Sociological Statistics
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Sociological Statistics introduces students to the essential statistical methods and analytical techniques used in sociological research. The course covers the fundamental concepts of descriptive and inferential statistics, data collection, and data analysis as applied to social science questions. Students will learn how to interpret and critically assess statistical findings, use statistical software packages, and apply quantitative reasoning to real-world sociological issues. Emphasis is placed on understanding the role of statistics in evaluating social patterns, relationships, and inequalities, enabling students to make informed conclusions based on empirical evidence.
Recommended Textbook
Social Statistics for a Diverse Society 8th Edition by Chava Frankfort Nachmias
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Chapter 1: The What and the Why of Statistics
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Q1) Given the following research area,develop the set of activities on how the research process should be followed:
Bullying is a national problem,particularly among children of various ethnic/racial backgrounds.
Answer: Answers will vary but must be able to identify the five steps in the research process (i.e.,asking the research question,formulating the hypotheses,collecting data,analyzing data,and evaluating the hypotheses).
Q2) The first step in most research involves
A)collecting data.
B)selecting an interesting question.
C)calculating statistics.
D)choosing a theoretical framework.
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following terms is considered a level of measurement?
A)Ordinal
B)Interview
C)Questionnaire
D)Population
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: The Organization and Graphic Presentation of Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which graphic device is best suited for comparing how an interval-ratio variable is distributed across two or more groups or time periods?
A)A histogram
B)A pie chart
C)A line graph
D)A time-series chart
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is not a proportion?
A)0.0
B)0.5
C)1.0
D)1.5
Answer: D
Q3) Inspecting the title and checking the sources are basic principles of A)studying for an exam.
B)reading a statistical table.
C)determining research question.
D)calculating a rate.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency
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Q1) When the mean is lower than the median (or positioned to the left of the median),the distribution is positively skewed.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Percentiles require that data be at a nominal level of measurement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Determine the mode for the following scores: 8,10,2,12,13,8.
A)10
B)2
C)8
D)5
Answer: C
Q4) Which is more susceptible to extreme values: the mean or the median?
Answer: The mean is more susceptible to extreme values.
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Chapter 4: Measures of Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which measure of variability is used for interval-ratio variables and is the square root of the average of the squared deviations from the mean?
A)IQV
B)Interquartile range
C)Variance
D)Standard deviation
Q2) Which three quantities are needed to calculate the variance?
A)Mean,median,and mode
B)Mean,observed Y,N
C)Median,observed Y,N
D)Mean,standard deviation,N
Q3) The width of the middle 50% of a distribution,defined as the difference between the third and first quartiles,is referred to as the
A)interquartile range.
B)range.
C)standard deviation.
D)variance.
Q4) What is the most basic consideration in choosing a measure of variability?
Q5) Calculate the range for the following sub-sample: 2,7,4,4,1,2,2,3,1,2,4,5.
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Chapter 5: The Normal Distribution
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a Z score of zero,what is the proportion of area beyond the Z score?
A)0.0
B).05
C).50
D)1.0
Q2) The mean age at first marriage for respondents in a survey is 23.33,with a standard deviation of 6.13.The Z score associated with the top 5% of the distribution is approximately 1.65.What is the observed age at first marriage associated with this Z score?
Q3) Suppose that in a particular sample,the mean is 70.07 and the standard deviation is 10.27.What is the Z score for a raw score of 65?
A)-0.49
B)0.49
C)-0.51
D)0.51
Q4) Which of the following coincide in a normal distribution?
A)mean
B)median
C)variance
D)mode
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Chapter 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions
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Q1) A relatively small subset from a group that includes all of the cases that a researcher is interested is referred to as a A)sample.
B)population.
C)case.
D)dataset.
Q2) A group that includes all the cases in which a researcher is interested is referred to as a A)sample.
B)population.
C)case.
D)dataset.
Q3) In a simple random sample
A)every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
B)the population is approximately normal with the mean,median,and mode being approximately equal.
C)the mean is equal to the mode.
D)the mean of N is always equal to the standard deviation.
Q4) How is probability sampling useful?
Q5) What is the difference between a parameter and a statistic?
8
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Chapter 7: Estimation
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Q1) A sample of 150 U.S.adults is composed of 100 women and 50 men.Estimate the confidence interval for the female population with 99% confidence.
