Course Introduction
Sports Nutrition Study Guide Questions
Sports Nutrition explores the role of diet and nutritional strategies in optimizing athletic performance and recovery. The course covers fundamental principles of macronutrient and micronutrient requirements, hydration, energy systems, supplementation, and meal timing for athletes and active individuals. Students will analyze how nutrition needs differ across various sports, training phases, and individual physiological differences. Case studies and practical applications are included to develop personalized nutrition plans that support training adaptations, competition, and overall health in sports settings.
Recommended Textbook
Advanced Nutrition and Human Metaboli 7th Edition Sareen S. Gropper
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14 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Cell: A Microcosm of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) All components of the electron transport chain are embedded in the ____.
A)mitochondrial inner membrane
B)mitochondrial outer membrane
C)mitochondrial matrix
D)cytoplasmic matrix
Answer: A
Q2) What is the major route for ATP production?
A)oxidative phosphorylation
B)hydrolysis
C)peroxidation
D)transformation
Answer: A
Q3) Which enzyme complex,used in metabolizing many drugs,is located on the rough endoplasmic reticulum in liver cells?
A)chromatins
B)lysozymes
C)cytochromes
D)polymerases
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Digestive System: Mechanism for Nourishing the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) Eating a meal stimulates ghrelin secretion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which hormone decreases appetite?
A)peptide YY
B)motilin
C)secretin
D)pancreatic polypeptide
Answer: A
Q3) What happens to reabsorbed bile acids after transported back to the liver?
Answer: The answer should include the following items: Reabsorbed bile acids are reconjugated to amino acids and secreted into bile along with the newly synthesized bile acids.
Q4) Which nutritional deficiency occurs frequently following RYGB?
A)vitamin D
B)protein
C)fat
D)vitamin C
Answer: B
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Carbohydrates
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Sample Questions
Q1) In skeletal muscle,hypercortisolism may lead to ____.
A)enlargement of muscle fibers
B)reduction in the size of muscle fibers
C)increased contractile strength of muscle fibers
D)increased healing capability
Answer: B
Q2) Alcohol in beverages is degraded mainly in the liver cytosol with the production of one NADH for each ethanol molecule.Predict what effect consumption of alcohol would have on the activity of the liver malate-aspartate shuttle.
A)no change
B)increased
C)decreased
D)reversed
Answer: B
Q3) -dextrinase is also called ____.
A) -amylase
B)isomaltase
C) -amylase
D)lactase
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Fiber
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Q1) Dr.Smith has prescribed a high-fiber diet (35-40 g/day)with special emphasis on the water-insoluble fibers for Mr.Brown.How would this diet protect against colorectal cancer? Give examples of foods that contain water-insoluble fibers.
Q2) Which type of food does not contain cellulose purified from wood?
A)canned green beans
B)cake mixes
C)sandwich spreads
D)fruit juice mixes
Q3) Foods may be considered a "good" source of fiber if they contain at least 5% of recommendations.
A)True
B)False
Q4) All plant foods are high in cellulose.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Dietary fiber is defined as nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin that are intact and intrinsic in plants.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Lipids
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the process of fat storage (triacylglycerol synthesis)AND mobilization (triacylglycerol lipolysis)in adipose tissue-be sure to include how these processes are regulated (i.e.,the signals involved).
Q2) Ketogenesis is the synthesis of ketone bodies from fatty acids for energy under conditions of excess glucose,such as in the fed state.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Discuss three things that cannot be correct in the notation 18:2 8,9,19 when using the delta system of designating fatty acids.*
*Source: Brody T,Nutritional Biochemistry,2nd ed.Academic Press,San Diego,CA,1999.page 643.
Q4) lipoprotein (a)
A)atherogenic fatty plaque
B)hypercholesterolemia
C)raise LDL-C/lower HDL-C
D)structural homology with plasminogen; increased risk of CVD
E)increases LDL's affinity for macrophage receptors causing plaque
Q5) Describe fat metabolism in the adipose cell following a meal.
Q6) Explain how the HMG-CoA reductase regulates cholesterol synthesis.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Protein
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Sample Questions
Q1) Purine degradation results in the formation of xanthine and creation of _____ by xanthine oxidase.
A)polyamines
B)gout
C)citric acid
D)uric acid
Q2) Which amino acid,when oxidized,spares the essential gluconeogenic precursors pyruvate and lactate?
A)cysteine
B)alanine
C)leucine
D)glutamine
Q3) In addition to protein synthesis,the brain uses amino acids for the synthesis of other N-containing compounds such as neurotransmitters.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain why serum levels of ALT and AST are good indicators for trauma or disease,and specify which tissues relate to which aminotransferase.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise
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Q1) In general,describe how opposing pathways are regulated during fasting versus fed conditions.What are the primary signals involved? What would be an example of two opposing pathways? How is one pathway favored over the other (you don't need to name specific proteins/ enzymes here)?
Q2) What is the preferred source of energy used by muscles to spare protein during prolonged starvation?
A)ketones
B)glucose
C)fatty acids
D)amino acids
Q3) What is the significant difference between red blood cells and other cells of the body? How does this affect their metabolism and why is this an advantage and a disadvantage at the same time?
