Western Civilization II
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Western Civilization II explores the major developments in European history from the seventeenth century to the present. The course examines political, social, economic, and cultural changes that shaped the modern Western world, including the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, the French and Industrial Revolutions, nationalism, imperialism, the World Wars, the Cold War, and the ongoing challenges of contemporary society. Emphasis is placed on understanding the causes and consequences of key historical events, as well as the contributions of diverse groups to Western civilizations evolving identity.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 8th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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30 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: the Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Q1) The word "theocracy" means "rule by the strongest."
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) In comparison to Mesopotamian society, Egyptian society was
A) more urban.
B) less dependent on rivers.
C) more rural.
D) without food surpluses.
E) more literate.
Answer: C
Q3) The first modern Homo sapiens
A) first appeared in Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago.
B) was a skilled hunter who had mastered the bow and arrow.
C) lived mostly in small groups near the sea.
D) mastered the art of making bronze tools and weapons.
E) appeared in Europe about one million years ago.
Answer: A
Q4) Agricultural Revolution
Answer: Not answer
Page 3
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Chapter 2: the Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Q1) Ashurbanipal and Sennacherib
Answer: Ashurbanipal and Sennacherib were both powerful kings of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, ruling during the 7th century BCE. Ashurbanipal is known for his military conquests and his patronage of the arts and learning. He is particularly famous for building the Library of Ashurbanipal, which contained a vast collection of cuneiform tablets and was one of the earliest known libraries in the world. Sennacherib, on the other hand, is best known for his military campaigns, including the siege of Jerusalem in 701 BCE. He also undertook extensive building projects, including the construction of the palace at Nineveh. Both kings were instrumental in expanding and consolidating the power of the Assyrian Empire, but they are also remembered for their brutal tactics and the harsh treatment of their enemies. Despite their military prowess, the Neo-Assyrian Empire eventually fell, and both Ashurbanipal and Sennacherib are now remembered as controversial figures in ancient history.
Q2) Most biblical scholars claim that most of the early books of the Hebrew Bible accurately reflect the historical events of the Israelites.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: the Civilization of the Greeks
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Q1) What role did each of the following play in the life of Athens: male citizens, women, and slaves?
Answer: Male citizens in Athens played a central role in the political and social life of the city-state. They had the right to participate in the democratic government, serve in the military, and engage in commerce and trade. They were also responsible for upholding the cultural and religious traditions of Athens.
Women in Athens had a more limited role compared to male citizens. They were primarily responsible for managing the household and raising children. They had little to no political rights and were expected to remain in the private sphere of the home.
Slaves in Athens had the most restricted role in society. They were considered property and had no rights or freedoms. They were used for manual labor, domestic work, and other tasks as directed by their owners. Slavery was a fundamental part of the Athenian economy and society, and slaves had no legal protections or avenues for social mobility.
Q2) hoplites
Answer: Not answer
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Chapter 4: the Hellenistic World
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Q1) After the death of Alexander the Great, his lead general, Ptolemy, ruled for fifteen years in Alexander's name from Bactria to Macedon.
A)True
B)False
Q2) "Eureka!"
Q3) Did Alexander of Macedon represent a break with the past or a continuation, or perhaps some of both?
Q4) To what extent was Hellenistic civilization a hybrid of various Greek poleis's cultures accreted to traditions from farther east?
Q5) "Hellenistic"
Q6) In establishing his empire, Alexander the Great
A) saw himself as a descendant of Greek gods and heroes.
B) combined Greek and Persian practices to allow its administration.
C) allowed intermarriage between his soldiers and native Persian women.
D) a and c
E) a, b, and c
Q7) Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II
Q8) mystery cults
Q9) upper-class women in Hellenistic society
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Chapter 5: the Roman Republic
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Q1) Jupiter Optimus Maximus
Q2) Which one of the following innovations enabled Romans to erect giant amphitheaters, public baths, and high-rise tenement buildings?
A) steel.
B) copper.
