Statistics for Behavioral Sciences
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Statistics for Behavioral Sciences introduces students to fundamental statistical concepts and techniques used in the analysis of behavioral data. The course covers descriptive statistics, probability theory, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and analysis of variance, with a focus on applications relevant to psychology, sociology, and related fields. Emphasis is placed on understanding when and how to use statistical methods, interpreting results, and critically evaluating research findings. Students gain practical experience in conducting statistical analyses and learn to apply quantitative reasoning to behavioral science research questions.
Recommended Textbook
Answering Questions With Statistics 1st Edition by Robert F. Szafran
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) For the following pair of variables, which is the more likely DEPENDENT variable: occupation and race?
A) occupation
B) race
Answer: A
Q2) For the following pair of variables, which is the more likely INDEPENDENT variable: occupation and race?
A) occupation
B) race
Answer: B
Q3) Is the variable "number of times a person has been married" continuous or discrete?
A) continuous
B) discrete
Answer: B
Q4) Is the variable "number of college courses passed" continuous or discrete?
A) continuous
B) discrete
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Data Sets
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Sample Questions
Q1) The screen on which you define your variables (for example, naming them, assigning value labels, and indicating their level of measurement) is
A) Data View
B) Input View
C) Output View
D) Variable View
Answer: D
Q2) In SPSS, variables whose values may include only numbers and possibly a decimal point, a negative sign, or a positive sign are called _____ variables.
A) arithmetic
B) continuous
C) numeric
D) string
Answer: C
Q3) What is the difference between variable labels and value labels?
Answer: Variable labels attach additional information to a variable name whereas value labels attach additional information to the codes for a variable's attributes
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Chapter 3: Frequency Tables and Univariate Charts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Answer the question that follows this SPSS output:
The first bin in this histogram represents persons with _____ children up to but not including _____ children.
Answer: zero two
Q2) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
A) What is the actual number of cases with valid data for this variable?__________
B) What percent of all the cases in the data set have missing data? __________
C) What percent of all the valid cases have the value "never"? __________
D) Do the data support the claim that most persons (that means more than half) pray at least once a day? (State your conclusion and state the numerical evidence to support your conclusion.)
Answer: a. 722
b. 49.3
c. 1.8
d. Yes, 31.3% of those who answered the question pray once a day and 24.8% pray several times a day. That totals 56.1%.
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Chapter 4: Central Tendency and Dispersion
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the lowest level of measurement for which it is permissible to calculate a median?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Q2) What univariate statistics are usually used to describe the distribution of cases on an interval/ratio variable that is not badly skewed?
Q3) What measures of central tendency and dispersion only become available at the interval/ratio level of measurement?
Q4) What is the lowest level of measurement for which it is permissible to calculate a mean?
A) nominal B) ordinal C) interval/ratio
Q5) Answer the question that follows this SPSS output:
What is the mode? _______________
Q6) What are three measures of central tendency? What are three measures of dispersion? Make it clear which are which.
6
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Chapter 5: Creating New Variables
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the lowest level of measurement for which it is permissible to calculate Z-scores?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Q2) You want to do a separate analysis for each of the following three groups and only for these three groups: persons with just 8 years of schooling, persons with just 12 years of schooling, and persons with just 16 years of schooling. What should you do?
A) set Select Cases to "SCHOOLING = 8 or SCHOOLING = 12 or SCHOOLING = 16"
B) set Select Cases to "SCHOOLING = 8 or SCHOOLING = 12 or SCHOOLING = 16" and put SCHOOLING into the Groups list on Split File
C) put SCHOOLING into the Groups list on Split File
D) Compute a new variable whose numeric expression is "SCHOOLING = 8 or SCHOOLING = 12 or SCHOOLING = 16"
Q3) You want to Compute a new variable that is the number of years older the firstborn child is than the lastborn child. Write out the numeric expression that would accomplish this. (Variables: FIRSTBORN, LASTBORN)
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Chapter 6: Comparing Group Means
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n) _____ is when there are differences in means on the dependent variable for groups formed by the attributes of an independent variable.
