Sociocultural Diversity
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Sociocultural Diversity explores the complexities of human societies by examining how culture, ethnicity, race, gender, class, religion, and other social identities shape individual experiences and group interactions. The course introduces theoretical frameworks for understanding diversity and analyzes the impact of social structures and cultural norms on power dynamics, inclusion, and equity. Through case studies, discussions, and critical analysis, students develop an appreciation for the value of diversity and learn effective strategies for engaging with and respecting differences in multiple social, professional, and global contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology Appreciating Cultural Diversity 15th Edition by Conrad Kottak
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) Although science relies on the use of unbiased methods, complete objectivity is impossible. There is always an observer bias.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) What is anthropology?
A) the art of ethnography
B) the study of long-term physiological adaptation
C) the study of the stages of social evolution
D) the humanistic investigation of myths in nonindustrial societies
E) the exploration of human diversity in time and space
Answer: E
Q3) Applied anthropology encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques its four subfields to identify, assess, and solve theoretical problems.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Culture is transmitted by both formal and informal instruction, but not by observation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Culture helps us define the world in which we live, to express feelings and ideas, and to guide our behavior and perceptions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of the following is an example of independent invention, the process by which people in different societies have innovated and changed in similar but independent ways?
A) acculturation
B) culture
C) globalization
D) agriculture
E) language
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology
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Q1) Among the classic works of processual approaches to culture is Edmund Leach's Political Systems of Highland Burma. This study made a tremendously important point by taking a regional rather than a local perspective.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) In the field, ethnographers strive to establish rapport: a good, friendly working relationship based on personal contact
A) that is necessary to conduct any valuable research in the social sciences, not just anthropology.
B) that, if done properly, ensures the ethnographer's ability to conduct detached, unbiased research.
C) achieved in large part by engaging in participant observation.
D) and if that fails, the next option is to pay people so they will talk about their culture.
E) and on payment, based on local standards, for people's time spent with the researcher.
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Applying Anthropology
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Q1) Scientific medicine is not the same thing as Western medicine. Despite advances in technology, genomics, molecular biology, pathology, surgery, diagnostics, and applications, many Western medical procedures have little justification in logic or fact.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Who was studied at a distance during the 1940s in an attempt to predict the behavior of the political enemies of the United States?
A) the Koreans and English
B) the Yanomami and Betsileo
C) the Malagasy
D) the Germans and Japanese
E) the Brazilians and Indonesians
Q3) Anthropology has three dimensions: academic, applied, and a mix of the two. A)True
B)False
Q4) Strictly speaking, medical anthropology is an applied field within anthropology.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Language and Communication
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Q1) This chapter's "Appreciating Anthropology" section discusses research on the ancient syntax of a "proto-human language," thought to be ancestral to all contemporary languages. This research suggests that
A) the proto-language sounded similar to modern-day English.
B) subject-verb-object ordering is very rare in languages spoken today.
C) word ordering within a language is uniform across the world.
D) word ordering has remained constant over time, not changing when languages branch off from their mother tongues.
E) the proto-language sounded similar to the speech of Yoda in "Star Wars."
Q2) When does copula deletion (absence of the verb "to be") occur in BEV?
A) where SE has contractions
B) randomly
C) in the past tense
D) in the future tense
E) in SE, not BEV
Q3) What are honorifics? Why are sociolinguists interested in their use in context? In your everyday life, do you ever use honorifics? What does their use, or lack of use, imply about your relationships to others?
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Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) Which of the following statements about the concept of race in Brazil is NOT true?
A) Racial classification in Brazil is built around the concept of hypodescent.
B) There are more than 500 different terms used to describe phenotypes.
C) The large number of racial categories in Brazil does not easily lend itself to socioeconomic discrimination based on race.
D) The perception of biological races is influenced not just by their physical phenotype but by how one dresses and behaves.
E) A person's race can change from day to day.
Q2) Multiculturalism emphasizes the need for a series of cultures to abandon their old ethnic identities and join together to forge a new and unique cultural identity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) De facto discrimination occurs when laws exist that harm a specific group and its members.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is hypodescent? Why is it an arbitrary rule of racial classification?
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8
Chapter 7: Making a Living
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Q1) Most contemporary foragers live in remote areas, completely cut off from contact with other modern, agricultural, and industrial communities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Economic relationships are characteristically embedded in other relationships, such as kinship, in all of the following kinds of societies EXCEPT A) states.
B) foragers.
C) horticulturalists.
D) pastoralists.
E) chiefdoms.
Q3) A horticultural system of cultivation is characterized by A) intensive use of land and human labor.
B) the use of irrigation and terracing.
C) developing almost exclusively in arid areas.
D) lack of proper knowledge about plant domestication.
E) periodic cycles of cultivation and fallowing.
Q4) How is a rent fund different from a subsistence fund? Cite examples to clarify your argument.
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Chapter 8: Political Systems
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Q1) According to Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault, A) it is easier and more effective to dominate people in their minds than to try to control their bodies.
B) if state institutions such as prisons and schools are able to control people's bodies, their minds will follow.
C) anthropologists have no business studying the process of how the dominant ideology becomes internalized, since this is the job of psychologists and political scientists.
D) overt violence is critical for a state to succeed in dominating its population.
E) anatomically modern humans have a ways to go in the process of evolution, since they are so easily tricked into believing that forms of state control are both natural and good.
