Social Psychology Solved
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Course Introduction
Social Psychology explores how individuals thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of others. The course covers key topics such as social perception, attitudes, group dynamics, conformity, persuasion, prejudice, interpersonal relationships, and aggression. Students will examine classic and contemporary research, engage in critical analysis of theories and empirical studies, and apply psychological principles to everyday social interactions and societal issues. Through lectures, discussions, and practical assignments, the course aims to deepen understanding of the social factors shaping human behavior and develop skills for scientific inquiry in social contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Social Psychology 6th Edition by
David G. Myers
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Doing Social Psychology
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Q1) A _____ is an integrated set of principles that can explain and predict observed events.
A) theory
B) hypothesis
C) fact
D) correlation
Answer: A
Q2) According to the text,_______ realism is not as important in social psychological research as _______ realism is.
A) mundane; experimental
B) social; psychological
C) experimental; mundane
D) psychological; social
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is a disadvantage of correlational research?
A) It involves important variables in natural settings.
B) It provides ambiguous interpretations of causes and effects.
C) It assists in reading newspapers and magazines.
D) It takes place in a laboratory.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Did You Know It All Along
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Q1) When asked who you think will win the next presidential election,you reply that you do not know.However,after the election results are reported,you claim that it was obvious all along.This is an example of the
A) retrospective bias.
B) information bias.
C) prediction bias.
D) hindsight bias.
Answer: D
Q2) When evaluating intelligence errors after the 9/11 tragedy,hindsight bias makes us more likely to:
A) be positively impressed by the overall decision-making process.
B) blame authorities for making what now seem like bad choices.
C) forgive authorities for making understandable mistakes in crises.
D) confirm our existing decision-making strategies.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Self-Concept: Who Am I
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Q1) After learning about another culture or religion,we begin to realize how prejudiced we have been toward this group and realize that we should change our attitude to a more positive one.This is an _______ attitude.
A) internal
B) external
C) implicit
D) explicit
Answer: D
Q2) Giving priority to the goals of one's group,such as one's family or workplace,and defining one's identity accordingly is called A) cooperation.
B) communality.
C) collectivism.
D) groupthink.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Self-Serving Bias
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Q1) Which saying reflects the false consensus effect?
A) The devil made me do it.
B) We're all in this together.
C) Everyone does it!
D) No one is better than me.
Q2) Assuming that other people are as prejudiced against a certain group as we are can easily be explained by
A) unrealistic optimism.
B) the self-serving bias.
C) the false uniqueness effect.
D) the false consensus effect.
Q3) found that when describing their old pre-college selves,university students offered _______ negative _______ positive statements.
A) more; than
B) less; than
C) as many; as
D) double as many; compared to
Q4) Give an example of false consensus and an example of false uniqueness.Clearly label which is which.
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Chapter 5: The Power of Positive Thinking
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Q1) You are more likely to be satisfied with your selection of soda,purchased from the vending machine,if you are presented with _______ options rather than if you are presented with _______ options.
A) a few; many
B) many; a few
C) some; no
D) no; some
Q2) Compare and contrast the concepts of self-efficacy and locus of control.
Q3) Researchers reported a _______ correlation between persistence and self-efficacy.
A) positive
B) negative
C) moderate
D) zero
Q4) Compare and contrast the concepts of self-efficacy and self-esteem.
Q5) Discuss the differences between internal and an external locus of control.
Q6) Review the evidence that supports the "dark side of high self-esteem."
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Page 7
Chapter 6: The Fundamental Attribution Error
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Q1) Those who make dispositional attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that
A) offer more direct support to the poor.
B) are unsympathetic to the poor.
C) tend to blame the poor for their problems.
D) are more neutral regarding poverty and unemployment.
Q2) Both you and your friend are late for a meeting.How would the attribution theory predict both your behavior and your friend's behavior?
