Statistics for Behavioral Sciences
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Statistics for Behavioral Sciences provides an introduction to the fundamental statistical methods and concepts used in psychological, social, and behavioral research. The course covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability theory, sampling distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation, and regression analysis. Emphasis is placed on applying statistical techniques to real-world behavioral data, interpreting results, and making informed decisions based on evidence. Students will learn to use statistical software and develop critical thinking skills necessary to evaluate research findings and conduct their own analyses within the behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics Excel 2010 Edition 3rd Edition by
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532 Verified Questions
532 Flashcards
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Neil J. Salkind
Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics? Its Up to You
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Sample Questions
Q1) What symbol is used for representing the mathematical operator "subtraction" when using Excel?
A) =
B) *
C) /
D) -
Answer: D
Q2) What is a function?
Answer: A function is a predefined formula.
Q3) What is a population?
Answer: A population is a complete data set of objects or participants such as all the undergraduate students in a particular University.
Q4) Where will the results of the formula appear when you hit the Enter key?
A) in the selected cell
B) in the formula bar
C) in the toolpak
D) in the operator
Answer: A
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Q1) What is the term associated with scores that are at the extreme ends of the distribution?
A) variability
B) outliers
C) skew
D) percentile
Answer: B
Q2) Calculate the median for the following data set: 5, 15, 10, 15, 5, 10, 10, 20, 25, 15
Answer: The median is 12.5
Q3) In a ranked list of 25 scores, the median is the score of
A) the 12th case
B) the 13th case
C) the average of the scores of the 12th and 13th cases
D) the average of all of the scores
Answer: B
Q4) What is the formula for calculating the mean?
Answer: \(\bar { X } = \frac { \sum X } { n }\)
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the formula for the exclusive range?
A) r - n +1
B) h - l + 1
C) (h - l)r
D) h - l
Answer: D
Q2) In the formula for computing the standard deviation, what does the Greek letter "?" represent?
A) summation
B) sample size
C) mean value of the group
D) individual scores
Answer: A
Q3) What is the formula for computing both the exclusive and inclusive ranges?
Answer: Exclusive range: r = h - l; Inclusive range: r = h - l + 1
Q4) What is the s² of the following set of scores? 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The variance is 11.29
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Chapter 4: A Picture Really Is Worth a Thousand Words
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Q1) In order to create a histogram in Excel, you must identify the "bins" you want. To what are the bins referring?
A) Polygon
B) Tally marks
C) Histogram
D) Class interval
Q2) When the right tail of a distribution's curve is longer than the left, what is this called?
A) Platykurtic
B) Leptokurtic
C) Positive skew
D) Negative skew
Q3) What is the most basic method of illustrating data?
A) Frequency distribution
B) Pie chart
C) Line graph
D) Polygon
Q4) Name the four ways that distributions can be different from one another.
Q5) If you have a distribution of 50 scores and you want 10 intervals, what should be the size of your class interval?
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the correlation between variables is .70, what percent of the variance is shared variance?
Q2) When interested in examining how one variable changes in relation to another, which of the following descriptive statistics would you want to use?
A) Mean
B) Variance
C) Correlation
D) Standard deviation
Q3) If you wanted to compute the correlation between two nominal-level variables, which type of correlation should you use?
A) Point biserial
B) Phi
C) Spearman rank
D) Pearson
Q4) If the correlation between variables is .60, what is the coefficient of alienation?
Q5) If the coefficient of determination between two variables is .49, how strong is the relationship? Why?
Page 7
Q6) What does a correlation coefficient represent?
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Q1) What type of validity is concerned with the adequate representation of test items?
A) Content validity
B) Predictive validity
C) Concurrent validity
D) Construct validity
Q2) Explain the classical test theory formula for understanding observed scores. What is included in any observed score?
Q3) Parallel forms reliability is an example of which of the following?
