, which was established mainly to produce cases for shipping desiccated coconut form Milne Bay, formed the whole of the milling operations when the Japanese entered the War in 1942. Those three mills, later controlled by ANGAU, but manned with their peacetime personnel, produced a very credible supply of timber during the early days of the struggle.
In New Guinea, there was a sudden interest in log export in 1937, which caused the Administration to revise its legislation and consider the establishment of a forest service. In that territory, there was a mill at Waterfall Bay and mission mills also at Finschhafen,
Thus, at all stages, the forest has played an important part in the life of most of the New Guinea natives. Most of his demands were for the smaller products of the forests, and apart from a few trees for a “big house,” or a log for a canoe, his demands did not make much impact on the mature forests. Clearing land for gardening made the biggest impact, and even here, the secondary bush quickly recovered the ground which was laboriously cleared and in time returned it to the jungle.
He considered that the development of minor products, such as barks, gums etc might yield better export prospects and recommended that more work be carried out on that aspect. However, he was impressed by the fragmentary hoop pine stands of the mountains and recommended that they be used for reforestation. When it is remembered that plantations of this species were in the incredibly early trial stages in Queensland at that time, it makes remarkably interesting reading in the light of recent developments.
Not much seems to have been done from then till Lane Poole visited the Territory in 1923. He penetrated deeply into Papua at many points and when he completed his Papuan inspections, he was invited by the Administrator of New Guinea to conduct a similar survey of that Territory. His report was a valuable document as he made extensive and exceptionally good botanical and wood collections, which reached several hundred in number. These collections were referred to Mr C T White, the Queensland Government Botanist who, from that time until his death recently, maintained a close interest in the forest botany of the Territories. Mr Lane Poole’s report was not so optimistic about the timber prospects for at that time Australia was well supplied with timbers of the kind available in New Guinea and so did not offer a good market prospect. He also found access within the Territory a difficult and costly matter. He did, however, recommend in 1925 the establishment of a small Forest service with a view to further examining the forests, encouraging the development of a local industry, and making a commencement with plantation work. I quote from his report on Papua: “At present the timber requirements of Papua are negligible; the native requires no sawn wood, using as he does round poles and split timber for his houses. The white population it is true, uses a little timber, but one small mill could supply all the present needs of public and private buildings and works. For some time to come, therefore, the Forest Policy of Papua will feel no great and insistent call from a people wanting cheap wood.”
With the arrival of the white man, it was found there was a scattering of valuable trees which were attractive to buyers elsewhere, and some attempt was made to float out easily accessible logs of species such as cedar. However, owing to one difficulty or another, the results of these attempts were inconsiderable. About 1908, the authorities in Papua invited a forest inspector from Queensland, Mr Burnett, to report on the timber position. He reported some difficulty in penetrating into the country, but he produced a report of an optimistic nature and a list of about 120 species, mostly indicated by their native names.
THE WAR PERIOD
40 Alexishafen and Marienberg. Mills had also started at Bulolo and Wau, having been flown in from the coast. Sawn and milled timber, however, was still being imported from Australia and the Philippines to Rabaul when McAdam arrived in New Guinea in 1938 to initiate the new Forest Service. From its inception shortly afterwards until 1942, the one mill established in Rabaul led a precarious existence. However, under the stimulus of a depressed copra market and an active interest by American buyer sin the New Guinea walnut, many planters in New Britain and New Ireland commenced harvesting logs. In 1940/41, exports in logs and flitches of this species reached about seven and a half million super feet.