Q4) muscle
A)relies solely on glucose for energy
B)fatty acids/glucose are the major fuel
C)stores large amounts of triacylglycerols
D)uses little glucose-6-phosphate and stores much glycogen
E)can adapt to using ketone bodies during prolonged energy deficit
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, and Healthy Weight
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Q1) Hormones that regulate appetite target the region of the hypothalamus known as the arcuate nucleus.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Thermoregulation refers to ____.
A)alterations in metabolism to maintain body core temperature
B)alterations in food energy due to cooking
C)the increase in energy expenditure associated with the body's processing of food
D)the body's storage of food as fat for insulation
Q3) The connection between body,weight,body fat,and health were recognized centuries ago by ____.
A)Hippocrates
B)Socrates
C)Galen
D)Plato
Q4) The density of body fat is about 0.9g/mL.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the difference between direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry.
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Chapter 9: Water-Soluble Vitamins
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Sample Questions
Q1) FMN and FAD act as prosthetic groups for enzymes called ____.
A)apoenzymes
B)flavokinases
C)bound enzymes
D)flavoproteins
Q2) Large amounts of folic acid can mask a vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency and prevent ____ from resulting.Over time,the symptoms unique to a vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency will occur,and these are related to the ____.
A)microcytic anemia; muscular system
B)DNA and RNA synthesis; vascular system
C)one-carbon transfer; nervous system
D)macrocytic anemia; nervous system
Q3) Pellagra symptoms may appear during B deficiency because this vitamin is required in the process of obtaining niacin from tryptophan.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Pernicious anemia can be due to folate or B<sub>12</sub> deficiency.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Q1) In order to be carried in the chylomicron,retinol (once in the enterocyte)is _____.
A)esterified by lecithin retinol acyl transferase
B)converted to retinaldehyde by retinaldehyde reductase
C)attached to a VLDL
D)attached to an RXR receptor on the nucleus
Q2) What is singlet molecular oxygen,how does it form and why is it dangerous? How does vitamin E protect against singlet molecular oxygen?
Q3) The current thought about using antioxidant supplements versus eating antioxidant-rich foods to decrease risk of cancer and heart disease is ____.
A)more is better
B)eat antioxidant-rich foods instead
C)vitamin E supplements work; -carotene does not
D)studies are inconclusive relating to consumption of antioxidant-rich foods and supplements are not that effective
Q4) Discuss the role of calcitonin in maintaining normal blood calcium concentration.
Q5) Explain the process by which rhodopsin is formed.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Major Minerals
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Q1) sulfur
A)neuromuscular hyperexcitability,and CNS effects
B)rickets,osteoporosis,tetany
C)osteomalacia,neuromuscular,cardiac,and hematologic manifestations
D)a deficiency of methionine or cysteine,both containing this element,that might lead to alkalosis
E)affects oxygen carrying capacity
Q2) Choose which one of the following statements is not correct.
A)About half of magnesium in the body is associated with the bones.
B)Intracellular and serum magnesium levels are rigidly maintained.
C)Magnesium in cells is associated with phospholipids and proteins.
D)Magnesium metabolism is regulated by several hormones.
Q3) How does phosphate regulate acid-base balance?
Q4) Which hormone both increases release of bone phosphorus into the blood and promotes urinary excretion of phosphorus?
A)calcitonin
B)calcitriol
C)parathyroid hormone
D)insulin
Q5) How is calcium status assessed?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Water and Electrolytes
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Q1) aldosterone
A)hormone produced in atrial cells of the heart; functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption in the kidney,thereby promoting fluid loss
B)hormone produced in hypothalamus; functions to conserve water by increasing reabsorption of water by the kidneys
C)hormone produced in adrenal cortex; functions to stimulate active reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys,thereby promoting fluid retention
D)enzyme produced by kidney; functions to hydrolyze angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
E)active hormone produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs; functions as vasoconstrictor,as stimulator for release of aldosterone,and as stimulator of hypothalamus to release vasopressin
Q2) What percentage of the glomerular filtrate volume is excreted as urine each day?
A)100%
B)50%
C)25%
D)1%
Q3) A chloride deficiency might lead to problems in which systems? Give details.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals
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Q1) Iron content of the average American diet is estimated to be about ____.
A)1-4 mg iron per 1,000 kcal
B)5-7 mg iron per 1,000 kcal
C)8-15 mg/day
D)18 g /day
Q2) Which of the following dietary components impedes copper absorption?
A)gluconate
B)phosphate
C)citric acid
D)phytic acid
Q3) Which nonmetal nutrient deficiency is associated with Keshan disease,characterized by cardiomyopathy?
A)iodine
B)zinc
C)selenium
D)molybdenum
Q4) Manganese functions both as an enzyme activator and as a constituent of metalloenzymes.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals
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Q1) Because of its anti-inflammatory actions,which element may reduce the severity of inflammation associated with injury or infection?
A)cobalt
B)boron
C)silicon
D)arsenic
Q2) Although fluoride is used to strengthen teeth and bones,fluoride toxicity (fluorosis)is associated with an increased bone fracture risk.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An ultratrace element that can inhibit many systems that require phosphate,such as phosphotransferases,is ____.
A)nickel
B)arsenic
C)vanadium
D)boron
Q4) More than 85% of ingested boron is absorbed as boric acid by passive diffusion.
A)True
B)False
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