Q3) We tend to underestimate the situational determinants of others' behavior but not our own because we observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves.This is known as the
A) actor-observer difference.
B) camera perspective bias.
C) changing perspectives trend.
D) self-awareness phenomenon.
Q4) Describe an example of how the actor-observer difference could play a role in racist beliefs.
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Chapter 7: The Powers and Perils of Intuition
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Q1) Thinking that is effortless,impulsive,and without awareness is called A) controlled processing.
B) automatic processing.
C) internal processing.
D) intentional processing.
Q2) Compare and contrast overconfidence and the confirmation bias.
Q3) Sharon typically watches televised news stations that support her existing political beliefs.She is less inclined to watch the news on other stations,as it may disprove her preconceptions.Sharon's approach illustrates the A) confirmation bias.
B) misinformation effect.
C) base-rate fallacy.
D) I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.
Q4) Describe the strengths and the weaknesses of both controlled and automatic processing.
Q5) Overconfidence remains after mistaken judgments due to the belief that
A) "I'll do better next time."
B) "I was almost right."
C) "It wasn't my fault that I was wrong."
D) "Others were also wrong."
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Reasons for Unreason
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Q1) The "Kulechov effect" (named after a Russian film director)is another illustration of A) the principle of belief perseverance.
B) confirmation bias.
C) false memories.
D) how our preconceptions determine our subsequent perceptions of emotion.
Q2) Expectations can often predict behavior because
A) the expectations are accurate.
B) the expectations are a coincidence.
C) behavior is easily predicted.
D) we are overconfident.
Q3) What is illusory thinking and what are its effects?
Q4) When our expectations lead us to act in ways that induce others to confirm those expectations,_______ is at work.
A) illusory correlation
B) counterfactual thinking
C) behavioral confirmation
D) illusion of control
Q5) Describe how behavioral confirmation can take place in a classroom.
Q6) Provide examples of the availability heuristic.
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Chapter 9: Behavior and Belief
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Q1) A variation of the foot-in-the-door technique is often used by car dealers,because it typically results in people complying with higher and higher requests.It is called the _______ technique.
A) foot-in-the-door
B) low-ball
C) compliance
D) conformity
Q2) Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT
A) feelings.
B) behavioral tendencies or actions.
C) beliefs or thoughts.
D) aptitudes.
Q3) When are attitudes least likely to influence actions?
A) When attitudes are specific to the behavior.
B) When external influences on our actions are minimal.
C) When are attitudes do not match the majority opinion.
D) When we are conscious of our attitudes.
Q4) Describe one of your attitudes.Include cognitive (thoughts),affective (feelings),and behavioral (actions)components.
Q5) Compare and contrast cognitive dissonance and self-perception theories.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Clinical Intuition
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Q1) Discuss how the hindsight bias and self-confirming diagnoses can lead clinicians to be overconfident in their clinical judgments.
Q2) Following the suicide of a friend or family member,feelings of guilt are often magnified by
A) illusory thinking.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) hindsight bias.
D) confirmation bias.
Q3) Chapman and Chapman had college students and professional clinicians study the relationship between patients' test performances and diagnoses.They found that A) if students or clinicians expected a particular association, they perceived it, regardless of whether the data was supportive.
B) students and clinicians only saw relationships that were supported by the data. C) professional clinicians were more accurate than students in assessing relationships. D) students and clinicians only recognized positive relationships if the actual correlations were greater than 0.75.
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Chapter 11: Clinical Therapy: The Powers of Social Cognition
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Q1) found that shy women who were bombarded with loud noise and told that it would leave them _______ were subsequently _______ when interacting with a handsome male.
A) with a pounding heart; no longer so shy
B) unaffected; no longer so shy
C) with a pounding heart; even more shy
D) unaffected; unaffected
Q2) ,which of the following does NOT belong in the vicious cycle of depression?