Q2) The sociopolitical organization of foragers tends to be bands.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Contrast the Inuit and Yanomami with respect to their reasons for disputes, the effectiveness of their means of resolving disputes, and how they enforce decisions about resolving disputes.
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Chapter 9: Gender
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Q1) Transgender is a social category that
A) includes people whose gender identity has no apparent biological roots.
B) always contrasts biologically with ordinary males and females.
C) consists of only intersex people.
D) is entirely biologically constructed.
E) has no validity within the social sciences.
Q2) Gender roles are the instinctual behaviors that are the exclusive domain of each sex. A)True
B)False
Q3) Research among horticultural societies has found that
A) women are increasingly important to the livelihood of the community the older they get; their prestige increases with experience.
B) men tend to be the main caretakers, whereas women are involved in regional politics and economics.
C) in the case of matrilineal societies, women tended to do all the cultivating; men were typically involved with warfare.
D) the general patterns between gender roles and residence rule do not apply.
E) women are the main producers.
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Chapter 10: Families, Kinship, and Descent
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Q1) In what kind of kinship calculation are kin ties traced equally through males and females?
A) bilineal
B) bifurcate merging
C) bifurcate collateral
D) bilateral
E) biluminous
Q2) Discuss ways in which kinship and descent help human populations adapt to their environments.
Q3) Traditionally, in some areas of the former Yugoslavia, several nuclear families were embedded in an extended family household called a zadruga. Among the Nayars in southern India, it was typical for people to live in matrilineal extended family compounds called tarawads. Descriptions of these two culturally specific cases highlight that
A) children who grow up in stable kin groups are better off than those who don't.
B) the nuclear family is the only stable kin group arrangement.
C) nuclear families are extremely rare in terms of living arrangements.
D) extended family households are an adaptive strategy to extreme poverty.
E) there are many alternatives to the nuclear family.
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Chapter 11: Marriage
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Q1) Incest is a cultural universal that is defined the same way by all cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Early anthropologists explained incest taboos as a reflection of "instinctive horror" of mating with close relatives. However, this explanation for incest taboos has been rejected because formal incest restrictions would be unnecessary if humans really do have an instinctive aversion to incest.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Homogamy is the practice of marrying within a culturally prescribed group to which one does not belong.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Native American berdaches were permitted to marry men.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss some of the social functions of levirate and sororate marriage and bridewealth, and identify the sociocultural context of these customs.
Q6) Does the practice of paying a dowry necessarily imply gender inequality?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Religion
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Q1) How do you explain the universality of religion?
Q2) Émile Durkheim, an early scholar of religion, stressed what he termed religious effervescence. Anthropologists too have stressed
A) that proper analysis requires separation of collective re-creation from collective religion.
B) the collective, shared, and enacted nature of religion, the emotions it generates, and the meanings it embodies.
C) the analysis of the use of behavior-altering drugs in religious experience.
D) the collective as well as individual universality of religion.
E) the qualities that make religion present in some societies but not others.
Q3) Antimodernism describes a rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, purer, better way of life.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Witch hunts are an example of how religion can be used to limit deviant social behavior by instilling strong motivations to behave properly.
A)True
B)False
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Arts, Media, and Sports
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Q1) In general, folk art is much less symbolic than the artistic expression of full-time artists.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Found in a cave in Slovenia, the oldest known musical instrument, the "Divje babe flute," dates back more than
A) 130,000 years.
B) 5,000 years.
C) 5 million years, to roughly the time of the emergence of bipedalism.
D) 43,000 years.
E) 10,000 years, the same time as the emergence of agriculture.
Q3) Consider the impact that the media have on your daily life. From what sources do you have access to popular culture? Which are your favorites, and why?
Q4) Where is art found? Is art found in the same contexts in all kinds of societies?
Q5) Because appreciation of the arts is acquired through enculturation, what one finds aesthetically pleasing depends in part on one's cultural background.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The World System and Colonialism
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Q1) According to Karl Marx, classes are
A) complementary, in that they each do different tasks necessary for the survival of the society.
B) part of the original, preindustrial social system of humans.
C) powerful collective forces that could mobilize human energies to influence the course of history.
D) based more on notions of prestige and morality than on actual economic differences.
E) not important to his vision of social change in Western society.
Q2) Sugar and cotton helped fuel the development of a capitalist world economy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which is NOT true of core nations?
A) They export their raw materials to other countries.
B) They consist of the strongest and most powerful states.
C) They have advanced systems of production.
D) They have complex economies.
E) They represent the dominant structural position in the world system.
Q4) What is the world system perspective, and why is it important in anthropology?
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Chapter 15: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World
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Q1) Contemporary, applied ecological anthropologists work to plan and implement policies aimed at environmental preservation. They also advocate for people who are at risk, actually or potentially. One of the roles for today's environmental anthropologist is to assess the extent and nature of risk perception and to harness that awareness to combat environmental degradation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Social movements worldwide have adopted the term indigenous people as a self-identifying and political label based on past oppression but are now legitimizing it in the search for social, cultural, and political rights.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is environmental anthropology? What can be its contribution to addressing environmental threats around the world?
Q4) What are some of the arguments for and against the interpretation of the mass media as forms of cultural imperialism?
Q5) How have indigenous movements, political mobilization, and identity politics affected ethnography?
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