C) calculus.
D) concrete.
E) load-bearing arches.
Q3) An early event in the Struggle of the Orders occurred in 445 B.C.E., when the Canuleian law allowed patricians and plebeians to intermarry.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Second Triumvirate
Q5) Scipio Africanus and the Battle of Zama
Q6) paterfamilias
Q7) The Carthaginian general who marauded through the Italian peninsula during the Second Punic War was Hamilcar Barca.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: the Roman Empire
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Q1) Among Augustus' key innovations in Roman provincial rule was his
A) abandonment of North Africa.
B) division of Roman provinces into those ruled directly by the princeps and the senatorial provinces administered by the Senate.
C) use of military governors alone.
D) complete revision of provincial tax policies.
E) creation of a federal system wherein provincial governors had almost complete power.
Q2) imperator
Q3) the imperial cult
Q4) From its inception, Rome and Romans had a bountiful supply of professional physicians.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The greatest historian of the "silver age" of Latin literature was
A) Petronius.
B) Tacitus.
C) Seneca.
D) Juvenal.
E) Suetonius.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) Vandals
Q2) The primary instrument of Pope Gregory for converting the Germanic peoples of Europe was
A) the imperial army.
B) monasticism.
C) bribery.
D) his oratory.
E) the eastern Empire.
Q3) The title "Vicars of Christ" has traditionally been given to the A) Bishops of Rome.
B) Archbishops of Alexandria.
C) Patriarchs of Jerusalem.
D) Archbishops of Antioch.
E) Patriarchs of Constantinople.
Q4) Beginning with Justinian, the center of the Byzantine presence in Italy was Rome.
A)True
B)False
Q5) compurgation and ordeal
Q6) wergeld
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Chapter
750-1000
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Q1) Alcuin of York
Q2) Charlemagne's most disappointing military campaign came against the A) Basques.
B) Avars.
C) Saxons.
D) Lombards.
E) Ostrogoths.
Q3) Slavs
Q4) Umayyad
Q5) Treaty of Verdun
Q6) Carolingian Renaissance
Q7) The percentage of European land cultivated in the Early Middle Ages is estimated at A) less than 10 percent.
B) slightly more than 20 percent.
C) 35 percent.
D) 50 percent.
E) just higher than 75 percent.
Q8) Alfred the Great
Q9) Varangians Page 10
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Chapter 9: the Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) The first university to be founded in Europe appeared in A) Cambridge.
B) Paris.
C) Oxford.
D) Frankfurt.
E) Bologna.
Q2) the liberal arts
Q3) knighthood
Q4) The Gothic style of architecture emerged and was perfected in A) England.
B) the Netherlands.
C) Spain.
D) Sweden.
E) France.
Q5) Which of the following was not used as a source of power by medieval farmers?
A) horses
B) coal
C) water
D) windmills
E) oxen
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Chapter 10: the Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church
Power
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Q1) The secularization of bishops and abbots in the Early Middle Ages led to A) the collapse of Christian worship in many places.
B) greater popular respect for the church.
C) a decline in the execution of their spiritual duties weakening the moral authority of the church.
D) greater respect shown to the church and its officials by nobles.
E) the revival of Arianism.
Q2) Saint Dominic, founder of the new Dominican order of preachers, A) was chiefly concerned with limiting papal power.
B) did not embrace the necessity of poverty for the members of new church orders. C) was an intellectual who created a new order of learned prelates to fight heresy within the church.
D) worked most closely with popes to reform the College of Cardinals.
E) preached on street corners to common people.
Q3) Pope Innocent III
Q4) the Battle of Manzikert
Q5) Robert Guiscard
Q6) Alexander Nevsky
Q7) First Crusade
Page 13
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Chapter 11: the Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the
Fourteenth Century
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Q1) A key economic consequence of the plague was
A) the rapid expansion of European civic banking to rebuild industry.
B) a decline in manorialism and weakening of feudalism as noble landlords desperate for cash converted peasant labor service to market rents freeing their serfs.
