Research Design and Analysis Exam Review
Course Introduction
Research Design and Analysis introduces students to the fundamental concepts, methodologies, and strategies used in planning, conducting, and interpreting research across various disciplines. The course covers essential topics such as identifying research problems, formulating hypotheses, selecting appropriate research designs (qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods), sampling techniques, data collection methods, and ethical considerations. Students also learn key principles of statistical and qualitative data analysis, enabling them to evaluate research findings critically. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to design robust research projects and assess the quality and validity of existing research literature.
Recommended Textbook
An Invitation to Social Research How Its Done 5th Edition by Emily Stier Adler
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15 Chapters
708 Verified Questions
708 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Uses of Social Research
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49 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Exploratory research is
A) ideal for testing a theory.
B) ideal for examining unstudied phenomena.
C) a method for bringing social injustices to the public's attention.
D) a way of examining whether interventions are having their intended effect.
E) designed to describe, in detail, groups, activities, situations, events.
Answer: B
Q2) One type of applied research that jointly involves researchers and community members is called
A) evaluation research.
B) social theory.
C) participatory action research.
D) quantitative methods.
E) none of these.
Answer: C
Q3) Research is distinguished from other ways of knowing about the world because it is done by authorities.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Theory and Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) The focal research example on role theory by Adler and Clark was an example of A) causal research
B) inductive reasoning
C) deductive reasoning
D) empirical association
E) non-spuriousness
Answer: C
Q2) If we approach a setting with a theory we want to test,we are employing
A) common sense.
B) inductive reasoning.
C) deductive reasoning.
D) personal knowledge.
E) both inductive reasoning and personal knowledge.
Answer: C
Q3) Grounded theory is associated with empirical generalizations.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Ethics and Social Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text,the two most important ethical principles areand.
A) anonymity; confidentiality
B) deception; pretence
C) voluntary consent; methodology
D) informed consent; voluntary participation
E) competence; integrity
Answer: A
Q2) The American Sociological Association adopted its first set of ethical codes before Milgram and Humphries completed their research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A committee on human subjects is more commonly known as
A) American Sociological Association code of ethics
B) Institutional Review Board
C) National Science Foundation ethical standards
D) American Psychological Association code of ethics
E) Nuremberg Codes
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Planning a Research Project
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research typically has higher research costs than time expenditures.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Until recently,all research was considered to be value free.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Keywords are terms and concepts of interest; they are helpful when finding sources for a literature review.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If a researcher has access to the population and the time to do the study,but lacks funds to pursue the research question,
A) her study is not feasible.
B) she has not designed a researchable question.
C) she has most likely overlooked an important part of the literature search.
D) she must reconsider her hypothesis.
E) her research is feasible.
Q5) A review of existing research helps to put current research into context. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Sampling
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Sample Questions
Q1) Choosing a sampling technique requires making theoretical and methodological decisions,but not necessarily ethical decisions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Aconsists of a group of elements from which a researcher samples and generalizes.
A) probability sample
B) target
C) sampling frame
D) population
E) unit of analysis
Q3) Although convenience samples are widely used in research,what undermines their claims to generalizability?
Q4) Members of a population,which are included in a sample,are referred to as A) sampling units.
B) elements.
C) units of analysis.
D) both elements and units of analysis.
E) none of these
Q5) Identify and describe the sources of errors associated with sampling.
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Chapter 6: Measurement
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Sample Questions
Q1) A composite measure has the advantage of A) combining several indicators to arrive at a measure that is more valid than just one. B) yielding mathematical results. C) being amenable to quantitative analysis.
D) producing results that can be compared to other indicators. E) being amenable to qualitative analysis.
Q2) What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Q3) A nominal measure can only have five categories.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher who defines "elite families" as those with annual incomes larger than $250,000 has This concept. A) defined B) operationalized C) described
D) created a marker for E) validated
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Chapter 7: Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal, and Case Study Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) If we were interested in testing the relationship between cigarette advertising and cigarette smoking by teenagers,a study design that would be least appropriate would be
A) a panel study.
B) a case study.
C) a cross-sectional study.
D) a trend study.
E) None of these would be appropriate.
Q2) Trend studies are disadvantageous because
A) they cannot identify changes in individuals.
B) they cannot pinpoint the cause of changes.
C) they do not study the impact of time periods.
D) they cannot identify changes in individuals and they cannot pinpoint the cause of changes.
E) None of these are reasons why trend studies are disadvantageous.
Q3) Consider the following variables: age,marital status,income,and educational attainment.Develop a hypothesis with at least two of the variables.Then,design a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study to test your hypothesis.
Q4) What are some good reasons to conduct a case study?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Experimental Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) An experimental design is appropriate if it is________to do so.
