Statistical Literacy
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Statistical Literacy equips students with the foundational skills to interpret, analyze, and critically evaluate statistical information encountered in everyday life and academic settings. The course emphasizes understanding basic statistical concepts, including data collection, graphical representation, measures of central tendency and variability, probability, and the interpretation of statistical results. Through practical examples and real-world applications, students learn to identify misleading statistics, assess data quality, and make informed decisions based on quantitative evidence, fostering responsible and effective use of statistical information in diverse contexts.
Recommended Textbook Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics 6th Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics Its up to You
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Sample Questions
Q1) When did the first collection of a set of data pertaining to populations occur?
A)15th century
B)17th century
C)19th century
D)21st century
Answer: B
Q2) A population can be considered all of the occurrences with certain characteristics.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) In what century was the simplest test for examining differences between two groups first advanced?
A)17th century
B)18th century
C)19th century
D)20th century
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is meant by the term outlier?
Answer: An outlier refers to any extreme scores in a data set.
Q2) What is the most common average computed?
A)mode
B)mean
C)variance
D)median
Answer: B
Q3) What is the formula for computing the mean?
A) X + n
B) Y / X
C) X / n
D) N + y
Answer: C
Q4) The ordinal level of measurement stands for order.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) The highest score minus the lowest score is equal to the _______.
A)standard deviation
B)inclusive range
C)exclusive range
D)variance
Answer: C
Q2) Unbiased estimates are considered to be less conservative estimates.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The exclusive range is more commonly used in research articles as compared with the inclusive range.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) How does a biased standard deviation differ from an unbiased standard deviation?
Answer: The biased standard deviation uses n in the denominator of its formula while the unbiased standard deviation uses n 1 in the denominator of its formula.The unbiased standard deviation is used so as to not underestimate the population standard deviation.
Page 5
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a frequency distribution?
Q2) The largest class interval goes here on a frequency distribution:
A)the top
B)the bottom
C)in the middle
D)either at the top or bottom
Q3) A graph should communicate only one idea.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is NOT an example of a chart or graph?
A)cumulative frequency distribution
B)frequency polygon
C)variation
D)ogive
Q5) What is a histogram?
Q6) What is another name for a cumulative frequency polygon?
A)ogive
B)cumulative polygon
C)olive
D)cumulative tally
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a very strong relationship?
A).80
B).70
C).60
D).50
Q2) The coefficient of determination is the percentage of variance in one variable that
A)is accounted for by the variance in the other variable
B)matters only when the other variable is constant
C)equals the square root of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient
D)can be determined by taking the square root of the phi coefficient
Q3) This is a correlation that is best expressed as a straight line.
A)line correlation
B)direct correlation
C)strong correlation
D)linear correlation
Q4) What is the purpose of a scatterplot?
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Q5) A correlation coefficient comparing exercise and body mass is -.67.What does this say about the relationship between exercise and weight?
Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the measures associated with a test are said to be consistent, you might conclude that the measure is _______.
A)standard
B)valid
C)reliable
D)concurrent
Q2) What is the difference between the true score and the observed score?
A)critical score
B)error score
C)expected score
D)reliable score
Q3) Interrater reliability is an example of which of the following?
A)measure of consistency
B)measure of stability
C)measure of agreement
D)measure of equivalence
Q4) Observed scores are commonly exactly the same as true scores in the social and behavioral sciences.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you hypothesize that there will be a difference between test scores from Classroom
A and Classroom B, but you do not hypothesize the direction, you have _______.
A)a directional research hypothesis
B)a nondirectional research hypothesis
C)a null hypothesis
D)either a null or research hypothesis
Q2) The null hypothesis refers to the _______, whereas the research hypothesis refers to the _______.
A)sample; population
B)direction; sample
C)population; direction
D)population; sample
Q3) A sample is best defined as ______.
A)the first 20% of the population
B)the last 20% of the population
C)a smaller group selected from a given population
D)a smaller group selected from the general populace
Q4) According to the book, what are five characteristics of a well-written hypothesis?
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the term associated with the lack of symmetry in a distribution?
A)ogive
B)skewness
C)kurtosis
D)variability
Q2) What is the basis for the normal curve?