C) the more frequent bankruptcy of monarchs as they emptied their treasuries trying to provide poor relief.
D) the very slow enrichment of middling peasant laborers who began to dominate rural communities.
E) a long-term trend to abandon cities for the more secure rural environment.
Q2) Francisco Traini's The Triumph of Death
Q3) Giotto
Q4) Florence's ciompi
Q5) Florence was ruled throughout most of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries by the
A) grandi.
B) popolo grasso.
C) popolo minuto.
D) ciompi.
E) duce.
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Chapter 12: recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) In what ways was the Renaissance truly just a "rebirth," a rehashing of old knowledge and perspectives? To what extent was the Renaissance a series of original innovations?
Q2) Northern Renaissance
Q3) Botticelli's Primavera
Q4) condottieri
Q5) Johannes Gutenberg
Q6) Renaissance hermeticism
Q7) What were the distinctive characteristics of the Renaissance artists? How does their art reflect the political and social events of the period?
Q8) Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man stated that humans
A) were fallen creatures, but regain their place by following God's will.
B) were nothing more than undifferentiated animals.
C) were divine and destined to spiritual life.
D) were destined to survive because they were the fittest animals.
E) could be whatever they chose or willed.
Q9) Louis XI the Spider and Henry VII
Q10) the Habsburgs
Page 15
Q11) Leonardo da Vinci
Q12) "new monarchies"
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Chapter 13: reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) Luther's religious crisis came to a head over his growing belief that
A) the Bible had passages which were contradictory.
B) even after leaving the Catholic Church, he still recognized its legitimacy.
C) no amount of good works could satisfy God's righteousness.
D) if God is all-powerful, why should he care about humans?
E) there seemed to be no sure proof of God's existence.
Q2) The author of Spiritual Exercises, the key work of the Catholic Reformation, was Pope Paul III.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Pope Paul III
Q4) The event that eventually led to Luther's break with the church was
A) the Council of Pisa's declaration that maintained the necessity of Purgatory for salvation.
B) the increase of Papal taxes on the German peasantry.
C) widespread sale of indulgences by preaching monks.
D) the declaration that the German clergy must pay taxes.
E) the papacy's threat to remove the German emperor.
Q5) Gustavus Vasa
Q6) Puritans Page 17
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1500-1800
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Q1) Ptolemy's Geography
Q2) The African slave trade
A) had little impact upon the number of wars in Africa.
B) reduced the number of wars in Africa because all the African states united against the European slavers.
C) increased the number of wars in Africa because of the increasing demand for prisoners who could be sold as slaves.
D) died out with the discovery of the South Asian Spice Islands.
E) was carried out peacefully as wars or violence would reduce the number of slaves and thus profits.
Q3) Printed editions of Ptolemy's Geography did not become available until 1600, too late to make any significant difference in the efforts of early European explorers.
A)True
B)False
Q4) British East India Company
Q5) "sugar factories"
Q6) the Columbian Exchange
Q7) Ferdinand Magellan
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Chapter 15: state Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) The War of Spanish Succession ended when Philip V of Spain
A) moved to Cuba.
B) was killed in battle.
C) united the thrones of France and Spain.
D) retired to a monastery.
E) conceded to a permanent split between the French and Spanish thrones.
Q2) What was "new" about Baroque art, and how did it reflect or impact the culture of the seventeenth century?
Q3) The Petition of Right (1628), among other things,
A) stated that the King of England was elected.
B) maintained that the King could pass no new tax without the consent of Parliament.
C) restored order in the English military.
D) made the English monarchy purely ceremonial.
E) made the Anglican Church the "established" church.
Q4) How did the art and literature of the second half of the seventeenth century reflect the political and social life of that period? Give examples.
Q5) What permanent alterations to Europe did the Thirty Years' War make?
Q6) witches
Page 20
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Q1) The Scientific Revolution was not a revolution that explosively changed and rapidly overthrew traditional authority, but its results were truly revolutionary.
