Statistics for Social Sciences
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Statistics for Social Sciences introduces students to the fundamental statistical concepts and methods commonly used in the analysis of social science data. The course covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability, sampling techniques, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, correlation, and regression analysis. Emphasizing real-world applications, students will learn how to collect, analyze, interpret, and present data relevant to fields like psychology, sociology, political science, and economics. Hands-on exercises and case studies are integrated to help students develop practical skills in using statistical software and making informed decisions based on data analysis.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for The Behavioral Sciences 10th Edition by Frederick J Gravetter
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) For statistical purposes,there usually is not much difference between scores from an interval scale and scores from a ratio scale.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A high school gym teacher records how much time each student requires to complete a one-mile run.This is an example of measuring a continuous variable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) You are instructed to subtract four points from each score,square the resulting value,and find the sum of the squared numbers.How would this set of instructions be expressed in summation notation?
A) X - 42
B)( X - 4)2
C) (X - 4)2
D) X2 - 4
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Frequency Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What kind of frequency distribution graph shows the frequencies as bars that are separated by spaces?
A)a bar graph
B)a histogram
C)a polygon
D)a pie chart
Answer: A
Q2) In a frequency distribution graph,frequencies are presented on the ____ and the scores (categories)are listed on the ____.
A)X axis; Y axis
B)horizontal line; vertical line
C)Y axis; X axis
D)class interval ;horizontal line
Answer: C
Q3) A stem and leaf display does not provide enough information to obtain a complete listing of the original set of scores.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a negatively skewed distribution has a mean of 50,then the median and the mode are both probably greater than 50.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Compute the mean,median,and mode for the set of scores shown in the following frequency distribution table. \[\begin{array} { c c } \mathrm { X } & \mathrm { f } \\
\hline 7 & 1 \\
6 & 2 \\
5 & 3 \\
4 & 4 \\
3 & 1 \\
2 & 0 \\
1 & 1
\end{array}\]
Answer: The mean is 54/12 = 4.5,the median is 4.5,and the mode is 4.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) If sample variance is computed by dividing SS by df = n - 1,then the average value of the sample variances from all the possible random samples will be ____ the population variance.
A)smaller than B)larger than C)exactly equal to D)unrelated to
Q2) What is the value of SS for the following set of sample scores? Scores: 0,1,4,5
A)17
B)18
C)42
D)10
Q3) Which set of scores has the smallest standard deviation?
A)11, 17, 31, 53
B)5, 11, 42, 22
C)145, 143, 145, 147
D)27, 105, 10, 80
Q4) To calculate the variance for a population,SS is divided by N.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Z-Scores: Location of Scores and Standardized
Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) If an entire population of N = 20 scores is transformed into z-scores,the set of 20 z-scores will have SX = 0.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For a sample with s = 12,a score of X = 73 corresponds to z = 1.00.What is the sample mean?
A)M = 61
B)M = 67
C)M = 79
D)M = 85
Q3) Describe the general purpose of a z-score and explain how a z-score accomplishes this goal.
Q4) Which of the following represents the deviation score?
A)x- µ
B)Z
C)s
D)(x- µ)/s
Q5) Any individual with a positive z-score has a score greater than the mean.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Q1) A vertical line is drawn through a normal distribution dividing the distribution into two parts.If the smaller part equals 0.1915 of the distribution,then the line was drawn at z = 0.50 or at z = -0.50.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A binomial distribution with p = 2/3 and n = 24 meets the criterion for using the normal approximation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A normal distribution has a mean of µ = 80 with = 20.What score separates the lowest 30% of the distribution from the rest of the scores?
A)X = 90.4
B)X = 69.6
C)X = 110
D)X = 50
Q4) For any normal distribution,exactly 97.50% of the z-score values are less than z = 1.96.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Probability and Samples: the Distribution of Sample Means
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sample of n = 16 scores is selected from a population with = 70 and = 8.It is very unlikely that the sample mean will be greater than 78.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If all the possible random samples with n = 36 scores are selected from a normal population with µ = 80 and = 18,and the mean is calculated for each sample,then what is the average of all the sample means?
