Statistics for Behavioral Sciences
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Statistics for Behavioral Sciences introduces students to the fundamental concepts and methods of statistical analysis as they apply to the study of human behavior. The course covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability theory, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, analysis of variance, and non-parametric techniques. Students will learn how to design experiments, analyze behavioral data, interpret statistical results, and critically evaluate research findings. Emphasis is placed on the practical application of statistical techniques using real-world examples from psychology, sociology, and related fields, as well as the effective use of statistical software.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for Psychology 6th Edition by Arthur Aron Ph.D
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Chapter 1: Displaying the Order in a Group of Numbers
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Q1) If one of the bars of a histogram is higher than all the others,the distribution is __________.
Answer: unimodal
Q2) A difference between a histogram and a bar graph is that the bar graph
A)is based on percentages.
B)has spaces between the bars.
C)is for numeric values.
D)begins with a frequency of zero.
Answer: B
Q3) If a student sees 5.0-9.9 in a table in an article in a psychology journal,the student is seeing
A)an interval.
B)a cumulative percent.
C)a value.
D)an ordinal rank.
Answer: A
Q4) A distribution that is flat is also referred to as __________.
Answer: light-tailed
Q5) In a histogram,the vertical axis displays __________.
Answer: frequencies
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Chapter 2: Central Tendency and Variability
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Q1) Another way of symbolizing (X M)2 is __________.
Answer: SS
Q2) The Greek letter that means "add up all the scores that follow" is __________.
Answer:
Q3) A psychologist interested in people's response to art had seven people indicate their liking for a particular piece of Egyptian sculpture; their ratings were 2,4,4,5,6,7,and 7.
a.Compute the mean,variance,and standard deviation.
b.Explain what you have done and what the results mean to a person who has never had a course in statistics.
Answer: A)M = 35/7 = 5; SS = 9 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 4 + 4 = 20; SD2 = 2.86; SD = 1.69. B)No answer in Test Bank.
Q4) The mean of the scores 2,2,2,and 6 is __________.
Answer: 3
Q5) The variance is the same as the A)average of the squared deviations.
B)sum of the squared deviations.
C)average of the absolute deviations.
D)sum of the absolute deviations.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Some Key Ingredients for Inferential Statistics: Z
Scores,the Normal Curve, Sample Versus Population, and Probability
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Q1) The symbol used to indicate a population parameter is usually
A)a Greek letter.
B)an ordinary letter with a tilde mark (~)or hat mark (^).
C)a Hebrew letter.
D)an ordinary letter with a bar over it.
Answer: A
Q2) The normal curve is most likely to be described as
A)bimodal and roughly symmetrical.
B)unimodal,roughly symmetrical,and bell-shaped.
C)skewed to the right.
D)a roughly symmetrical U-shape.
Answer: B
Q3) If an organizational psychologist conducts extensive interviews with 40 workers at a large factory to examine the morale among workers in general at that factory,the population is
A)the 40 workers interviewed.
B)all the workers in the factory except the 40 interviewed.
C)all the workers in the factory.
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D)all the workers necessary to create a normal distribution.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
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Q1) A major misuse of significance tests is the tendency to A)decide that if a result is not significant,the null hypothesis is shown to be true.
B)decide that the null hypothesis is false when the results obtained are not significant.
C)accept the research hypothesis when the results are not significant.
D)claim that a non-significant result is the same as an unimportant result.
Q2) Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of hypothesis testing?
A)It is a central theme in the statistical analysis of virtually all psychology research.
B)It is a simple part of statistics that only applies to three statistical procedures.
C)It is a fairly uncommon way of using statistics.
D)It is a kind of statistical procedure that is used mainly as part of descriptive statistics.
Q3) A research hypothesis that does not predict a particular direction of difference between populations is called a(n)__________ hypothesis.
Q4) The researchers would use a(n)__________-tailed test.
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Chapter 5: Hypothesis Tests With Means of Samples
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Q1) The comparison distribution when testing a hypothesis involving a sample of more than one participant is a(n)__________.
Q2) The variance of a distribution of means equals the variance of the population of individuals divided by __________.
Q3) As the number of people in a sample gets larger,the distribution of means
A)begins to look less and less like the normal curve.
B)becomes a better approximation of the normal curve.
C)becomes more positively skewed.
D)becomes more negatively skewed.
Q4) The mean of a distribution of means is __________ the mean of the population.
Q5) Another name for the standard deviation of a distribution of means is the
Q6) If a population is not normally distributed,the shape of a distribution of means
A)will always be normal.