A) self-focus
B) self-blame
C) depressed mood
D) defensive pessimism
Q3) Which of the following theories most clearly predicts that we will feel anxious when we are motivated to impress others but doubt our ability to do so?
A) social learning theory
B) self-presentation theory
C) self-perception theory
D) cognitive dissonance theory
Q4) Discuss the goal of explanatory style therapy for individuals with depression.
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Chapter 12: Human Nature and Cultural Diversity
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Q1) The implications of evolutionary psychology suggest that human success is defined by
A) acquiring wealth.
B) maintaining health.
C) exceeding average life expectancy.
D) having grandchildren.
Q2) Seven-year-old Mary says "Thank you" after opening each birthday present she receives because her family considers it to be proper behavior.This best illustrates the influence of a
A) norm.
B) schema.
C) role.
D) stereotype.
Q3) The _______ perspective highlights the kinship that results from our shared human nature.
A) evolutionary
B) cultural
C) normative
D) diversity
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Gender, Genes, and Culture
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Q1) Research on possible hormonal influences on aggression has indicated that A) testosterone levels influence animal aggression but not human aggression.
B) violent male criminals have higher than normal testosterone levels.
C) gender differences in aggression are clearly unrelated to hormonal differences.
D) administering testosterone reduces aggression in most animals.
Q2) _______ are more likely to favor conservative political candidates.
A) The young
B) The elderly
C) Men
D) Women
Q3) Higher than normal levels of testosterone have been found in A) violent male criminals.
B) male lawyers.
C) gay men.
D) married men.
Q4) In your opinion,what are the most important gender differences described in the textbook? Why?
Q5) Explain the hindsight criticism of evolutionary psychology.Provide an example of this type of thinking in evolutionary psychology.
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Chapter 14: How Nice People Get Corrupted
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Q1) If we were to conclude that Milgram's obedient participants were particularly hostile and aggressive people,we would be
A) making a correct inference.
B) committing the fundamental attribution error.
C) ignoring the power of behavior to shape attitudes.
D) ignoring the strength of positive internal dispositions.
Q2) When participants in Milgram's experiments wanted to quit,they were given A) shocks to keep them going.
B) money as an incentive to keep going.
C) up to four verbal prods to keep them going.
D) a reward for being one of the few to disobey.
Q3) In light of the Milgram studies,which of the following is NOT one of the factors that determined obedience?
A) the victim's emotional distance
B) the victim's physical distance
C) the authority's closeness and legitimacy
D) whether or not the authority was institutionalized
Q4) Briefly summarize the studies by Asch and Milgram by listing the topic and method of each.Be sure to also provide a real life example of each study.
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Chapter 15: Two Routes to Persuasion
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Q1) Describe the ways in which a television sales person will seek to enhance his or her perceived credibility in your eyes.Keep in mind the two components of credibility when developing your answer.
Q2) We are more likely to be persuaded by the _______ route to persuasion when we are distracted or busy.
A) peripheral
B) central C) logical D) image
Q3) According to Myers,advertisers for computers tend to adopt marketing strategies that use the ____ route to persuasion.
A) peripheral B) central C) logical D) image
Q4) You have been hired to develop an informational campaign to prevent junior high school students from taking up smoking.Your boss wants you to use a scare-tactic approach.What must you do to construct a fear-appeal that is maximally effective?
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Chapter 16: Indoctrination and Inoculation
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Q1) Inoculation research suggests that children
A) are not persuaded by television advertising.
B) fail to grasp the persuasive intent of commercials.
C) use the central route to persuasion.
D) are skeptical of television advertising.
Q2) Research on attitude inoculation suggests that religious educators are wise to avoid A) the two-step flow of communication.
B) forewarnings to their followers that outsiders will question their beliefs.
C) using charismatic leaders to attract new converts.
D) creating a "germ-free ideological environment."
Q3) Compared to propaganda,education is
A) more factually based.
B) more coercive.
C) less believable.
D) less interesting.