A)2
B)6
C)80
D)It cannot be determined without additional information.
Q3) What symbol is used to identify the standard error of M?
A) <sub>M</sub>
B)µ
C)
D)M<sub>M</sub>
Q4) Define the distribution of sample means.
Q5) Describe what is measured by the standard error of M.
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the consequence of a Type II error?
A)Concluding that a treatment has an effect when it really does
B)Concluding that a treatment has no effect when it really has no effect
C)Concluding that a treatment has no effect when it really does
D)Concluding that a treatment has an effect when it really has no effect
Q2) Most researchers would like the hypothesis test to reject the null hypothesis.
A)True B)False
Q3) The null hypothesis is stated in terms of the population,even though the data come from a sample.
A)True B)False
Q4) In a research report,the notation p < .05 indicates that the probability of a Type I error is less than .05.
A)True B)False
Q5) One of the simplest and most direct methods for measuring effect size is Cohen's d.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the T Statistic
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Sample Questions
Q1) The results of a hypothesis test are reported as follows: t(15)= 2.70,p < .05.Based on this report,how many individuals were in the sample?
A)14
B)15
C)16
D)17
Q2) If other factors are held constant,which set of sample characteristics is most likely to reject a null hypothesis stating that m = 80?
A)M = 85 and small sample variance
B)M = 85 and large sample variance
C)M = 90 and small sample variance
D)M = 90 and large sample variance
Q3) Which of the following samples will have the smallest value for the estimated standard error?
A)n = 25 with s<sup>2</sup> = 100
B)n = 25 with s<sup>2</sup> = 400
C)n = 100 with s<sup>2</sup> = 100
D)n = 100 with s<sup>2</sup> = 400
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Chapter 10: The T Test for Two Independent Samples
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Sample Questions
Q1) An independent-measures study has M<sub>1</sub> = 49 and M<sub>2</sub> = 45 with an estimated standard error of 4.For this study,Cohen's d = 4/4 = 1.00.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One method for correcting the bias in the standard error is to "pool" the two sample variances using a procedure that allows the bigger sample to carry more weight in determining the final value of the variance.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Two samples,each with n = 5 scores,have a pooled variance of 40.What is the estimated standard error for the sample mean difference??
A)?4
B)?8
C)?10
D)? \(\sqrt { 20 }\)
Q4) Describe the data that are collected for an independent-measures t test and the hypotheses that the test evaluates.
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Chapter 11: The T Test for Two Related Samples
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Sample Questions
Q1) Repeated-measures designs are particularly well-suited to research questions concerning the difference between two distinct populations (for example,males versus females).
A)True
B)False
Q2) Assuming that other factors are held constant,which approach would tend to increase the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis?
A)Decrease the sample size.
B)Increase the sample mean difference.
C)Increase the sample variance.
D)Decrease the sample mean difference.
Q3) A researcher reports df = 18 for a repeated-measures t statistic.This research study used a total of n = 19 participants.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Individual differences are characteristics such as age,IQ,gender,and personality that vary from one individual to another.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Introduction to Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) For an analysis of variance comparing four treatments,MS<sub>between</sub> = 12.What is the value of SS<sub>between</sub>?
A)3
B)4
C)36
D)48
Q2) A researcher reports an F-ratio with df = 1,24 for an independent-measures experiment.If all the treatments had the same number of participants,then how many individuals were in each treatment?
A)11
B)12
C)13
D)14
Q3) In an analysis of variance,which statement is false?
A)SS<sub>total</sub> = SS<sub>between</sub> + SS<sub>within</sub>
B)df<sub>total</sub> = df<sub>between</sub> + df<sub>within</sub>
C)MS<sub>total</sub> = MS<sub>between</sub> + MSS<sub>within</sub>
D)MS<sub>total</sub> = MS<sub>between</sub> - df<sub>between</sub>
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Chapter 13: Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance
Anova
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Sample Questions
Q1) The results of a repeated-measures ANOVA are reported as follows,F(3,27)= 1.12,p > .05.How many treatments were compared?