A)mean
B)asymptotic
C)probability
D)symmetry
Q3) If a distribution has a mean of 1,000 and a standard deviation of 100, how many standard deviations is 600 from the mean?
A) 2
B) 4
C)4
D)2
Q4) Events that occur in the extremes of the normal curve have a very small probability of occurring.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Significantly Significant: What It Means for You and Me
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Sample Questions
Q1) The statistical value that is compared with the critical value is called the ______.
A)obtained value
B)test statistic
C)critical value
D)comparison value
Q2) Why does the researcher never really know the true nature of the null hypothesis?
Q3) If the obtained value is greater than the critical value, what should you do?
A)reject the null hypothesis
B)accept the null hypothesis
C)set a high p value
D)increase your sample
Q4) The test statistic value calculated by the statistical procedure selected is known as the _______.
A)critical value
B)significance level
C)obtained value
D)p value
Q5) Define power (with regard to hypothesis testing).
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely: The One Sample Z-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) SPSS does not offer a ______.
A)one-sample t-test
B)one-sample Z-test
C)one-sample F-test
D)one-sample Chi-square test
Q2) The level of risk-or level of significance-is determined by the _______.
A)participants
B)researchers
C)study sponsors
D)results
Q3) In t-test, if the resultant t value is -2.72 and p<.05, what is the interpretation?
A)There is a statistical significance in the test.
B)There is no statistical significance in the test.
C)unknown
D)not sure
Q4) What is an example in which a one-sample Z test would be appropriate?
Q5) Effect size is a measure of how different two groups are from one another.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Tea for Two: Tests Between the Means of Different Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the effect size formula, what does X bar stand for?
A)the mean for Group 1
B)effect size
C)standard deviation
D)variance
Q2) What are you assuming when you use the simple formula for effect size?
Q3) When computing effect size, the sample size is ______.
A)used in the denominator
B)not taken into account
C)used in the numerator
D)sometimes taken into account
Q4) The test statistic calculated by the statistical procedure selected is known as the _______.
A)critical value
B)significance level
C)obtained value
D)p value
Q5) Under what circumstances would a researcher reject the null hypothesis?
Q6) If you have a sample size of 500, should you interpret the statistical significance or the effect size? Page 13
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Chapter 12: Tea for Two Again: Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the group has 30 individuals, what are the degrees of freedom for a dependent-samples t-test?
A)30 1
B)29 1
C)28 1
D)27 1
Q2) Dr.Moo would like to find out if there was a significant difference between her patients' anxiety scores before and after they completed a yoga program.What is the appropriate test to run?
A)independent-samples t-test
B)factorial ANOVA
C)dependent-samples t-test
D)Pearson correlation
Q3) When using a t-test for dependent means, what is true of the sample?
A)There are two different groups.
B)They are the same group.
C)There are more than 50.
D)They are observed once.
Q4) What is the difference between a t-test for independent samples and a t-test for dependent samples?
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many Try Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a 4 × 3 factorial design, there are how many levels of the second grouping factor?
A)3
B)4
C)7
D)12
Q2) There are several types of ANOVA.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the next step after choosing the level of significance in the computation of the F statistic?
A)setting the level of risk
B)selecting the appropriate test
C)computing the obtained value
D)stating research hypotheses
Q4) When interpreting F , = 8.80, p < .05, what is the within-groups df?
A)30
B)27
C)3
D)2
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of
Variancea Brief Introduction
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Q1) When plotted on a graph, if the lines representing the effects of two variables are parallel, you have _______.
A)an interaction effect
B)no interaction effect
C)possibly an interaction effect
D)an effect that cannot be determined
Q2) If your analysis notes that participants in a weight loss study differ in amount of weight lost based on the type of weight loss program used, what type of effect is this called?
A)interaction effect
B)factor effect
C)level effect
D)main effect
Q3) When you are interested in finding out if students' achievement level changes over time as result of a reading intervention, what type of ANOVA would you use?
A)repeated measures
B)between-groups design
C)mixed design
D)one-way ANOVA
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends Testing
Relationships Using Correlation Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) With regard to correlations, tests can be either directional or nondirectional.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If you do not predict that a relationship between two variables will be either positive or negative, what type of test should you use?
A)two tailed
B)ANOVA
C)one tailed
D)Cohen's d
Q3) A _______ correlation is also known as a _______ correlation.
