Thinking and Reasoning Practice Questions
Course Introduction
Thinking and Reasoning explores the cognitive processes involved in how individuals understand, analyze, and solve problems. This course covers key concepts such as logic, argumentation, decision-making, problem-solving, and the psychological mechanisms that underlie reasoning. Students will learn about common biases, heuristics, and errors in thinking, as well as strategies for improving critical and creative reasoning skills. Through theoretical frameworks and practical exercises, the course aims to enhance students abilities to evaluate information, construct sound arguments, and make informed decisions in academic, professional, and everyday contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Cognition Exploring the Science of the Mind 7th Edition by Daniel Reisberg
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942 Verified Questions
942 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Science of the Mind
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who used the language of computer science to describe human cognition?
A)Donald Broadbent
B)Colin Cherry
C)Frederic Bartlett
D)Wilhelm Wundt
Answer: A
Q2) A participant is asked to look within himself or herself and report on his or her own mental processes.This method is called
A)logical inference.
B)reconstruction.
C)introspection.
D)mentalistic study.
Answer: C
Q3) A(n)________ is general knowledge about what is typically involved in a type of situation or event.
A)schema
B)response set
C)cognitive map
D)instinct
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: The Neural Basis for Cognition
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78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The auditory cortex follows the principle of contralateral control.Thus,the
A)right temporal lobe receives most of its input from the left ear.
B)right temporal lobe receives most of its input from the right ear.
C)right temporal lobe receives equal input from both ears.
D)information received by the right temporal lobe depends on whether the listener favors his or her right or left ear.
Answer: A
Q2) Damage to the brain can be caused in many ways,but in general the damage is referred to as a
A)stroke.
B)lesion.
C)syndrome.
D)problem.
Answer: B
Q3) A primary function of the thalamus is to
A)produce emotional experiences.
B)regulate the flow of sensory information.
C)maintain a constant body temperature.
D)regulate eating behaviors.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Visual Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)acts as
A)a way station between the eye and the occipital cortex,located in the thalamus.
B)an important area in the amygdala,associated with long-term memory.
C)a relay station to the amygdala.
D)the location in the temporal cortex where auditory information is stored.
Answer: A
Q2) To perceive the visual world,we have to bind various elements of a scene together so that they are perceived in an integrated fashion.Which of the following is NOT likely to be involved in this process?
A)attention
B)iconic memory
C)spatial position
D)different groups of neurons firing in synchrony
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Recognizing Objects
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consider the word "harp." Using a classic feature net model,describe how you might recognize this word,even if it was shown only for a few milliseconds.
Q2) McClelland and Rumelhart's model of word recognition suggests that detectors on separate levels can interact in a bidirectional manner.Biological evidence ________ this notion because ________.
A)supports;visual processing is bidirectional
B)supports;there is parallel processing in the visual system
C)does not support;visual processing is an entirely bottom-up process
D)does not support;word recognition does not depend on visual processing
Q3) The term "top-down processing" is sometimes legitimately replaced with the term "________ processing."
A)concept-driven
B)stimulus-driven
C)repetition-priming
D)interactive
Q4) Describe how top-down influences affect object recognition by focusing on the relationship between letter and word recognition.Describe at least two examples that were mentioned in the book/lecture,and create one novel example of these top-down influences.
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Chapter 5: Paying Attention
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60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stroop interference demonstrates that
A)word reading is automatized.
B)the identification of a stimulus requires few resources.
C)practice with a color-naming task leads to automaticity.
D)automatic tasks do not exist.
Q2) Participants are asked to listen to a tape-recorded message and to shadow the message as they hear it.Which of the following tasks will be easiest to combine with this shadowing task?