A)True
B)False
Q2) geocentric universe
Q3) For Blaise Pascal, humans
A) could know infinity through reason.
B) were the summation of all things.
C) could only understand that which is revealed to them by the Bible.
D) were uniquely separate from the rest of the animal world.
E) could not understand infinity, only God could.
Q4) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Q5) The Foundation of Francis Bacon's methodology was
A) inductive reasoning.
B) speculative reasoning.
C) deductive reasoning.
D) triangulation.
E) nonsense.
Q6) Margaret Cavendish
Q7) Tycho Brahe
Page 21
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Chapter 17: the Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) The French Physiocrats, in their belief in natural economic laws, were harsh critics of economic mercantilism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the
A) enormous impact of the publishing industry.
B) decline of French as an international language.
C) decline of the magazine with the rise of the novel.
D) increased dependency of authors on wealthy patrons.
E) complete freedom of the press.
Q3) Isaac Newton was influential on the eighteenth century Enlightenment because of his theory of knowledge and his concept of the tabula rasa.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies
Q5) In his novel, Emile, with its emphasis upon the heart and sentiment, Rousseau anticipated the Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: the Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars,
and Social Change
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Q1) The Diplomatic Revolution resulted when Maria Theresa of Austria refused to recognize the loss of
A) Hungary, and fought the Spanish.
B) Galicia, and took on the Bohemians.
C) Silesia, and gained a French alliance.
D) Bosnia, and allied herself defensively with England.
E) Venice, and invaded Italy.
Q2) A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was
A) Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest.
B) a lower total amount of British government debt.
C) a strong policy against state borrowing of any kind in Britain.
D) no real curbs on state borrowing in France.
E) the abolishment of the Bank of England's influence in economic matters.
Q3) Bank of England
Q4) Catherine II the Great
Q5) the Hanoverians/the Georges
Q6) Emelyan Pugachev
Q7) enlightened absolutism
Q8) the "putting-out" or "domestic system" Page 24
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Chapter 19: a Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution
and Napoleon
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Q1) The phrase "politically quiescent" captures the mood of the late eighteenth century.
A)True
B)False
Q2) the National Assembly
Q3) the Constitution of 1789
Q4) fraternite
Q5) natural rights
Q6) Toussaint L'Ouverture
Q7) In September of 1792, the National Convention
A) established a constitutional monarchy.
B) abolished the monarchy and established a republic.
C) voted to preserve the life of Louis XVI.
D) was dismantled by Louis XVI.
E) was immediately replaced by the Directory.
Q8) Yorktown
Q9) July 14, 1789
Q10) Third Estate Page 26
Q12) Gracchus Babeuf
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Chapter 20: the Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
Q2) domestic servants
Q3) One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of
A) banking facilities.
B) roads and means of transportation.
C) manpower.
D) capital for investment.
E) lack of intellect.
Q4) To keep their industrial monopoly, Britain attempted to A) export fewer goods to continental countries.
B) prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad.
C) limit financial investment overseas.
D) increase tariffs to keep out foreign manufactured goods.
E) permanently dismantle its empire.
Q5) The eighteenth century agricultural revolution in Britain reduced the cost of food, thus giving the British extra income to purchase items produced by the Industrial Revolution.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 21: reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) The most important factor in preventing the European overthrow of the newly independent nations of Latin America was
A) European economic collapse.
B) the Monroe Doctrine guiding American foreign policy.
C) the sheer size of South America.
D) growing support for pacifism in Europe.
E) British naval power.
Q2) Frankfurt Assembly
Q3) Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy
Q4) France's July Revolution of 1830
Q5) Corn Laws and the Peterloo Massacre
Q6) Romanticism as an ideology and a mood embraced emotionality but avoided individualism, playing more to notions of collectivity.