Early in 1944, the Australian Army decided to form under the Engineers, a unit to record the many sawmilling operations and make surveys of the forest resources, using all the advantages of operational mapping, air photos and transport facilities then available The CRE NG Forests; was thus formed with two Forest Survey Companies. I was placed in command of the CRE NG Forests and given authority to recruit as many personnel experienced in forestry as I could lay my hands on. Two officers of the pre war service Mr Cavanagh and Mr Vickery were recruited. The Air Force, the Navy, Malaria Units, Engineers, the Infantry, and the Artillery all contributed, with result that we had a concentration of foresters representing every state in Australia. The unit had come together about mid 1944 and for the next three months at Lae was put through an intensive training in recognition of New Guinea species and handling New Guinea conditions. Senior officers of the unit closely followed the establishment of each new base to report on immediate timber supplies for operational purposes. During this time, a plan was draw up for the survey of the timber resources of a s much of the Territories as possible. This survey was launched about the end of 1944 and continued till the war ended, and the units were disbanded about October 1945. One of the functions of the CRE NG Forests written in instructions at the formation was “the maintenance of forestry records in a manner suitable for handing over to a Civilian Forest service at the appropriate time.” Consequently, when the unit was disbanded, Mr Vickery, who is now the Forest Ranger at
The outbreak of the Japanese War in January 1942 ended all civilian activities in the Territories of Papua and New Guinea. Sawmilling1943 remained quiescent for about a year but as the Australian forces commenced to build up and were joined by the Allied Forces, a great demand for sawn timber developed. Owing to the shortages of supply and difficulties with shipping, it was decided to produce as much as possible of these requirements in the Islands themselves. In 1943, ANGAU reorganised the three pre war mills and established a fourth at Waigani near Milne Bay. Many engineering units established small operations. The Americans brought in sawmilling units. The Australian Government recalled the three Forestry Companies from England and threw them into the fight for timber in New Guinea early in 1944. The New Zealand Air force also had sawmilling units attached. At the end of the war, as far as can be ascertained, some 80 odd million super feet of sawn timber had been produced by these units and in addition, the forests had yielded thousands of pieces of round timbers for escarpments, corduroy, bridge timbers, telephone poles, fire wood and the many other needs of a vast army. It was roughly estimated that this effort had saved two million pounds worth of Australian timber and over three quarters of a million pounds worth of shipping space. Figures, of course, would be very much higher at present day prices.
• Erima forests • Dipterocarp forest Mid mountain forest o Includes the Araucaria forests of Bulolo Wau and the oak forests for timber production Mossy forest • Alpine • Secondary bush ARMY FOREST RESORCE SURVEY
The next part of the paper describes the vegetation types of TPNG these will not be elaborated on for this project. Pages 5 14 of the paper. Savannah woodland Grassland • Swamps o Mangrove
•
▪ E.g., terminalia forests of Bougainville for timber production Lowland Forest o Littoral Beach calophyllum for ship building Rain forest ▪ Potentially available accessible millable timber for PNG. Special mention of three sub types Kamarere forests New Britain
•
We found with some training it was not difficult to pick out from air photos the vegetative types described above. While the unit was in training at Lae, research was carried out into the uses that could be made of air photos in assessing tropical forests. An area was marked out in the Oomsis forests near Lae and the RAAF made special photos of the area. Every tree on an area of 30 acres was mapped and the air photos correlated tree for tree. Compared with the data which could be gathered from air photos of temperate forests, the amount of quantitative data we could obtain from photos of the overly complex mixed forests of the tropics was disappointing. Nevertheless, the photos proved a boon for qualitative interpretation and saved a considerable amount of work in the field by eliminating areas which need not be further investigated and allowing us to concentrate detailed work on those areas with the greatest productive potential. If they had nothing else the air photos had enabled the production of the 1 mile to 1 inch Army series of maps which now covered the northern coastline of New Guinea, Manus, New Britain, and Bougainville. We used these
▪ Before the War bark was exported for its tannin for leather production but produced a red leather and for preserving fishing nets Nipa ▪ Used for thatching o Sac sac ▪ Production of sago o Grass and pit pit o Swampy Rainforests
▪
•
o
41 Bulolo, was left in charge of the records, which he handed over to Mr Cavanaugh, when he returned to the Islands in his civilian capacity.
•
•
•
o
The units, during the resource survey, gave valuable intelligence data on topography, tracks, anchorages etc. On the areas of easier topography and better forest cover, they laid down actual sample plots and obtained an estimate of the actual timber over a measured acreage.
42 sheets as our basic maps and from the air photos transferred the vegetative data to these sheets, which were then forwarded to the field units as survey instructions for checking in the field The sheets were arranged in a priority system based on operational requirements. By the time the unit was disbanded, the air phot interpretation for all the published 1 mile to 1 inch series (some 260 odd in number) had been completed but only 59 of the field reports had been finalised.