A) Measure of consistency
B) Measure of stability
C) Measure of agreement
D) Measure of equivalence
Q4) If I can say that my weekly statistics quiz fairly assesses the material covered, what source of validity evidence should I have collected?
A) Criterion validity
B) Content validity
C) Construct validity
D) Concurrent validity
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Q1) What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups, but the difference is not specified?
A) Directional hypothesis
B) Nondirectional hypothesis
C) Research hypothesis
D) Null hypothesis
Q2) Which of the following refers to the group to which you wish to generalize your results?
A) Sample
B) Population
C) Sampling error
D) General group
Q3) What are the basic criteria for judging the quality of hypotheses?
Q4) When might you use a one-tailed test, and when would you want to use a two-tailed test?
Q5) What test would you want to use to test a directional research hypothesis?
A) One-tailed test
B) Two-tailed test
C) Nonparametric test
D) Frequency test
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal? Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the basis for the normal curve and inferential statistics?
A) Mean
B) Asymptotic
C) Probability
D) Symmetry
Q2) What percent of all scores fall above a z score of +1?
A) 16%
B) 34%
C) 50%
D) 84%
Q3) What percent of all scores fall below a z score of +1?
A) 16%
B) 34%
C) 50%
D) 84%
Q4) What is the range of scores represented by a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 10?
Q5) If the z score is -.5 in a distribution with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5, what is the raw score?
Q6) Write the formula for calculating a z score. Page 10
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Chapter 9:
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Q1) What Greek letter is associated with Type II error?
A) \(\alpha\)
B) \(\beta\)
C) \(\Sigma\)
D) \(\eta\)
Q2) What is the formula for calculating power?
Q3) What does 1 - ? represent?
A) Alpha level
B) Type I error
C) Type II error
D) Power
Q4) If the obtained value is greater than the critical value, what should you do?
A) Reject the null hypothesis
B) Accept the null hypothesis
C) Set a higher p value
D) Increase your sample
Q5) Under the normal curve, if the obtained value falls to the right of the critical value, under what percent of the normal curve did it fall?
Q7) What is the difference between the obtained value and the critical value? Page 12
Q6) List the steps to take when applying a statistical test to the null hypothesis.
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely
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Sample Questions
Q1) Given that it is impossible to compute all the possible means, what is the best estimate that can be used?
A) ANOVA
B) SEM
C) Xbar
D) T Test
Q2) Given the symmetry of the normal distribution, if AVERAGE(array)µ , then the ZTEST will return a value greater than?
A) 0.10
B) .001
C) 0.5
D) 0.05
Q3) Degrees of freedom for the Z Test are not required given that z-scores of 1.96 and 2.58 are used for 5% and 1% respectively.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If the n is less than 30, what should the distribution be?
Q5) Write the formula used for computing the value for a one sample Z-Z-test and define each of the three components.
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Chapter 11: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) To determine whether you will reject the null hypothesis, the test statistic must be compared against the:
A) Critical value
B) Significance level
C) Obtained value
D) p value
Q2) What does P(T<=t) two-tail represent?
Q3) What is the formula used to calculate degrees of freedom for a t test for dependent groups?
A) n - 1
B) n + n - 1
C) n - 1 + n
D) n + n
Q4) When using the Amazing Analysis ToolPak to compute t value for dependent samples, which test should you select?
Q5) What does the Excel function TTEST compute?
A) t value
B) Probability of the t value occurring
C) Critical t value
D) Obtained t value
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Chapter 12: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Q1) Consider the following set of conditions: The focus is the difference between scores on a pretest and a posttest, the participants are being tested more than once, and there are two groups. Which test should you use?
Q2) What is another name that statisticians call dependent tests?
A) Regression
B) Correlation
C) Repeated measures
D) Group differences
Q3) To compute the test statistic or t value you must first approximate the sample size through calculating the?
A) Pooled variance
B) Standard deviation
C) Degrees of freedom
D) Mean score
Q4) When using the Amazing Analysis ToolPak to compute t value for dependent samples, which test should you select?