Q2) When p > 0.50,a larger sample is required to meet the assumptions of normality.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Ranges of values within which the population parameter may fall are called A)interval estimates.
B)margin intervals.
C)point estimates.
D)standard levels.
Q4) In a survey sample of 83 respondents,the mean number of hours worked per week is 39.04,with a standard deviation of 11.51.The sample size is 83.Estimate the value of the standard error.
Q5) In a survey sample of 83 respondents,about 30.1% of the sample work less than 40 hours per week.Calculate a 68% confidence interval for the proportion of persons who work 40 hours or more per week.
Q6) In a survey sample of 83 respondents,the mean number of hours worked per week is 39.04,with a standard deviation of 11.51.Calculate a 95% confidence interval for these data.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Testing Hypotheses
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Q1) If the sample variances of two sets of people are 2.15 and 2.04 with sample sizes 50 each,then the t statistic for a difference between means 43.10 AND 40.26 is .29.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Two sample hypothesis testing assumes that the samples are A)independent of each other.
B)not randomly selected.
C)disproportionately large.
D)too small.
Q3) If the sample variances of two sets of people are 2.15 and 2.04 with sample sizes 50 each,then the estimated standard error is .29.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A p value
A)is the probability associated with the obtained value of Z.
B)determines whether the null hypothesis should be rejected or not.
C)is statistically significant if it is less than or equal to the alpha level.
D)can be greater than 1.
Q5) List the four quantities needed to conduct a single-sample t test.
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Chapter 9: Bivariate Tables
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Sample Questions
Q1) By using the example of family support for the transition from high school,the authors illustrate how elaboration is helpful in examining
A)the lack of health insurance among ethnoracial minorities.
B)how middle class boys are vulnerable to violence.
C)how race,class,and gender are linked with social behavior.
D)the low graduation rates among inner city youth.
Q2) The direction of the relationship in a bivariate table is
A)either positive or negative when the variables are measured at the ordinal or interval-ratio level.
B)either positive or negative when the variables are measured at the nominal level.
C)positive if the two variables vary in the same direction.
D)negative if the two variables vary in the same direction.
Q3) What guides the construction and interpretation of bivariate tables?
A)The null hypothesis
B)The researcher(s)' theoretical question
C)The strength of the relationship
D)The number of cells in the table
Q4) Briefly describe the difference between a spurious and intervening relationship.
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Chapter 10: The Chi-Square Test and Measures of Association
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Q1) The stronger the relationship between the variables,the larger will be the reduction in the number of errors of prediction.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the concept of ______,two variables are associated when information about one can help us improve our prediction of the other.
A)measure of association
B)proportional reduction of error
C)Pearson's correlation coefficient
D)Cramer's V
Q3) Gamma and Kendall's tau-b are measures of association which are suitable for nominal variables.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Lambda may range in values from 0.0 to ±1.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What interpretation do we get if Kendall's Tau-b reaches a value of 1?
Q6) Apply the five-step model of a chi-square test to a specific example.
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Chapter 11: Analysis of Variance
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Q1) The F-test statistic that is calculated is called A)F obtained.
B)alpha.
C)F critical.
D)eta-squared.
Q2) As eta square approaches zero,the relationship between the variables is weaker.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The assumptions of ANOVA test are:
A)independent random samples.
B)nominal level of measurement of variables.
C)population distribution is normal.
D)population variances are not equal.
Q4) The between-group sum of squares and the within-group sum of squares compose the
a.aggregate group sum of squares.
b.ratio sum of squares.
c.total sum of squares.
d.mean level of variance.
Q5) What can you say about the relationship if eta square is 0.85?
Q6) What is the F critical?
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Chapter 12: Regression and Correlation
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Q1) Compare ANOVA and regression.
Q2) A bivariate regression assumes that the variables have a linear or straight-line relationship.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A negative slope implies the relationship between the variables is a negative one and hence covariance will also be negative.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Calculate the Y-intercept,a,of the regression equation using the following information:
Mean number of years of schooling: 17
Mean monthly income: $2,750
Slope,b,of the regression equation: $650
Q5) What is the interpretation for the slope of the linear regression prediction equation?
A)The value of Y when X = 0
B)The value of X when Y = 0
C)The change in Y with a unit change in X
D)The change in X with a unit change in Y
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