Q4) Describe a familiar television commercial and analyze the elements of persuasion that it uses.Does it promote and/or assume central or peripheral route processing?
Q5) Explain attitude inoculation and how it affects persuasive appeals.
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Chapter 17: The Mere Presence of Others
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Q1) The tendency for people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present is the original meaning of
A) the groupthink effect.
B) the social facilitation effect.
C) social loafing.
D) deindividuation.
Q2) Triplett conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel.The results of the study indicated that there was a positive relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children.Later studies found the same pattern and dubbed it A) the groupthink effect.
B) the social facilitation effect.
C) social loafing.
D) deindividuation.
Q3) How does crowding impact social facilitation?
Q4) Explain the role of evaluation apprehension in social facilitation.
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Chapter 18: Many Hands Make Diminished Responsibility
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Q1) found that when blindfolded participants thought they were pulling a tug of war with other participants,they _______ than when they thought they were pulling alone.
A) pulled more
B) pulled less
C) pulled the same amount
D) varied more in their pulling amount
Q2) According to your text,people in _______ cultures exhibit less social loafing than people in _______ cultures.
A) independent; dependent
B) dependent; independent
C) collectivistic; individualistic
D) individualistic; collectivistic
Q3) When individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated,evaluation apprehension is _______ and the probability of social loafing is _______.
A) high; low
B) low; high
C) high; high
D) low; low
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Chapter
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Q1) Which of the following circumstances contributes to people becoming deindividuated?
A) They are immersed in a large group.
B) They are physically anonymous.
C) They are involved in arousing, distracting activities.
D) All of these.
Q2) People who are made self-aware,by acting in front of a mirror or TV camera,have been found to
A) exhibit increased self-confidence.
B) behave more consistently with their attitudes.
C) be less thoughtful in analyzing complex social issues.
D) be more vulnerable to persuasive appeals that run counter to social norms.
Q3) The relationship between self-consciousness and deindividuation is
A) positive.
B) negative.
C) neutral.
D) curvilinear.
Q4) Compare and contrast social loafing,social facilitation,and deindividuation.
Q5) In what situations is deinviduation most likely to occur?
Q6) "Self-awareness is the opposite of deindividuation." Explain this statement.
Page 21
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Chapter 20: How Do Groups Intensify Decisions
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Q1) view of how groupthink symptoms contributed to the Iraq war.
Q2) Which two symptoms of groupthink lead group members to overestimate their group's right and might?
A) rationalization and conformity pressure
B) rationalization and a stereotyped view of the opponent
C) an illusion of invulnerability and self-censorship
D) an illusion of invulnerability and an unquestioned belief in the group's morality
Q3) You are hesitant to ask questions in class because you assume everyone else understands and you would therefore seem foolish.Your thinking best exemplifies
A) groupthink.
B) pluralistic ignorance.
C) social loafing.
D) self-handicapping.
Q4) What underlying processes help to explain the occurrence of group polarization?
A) informational influences and normative influences
B) minority influences and social facilitation
C) psychological reactance and deindividuation
D) social comparison and self-censorship
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Chapter 21: Power to the Person
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Q1) The psychological reactance theory may help explain why
A) drinking on campus is heavier for underage drinkers than for legal-age drinkers.
B) a toddler, ignoring a toy, protests and demands the toy back when a playmate begins to play with it.
C) the demand for and value placed on an object is greater when the object is perceived to be rare or hard to get.
D) All of the above.
Q2) Provide an example of how social control and personal control interact.
Q3) Knowing that someone is trying to coerce you may prompt you to do the opposite of that person's wishes.This response is predicted by
A) the reactance theory.
B) the theory of normative social influence.
C) Milgram's theory of obedience.
D) the social norms theory.
Q4) List and provide examples of each of the three determinants of minority influence.
Q5) Compare and contrast task leadership and social leadership,and give an example of each.