Q5) What is another term that statisticians use when talking of dependent tests? Explain.
Page 16
Q6) What does the t test for dependent samples allow you to examine?
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many?
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you wanted to examine whether the level of parental involvement differs based on students' grade in school (i.e., 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.), what is the dependent variable of interest?
A) Grade level
B) Students
C) Parents
D) Level of parent involvement
Q2) What is the MS between value?
Q3) What type of ANOVA is used when there is only one type of treatment or grouping factor with more than two levels?
A) One-way
B) Two-way
C) Three-way
D) Four-way
Q4) What is the formula for computing the F statistic?
Q5) How are the F statistic and t statistic related?
Q6) If the total sample size was 50 and three groups were examined, what is the between-groups degrees of freedom?
Q7) What is the sum of squares total?
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of Variance
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Q1) When applying an ANOVA where more than one factor or independent variable is tested, the researcher can determine the individual effects of each factor as well as?
A) The source of the effects to both factors
B) The negative effect of both factors
C) The simultaneous effects of both factors
D) The positive effect of both factors
Q2) What type of design includes an ANOVA where one factor is repeated and the other is not?
A) Repeated design
B) Between-group design
C) Mixed design
D) One-way ANOVA
Q3) When you have more than one factor, what type of ANOVA should be used?
A) One-way ANOVA
B) Multivariate ANOVA
C) Simple ANOVA
D) Factorial ANOVA
Q4) What is the difference between ANOVA: Two-Factor with Replication and ANOVA: Two-Factor without Replication?
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends? Testing
Relationships
Using the Correlation
Coefficient
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Q1) Which of the following Excel functions calculates a correlation coefficient similar to the CORREL function?
A) PEARSON
B) PHI
C) POINT-BISERIAL
D) BISERIAL
Q2) If you do not predict a relationship between two variables as being either positive or negative, what type of test should you use?
A) Two-tailed
B) ANOVA
C) One-tailed
D) Cohen's d
Q3) If you posit a relationship between two variables as being either positive or negative, what type of test should you use?
A) Two-tailed
B) ANOVA
C) One-tailed
D) Cohen's d
Q4) What does a correlation coefficient represent?
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using
Linear Regression
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Q1) Write the equation for linear regression. What do the symbols represent?
Q2) Which of the following is the point at which the regression line crosses the y-axis?
A) Intercept
B) Predicted score
C) Criterion score
D) Slope
Q3) What are the dependent and independent variables usually referred to as in regression?
Q4) Which of the following is the correct formula for linear regression?
A) X? = aY + b
B) Y? = aX + b
C) Y? = bX + a
D) X? = bY + a
Q5) What must be done to categorical variables in order to use them in a regression analysis?
A) Nothing
B) Dummy coding
C) Problem coding
D) Categorical coding
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Chapter 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal:
Chi-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Q1) The obtained value must be compared against which of the following?
A) Test value
B) Critical value
C) Expected value
D) Observed value
Q2) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to determine if the number of occurrences across categories is random?
A) McNemar
B) Fisher's exact
C) Chi-square
D) Spearman rank
Q3) Which of the following is the most commonly used nonparametric test?
A) t test
B) ANOVA
C) Mann-Whitney
D) Chi-square
Q4) What is the formula for calculating a one-sample chi-square?
Q5) How is a nonparametric test different from a parametric test?
Q6) What does the CHIDIST function in Excel compute?
Q7) Explain when you would want to use a one-sample chi-square? Page 21
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Chapter 18: Some Other (Important) Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of analysis examines how well items are related to each other?
A) multiple
B) covariance
C) repeated measures
D) factor
Q2) Which of the following is a path analysis technique used to present results in a graphical representation of the relationship between all the different factors under consideration?
A) data mining
B) structural equation modeling
C) covariance
D) ANOVA
Q3) Which of these is a way to look for patterns in sets of data, which was first used by the business community looking at (and for) financial trends?
A) data mining
B) repeated measures
C) path analysis
D) factor analysis
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