B)will never be normal.
C)will be normal when the sample size is more than 30.
D)will not be normal when the sample size is more than 30.
Q7) If the sample mean is 75,the lower limit for the 95% confidence interval is
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Chapter 6: Making Sense of Statistical Significance:decision
Errors, Effect Size, and Statistical Power
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Q1) If an experimenter CANNOT manipulate the effect size of an experiment to increase power,the aspect of a study that can usually be changed easily to increase power is
A)the sample size.
B)the beta level.
C)the population parameters.
D)the sample mean.
Q2) Increasing sample size __________ power.
Q3) If the effect size and the desired level of power are known,the power formula can be used to determine the
A)minimum meaningful difference.
B)number of participants needed.
C)population distribution.
D)alpha level of the experiment.
Q4) To determine how likely it is that the result of a planned experiment will be significant if,in fact,the research hypothesis is true,an experimenter can figure __________.
Q5) The smaller the population standard deviation,the greater the power,because the distributions of means based on the known and comparison populations are both
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Chapter 7: Introduction to T Tests: Single Sample and Dependent Means
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Q1) The difference between a t test for a single sample and a Z test for a single sample is the way
A)the problem is restated as a research hypothesis and a null hypothesis about the populations.
B)the mean of the known population is determined.
C)the variance of the known population is determined.
D)the decision about whether to reject the null hypothesis is made.
Q2) Testing participants before and after an experimental manipulation is called a(n)__________ design.
Q3) When conducting a t test for dependent means, M
A)is always equal to 0.
B)is always equal to 1.
C)is always equal to -1.
D)depends on the population.
Q4) To find the score in a t table at which the null hypothesis will be rejected,an experimenter must know the significance level,the degrees of freedom,and
Q5) In the formula (M - )/ S<sub>M</sub>,S<sub>M</sub> is the __________.(Describe in words.)
Q6) t tests are often __________ to assumption violations. Page 10
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Chapter 8: The T Test for Independent Means
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Q1) A theater arts department enlisted the help of a social psychology professor to design a study to see if being surrounded by highly attractive people affected the performance of young actors.Thirty student actors were randomly assigned to act a particular scene under one of two conditions: For 13 of the actors,the other performers were dressed and made up to look very attractive; for the other 17 actors,the other performers were dressed and made up to look very unattractive.A panel of judges rated the performance of the two groups,and the mean performance ratings for the actors with attractive co-performers was 4.3 (S = .86)and with unattractive co-performers,the mean was 5.4 (S = 1.30).Using the .05 significance level,did acting with attractive co-performers affect performance?
a.Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.Sketch the distributions involved.
c.Figure the effect size.
d.Explain the logic of what you did to a person who is familiar with the t test for a single sample,but who is unfamiliar with the t test for independent means.Be sure you explain how this problem differs from a t test for a single sample.Your answer should consist mainly of a thorough explanation of the characteristics of the comparison distribution and the logic of all the steps of figuring you did to determine those characteristics.
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the Analysis of Variance
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Q1) An analysis of variance differs from a t test for independent means in that an analysis of variance
A)is usually used to compare two groups,while a t test for independent means can be used to compare two or more groups.
B)can be used to compare three or more groups,while a t test for independent means cannot be used to compare more than two groups.
C)is conducted before the experiment,while a t test for independent means is conducted after the experiment.
D)includes computation of group variances as part of the analysis,while a t test does not include these computations.
Q2) Advanced topic: df<sub>Between</sub> = __________.
Q3) Advanced topic: SS<sub>Within</sub> = __________.(Give a number.)
Q4) Advanced topic: (X-GM)<sup>2</sup>
A)equals the sum of squared deviations of scores from their group's mean.
B)ignores the group a score is in.
C)is always smaller than (X-M)<sup>2</sup>.
D)is used to determine the grand mean.
Q5) Advanced topic: SS<sub>Between</sub> = __________.(Give a number.)
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Chapter 10: Factorial Analysis of Variance
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Q1) Advanced topic: When considering the power of a main effect in a factorial analysis of variance,all of the following must be taken into account EXCEPT
A)the number of scores per cell.
B)the number of levels of the other grouping variable.
C)the predicted effect size for this main effect.
D)the predicted effect size for the other grouping variable.
Q2) In a graph of a two-way analysis of variance,the absence of an interaction effect is indicated when the pattern of bars in one section is __________ the pattern of bars in the other section.