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Chapter 22: The Reach of Prejudice
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Q1) People who are overweight
A) face less discrimination than minority racial groups.
B) face more discrimination than minority racial groups.
C) are perceived as unhappy and content.
D) do not face discrimination.
Q2) Most Americans agree that
A) the activities of married women are best confined to the home and family.
B) they would probably move if Black people came to live in great numbers in their neighborhood.
C) the two sexes are equally emotional.
D) they would vote for a qualified woman whom their party nominated for president.
Q3) _______ is a negative attitude; _______ is a negative behavior.
A) A stereotype; racism
B) Racism; stereotyping
C) Discrimination; prejudice
D) Prejudice; discrimination
Q4) Define and provide examples of prejudice,stereotypes,and discrimination.
Q5) Provide an example of hostile sexism and an example of benevolent sexism.
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Chapter 23: The Roots of Prejudice
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Q1) found that a Black in an otherwise White group,a man in an otherwise female group,or a woman in an otherwise male group seem
A) less prominent than the others in the group.
B) less influential.
C) to be uninvolved in the group.
D) more prominent and influential.
Q2) Linking _______ with virtue and _______ with moral failure enables fortunate people to feel pride,and enables unfortunate people to avoid responsibility.
A) good fortune; misfortune
B) misfortune; good fortune
C) wealth; poverty
D) poverty; wealth
Q3) The just-world phenomenon can lead people to think that
A) the winners of a lottery actually deserved their good fortune.
B) sick people are not responsible for their illness.
C) poor people deserve better.
D) rape victims acted in a provocative manner.
Q4) Explain how a belief in the just-world phenomena might affect social services for people in poverty.
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Chapter 24: The Nature and Nurture of Aggression
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Q1) Violent crimes are more likely committed
A) in the winter rather than the summer.
B) when the weather is hot.
C) on nights with a full moon.
D) during rainy periods.
Q2) Given the review of research on heat and aggression in the text,you can conclude that the relationship between these two variables is
A) positive.
B) negative.
C) neutral.
D) curvilinear.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of aggression as it is defined in the text?
A) Sam accidentally slams the car door too quickly, and it hits Tim's knee.
B) Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for dormitory senator, citing some rumors about Marcy's social life.
C) Carla, a dentist, delivers a shot of Novocain before pulling her patient's tooth.
D) Joe's eagerness and enthusiasm resulted in his being promoted to sales manager in a very short time.
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Chapter 25: Do the Media Influence Social Behavior
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Q1) found to be associated with video games.
Q2) According to Gentile and Anderson,playing violent games might have a more toxic effect than watching violent television because
A) the players are passive.
B) television appears more "real."
C) players play the role of a violent character.
D) television violence is not rewarded.
Q3) How does pornography encourage distorted perceptions of sexual reality?
Q4) Which of the following has been found to be an effect of sexual violence in movies and television?
A) Women are more likely to believe rape is a serious crime.
B) Men have become more accepting of violence against women.
C) Women have become more aggressive toward other women.
D) Viewers are less accepting of violence against women.
Q5) found that 8-year-olds who watched the most violence were
A) unlikely to finish high school.
B) more likely to get a divorce.
C) more likely to be convicted of a crime.
D) more likely to commit child abuse.
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Chapter 26: Who Likes Whom
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Q1) The tendency for opposites to mate or marry
A) has only been documented among teenage couples.
B) has increased in the United States since 1960.
C) is just as powerful as the similarity-attraction connection.
D) has never been reliably demonstrated.
Q2) The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them is referred to as
A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the novelty phenomenon.
C) display liking.
D) proactive stimulation.
Q3) Which of your friends is most likely to report a preference for a mate who is homely and warm over one who is attractive and cold?
A) your teenaged brother
B) your middle-aged coworker
C) your best friend Carol
D) your classmate Tom
Q4) List and briefly explain the four factors that lead to initial attraction.
Q5) Summarize the research on physical attractiveness and attraction.