A)3
B)4
C)27
D)28
Q2) A repeated-measures experiment compares three treatment conditions with a sample of n = 10 participants.If the data are analyzed with ANOVA,the analysis would have df<sub>total</sub> = ____.
A)27
B)28
C)29
D)30
Q3) One major difference between the independent_measures ANOVA and the repeated_measures ANOVA is that SS<sub>total</sub> is calculated differently for each type of ANOVA.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Two-Factor Analysis of Variance Independent Measures
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Q1) If the mean and variance are computed for each sample in an independent-measures two-factor experiment,then which types of sample data will tend to produce large F-ratios for the two-factor ANOVA?
A)large differences between sample means and small sample variances
B)large differences between sample means and large sample variances
C)small differences between sample means and small sample variances
D)small differences between sample means and large sample variances
Q2) If the F-ratios for factor A and factor B both have df = 1,36,then the F-ratio for the interaction will also have df = 1,36.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following not used in an F-ratio for the two-factor analysis of variance?
A)MS<sub>A</sub>
B)MS<sub>AxB</sub>
C)MS<sub>between treatments</sub>
D)MS<sub>within treatments</sub>
Q4) What are the assumptions for the two-factor ANOVA?
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is indicated by a positive value for a correlation?
A)Increases in X tend to be accompanied by increases in Y.
B)Increases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y.
C)A much stronger relationship exists than if the correlation were negative.
D)A much weaker relationship exists than if the correlation were negative.
Q2) The sum of products (SP)is used to measure the amount of covariability between two variables.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What would the scatterplot show for data that produce a correlation of +0.88?
A)points clustered close to a line that slopes up to the right
B)points clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right
C)points widely scattered around a line that slopes up to the right
D)points widely scattered around a line that slopes down to the right
Q4) For a positive correlation,decreases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe what is meant by a negative relationship and a positive relationship between two variables.
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Chapter 16: Introduction to Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) If other factors are held constant,a larger numerical value for the Pearson correlation will result in a smaller standard error of estimate.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A set of n = 6 pairs of X and Y values has a Pearson correlation of r = 0.80 and SS<sub>Y</sub> = 100.The standard error of estimate for the regression equation is 6/4 = 3 points.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A multiple regression equation with two predictor variables is computed for a sample of n = 35 participants.The standard error of estimate for the equation would have df = 33.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The best-fitting line is the one that has the smallest total squared error,so the resulting line is commonly called the least-squared-error solution.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of
Fit and Independence
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Questions
Q1) Under what conditions is Cramér's V used to measure effect size for a chi-square test for independence?
A)when both variables consist of exactly two categories
B)when both variables consist of more than two categories
C)when either of the two variables consists of exactly two categories
D)when either of the two variables consists of more than two categories
Q2) Although the outcome for a chi-square test for independence is influenced by sample size,measures of effect size such as the phi-coefficient or Cramér's V are not.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cramér's V is used to evaluate effect size for the chi-square test for independence whenever the test has df > 1.
A)True
B)False
Q4) For a chi-square test,the expected frequencies are calculated values that are intended to produce a sample that is representative of the null hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
Page 19
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Chapter 18: The Binomial Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the mean and standard deviation for the normal approximation to the binomial distribution with n = 100 and p = .20?
A)µ = 50 and = 5
B)µ = 50 and = 4
C)µ = 20 and = 16
D)µ = 20 and = 4
Q2) If either pn or qn is greater than 10,the test statistic for the binomial test is a z-score and the critical values are obtained from the unit normal table.
A)True
B)False
Q3) For a binomial distribution with p = 1/2 and n = 30,the value of X ranges from 1 to 30.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Binomial data exist whenever a measurement procedure classifies individuals into exactly two distinct categories.
A)True
B)False
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