Q3) Advanced topic: Using the structural model of the two-way analysis of variance,the first computation is the overall deviation of the score from the grand mean.Next,the deviation of the score from its cell's mean,the deviation of the score's row's mean from the grand mean,and the deviation of the score's column's mean from the grand mean are computed.The remaining deviation is the basis of
A)within-groups variance estimate.
B)row between-groups variance estimate.
C)column between-groups variance estimate.
D)interaction between-groups variance estimate.
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Chapter 11: Correlation
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Q1) The person given credit for inventing correlation is
A)Ronald Fisher.
B)Francis Galton.
C)William Gossett.
D)Ralph Rosnow.
Q2) Which graph depicts a negative correlation?
A)Scenario A
B)Scenario B
C)Scenario C
D)Scenario D
Q3) Two or more identical pairs of scores can be identified on a scatter diagram by
Q4) A scatter diagram
A)is a bar graph that shows the frequencies of the different values in a distribution.
B)is a line graph that looks like a mountain-peak skyline and shows the frequencies of the different values in a distribution.
C)shows the relation of two variables as dots in a two-dimensional graph.
D)is also called a random distribution frequency plot.
Q5) The shape of a scatter diagram should be __________.
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Chapter 12: Prediction
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Q1) Advanced topic: The proportionate reduction in error is the sum of squared error when predicting from the mean minus the sum of squared error when predicting using the __________.
Q2) In a linear prediction rule using a standardized regression coefficient,
A)the regression constant is always equal to 1.
B)for each increase of one standard deviation in the predictor variable,the predicted standard deviation of the criterion variable increases by the standardized regression coefficient.
C)the predicted value for the criterion variable is a t score.
D)for each increase of one standard deviation in the predicted variable,the predicted standard deviation of the predictor variable increases by the standardized regression coefficient.
Q3) If the predicted score for a person with a predictor variable score of 1 is 19.5 and for a person with a predictor variable score of 2 is 21.5,the regression coefficient is __________.(Give a number.)
Q4) In prediction,error is the person's actual score minus the person's __________.(Give a name,not a symbol.)
Q5) One assumption of multiple regression is that error scores are __________.
Q6) Prediction is also called __________.
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Chapter 13: Chi-Square Tests
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Q1) In a chi-square test for goodness of fit,the null hypothesis is that A)the number of people in one category is no greater than the number of people in the other.
B)the variances of the populations of categories are the same.
C)the proportion of people over categories breaks down the same for the two populations.
D)the means of the two populations of categories are the same.
Q2) The values in a chi-square distribution are always greater than 0 and A)are normally distributed.
B)less than 1.
C)can be quite large.
D)are negatively skewed.
Q3) The phi coefficient is
A)always less than 0.
B) ( <sup>2</sup>/N).
C)always greater than 1.
D)always less than 1.
Q4) A lack of relationship between two nominal variables is __________.
Q5) Effect size,sample size,and the degrees of freedom of a chi-square test are necessary for determining the test's __________.
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Chapter 14: Strategies When Population Distributions Are
Not Normal: Data Transformations and Rank-Order Tests
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Q1) A distribution of rank-ordered scores will always be A)a normal curve.
B)bimodal.
C)rectangular.
D)skewed.
Q2) The null hypothesis in a rank-order test for two groups is that the two populations have the same __________.
Q3) For the scores 0.8,1.1,1.7,1.7,2.3,and 2.6,the shape of the distribution is __________.
A)approximately normal
B)positively skewed
C)negatively skewed
D)rectangular
Q4) A common transformation procedure when scores are positively skewed is the A)square-root transformation.
B)squared transformation.
C)exponential transformation.
D)sign-reversal transformation.
Q5) A nonparametric version of the t test for dependent means is the __________ test.
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Chapter 15: The General Linear Model and Making Sense of
Advanced Statistical Procedures in Research Articles
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Q1) A social psychologist has found 20 different variables that seem to affect willingness to take risks and wants to simplify these results by grouping them.The appropriate procedure is
A)partial correlation.
B)test-retest reliability.
C)factor analysis.
D)multivariate analysis of variance.
Q2) If the results of a study are presented as a diagram with arrows connecting variables,the analysis is
A)factor analysis.
B)partial correlation.
C)path analysis.
D)multiple regression.
Q3) In a multilevel model,Level-1 variables reflect __________.
Q4) When raters use categories (e.g.,present v.absent)to assess participants' data,the appropriate reliability statistic is __________.
Q5) For the __________,.05 is considered a very good fit.(Spell out,do not use the abbreviated term.)
Q6) The general linear model is based on a __________ criterion.
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