They collected botanical and wood samples of new species. By the end of the war, the units had collected over 1,500 sheets. The botanists had worked through 620 of them and had listed 295 separate species. These collections formed the basis of the herbarium at Lae. Which is now being expanded by the forest botanist and ultimately, we hope will lead to the production of a flora for the Territory. We were greatly assisted in our botanical work by the late Mr C T White, the Queensland Government Botanist, who came to the Territory and ran a botanical school for the units during the training period. Copies of the wood samples were sent to the Division of Forest Products of the CSIRO in Melbourne, where Dr. Dadswell accompanied Mr White and lectured to the school on Wood Technology. The early work of the Division of Forest Products quickly resulted in the development of a card sorting key for the identification of the more common species and the Division later developed similar keys for the Forces as they moved onto Borneo and Malaya.
POST WAR POSITION
Since the War, and owing partly to devastation by war, and partly due to the expanded services needed to cope with development of the community, there has been a greatly increased demand for sawn timber in the Territory. This has led to the gradual building up of the local sawmilling industry. For this year, the sawn output will reach about 10 million super feet of timber requiring some 20 million super feet of logs. At this figure and under present circumstances, we appear to have overtaken the demand. Since the War, there has been an embargo on the export of sawn timber, but this has been eased. For some time, we have been sending out six and a half inch square bulks of hoop and klinkii pine to provide battery separator veneer which is in critical supply in Australia. Last year, our exports of this highly selected material exceeded 400,000 super feet. Now general lines can be exported provided the millers keep a sufficient stock in their yards to ensure local supplies. Since the War, logs have been exported annually but these exports remain constant between one and one and a half million super feet. Recently a tender has been accepted for the purchase of some 70 million super feet of timber on the Trans Busu at about 7 8 million super feet per year. It is expected that this will boost the log export considerably in about twelve months. Within the last few months, exports of private logs from agricultural leases in the Lae area has commenced because of active clearing for the establishment of cocoa crops. It seems, therefore, that this year’s figures will show a slight improvement. As ownership is clarified, it is the aim of the Administration to make further areas available and to steadily build up this industry. Very shortly, a modern plywood manufacturing industry will be established for processing the pines of the Bulolo Valley. It is expected that within three years the output will reach 30 million square feet of plywood on a 3/16 inch basis. Already a start has been made on reforestation with the same species. (Hoop and Klinkii). Last year, 45 acres were planted. This year, 100 acres are being planted and, in the nursery, there is stock for 300 acres of
At Kerevat, the Department has commenced silvicultural research work on the coastal stands. Kamarere, teak and balsa are being established on about 100 acres this year. The original kamarere plot of about 10 acres established four years ago (1948) is now over 60 feet high and ready for its first thinning. Some of these thinnings will be going to the Division of Forest Products for testing for pulping and other purposes. The teak, which is established from seed obtained from areas planted by the Germans at Namatanai forty years ago is showing promising growth and may provide the answer to a durable timber for local Now,constructionsamples of our mangroves, the Araucarias and the mixed coastal species are being collected and forwarded to the Division of Forest Products for pulping tests. Our problem in New Guinea is to find a market for many of our lower grade species; a second problem which may rise if large areas are to be developed agriculturally would be to find a market for the vast quantities of timber which would otherwise be destroyed. Pulping may be the answer. Modern technology may open great possibilities to the New Guinea forests. In time, no doubt, New Guinea, with her abundant water, power and her warm climate so adapted to the growing of trees, will follow the path opened by the seven million Swedes However, many years must elapse before we can commence on such a path. A people must be trained in the first principles of industrial processes, vast capital must be expended in developing the power resources and opening up access to the natural resources; the basic data must be consolidated; a large percentage of the territory must be set aside for permanent forestry purposes, and the people taught to appreciate the benefits that may result from the proper management of those assets, so that they will protect and guard them. We are only just taking the first faltering footsteps along the road to acknowledge of the forests, and the forest problems and possibilities of the Territories. It needs the interest and support of people such as yourselves if we are to make much progress along the road.
43 plantation next year. It is expected that the future plantings will eb about 600 to 700 acres per year. At the end of the rotation (50 years), it is calculated that the annual cut will exceed 60 million super feet of logs as against the rationed cut of 10 million super feet from the virgin stands. There will be a great volume of early thinnings from the plantations in about ten years and this may well lead to the establishment of the first pulp factory in the Territory.