A)viewing a series of printed words,followed by a test measuring memory for the words
B)simultaneously hearing a tape-recorded message,followed by a test measuring memory for the gist of the second message
C)simultaneously hearing a tape-recorded list of words,followed by a test measuring memory for the word list
D)viewing a series of pictures,followed by a test measuring memory for the pictures
Q3) You have undoubtedly heard the phrase "practice makes perfect." Argue for or against this adage by discussing the role that attention plays in behavior,and how that could be modified (or not)via practice.
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Chapter 6: The Acquisition of Memories and the
Work-Ing-Memory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following comes closest to mirroring the effects of maintenance rehearsal?
A)Irv is unable to describe the appearance of his wristwatch even though he has owned it for years and looks at it many times each day.
B)Mari is unable to recall the name of her first-grade teacher.
C)Tony is unable to remember high school algebra even though he did well in his algebra courses.
D)Samara has managed,with some effort,to learn the names of her classmates.
Q2) The primacy effect is associated with ________,and the recency effect is associated with ________.
A)short-term memory;long-term memory
B)long-term memory;recognition memory
C)working memory;short-term memory
D)long-term memory;working memory
Q3) One effect of chunking is to
A)increase the amount of material that can be held in working memory.
B)facilitate the primacy and recency effects.
C)group items based on sound.
D)encode items based on spatial properties.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval
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Sample Questions
Q1) Like patients with Korsakoff 's syndrome,H.M.has difficulty with
A)implicit memory tasks.
B)unconscious memory.
C)familiarity.
D)recall.
Q2) Which of the following statements regarding explicit memory is FALSE?
A)Explicit memory is typically revealed as a priming effect.
B)Explicit memory is usually assessed by direct,rather than indirect,testing.
C)Explicit memory is usually revealed by specifically asking someone to remember the past.
D)Explicit memory is often tested by recall testing or by a standard recognition test.
Q3) Which of the following methods seems LEAST likely to be evidence of an implicit memory?
A)declaring that George Washington was the first president of the United States
B)successfully riding a bike
C)believing something is true because you have previously heard it
D)classical conditioning
Q4) Explain the steps that lead to a judgment of familiarity.How might you manipulate those steps to create an illusion of familiarity?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Remembering Complex Events
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dmitri witnessed a bank robbery but now seems unable to remember what he saw.To improve Dmitri's recall,a friend hypnotizes him and asks him,while he is hypnotized,to recall the crime.Research indicates that if questioned while under hypnosis Dmitri will
A)give a more elaborate (but not more accurate)account of the crime than he has on other occasions.
B)give a more accurate (but not more complete)account of the crime than he has on other occasions.
C)be less vulnerable to the effect of leading questions.
D)suffer from less retrieval failure.
Q2) Research on very-long-term remembering indicates that A)memories fade more and more rapidly as the years go by.
B)memories of childhood are retained throughout the lifespan;later memories,however,are vulnerable to forgetting.
C)if you learn material well enough to retain it for 3 or 4 years,the odds are good that you will continue to remember the material for many more years.
D)if you learn material before age 13 or 14,you are unlikely to remember the material in later years;material learned at older ages is retained for longer periods.
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Chapter 9: Concepts and Generic Knowledge
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Sample Questions
Q1) Collins and Quillian proposed that conceptual knowledge is represented in the mind through a hierarchy of concepts.In their model,the property "eats food" would be stored
A)at a high level,linked to the node within the network that represents all things that eat.
B)in a propositional format.
C)many times,linked to the node for each of the creatures that eats.
D)through a distributed representation.
Q2) Within a parallel distributed processing (PDP)model,the term "spreading activation" refers to the fact that
A)activation of one concept will lead to many other nodes that,as a group,represent other concepts.
B)thinking refers to a constant state of knowledge,made possible through the appropriate setting of connection weights.
C)thinking is a static system,allowing stability in someone's cognition.
D)nodes become weakened over time.
Q3) What do evidence from fMRI studies and research on patients with brain damage tell us about the nature of categorization in the mind and brain?
