Research Design and Analysis
Question Bank
Course Introduction
Research Design and Analysis introduces students to the foundational principles of planning, conducting, and interpreting research across various academic disciplines. The course emphasizes the formulation of research questions, selection of appropriate methodologies, and the ethical considerations involved in research. Students learn to design qualitative and quantitative studies, collect and analyze data using statistical tools, and evaluate the validity and reliability of research findings. Through hands-on projects and case studies, students develop the critical skills necessary to conduct independent research and to interpret and communicate research results effectively.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for Psychology 6th Edition by Arthur Aron Ph.D
Available Study Resources on Quizplus
15 Chapters
1069 Verified Questions
1069 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/3229
Page 2
Chapter 1: Displaying the Order in a Group of Numbers
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
68 Verified Questions
68 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63983
Sample Questions
Q1) A variable that has specific values and cannot have values between those specific values is a(n)__________.
Answer: discrete variable
Q2) If a psychologist summarizes data for a variable in a frequency table,but finds that there are so many values for the variable that the table is too cumbersome to be useful,the next step would be to make a A)histogram.
B)frequency polygon.
C)grouped frequency table.
D)bar chart.
Answer: C
Q3) Each of several patients is rated for their degree of depression,and if a particular patient's depression is rated 8 on a 20-point scale,8 represents that patient's A)frequency.
B)variable.
C)score.
D)mean.
Answer: C
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
3
Chapter 2: Central Tendency and Variability
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63984
Sample Questions
Q1) The variance is the same as the A)average of the squared deviations.
B)sum of the squared deviations.
C)average of the absolute deviations.
D)sum of the absolute deviations.
Answer: A
Q2) When __________ are summed,the result will always equal zero.
Answer: deviation scores
Q3) A score with an extremely high or low value (relative to other scores in the distribution)is a(n)__________.
Answer: outlier
Q4) The __________ is,approximately,the average that a score differs from the mean. Answer: standard deviation
Q5) Which statement is true for the scores of 1,2,3,4,5,5,7,8,9,and 10?
A)The mode is greater than the median.
B)The median is greater than the mean.
C)The mean is greater than the median.
D)The mean is less than the mode.
Answer: C
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 4
Chapter 3: Some Key Ingredients for Inferential Statistics: Z
Scores,the Normal Curve, Sample Versus Population, and Probability
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
73 Verified Questions
73 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63985
Sample Questions
Q1) Using a normal curve table,if a person has a score in the bottom 42% of all scores in a distribution,the highest Z score this person can have is
A)-1.41
B)-0.94
C)-0.20
D)0)25
Answer: C
Q2) The variance of a distribution of Z scores is always
A) Z / N
B)(Z)(M + SD)
C)0
D)1
Answer: D
Q3) In relation to the other people at New University,on which test did Molly get the better score?
A)the LSAT
B)the MCAT
C)the scores were equal
D)it is impossible to say without more information
Answer: B Page 5
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 6
Chapter 4: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
71 Verified Questions
71 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63986
Sample Questions
Q1) Most psychologists use the __________ significance level,but those wanting to be more conservative may use the __________ level.
Q2) "People who spend a great deal of time on the beach do not have more eye problems than people in general" is the __________ hypothesis.
Q3) "There is no difference in voting between those who do and do not listen regularly to radio talk shows" is the __________ hypothesis.
Q4) An increasingly common way to report the results of statistical tests in a research article is
A)p = .049
B)p > .05
C)p < .05
D)p < t
Q5) A result is considered statistically significant when
A)the sample score is so extreme that the research hypothesis is rejected.
B)the sample score is so extreme that the null hypothesis is rejected.
C)the population mean is so extreme that the research hypothesis is rejected. D)the population mean is so extreme that the null hypothesis is rejected.
Q6) The researchers would use a(n)__________-tailed test.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 7
Chapter 5: Hypothesis Tests With Means of Samples
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
71 Verified Questions
71 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63987
Sample Questions
Q1) The mean of a distribution of means is
A)the square-root of the original population mean.
B)the original population mean divided by the sample size.
C)the same as the original population mean.
D)the sample mean multiplied by the variance.
Q2) If a population is not normally distributed,the shape of a distribution of means
A)will always be normal.
B)will never be normal.
C)will be normal when the sample size is more than 30.
D)will not be normal when the sample size is more than 30.
Q3) Which of the following statistics would be the most likely to appear in a research article?
A)Z test
B)standard error
C)99% confidence interval
D)variance of the distribution of means
Q4) The hypothesis testing procedure used when there is a single sample and a known population is a(n)__________.
Q5) <sup>2</sup><sub>M</sub> represents the __________.
Q6) The mean of the distribution of means = __________.
Page 8
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 6: Making Sense of Statistical Significance:decision
Errors, Effect Size, and Statistical Power
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63988
Sample Questions
Q1) The probability of not making a Type II error is __________.
Q2) A Type I error is the result of
A)improper measurement techniques on the part of the researcher.
B)failing to reject the null hypothesis when,in fact,it is true.