44 ACRONYMS AAD Australian Antarctic Division ACT Australian Capital Territory ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research ACLMP AusAid funded World Bank Land Mobilisation program. ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific States ADB Asian Development Bank AEC Administrators Executive Committee AFAP Australian Foundation for the Peoples of Asia & the Pacific Ltd. ADB African Development Bank AFLEGT African Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade AFPNG Association of Foresters of PNG AFS Australian Forestry School AFTA Asean Free Trade Area AIF Australian Infantry Forces AMF Australian Military Forces ANBG Australian National Botanical Gardens ANGAU Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit ANU Australian National University APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APMF Australian Paper Manufacturers Forestry Pty Ltd APPM Australia Paper and Pulp Manufacturers ARD Afforestation, Reforestation and avoided Deforestation ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organisation ASOPA Australian School of Pacific Administration ATIBT Association Technique Internationale des Bois Tropicaux ATL Accelerated Tariff Liberalization ATO African Timber Organization AusAID Australian Aid Agency BA basal area BCOF British Commonwealth Occupational Force 1945 52 BDV Brussels Definition of Value “Beer Time” Any time. BFC Bulolo Forestry College BGD Bulolo Gold Dredging Company BNGD British New Guinea Development (Company Limited) BUC Bulolo University College C Commonwealth cm centimetre CALM Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEFACT United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business CEPT Common Effective Preferential Tariff CERFLOR Certificate of Origin of Forest Raw Material, Brazil CFA Commonwealth Forestry Association CFE Community forestry enterprise
CHAH Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria
CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research
DEPT Department
DESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
EFI European Forest Institute
FMA Forest Management Agreement
COP Conference of Parties
EMS Environmental Management System
CRE Commander Royal Engineers
CSD Commission on Sustainable Development (United Nations)
COC chain of custody
CNGT Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers Bulolo CO2 carbon dioxide
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
45 CGTM Cintra for Global Trade Model
CIF cost, insurance, freight
CPF Collaborative Partnership on Forests
EMAS Eco Management and Audit Scheme of European Union
DOF Department of Forests
DIES Department of Information and Extension Services
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council of the United Nations
C &
CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation
DBH/ dbh Diameter at breast height
CRE CRE is a term inherited by RAE from RE and is the term for the Commanding Officer of a RAE unit which is headed by a Lt Col. Although the officer is called the CRE the name is also used for the name of his unit. E.g., CRE Aust Forestry Group or 1(NG Forests).
Criteria and indicators
DPI Department of Primary Industry
EC European Commission ECA Export credit agency
ENB East New Britain Province. e.g. For example ENGO Environmental Non governmental Organisation
ECE Economic Commission for Europe
CTE Committee on Trade and Environment
F &TB Forest and Timber Bureau Canberra FIM Forest Information System
C&I Criteria and Indicators
DASF Dept of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries
EEA European Economic Area
EIA Environmental Investigation Agency
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora I
DSB Dispute Settlement Body
DIY Do-it-yourself
C&L Certification and Labelling
Etc et cetera (more of the same) EU European Union EVSL Early Voluntary Liberalisation
46 FPRC Forest Products Research Centre Hohola FRA Forest Resource Assessment FRG Forest Red Gum FRI Forest Research Institute Lae Forkol Bulolo Forestry College FSP/PNG Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific FCCC See UNFCCC FD Forest department FDI Foreign direct investment FIELD The Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade FLEG Forest Law Enforcement and Governance FLONAS National Forest logging concessions, Brazil FOB free on board FSC Forest Stewardship Council FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas GAB Girth above buttress Gbhob Girth breast height over bark Gubab Girth under bark above buttress GIS Geographic Information Systems G8 Group of Eight (leading economies) GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GFTN Global Forest and Trade Network GFPM Global Forest Products Model GHG greenhouse gas GIS Geographical information system GMO genetically modified organism GNP Gross National Product GPA Plurilateral Government Procurement Agreement GSP Generalized System of Preferences GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit ha hectare IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IEA International Energy Agency IFA Institute of Foresters of Australia IFY International Year of the Forest IADB Inter American Development Bank IBAMA Amazon Environmental Institute, Brazil ICA International Commodity Agreement ICCI International Conference on C&I for Sustainable Forest Management IDB Inter American Development Bank IEA International Environmental Agreement IEC International Electrical Commission IFC International Finance Corporation IFF Intergovernmental Forum on Forests IHPA International Hardwood Products Association IIED International Institute for Environment and Development