A) interaction effect
B) main effect
C) net effect
D) symmetry
Q2) If there is a main effect of gender on income, that means
A) gender has no relationship to income
B) gender groups differ on average income
C) income causes gender
D) when gender is controlled, income differences still exist
Q3) In the Means procedure, the lowest level of measurement that the independent variable (the variable that is used to create the groups) can be is
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Q4) What does layering independent variables do?
Q5) What is an interaction effect?
Q6) What kinds of questions can you answer using the Means procedure?
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Chapter 7: Crosstab Tables
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Q1) In the CROSSTABS procedure, the lowest level of measurement that the column variable can be is
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Q2) You want to compare groups on a nominal variable (for example, preferred Presidential candidate of students at different colleges). Which SPSS procedure should you run?
A) Crosstabs
B) Display Data File Information
C) Frequencies
D) Means
Q3) The following Crosstab supports which conclusion about the cases in the data set?
A) Liberals made up the largest share of those who were not too happy.
B) The median response of moderates was not too happy.
C) The median response of moderates was very happy.
D) The median response of conservatives was pretty happy.
Q4) How can you use column percents to identify the median?
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Chapter 8: Nominal and Ordinal Measures of Association
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a proportional reduction in error (PRE) measure of association?
A) Cramer's V
B) gamma
C) lambda
D) tau-b
Q2) If a measure of association is asymmetric,
A) it matters which is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable
B) the statistic can take on only positive values
C) the statistic can take on only negative values
D) the statistic can be used to measure the association between variables that have different levels of measurement
Q3) If Jim and Mary form a concordant pair on the variables height and weight, then
A) one of them is both taller and heavier than the other
B) one of them is taller but the other is heavier
C) they are both the same height and both the same weight
Q4) What kinds of questions can you answer using a measure of association?
Q5) Why would it not make sense for a nominal measure of association to indicate direction of the relationship?
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Chapter 9: Pearsons Correlation and Bivariate Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) For each of the following cases, the case's actual value on the dependent variable is shown along with the case's predicted value on the dependent variable based on a regression equation. For each case, what is the value of the regression residual?
Q2) If the value of the multiple correlation is .80, what is the value of the coefficient of determination? __________
Q3) What does a positive regression residual mean?
A) The two variables have a positive correlation.
B) That a case's actual value on the dependent variable is exactly what was predicted by the regression equation.
C) That a case's actual value on the dependent variable is greater than what was predicted by the regression equation.
D) The slope of the best-fitting straight line is positive.
Q4) Pearson's r indicates _____ of the relationship between two variables.
A) the direction but not strength
B) the strength but not direction
C) the strength and direction
D) neither the strength nor the direction
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Chapter 10: Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) How can a nominal variable with three attributes be used as a regression independent variable?
Q2) What is a net effect?
Q3) When would you use Crosstabs to look at the net effects of two independent variables on a dependent variable and when would you use Linear Regression?
Q4) If you want to see how well percent of classes attended and percent of assigned reading completed do together in accounting for differences in student exam grades, what is an appropriate statistical technique to use?
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Compute
C) Explore
D) Linear Regression
Q5) In multiple regression, the slopes are
A) coefficients of alienation
B) coefficients of determination
C) standardized regression coefficients
D) unstandardized regression coefficients
Q6) What information does a standardized coefficient provide?
Q7) What kinds of questions can you answer using multiple regression?
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Chapter 11: Sampling Distributions and Normal Distributions
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Q1) A variable is normally distributed with a mean of 50, a standard deviation of 5, and a variance of 25. What is the value of its median?
A) 5
B) 25
C) 50
D) 100
Q2) What are the properties of a normal distribution?
Q3) What three things affect the size of the standard error?
Q4) A sampling distribution has a mean of 100 and a standard error of 2. What percent of samples will get sample results between 98 and 102?
A) 2%
B) 4%
C) 68%
D) 95%
Q5) What is the difference between a frequency distribution and a sampling distribution?