A)negative; direct
B)negative; nondirectional
C)positive; direct
D)positive; nondirectional
Q4) A significant correlation does not indicate causality.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the eight steps involved when examining a research question?
Page 18
Q6) Write an example of a research hypothesis for a one-tailed t-test for the correlation coefficient.
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using
Linear Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following symbols is associated with the slope in the regression equation?
A)X
B) \[Y ^ { \prime }\]
C)a
D)b
Q2) Which of the following is the point at which the regression line crosses the y-axis?
A)intercept
B)predicted point
C)criterion point
D)slope
Q3) What is another name for a regression line?
A)line of best fit
B)scatter plot line
C)line graph
D)line of the estimate
Q4) What important guideline should you keep in mind when choosing independent variables for multiple regression?
Q5) Why is the regression line called the line of best fit?
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Chapter 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal:
CHI-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Q1) Write a sample research question where the Fisher's exact test would be the most appropriate statistical technique to use.
Q2) When conducting a chi-square test, the categories of your variable(s) must be _______.
A)mutually exclusive
B)dependent
C)less than five in total
D)more than three in total
Q3) Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the degrees of freedom for a one-sample chi-square?
A)n 1
B)n 3
C)r 1
D)r 3
Q4) Nonparametric statistics are known as _______.
A)non-normal statistics
B)distribution-free statistics
C)skewed-distribution statistics
D)parametric statistics
Chapter 18: Some Other Important Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Sample Questions
Q1) Give an example of a research situation where MANOVA would be the most appropriate statistical technique.
Q2) Analysis of variance is used when you want to control for the effect of one or more continuous variables.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Give an example of a research situation where repeated-measures ANOVA would be the most appropriate statistical technique.
Q4) The predicting variables in the regression analysis are ______.
A)dependent variables
B)independent variables
C)mediating variables
D)intervening variables
Q5) In what type of ANOVA is there one factor on which participants are tested more than once?
A)analysis of covariance
B)repeated measures
C)multivariate analysis
D)path analysis
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Chapter 19: Data Mining: An Introduction to Getting the
Most Out of Your Big Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is SPSS modeler?
Q2) Crosstabs create a table by summarizing this type of data.
A)interval
B)ratio
C)categorical
D)real
Q3) In order to create something on pivot tables, we need some type of input on which to operate.
A)True
B)False
Q4) _____________ is a very large collection of either cases or variables, but usually both.
A)Data set
B)Data mining
C)Big data
D)Small data
Q5) As a general rule, we need be as granular as possible in generating pivot tables.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: A Statistical Software Sampler
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, what is one of the most important things to remember when buying a statistics software package?
A)buy direct from the manufacturer
B)try before you buy
C)always buy shareware
D)share software packages with friends
Q2) Minitab contains utilities that include ReportPad, which is a report generator.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Self-prompting dialog boxes and the ability to use macros to automate tasks are features of _______.
A)SPSS
B)STATISTICA
C)Minitab
D)R
Q4) Which of the following statistical software packages is free?
A)PSPP
B)Minitab
C)SPSS
D)JMP
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Chapter 21: The Ten or More Best and Most Fun Internet
Sites for Statistics Stuff
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which online source offers lots of stats stuff?
A)Google
B)Yahoo
C)YouTube
D)Facebook
Q2) Which university's research guide's site has hundreds of resource links?
A)University of Florida
B)University of Newcastle, Australia
C)University of Michigan
D)Wikipedia
Q3) You can find data sets through any of the following EXCEPT ______.
A)Statistical Reference Datasets
B)Numbers and More
C)U.S.Census Bureau
D)The Data and Story Library
Q4) The URL of a website will work consistently from day to day.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: The Ten Commandments of Data Collection
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Q1) Never ______ the original data, such as the test booklets, interview notes, and so forth.
A)use
B)overuse
C)discard
D)destroy
Q2) You should personally train people to collect or transfer your data if you want to be confident that they understand the data collection process as well as you do.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Practicing with _______ data can help you make sure that it is easy to go from your original scoring sheets to the data collection form.
A)high-scoring
B)any
C)pilot
D)lost
Q4) Always make a duplicate copy of the data file.
A)True
B)False
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