A)True
B)False
Q7) brothers Grimm
Q8) Concert of Europe
Q9) Klemens von Metternich
Page 29
Q10) the Decembrist Revolt
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Chapter 22: an Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) Karl Marx embraced the German philosopher Hegel's idea of the dialectic, meaning
A) all change in history is the result of clashes between directly antagonistic elements.
B) no real changes in society can occur before industrialization.
C) dictatorship is the central political force in all history.
D) political diatribes are the highest form of intellectual thought.
E) there is a world soul, which alternates between democracy and dictatorship.
Q2) Among Napoleon III's great domestic projects was
A) the building of the Eiffel Tower.
B) the rededication of the Cathedral of Notre Dame.
C) a reconstruction of Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities.
D) the damming of the Seine River below Paris for flood control.
E) the construction of the Maginot Line against German militarism.
Q3) Piedmont and the House of Savoy
Q4) Was Louis Napoleon a monarch more in the vein of nineteenth-century liberalism or conservatism?
Q5) "iron and blood" and Realpolitik
Q6) Alexander II and the serfs
Q7) Count Otto von Bismarck
Page 31
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Chapter 23: mass Society in an "Age of Progress," 1871-1894
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Q1) Second Industrial Revolution
Q2) Lord Tennyson's The Princess
Q3) internal combustion engine
Q4) plutocrats
Q5) An issue that brought socialists together in the nineteenth century was
A) nationalism.
B) revisionism.
C) the need for military action.
D) the desire to improve working and living conditions for most workers.
E) a fear that Marxism would submerge the socialist alternatives.
Q6) The "father" of tourism in England was
A) David Lloyd-George.
B) Thomas Cook.
C) John Boothe.
D) Frederick Cartwright.
E) W. G. Grace.
Q7) To what extent did the emergence and development of socialist parties and trade unions meet the needs of the working classes between 1871 and the end of the century?
Q8) William II
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Chapter
24: an Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and
1894-1914
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Q1) In his encyclical De Rerum Novarum (1891), Pope Leo XIII
A) endorsed Marxist conceptions of materialism.
B) asserted that much in socialism was Christian in principle.
C) ordered Catholics to turn away from all forms of political activity.
D) began to question the necessity of the sacraments.
E) condemned "modernism" in all its manifestations.
Q2) Post-Impressionism
Q3) What were some of the underlying causes for the Great War that broke out in 1914?
Q4) Pius IX's Syllabus of Errors
Q5) Among the notable achievements of the British Liberals under Lloyd George was
A) unilateral British disarmament and world peace proposals.
B) passage of the National Insurance Act of 1911 providing sickness and unemployment benefits to workers.
C) nationalization of all private industry in Britain.
D) reductions in the size of the British colonial empire.
E) to implement a policy of laissez-faire in economic and welfare matters.
Q6) Wassily Kandinsky
Q7) Emile Zola and Leo Tolstoy
Q8) Pan-German League
Page 33
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Chapter 25: the Beginning of the Twentieth-century Crisis:
War and Revolution
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Q1) The ethnic group that suffered a million dead as victims of genocide during World War I were the
A) Serbians.
B) Russians.
C) Irish.
D) Turks.
E) Armenians.
Q2) Was World War I the end of an era or simply a continuation? Explain.
Q3) Georges Clemenceau
Q4) Article 231
Q5) Write a brief history of the Russian Revolution by discussing the following questions: What caused the Russian Revolution? How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks manage to seize and hold power despite their small numbers? How did the Bolsheviks secure their power during the civil war?
Q6) tanks
Q7) Central Powers
Q8) Bolsheviks
Q9) Alexander Kerensky
Page 35
Q10) Defense of the Realm Act
Q11) Hindenburg and Ludendorf
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Chapter 26: the Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars, 1919-1939
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Q1) Werner Heisenberg and the uncertainty principle
Q2) The only eastern European nation to maintain political democracy throughout the 1930s was
A) Bulgaria.
B) Yugoslavia.
C) Poland.
D) Hungary.
E) Czechoslovakia.