47 IMF International Monetary Fund INGO International Non Governmental Organisations IPC Integrated Programme for Commodities IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPF Intergovernmental Panel on Forests ISO International Organization for Standardisation ITC International Trade Centre ITTA International Tropical Timber Agreement ITTC International Tropical Timber Council ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization IUCN The World Conservation Union IWPA International Wood Products Association JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency L of N League of Nations LRRS Land Resource Soils Survey (branch of CSIRO) LCA Life Cycle Analysis LEEC London Economic and Environmental Centre LEI Indonesian Ecolabelling Institute LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forests m3 cubic metre MCCAF McCarthy & Associates (Forestry) Pty. Ltd. MHA Member of House of Assembly PNG MM Military Medal MUS Malayan Uniform System MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement MFN Most Favoured Nation MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency MOU Memorandum of Understanding MTTC Malaysian Timber Certification Council n.a. not available NAA National Archives Australia NARI National Agriculture Research Institute NB New Britain NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NGO Non Governmental Organisation NHLA National Hardwood Lumber Association NRRP Natural Resources and Rights Program NT National Treatment NTB non tariff barrier NTCC National Timber Certification Council NTFP non timber forest product NTM non tariff measures NWFP non wood forest product NDS Northern District Sawmills NFCAP PNG National Forestry and Conservation Action Plan NGM New Guinea Mainland no. number NG New Guinea NGF New Guinea Forces (relates to plant collection of Lae Herbarium) NGIB New Guinea Infantry Battalion
48 NGI New Guinea Islands NGO Non Government Organisation NGVR New Guinea Volunteer Rifles NZ New Zealand NSW New South Wales NTSC National Tree Seed Centre PNG Bulolo OECD Organization for Economic Co operation and Development OTO Office of Trade and Investment Ombudsman OIC Officer in Charge OISCA Organisation for Industrial, Spiritual and Cultural Advancement International Japan. OTML Ok Tedi Mining Ltd P or p page PEFC Pan European Forest Certification Scheme PIB Papuan Infantry Battalion PIR Pacific Islands Regiment PNG Papua New Guinea PNGAA Papua New Guinea Australia Association PNGAF Papua New Guinea Australian Foresters Magazine Series PNGFA Papua New Guinea Forest Authority PNGFIA PNG Forest Industries Association PNGRIS Papua New Guinea Resource Information System PNGUT PNG University of Technology POM Port Moresby P&C Principles and Criteria PEFC Pan European Forest Certification Framework PGA Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement PPM production and processing method PPP Polluter Pays Principle (other meaning Purchasing Power Parity) QLD Queensland QF Queensland Forestry RAE Royal Australian Engineers/Australian Army RPC Royal Papuan Constabulary RRA Rapid Resource Appraisal RIIA Royal Institute of International Affairs RIL reduced impact logging RFE Russia Far East RTA Regional Trade Agreement RWE roundwood equivalent SAP structural adjustment programme SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures SFM Sustainable Forest Management SGS Société General de Surveillance SMS Selective Management System Malaysia SP South Pacific SPWP Secondary Processed Wood Products sq m square metres TAG Trade Advisory Group of ITTO TSS Tropical Shelterwood System TBT Technical Barriers to Trade
49 TFF Tropical Forest Foundation TFRK traditional forest related knowledge TNC Transnational corporation TRAINS Trade Basic Indicators of UNCTAD TREM trade related environmental measures TRIM Trade Related Investment Measures TRIP Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights UK United Kingdom UN United Nations Unasylva Journal of FAO of UN UNCCD United Nations Programme to Combat Desertification UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCSD United Nations Committee on Sustainable Development UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNESCO United Nations Economic and Social Council UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC Framework Convention on Climate Change of United Nations UNFF United Nations Forum on Forests US, USTR Office of the US Trade Representative UNE University of New England Armidale NSW UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNI University UNITECH University of Technology Lae PNG UNRE University of Natural Resources and Environment UPNG University of Papua New Guinea UQ University of Queensland US United States USA United States of America USD United States dollar TPNG Territory of Papua and New Guinea TUBL Territory United Brewery Ltd TA Timber Area TA Timber Authority TRP Timber Rights Purchase Vol volume VSF Victorian School of Forestry WA Western Australia WB World Bank WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre WCO World Customs Organisation WSSD World Summit for Sustainable Development WTO World Trade Organization WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
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