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Chapter 10: Languag
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nonfluent aphasia,in which a patient has good language comprehension but disrupted speech production,is typically associated with damage to
A)the corpus callosum.
B)Broca's area.
C)Wernicke's area.
D)the sensorimotor area.
Q2) Speech in a foreign language sounds very fast to a listener with no knowledge of the language.Which of the following statements does NOT accurately explain this fact?
A)Coarticulation makes speech seem slower in our own language,but not in a foreign language.
B)Unfamiliar listeners lack the skill necessary to segment the speech stream.
C)All speech is really an uninterrupted flow of sound.
D)Top-down knowledge facilitates how you interpret the words you hear.
Q3) How many morphemes does the word "reachable" have?
A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five
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Chapter 11: Visual Knowledg
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Sample Questions
Q1) Memory for pictures
A)tends to be excellent,but rarely includes specific visual details about the pictures.
B)shows an influence of schematic knowledge,just like memories of other sorts.
C)is not influenced by rehearsal.
D)is accurate even for elements of the picture that were not closely attended during the initial encoding.
Q2) In memorizing new material,the pattern of "dual coding" refers to
A)the strategy of encoding the material from two separate visual perspectives.
B)the process of encoding the material on two separate occasions.
C)steps that lead to both a verbal memory and a visual memory.
D)the formation of a mental image in which the target item is in two separate relationships with its surrounding context.
Q3) The concept of boundary extension suggests that
A)people understand a picture by means of a perceptual schema.
B)schemas influence memory for images,but not as much as they influence memory for verbal information.
C)people remember pictures in a "zoomed-in" manner.
D)semantic knowledge has no influence on memory for images.
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Chapter 12: Judgment and Reasoning
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Sample Questions
Q1) "All dogs are animals.Some animals are pets.Therefore,some dogs are pets." This example is a(n)________ syllogism that is likely to be endorsed as ________ due to the belief bias.
A)valid;false
B)valid;true
C)invalid;false
D)invalid;true
Q2) People are more likely to judge a syllogism to be valid if A)they are using Type 2 thinking.
B)they have formal training in logic.
C)the conclusion in the statement is believed to be true based on prior knowledge. D)the syllogism is phrased in concrete terms.
Q3) "I can easily think of the names of several dishonest politicians,so I'm certain there are a lot of dishonest politicians!" This is an example of a judgment relying on A)illusory covariation.
B)representativeness. C)anchoring.
D)the availability heuristic.
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Chapter 13: Problem Solving and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ intelligence refers to an ability to think about novel problems,while ________ intelligence refers to acquired knowledge and skills.
A)General;specific
B)Crystallized;fluid
C)Fluid;crystallized
D)General;learned
Q2) According to the text,current research indicates that creative problem solving A)draws on mental processes that are distinct from the processes relevant to more ordinary problem solving.
B)can be interrupted by divergent thinking.
C)seems to draw on heuristics and analogies in the same way that ordinary problem solving does.
D)requires unconscious work that goes on after one has consciously put the problem to the side.
Q3) Describe the genetic and environmental factors that influence intelligence.Why is it a mistake to ask,"How much of your intelligence comes from genes,and how much from the environment?"
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Chapter 14: Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these tasks is LEAST likely to succeed with a reliance only on unconscious processes?
A)a task that can be guided by habits
B)a task that involves an already established routine
C)a task that elicits strong stimulus-based actions
D)a task that has been previously well practiced but needs to be changed for a particular occasion
Q2) Which of these is the best example of an action slip?
A)Darren was distracted and so took his usual route home from work instead of turning left,as he'd intended,to go to his friend's house.
B)David mistakenly pushed over a vase of flowers when he was reaching for his keys.
C)Daniel did not check the address of his dentist,as he mistakenly believed he remembered it correctly.
D)Derek reread the paragraph to make sure that he fully understood its content,even though he did not learn anything new from this second reading.
Q3) Explain how the neuronal workspace would account for changes in consciousness associated with sleep.
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