A) practical and ethical
B) ethical and inexpensive
C) inexpensive and timely
D) timely and practical
E) none of these
Q2) The classic experiment is also referred to as the pretest-posttest control group experiment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ________research is designed to explain why something varies.
A) Descriptive
B) Explanatory
C) Causal
D) Experimental
E) Developmental
Q4) In experimental designs,we need to be careful that the stimulus is administered to one group but not another.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Questionnaires and Structured Interviews
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Q1) Response rates among cell phone surveys are higher than among landline surveys.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The_________refers to a change in a respondent's answer based on the fact that an interviewer is present.
A) response bias
B) criterion bias
C) Hawthorn effect
D) interviewer effect
E) none of these
Q3) Which type of survey tends to have the highest response rate?
A) mailed questionnaire
B) phone interview
C) in-person interview
D) All of these tend to yield high response rates.
E) None of these tend to yield high response rates.
Q4) What is the interviewer effect? How can this be minimized or managed?
Q5) The most widely used method of data collection is the questionnaire.
A)True
B)False
11
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Chapter 10: Qualitative Interviewing
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher asks participants to share a photo that "best represents their childhood." This researcher is using
A) quantitative methods.
B) structured methods.
C) group methods.
D) visual methods.
E) unstructured methods.
Q2) When we are concerned about the impact that a specific researcher may have on the interview process,we are dealing with
A) research ethics.
B) qualitative interviewing.
C) the interviewer effect.
D) informed consent.
E) sampling.
Q3) Semi-structured interviews are prepared ahead of time,and are infrequently modified.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe what happens after the interviews have been completed.
Q5) Compare and contrast any two types of qualitative interviews.
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Chapter 11: Observational Techniques
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most important reason for doing observational studies is because of their cost effectiveness.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Observation is useful if you do not know much about the subject under investigation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Observational techniques offer a number of advantages.Among these advantages are: getting a handle on the relatively unknown,obtaining an understanding of other's experience,studying rapidly changing situations,studying behavior,and saving money.Another advantage of observational techniques is that they A) are relatively flexible as compared to other research methods.
B) avoid questions about the generalizability of findings.
C) provide statistical evidence for the generation of theory.
D) eliminate problems of researchers' bias.
E) allow for the use of grounded theory.
Q4) Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using observational methods.
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Chapter 12: Using Available Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the dependent variable in the focal research by Martinez and Lee?
A) rates of immigration
B) ethnic backgrounds of immigrants
C) employment
D) homicide
E) immigrant victimization
Q2) Personal records,like diaries,family albums and personal correspondence should never be used in social science research because of ethical concerns.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If we examined the extent of wear and tear in carpeting in a museum to study the popularity of exhibits,we would be employing
A) the floor wear index.
B) an erosion measure.
C) an accretion measure.
D) a reliable variable.
E) the ecological fallacy.
Q4) Describe the ecological fallacy and how you might avoid it.
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Chapter 13: Content Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Content analysis can be applied only to recorded communication.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Units of analysis are defined as___________whereas units of observation are defined as_______.
A) the units from which observation is collected; the units about which information is collected.
B) the units about which information is collected ; the units from which information is collected.
C) the focal research where something is found; part of the analysis.
D) part of the analysis; the focal research where something is found.
E) none of these.
Q3) Describe how you would conduct a content analysis of magazine advertisements that promote cigarette smoking.What kinds of characteristics (i.e.,variables)would you look for in these ads? Consider how the people in the ads are often portrayed as sexy,relaxed,fun-loving,and confident.What other kinds of characteristics would you expect to find portrayed in cigarette ads?
Q4) What are the main differences between quantitative content analysis and qualitative content analysis?
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Chapter 14: Applied Social Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Participatory action research
A) involves reporting to funders on the behavior of participants in the research setting.
B) involves researchers as subjects of investigation.
C) involves researchers working with community members to empower a community.
D) should not be done because it may not be value free.
E) is also considered basic research.
Q2) Basic research is intended to be immediately useful to program managers and policy makers.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Stakeholders are people who are affected by a program.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Impact analysis seeks to determine the utility of programs or treatments.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the basic differences between basic and applied research? What is the purpose of basic and applied research?
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Chapter 15: Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) In writing a report,it is important to complete a literature search so that
A) readers will be impressed with all the work you have done.
B) you are able to present an argument that this research is important to do.
C) you ground yourself in the field and are well informed about the topic.
D) you are able to present an argument that this research is important to do and you ground yourself in the field and are well informed about the topic.
E) all of these.
Q2) A data display should only be used to highlight the essential points of the final report.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Of the following variables,the one most appropriate for analyzing central tendency by using the mean is
A) city of residence.
B) height.
C) race and ethnic identity.
D) degree of attractiveness to the opposite sex.
E) major.
Q4) Why is it important to perform tests to measure association?
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