Q3) Hannah Hoch and Tristan Tzara
Q4) Artistic and intellectual trends in the inter-war years reflected
A) a rejection of the avant-garde.
B) a disillusionment with Western Civilization provoked by the horrors of the World War I.
C) realistic forms of art, as with the Dadaists.
D) an acceptance of modern art forms, especially in Germany and Russia.
E) a rediscovery of Romantic Realism as the major art movement in the West.
Q5) In Europe, functionalism in architecture was best exemplified by Walter Gropius' Bauhaus School.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 27: the Deepening of the European Crisis: World War
Ii
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Sample Questions
Q1) Battle of Kursk
Q2) Following the Second World War, Germany was
A) divided into two zones of occupation: east and west.
B) separated into twenty small security districts policed by the United Nations.
C) divided into four zones of occupation under U.S., British, French, and Russian administration.
D) dismembered and replaced by three new smaller states determined by the ethnicity of their inhabitants.
E) ruled and controlled by a single Allied government entity.
Q3) On the eastern front, the turning point in World War II was the Battle of Stalingrad.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Who became the new prime minister of Great Britain in May, 1940?
A) Neville Chamberlain.
B) Gordon Brown.
C) Winston Churchill.
D) Harry Truman.
E) Benjamin Disraeli.
Q5) Winston Churchill
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Chapter 28: cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965
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121 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) At the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party in 1956, Khrushchev
A) pardoned Stalin for his crimes.
B) insisted that the forced labor camps must stay open indefinitely.
C) urged the Party to adopt a limited form of capitalism in order to stay in power.
D) called for a cessation of the Cold War.
E) condemned Stalin.
Q2) Ingmar Bergman, Francois Truffaut, and Federico Fellini
Q3) The Truman Doctrine was a consequence of a civil war in A) Yugoslavia.
B) Greece.
C) Italy.
D) Czechoslovakia.
E) Poland.
Q4) Television did not become readily available until
A) the early 1930s.
B) the 1940s.
C) the 1950s.
D) the 1960s.
E) the 1970s.
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Chapter
29: protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985
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Sample Questions
Q1) Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)/"Star Wars"
Q2) Unlike America's Ronald Reagan, Britain's Margaret Thatcher had little interest in foreign policy or international affairs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Discuss the impact of the birth control pill upon western society.
Q4) Is "Americanization" the proper word to use when describing the popular culture of the Western world since World War II? Why and/or why not? Be specific.
Q5) punk rock and the Sex Pistols and hip-hop and Grandmaster Flash
Q6) Timothy Leary and LSD
Q7) Antiballistic Missile Treaty, 1972
Q8) Ayatollah Khomeini and American hostages
Q9) "Eurocommunism" was most successful in A) the Soviet Union.
B) France.
C) Poland.
D) Italy.
E) East Germany.
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Q10) Margaret Thatcher/the "Iron Lady" and Thatcherism
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Chapter 30: after the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age (Since
1985)
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jean-Marie Le Pen's National Front and Jorg Haider's Freedom Party
Q2) The Yugoslavian president ousted from power in 2000 and who was subsequently put on trial for war crimes against humanity was
A) Vojislav Kostunica.
B) Nicolae Ceausescu.
C) Wladyslaw Gomulka.
D) Todor Zhivkov.
E) Slobodan Milosevic.
Q3) An example of multiculturalism in literature would be
A) James Joyce's Ulysses.
B) Jack Kerouac's On the Road.
C) Anthony Powell's A Dance to the Music of Time.
D) Jhumpa Lahiri's Interpreter of Maladies.
E) Jasper Fforde's Well of Lost Plots.
Q4) Helmut Kohl, Gerhard Schroeder, and Angela Merkel
Q5) What role has popular culture played in the Western world since World War II?
Q6) Baader-Meinhof gang/Red Army Faction, the Red Brigades, the IRA
Q7) globalization
Q8) Union of Concerned Scientists Page 42
Q9) Bill Clinton
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