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Chapter 27: The Ups and Downs of Love
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Q1) Those involved in relationships marked by long-term equity
A) depend on tit-for-tat exchanges.
B) are unconcerned with short-term equity.
C) make sure they reciprocate favors as soon as possible.
D) give more than they get.
Q2) Self-disclosure involves
A) protecting oneself by closing off part of oneself from others.
B) stopping oneself from getting involved in an intimate relationship.
C) revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
D) closing down emotionally.
Q3) Psychologist Robert Sternberg views love as a triangle whose three sides include all but which of the following?
A) attachment
B) passion
C) commitment
D) intimacy
Q4) Explain the research regarding the Internet and relationships.
Q5) Provide an example of the disclosure reciprocity effect.
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Chapter 28: Causes of Conflict
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Q1) Facing the recurring dilemma of cookie-jar depletion within 24-hours of its being re-stocked,Mom and Dad decide to do something.What strategy will be most effective?
A) Do not allow family members to talk to one another about how many cookies they eat.
B) Restrict each family member to just two cookies per day.
C) Stop buying cookies.
D) Call a family meeting and scold everyone for eating too many cookies.
Q2) A common excuse for noncooperation is
A) "I couldn't have made a difference anyway."
B) "The devil made me do it."
C) "That's unfair."
D) "Cooperation is for the weak and cowardly."
Q3) Which one of the following is NOT one of the seeds of misperception according to your text?
A) the self-serving bias
B) reduced competition
C) the fundamental attribution error
D) groupthink
Q4) Describe an example of a social dilemma that you have learned about in the news.
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Chapter 29: Blessed Are the Peacemakers
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Sample Questions
Q1) David and Julie fought over what to name their new puppy,until finally they went to their children for a decision.David and Julie relied on _______ to resolve their conflict.
A) mediation
B) bargaining
C) conciliation
D) arbitration
Q2) Describe a program that you might design to reduce prejudice between the Soris and the Talins,two fictitious and competitive groups.
Q3) Aronson's jigsaw technique involved having elementary school children
A) study in small, racially mixed teams and then compete with other teams in a class tournament.
B) form academically and racially diverse groups with each member of the group becoming an expert in one area.
C) role-play being members of another race for two-week periods.
D) take turns telling each other about their family backgrounds in small-group discussions.
Q4) Define and provide an example of GRIT.
Q5) Explain how couples can fight constructively.
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Chapter 30: When Do People Help
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Sample Questions
Q1) Before agreeing to help out at the local homeless shelter,Sharon weighs the costs (e.g.,getting up at dawn)and benefits (e.g.,feeling good about herself)of doing so.This strategy can be predicted by the
A) empathy-altruism hypothesis
B) social-exchange theory.
C) social responsibility norm.
D) social comparison theory.
Q2) The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines
A) the social responsibility norm.
B) egoism.
C) the social-exchange theory.
D) altruism.
Q3) According to the text,the _______ provides the classic illustration of pure altruism.
A) parable of the Prodigal Son
B) parable of the Good Samaritan
C) Kitty Genovese case
D) Sylvia Likens case
Q4) Define altruism and provide an example of it.
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Chapter 31: Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future
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Sample Questions
Q1) For today's collegians,the goal of _______ has been at the top of their list in recent years.
A) developing a meaningful philosophy of life
B) becoming very well off financially
C) helping others in difficulty
D) becoming an authority in their own field
Q2) Define and provide an example of the upward social comparison.
Q3) The tendency to believe in and justify the way things are in one's culture and not want to change the status quo is called
A) justification of effort.
B) the just world phenomenon.
C) system justification.
D) ethnocentrism.
Q4) In the United States correlation between increased individual income and personal happiness is
A) surprisingly strong.
B) moderately strong.
C) about 0.30.
D) surprisingly weak.
Q5) How have the values of U.S.college students changed since 1971?
Page 33
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