C)incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis.
D)incorrectly failing to reject the null hypothesis.
Q3) Using the .01 level of significance means that,in the long run,
A)a Type I error occurs 1 time in 20.
B)a Type I error occurs 1 time in 100.
C)a Type II error occurs 1 time in 20.
D)a Type II error occurs 1 time in 100.
Q4) In studies using a very large number of participants,it is common to get statistically significant results that have a very small __________.
Q5) Some psychologists have argued that simple significance tests are misleading,and that a better statistic to evaluate the outcome of an experiment would be the A)effect size.
B)level of power.
C)probability of a Type II error.
D)number of participants divided by the standard deviation.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 9
Chapter 7: Introduction to T Tests: Single Sample and Dependent Means
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
72 Verified Questions
72 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63989
Sample Questions
Q1) The main difference between a Z score and a t score is that
A)t scores are used when a study is analyzed with a one-tailed test.
B)t scores are used when the population variance is unknown.
C)t scores are used only when the sample size is greater than 30.
D)t scores are used only when inferences are made about other samples.
Q2) If the mean of a sample is 95,the mean of Population 2 is 75,and the standard deviation of the distribution of means is 5,the t score resulting from a t test for a single sample is __________.(Give a number.)
Q3) Which of the following is an assumption for the t test for dependent means?
A)The population variance is known.
B)The population mean is greater than the sample mean.
C)The population follows a normal distribution.
D)The sample follows a normal distribution.
Q4) Testing participants before and after an experimental manipulation is called a(n)__________ design.
Q5) Difference scores are computed for A)a t test for a single sample.
B)a t test for dependent means.
C)a t test for independent means.
D)all t tests when the degrees of freedom are less than 10.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 10
Chapter 8: The T Test for Independent Means
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
72 Verified Questions
72 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63990
Sample Questions
Q1) The shape of the distribution of differences between means will be __________.
Q2) You plan to conduct a study where your nondirectional hypothesis will be assessed with a t test for independent means at the .05 significance level.If you are predicting a large effect size,how many participants would you need in total (assuming equal Ns per group)to obtain 80% power?
A)20
B)26
C)40
D)52
Q3) The denominator in the effect size formula for the t test for independent means is __________.
Q4) When calculating a t test for independent means,the difference between the means of the two samples is divided by the standard deviation of __________ to give the t score.
Q5) What is the pooled estimate of the population variance?
A)[(14 / 36)(6.5)] + [(22 / 36)(4.5)] = 5.28
B)[(15 / 38)(6.5)] + [(23 / 38)(4.5)] = 5.29
C)[(15 / 23)(6.5)] + [(23 / 15)(4.5)] = 11.14
D)[(14 / 22)(6.5)] + [(22 / 14)(4.5)] = 11.21
Q6) "t = (M - )/ S<sub>M</sub>" is the formula for a(n)__________.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 11
Chapter 9: Introduction to the Analysis of Variance
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63991
Sample Questions
Q1) Which statistical procedure ensures that the alpha level for any given planned contrast will not exceed .05?
A)Tukey
B)Scheffé
C)Bonferroni
D)Gosset
Q2) Because of the assumption that the population variances are equal,when conducting an analysis of variance
A)fewer degrees of freedom are required.
B)sample variances are not important.
C)an average estimate of the population variance is computed.
D)population parameters are used instead of sample statistics.
Q3) According to Cohen's conventions,an R<sup>2</sup> of 14% (.14)is considered a(n)__________ effect size.
Q4) A priori comparisons are also known as __________.
Q5) When conducting an analysis of variance,one assumption is that each population distribution is __________.
Q6) Advanced topic: df<sub>Between</sub> = __________.
Q7) R<sup>2</sup> is never greater than __________.(Give a number.)
Page 12
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 10: Factorial Analysis of Variance
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
70 Verified Questions
70 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63992
Sample Questions
Q1) In a 4 × 2 design,"2" means that __________.
Q2) If the top row of a 3 × 2 table of cell means consists of an 8,a 7,and a 6,and the bottom row of a 6,a 7,and an 8,the pattern of means indicates the presence of a(n)__________ effect.
Q3) When an interaction effect is present,significant main effects
A)should not be interpreted.
B)should be interpreted,but cautiously.
C)should be interpreted in the usual manner,as they are unaffected by interactions.
D)will never occur.
Q4) Marginal means are
A)the means of one grouping variable alone.
B)used to identify interaction effects.
C)always reported in research articles.
D)the means of both grouping variables,minus the interaction.
Q5) In a graph of a two-way analysis of variance,the absence of an interaction effect is indicated when the pattern of bars in one section is __________ the pattern of bars in the other section.
Q6) Interaction effects can be described verbally,numerically,and __________.
Q7) In a 2 × 3 × 3 analysis of variance,the number of cells is __________.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 13
Chapter 11: Correlation
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
71 Verified Questions
71 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63993
Sample Questions
Q1) The term for the subjective overestimation of the strength of the relationship between two variables is
A)illusory correlation.
B)negative correlation.