Q6) What are confidence intervals, confidence levels, and margins of error?
Q7) What does the central limit theorem say about sampling distributions?
Q8) Why do researchers prefer sampling distributions with small standard errors?
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Chapter 12: Hypothesis Testing and One-Sample T Tests
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Q1) The results of a one-sample t test are reported as follows: t = 3.15, df = 430, p = .035. Which of the following is correct?
A) There were 431 valid cases.
B) The null hypothesis was rejected.
C) The results were statistically significant.
D) All of the above are correct.
Q2) Which of the following mathematical operators would indicate a research hypothesis?
A) =
B) >
C) <
Q3) Your research hypothesis is that the average years of schooling are less than 12. Your null hypothesis is that the average years of schooling are 12 or more. The following results are consistent with the _____ and you proceed to _____.
A) null hypothesis Step 3 (check significance level)
B) null hypothesis Step 4 (state conclusion)
C) research hypothesis Step 3 (check significance level)
D) research hypothesis Step 4 (state conclusion)
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Chapter 13: Paired and Independent-Samples T Tests
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Q1) You are testing a one-tailed independent-samples t test hypothesis. The sample results are consistent with the research hypothesis. Based on the following results, the significance level is _____ and you _____ the null hypothesis.
A) .701 do not reject
B) .698 do not reject
C) .3505 do not reject
D) .349 do not reject
Q2) If the significance of Levene's test is greater than .05, are "equal variances assumed" or "equal variances not assumed" for the independent-samples t test?
Q3) Which of the following hypotheses should be tested using a paired-samples t test?
A) The average posttest score was 78.
B) Women had the same average pretest score as men.
C) On average, persons' posttest scores were the same as their pretest scores.
D) Pretest and posttest scores were not correlated.
Q4) Paired-samples t tests compare means for how many variables for how many groups of cases?
Q5) Why are independent samples called that?
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) You want to know if there are any significant differences between the means of three groups, and, if so, between which groups. Which would be an appropriate procedure to use?
A) Frequencies
B) One Sample T Test
C) One-Way ANOVA
D) Paired-Samples T Test
Q2) You are doing a two-way ANOVA. What level of measurement is required for the dependent variable?
A) It must be nominal.
B) It must be ordinal.
C) It must be interval/ratio.
D) It can be any level of measurement.
Q3) An author reports the following information about a one-way ANOVA: F = 0.95, df = 3 and 48, p = .231. Which of the following is true?
A) There were 3 groups being compared.
B) The null hypothesis was rejected
C) The sample results were not significant.
D) The post hoc multiple comparisons should be examined.
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Chapter 15: Chi-Square
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Sample Questions
Q1) If religious affiliation and political party affiliation are independent, then
A) The probability of being a Democrat is the same for Protestants, for Catholics, and for Jews.
B) The probability of being Protestant is the same as the probability of being Catholic which is the same as the probability of being Jewish.
C) The probability of being Democrat is the same as the probability of being Independent which is the same as the probability of being Republican.
D) All of the above.
Q2) What can you do if the expected cell frequencies are too small for a chi-square hypothesis test?
Q3) Variables included in a chi-square hypothesis test can have which levels of measurement?
Q4) You want to do a chi-square test but one of the cells in the crosstab has an expected frequency of 0.5. What should you do?
A) Continue with the chi-square test. There is no problem.
B) Divide the value you get for chi-square by 0.5.
C) Do a One-Way ANOVA instead of chi-square
D) Use Recode to collapse one or both of the variables.
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Chapter 16: Hypothesis Testing With Measures of
Association and Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant positive correlation between strength of attachment to a religion and amount given to charity?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Chi-square
C) One-Sample T Test
D) One-way ANOVA
Q2) Before checking the significance levels of the net effects of the independent variables in a multiple regression, the significance of what should be checked?
Q3) Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant relationship between nationality and religious affiliation?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Chi-square
C) Linear Regression
D) One-way ANOVA
Q4) Are weak associations between variables always nonsignificant? Are strong associations always significant?
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