C)positive correlation.
D)inflated correlation.
Q2) The shape of a scatter diagram should be __________.
Q3) The weakest correlation is between __________ and __________.(Give variable names.)
Q4) The t test for the correlation coefficient
A)is robust to moderate violations of its assumptions.
B)is robust to even extreme violations of its assumptions.
C)is slightly less robust than other t tests to violations of its assumptions.
D)is much less robust than other t tests to violations of its assumptions.
Q5) To compare correlations with each other,the proportionate reduction in error can be figured by
A)multiplying each correlation coefficient by 10.
B)calculating the square root of each correlation coefficient.
C)squaring each correlation coefficient.
D)multiplying each correlation coefficient by 2.
Page 14
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 12: Prediction
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
73 Verified Questions
73 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63994
Sample Questions
Q1) Advanced topic: What is the proportionate reduction in error?
A)(32 - 8)/ 32 = 0.75
B)(8 - 32)/ 8 = -3
C)32 / (8 + 32)= 0.80
D)(8 + 32)/ 8 = 5
Q2) Advanced topic: What does it mean when SS<sub>Total</sub> minus SS<sub>Error</sub> equals zero?
A)This is the best case-it means there is zero error.
B)This is the worst case-it means the prediction model has reduced zero error.
C)The proportionate reduction in error is 50%.
D)The underlying correlation is negative.
Q3) In a linear prediction rule using a standardized regression coefficient,
A)the regression constant is always equal to 1.
B)for each increase of one standard deviation in the predictor variable,the predicted standard deviation of the criterion variable increases by the standardized regression coefficient.
C)the predicted value for the criterion variable is a t score.
D)for each increase of one standard deviation in the predicted variable,the predicted standard deviation of the predictor variable increases by the standardized regression coefficient.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 15
Chapter 13: Chi-Square Tests
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
71 Verified Questions
71 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63995
Sample Questions
Q1) Of the women who reported that they were disliked,__________% also reported that they had a low sense of humor.
Q2) "(N<sub>Columns</sub>-1)(N<sub>Rows</sub>-1)" is the formula for the degrees of freedom for the chi-square test for __________.
Q3) What proportion of boys indicated that verbal or cyber bullying was their primary method?
A)(8+6)/30 = .47
B)(7+5)/30 = .40
C)(8+6)/75 = .19
D)(7+5)/75 = .16
Q4) The hypothesis testing procedure that examines how well an observed frequency distribution of a nominal variable fits some expected pattern is a chi-square test for
Q5) In a study with a 3 × 2 design, and Cramer's
A)are equivalent.
B)are equivalent if is divided by 2.
C)are equivalent if is divided by 2.
D)are unrelated.
Q6) The chi-square test was invented by __________.
Page 16
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 14: Strategies When Population Distributions Are
Not Normal: Data Transformations and Rank-Order Tests
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
71 Verified Questions
71 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63996
Sample Questions
Q1) The correct null hypothesis for a rank-order test comparing two groups is that
A)the moderate ranks are evenly distributed.
B)the highest ranks are evenly distributed.
C)the populations have equal means.
D)the medians of the two populations are equal.
Q2) Given that the critical value (.05 level,two-tailed)is __________,the researcher's decision should be __________.
Q3) A common transformation procedure when scores are positively skewed is the A)square-root transformation.
B)squared transformation.
C)exponential transformation.
D)sign-reversal transformation.
Q4) One indication that a population is not normally distributed is when
A)a small sample drawn from the population is positively skewed.
B)two variables are measured at the same time.
C)a scale or index is used for the measured variable.
D)a ceiling or floor effect is present in a large sample.
Q5) For College B's transformed scores,the mean is __________,and the standard deviation is __________.
Q6) The mean and variance of a rank-ordered distribution depend on __________. Page 17
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 18
Chapter 15: The General Linear Model and Making Sense of
Advanced Statistical Procedures in Research Articles
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
64 Verified Questions
64 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/63997
Sample Questions
Q1) An unmeasured theoretical variable assumed to be the underlying cause of several variables that are actually measured and used in the analysis is a(n)__________ variable.
Q2) An advanced type of regression analysis that handles research situations in which people are grouped in some way that could affect the pattern of scores is __________.
Q3) When raters use categories (e.g.,present v.absent)to assess participants' data,the appropriate reliability statistic is __________.
Q4) The difference between ANCOVA and MANCOVA is that
A)with a MANCOVA,variables can be partialed out; with an ANCOVA,they cannot.
B)with an ANCOVA,variables can be partialed out; with a MANCOVA,they cannot.
C)a MANCOVA can have more than one dependent variable; an ANCOVA cannot.
D)a MANCOVA can have more than one independent variable; an ANCOVA cannot.
Q5) The final step of a mediational analysis tests whether the association of X and Y
A)increases when the mediator is taken into account.
B)decreases when the mediator is taken into account.
C)is larger than the association of X with the mediational variable.
D)is smaller than the association of X with the mediational variable.
Q6) The general linear model is based on a __________ criterion.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 19